JP3677972B2 - Method for producing steel material for cold forging containing boron - Google Patents
Method for producing steel material for cold forging containing boron Download PDFInfo
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法に関する。より詳しくは、熱間加工後の硬度が低いので、熱間加工の後、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行った後に、軟化のための熱処理を施さずともそのまま所要の形状に冷間鍛造が可能であり、しかも、冷間鍛造加工した各種の部品をオーステナイト域へ再加熱しても結晶粒の粗大化や混粒を生ずることがなく、整細粒組織が得られる含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
炭素鋼、なかでも低・中炭素鋼にB(ボロン)を少量含有させれば、CrやMoなどの比較的高価な特殊元素を用いることなく、あるいはこうした元素の含有量を少なくしても、焼入れ性を著しく高めることができる。したがって、ボロンを含有させた鋼(以下、単に含ボロン鋼という)は原料コストの低減が可能なため、特に、調質処理(焼入れ・焼戻し処理)して製造される自動車などの構造用部品、例えばボルトなどに適した鋼材として実用化が図られつつある。
【0003】
Bの焼入れ性向上効果を有効に作用させるためには、鋼をAc3点以上の温度に加熱してオーステナイト化した時に、Bが窒化物(BN)を形成せずに基地のオーステナイトに固溶していることが必要である。このため、含ボロン鋼には通常Tiを添加してTiNを形成させ、これによってNを固定することが行われている。
【0004】
しかし一方では、含ボロン鋼ではNが固定されているため、結晶粒粗大化防止に効果を有するAlNの析出が妨げられる。このため、含ボロン鋼は比較的低温でオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化する傾向にある。更に、含ボロン鋼は冷間鍛造などの冷間加工を受けた後にオーステナイト化されると、比較的低温で混粒を生ずることがある。
【0005】
オーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒が生じたりすると、最終製品である各種の熱処理部品の機械的性質を初めとする性能が劣化したり大きくばらついてしまう。又、大きな熱処理歪が生ずるために曲がり取りのための矯正加工や所望形状への仕上げ整形を行わなければならない場合もある。したがって、含ボロン鋼を用いる場合には、そのオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒になることを防止するため、熱処理温度、なかでも焼入れ時の最高加熱温度を厳密に管理することが行われており、生産面での大きな問題となっていた。
【0006】
こうした問題を解決するために、例えば特公昭63−64495号公報には、{5×N(%)+0.02〜0.05}%のTiを含み、浸炭処理時など再加熱時のオーステナイト結晶粒の粗大化を抑制できる含B肌焼鋼の製造方法が開示されている。しかし、この公報で提案された技術は、結晶粒の粗大化を結晶粒度番号で4以下と規定し、更に、混粒についての配慮がなされていない。このため、最終の熱処理部品の特性については、産業界の要望を満たせない場合があった。
【0007】
例えば、JIS G 0551には粒度番号5以上の鋼が「細粒鋼」、粒度番号5未満の鋼が「粗粒鋼」と規定されている。そして、オーステナイト結晶粒度番号が1番大きくなった場合(すなわち結晶粒が微細になった場合)の機械的性質に及ぼす影響、例えば、JIS4号シャルピー衝撃試験片を用いた衝撃特性に及ぼす影響は、破面遷移温度が20℃程度低下して靭性が向上することが知られている。このように、結晶粒度番号で4を超える組織が得られたとしても、その粒度番号が4に極めて近いものである場合には、JISで規定された所謂「細粒鋼」の特性が得られない場合があった。
【0008】
更に、本発明者らの検討の結果、鋼にTiをTiNの化学量論比を大きく超える{5×N(%)+0.02}%以上も含有させると熱間加工ままの硬度が極めて高くなってしまうことが明らかになった。したがって、前記の鋼を母材とする鋼材を所要形状の部品に冷間鍛造するためには熱間加工の後、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行った後に、軟化のための熱処理を施さねばならない。加えて、Tiによる析出物だけでは、900℃以上、特に930℃以上の熱処理でオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒になることを必ずしも防止できない場合があることも明らかになった。
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記現状に鑑みなされたもので、その鋼材を素材として所要の形状に冷間鍛造された各種の部品をオーステナイト域へ再加熱しても結晶粒の粗大化や混粒を生ずることがなく、整細粒組織が得られる含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。なかでも、熱間加工の後、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行った後に、オフラインでの軟化のための熱処理を施さずとも容易にボルトなど所要の形状に冷間鍛造が可能で、且つ、熱処理でBの焼入れ性向上効果を充分に発揮できるとともに、整細粒組織が得られる含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法を提供することを主たる目的とする。
【0010】
ここで、「整細粒組織」とは、オーステナイト結晶粒度番号が5以上で、且つ、混粒を生じていない組織のことをいう。なお、「混粒」はJIS G 0551の規定に従うものである。このJIS G 0551の「混粒」の定義から外れたものを本明細書においては「整粒」と呼ぶ。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の要旨は、下記に示す含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法にある。
【0012】
すなわち、「重量%で、C:0.15〜0.35%、Si:0.30%以下、Mn:0.40〜1.30%、Cu:0〜0.40%、Ni:0〜0.40%、Cr:0.20〜1.00%、Mo:0〜0.2%、Nb:0.01〜0.05%、Al:0.005〜0.10%、B:0.0003〜0.010%、N:0.001〜0.015%、Ti:3.4N(%)〜5.0N(%)、残部はFe及び不可避不純物からなる化学組成の鋼材を、1250℃以上の温度に加熱して1次熱間加工を行い、加工後少なくとも500℃まで冷却してから更にAc3点+50℃〜1050℃の温度域の温度に加熱して2次熱間加工し、前記熱間加工を700℃以上の温度域で仕上げ、次いで少なくとも500℃まで10℃/秒以下の冷却速度で冷却することを特徴とする含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法」である。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明者らは、熱間加工の後、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行った後に、オフラインでの軟化のための熱処理を施さずとも容易にボルトなど所要の形状に冷間鍛造が可能で、且つ、熱処理でBの焼入れ性向上効果を充分に発揮できるとともに、整細粒の組織となる含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法について種々検討した。すなわち、種々の含ボロン鋼を実験炉溶製して、熱間加工条件及び熱間加工後の冷却条件を変えて、これらの条件が冷間鍛造性、Bの焼入れ性向上効果及び熱処理後の組織に及ぼす影響を調査した。
【0014】
その結果、下記(1)〜(3)の知見を得た。
【0015】
(1)熱間加工後に冷却した含ボロン鋼鋼材の常温(室温)における硬度がHv200以下であれば、熱間加工のまま、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行ったままで、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施さずとも容易にボルトなど所要の形状に冷間鍛造を行うことができる。
【0016】
(2)適正量のTiとNbを複合添加した鋼を適正な条件で1次熱間加工及び2次熱間加工し、更に2次熱間加工後に適正条件で鋼材を冷却すれば、NbTi(C、N)が微細な非整合析出状態となる。この微細な非整合析出状態のNbTi(C、N)は、鋼材を冷間鍛造した後に970℃以下の温度域でオーステナイト化した場合の結晶粒の粗大化や混粒の発生を防止する作用を有する。
【0017】
(3)上記の非整合析出状態の微細なNbTi(C、N)は強化作用を有さず、したがって冷間鍛造性を低下させることがない。
【0018】
本発明は、上記の知見に基づいて完成されたものである。
【0019】
以下、本発明の各要件について詳しく説明する。なお、成分含有量の「%」は「重量%」を意味する。
【0020】
(A)鋼材の化学組成
C:0.15〜0.35%
Cは、強度及び焼入れ性を高める作用がある。しかしその含有量が0.15%未満では添加効果に乏しい。一方、0.35%を超えると工業的な生産規模では熱間加工後の冷却条件を制御しても常温における硬度がHvで200を超えるものとなって冷間鍛造性が低下し、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施さずにボルトなどの所望の形状に冷間鍛造しようとする本発明の主たる目的が達せられなくなる。更に、靭性の低下が生じるし、後述するBの焼入れ性向上効果が低下してしまう。したがって、Cの含有量を0.15〜0.35%とした。
【0021】
Si:0.30%以下
Siは、鋼の脱酸に有効な元素であるが、多すぎると冷間鍛造性及び延性を低下させ、特に、その含有量が0.30%を超えると冷間鍛造性と延性の著しい低下をもたらす。したがって、Siの含有量を0.30%以下とした。
【0022】
Mn:0.40〜1.30%
Mnは脱酸、脱硫及び焼入れ性を高めるのに必要な元素であり、そのためには0.40%以上の含有量とすることが必要である。一方、1.30%を超えて含有させると偏析して不均一組織の発生をきたすとともに冷間鍛造性を劣化させてしまう。したがって、Mn含有量を0.40〜1.30%とした。
【0023】
Cu:0〜0.40%
Cuは、鋼の熱間加工性を低下させてしまう。特に0.40%を超えて含有すると、熱間加工時における加工性の著しい劣化をきたす。したがって、Cuの含有量を0〜0.40%とした。なお、Cu含有量は0〜0.30%とすることが望ましい。
【0024】
Ni:0〜0.40%
Niは、冷間鍛造した部品を調質処理した後、仕上げ加工としての研削や研磨を行う必要がある場合に、研削性や研磨性を低下させてしまう。特に0.40%を超えて含有すると、研削性や研磨性の著しい劣化をきたす。したがって、Niの含有量を0〜0.40%とした。なお、Ni含有量は0〜0.30%とすることが望ましい。
【0025】
Cr:0.20〜1.00%
Crは、鋼の焼入れ性を高める作用を有する。しかし、その含有量が0.20%未満では添加効果に乏しい。一方、1.00%を超えると工業的な生産規模では熱間加工後の冷却条件を制御しても常温における硬度がHvで200を超えるものとなって冷間鍛造性が低下し、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施さずにボルトなどの所望の形状に冷間鍛造しようとする本発明の主たる目的が達せられなくなる。したがって、Cr含有量を0.20〜1.00%とした。
【0026】
Mo:0〜0.2%
Moは添加しなくても良い。添加すれば鋼の焼入れ性を高めるとともに靭性を向上させる作用がある。この効果を確実に得るには、Moは0.01%以上の含有量とすることが好ましい。しかし、その含有量が0.2%を超えると前記作用が飽和し、コストが嵩むばかりである。したがって、Moの含有量を0〜0.2%とした。
【0027】
Nb:0.01〜0.05%
Nbは、適正な条件で1次熱間加工及び2次熱間加工し、更に2次熱間加工後に適正条件で鋼材を冷却すれば、NbTi(C、N)として微細な非整合状態の析出物となり、冷間鍛造後の焼入れのための加熱処理時にオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒になることを防止する作用がある。しかし、その含有量が0.01%未満では所望の効果が得られない。一方、多量に含有させると冷間鍛造性を劣化させ、特に、含有量が0.05%を超えると冷間鍛造性の低下が著しくなる。したがって、Nbの含有量を0.01〜0.05%とした。
【0028】
Al:0.005〜0.10%
Alは、鋼の脱酸の安定化に有効な元素である。又、AlNとして析出して結晶粒粗大化防止に効果を有する。しかし、その含有量が0.005%未満では添加効果に乏しい。一方、0.10%を超えると前記効果が飽和するばかりか、介在物(Al2O3)として冷間鍛造性を劣化させるし靭性の低下ももたらす。したがって、Alの含有量を0.005〜0.10%とした。なお、Alの含有量は0.015〜0.07%とすることが好ましい。
【0029】
B:0.0003〜0.010%
Bは、鋼中に固溶して焼入れ性を高める作用がある。しかし、その含有量が0.0003%未満では所望の効果が得られない。一方、0.010%を超えて含有させると前記の効果が飽和することに加えて、熱間加工性や冷間加工性の低下が生じ、更に靭性の低下をも招く。したがって、Bの含有量を0.0003〜0.010%とした。なお、Bの含有量は0.0005〜0.007%とすることが好ましい。より好ましいBの含有量は0.0005〜0.005%である。
【0030】
N:0.001〜0.015%
Nは、Bと反応してBNを形成し焼入れ性の向上に有効な固溶B量を減らすので、固溶B量の確保のためにNの含有量は可及的に少なくする必要がある。しかし、固溶B量を確保するために固溶NをTiによってTiNの形で固定するばかりではなく、冷間鍛造後の焼入れのための加熱処理時にオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒になることを防止するために冷間鍛造の前にTiNb(C、N)として非整合析出状態にさせておくことも重要である。この場合、固溶N量と添加Ti量とのバランスは、後述するTiの作用を勘案する必要がある。Nの含有量が0.001%を下回るとTiNb(C、N)を非整合析出状態にし難くなってオーステナイト領域に再加熱した場合に所望の整細粒組織が得られない。一方、Nの含有量が0.015%を超えると、熱間加工性や冷間加工性の劣化が生じる。したがって、Nの含有量を0.001〜0.015%とした。
【0031】
Ti:3.4N(%)〜5.0N(%)
Tiは、鋼中のNをTiNとして固定してBNの生成を防止し、Bの焼入れ性向上効果を充分に発揮させるのに必須の元素である。Tiには、適正な条件で1次熱間加工及び2次熱間加工し、更に2次熱間加工後に適正条件で鋼材を冷却すれば、NbTi(C、N)として微細な非整合状態の析出物となり、冷間鍛造後の焼入れのための加熱処理時にオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒になることを防止する作用もある。これらの効果を充分確保するためには、Tiの含有量を3.4N(%)以上とする必要がある。一方、Tiの含有量が5.0N(%)を超えると、熱間加工時の変形抵抗が大きくなって熱間加工性の低下を招き、加えて、靭性や冷間加工性が劣化するようになる。したがって、Ti含有量を3.4N(%)〜5.0N(%)とした。
【0032】
(B)熱間加工
(B−1)1次熱間加工
上記(A)に示した組成を有する鋼は通常の方法で溶製されて鋼塊となるが、この鋼塊を分塊圧延や鍛造といった1次熱間加工する場合の加熱温度は1250℃以上とする必要がある。これは、NbとTiの炭化物、窒化物や炭窒化物、なかでもNbTi(C、N)をオーステナイト中に充分に固溶させ、1次熱間加工後に微細な整合NbTi(C、N)として再析出させるためである。この加熱温度の上限は特に制限するものではない。しかし、脱炭やスケールロスによるコストアップの抑制、更にはエネルギーコストを抑えるために、1400℃程度を上限とすることが好ましく、1350℃程度を上限とすればより好ましい。
【0033】
1次熱間加工した鋼材は、少なくとも500℃まで冷却する必要がある。冷却する温度が500℃を超える場合は、NbTi(C、N)が微細且つ均一には整合析出せず、粗大化したりその分布が不均一となって、2次熱間加工後に所望の特性が得られなくなるためである。なお、1次熱間加工した鋼材を、少なくとも500℃まで冷却した段階では、NbTi(C、N)は整合析出状態である。
【0034】
(B−2)2次熱間加工
上記の1次熱間加工後少なくとも500℃まで冷却された鋼材は次いでAc3点+50℃〜1050℃の温度域の温度に加熱されて、圧延や鍛造といった2次熱間加工を受ける。この温度域での2次熱間加工により、整合状態であったNbTi(C、N)は非整合状態になる。
【0035】
2次熱間加工時の加熱温度がAc3点+50℃未満では、鋼材全体が完全なオーステナイト状態にならない場合があるばかりか、2次熱間加工時の鋼材の変形抵抗が大きく所望形状への熱間加工が困難となってしまう。一方、前記加熱温度が1050℃を超えると、1次熱間加工で生成した微細な整合NbTi(C、N)は2次熱間加工により非整合状態にはなるものの粗大化して、冷間鍛造後の焼入れのための加熱処理時にオーステナイト結晶粒が粗大化したり混粒になることを防止する作用が得られないか、あるいは、1次熱間加工で生成した微細な整合NbTi(C、N)が再固溶して2次熱間加工後の冷却で再度整合状態で析出してしまうため、熱間加工後の冷却条件を制御しても常温における硬度がHvで200を超えるものとなって冷間鍛造性が低下してしまう。
【0036】
上記2次熱間加工の仕上げ温度は700℃以上とする必要がある。この仕上げ温度が700℃を下回る場合には、熱間加工時の変形が不均一となってオーステナイト領域に再加熱した場合に整細粒組織が得られない場合があるからである。なお、上記熱間加工の仕上げ温度が900℃を超える場合には、熱間加工後の冷却条件を制御しても常温における硬度がHvで200を超えるものとなって冷間鍛造性が低下し、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施さずにボルトなどの所望の形状に冷間加工しようとする本発明の主たる目的が達せられなくなる場合があるため、上記2次熱間加工の仕上げ温度の上限は900℃とすることが好ましい。
【0037】
2次熱間加工終了後は、冷却速度を制御して冷却することが必要である。この冷却の冷却速度が10℃/秒を超える場合には、ベイナイトやマルテンサイトといった所謂「低温変態組織」となってしまって、常温における硬度がHvで200を超えるものとなって冷間鍛造性が低下し、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施さずにボルトなどの所望の形状に冷間鍛造しようとする本発明の主たる目的が達せられなくなる。したがって、2次熱間加工後の冷却速度を10℃/秒以下とした。なお、この冷却速度は3℃/秒以下とすることが好ましい。また、冷却速度の下限は特に制限するものではないが、生産効率を高めるために0.1℃/秒程度を下限とすることが好ましい。
【0038】
前記の冷却速度での冷却は、2次熱間加工後少なくとも500℃までの温度域について行う必要がある。前記の冷却を500℃を超える温度で停止した場合には、オーステナイト領域に再加熱した場合に所望の整細粒組織が得られない。なお、前記の冷却速度での冷却は少なくとも450℃まで行うことが好ましく、400℃まで行えば一層好ましい。前記の条件で冷却した後の冷却は、特に規定する必要はない。
【0039】
(A)項に述べた化学組成を有し、(B)項で述べた方法で製造された含ボロン鋼鋼材は、熱間加工のままで、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行った後に、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施すことなく、通常の方法によって、冷間鍛造を受けて所定の形状に加工された後、所望の特性を付与するために調質処理などの熱処理を施される。
【0040】
上記のようにして製造された含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材は、そこに未固溶で存在する微細なNbTi(C、N)は非整合状態の析出物であるので、硬度はHv200以下と低く冷間鍛造性が優れている。
【0041】
このようにして製造された鋼材を素材として冷間鍛造された各種の部品は、微細な非整合NbTi(C、N)が存在するので、オーステナイト域で再加熱されてもオーステナイト結晶粒の粗大化や混粒を生ずることがなく整細粒組織を有するため、熱処理歪は極めて小さい。したがって、熱処理後の矯正加工や仕上げ整形加工を行う必要がない。更に、靭性や強度にも優れている。
【0042】
なお、熱間加工の後工程としてスキンパス伸線加工を行う場合、その加工量は、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施すことなく、冷間鍛造が可能なようにするために断面減少率で20%以下とすることが好ましい。
【0043】
なお、熱間加工のままで冷間鍛造する場合、所望の整細粒組織を得るためには冷間鍛造の加工量を下記▲1▼式で表される相当歪で、0.01〜2.0とすることが好ましい。
【0044】
ε={(ε1 2+ε2 2+ε3 2)×2/3}1/2 ・・・・▲1▼
ここで、▲1▼式におけるε1 、ε2 、ε3 は主方向の対数歪である。
【0045】
又、熱間加工の後工程としてスキンパス伸線加工を行う場合には、スキンパス伸線加工と冷間鍛造の組み合わせからなる総加工量を、上記▲1▼式で表される相当歪で、0.01〜2.0とすることが好ましい。
【0046】
本発明対象鋼を用いて熱間加工と冷却の条件を制御し、常温における硬度をHv200以下とした場合には、上記した範囲の冷間での加工(冷間鍛造、スキンパス伸線加工と冷間鍛造)は、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施すまでもなく、問題なく行うことができる。
【0047】
なお、所望の整細粒組織を得るためには、焼入れのためのオーステナイト化の加熱温度をAc3 点+10℃〜970℃とすることが好ましい。より好ましいオーステナイト化の温度はAc3 点+20℃〜950℃である。焼戻しする場合その温度は、150〜600℃とすることが好ましい。
【0048】
以下、実施例により本発明を更に詳しく説明する。
【0049】
【実施例】
表1に示す化学組成の鋼を通常の方法によって溶製した。鋼A〜Eは化学組成が本発明で規定する範囲内の本発明例の鋼である。一方、鋼F〜Kは成分のいずれかが本発明で規定する含有量の範囲から外れた比較例の鋼である。
【0050】
【表1】
【0051】
次いで、これらの鋼を表2に示す温度に加熱して通常の方法で分塊圧延を行って140mm角のビレットとし、更に、表2に示す条件で熱間圧延と冷却を行い、直径10.0mmの線材を製造した。なお、記載の冷却を終了した後は放冷した。
【0052】
【表2】
【0053】
こうして得られた線材を通常の方法で直径9.85mmにスキンパス伸線加工した。なお、このスキンパス伸線加工の減面率は3.0%(相当歪で0.03)である。
【0054】
こうして得られた鋼線について、横断面のD/4(D=9.85mm)部位のビッカース硬度(Hv)測定を行った。表3に、硬度測定結果を示す。
【0055】
【表3】
【0056】
次いで、上記のようにして得た直径9.85mmの鋼線の一部から、直径9.8mm×長さ14.8mmの円筒状の試験片を切り出し、500トン高速プレス機を用いて通常の方法で据え込み率50%で据え込み試験を行い、常温(室温)における変形抵抗を測定した。
【0057】
表3に据え込み試験時の変形抵抗を併せて示す。
【0058】
又、前記のようにして得た直径9.85mmの鋼線の一部を用いて通常の方法でフランジ付きボルトを製造し、930℃で30分加熱保持した後、鋼種に応じて水焼入れ、又は油焼入れし、横断面におけるオーステナイト結晶粒度及び横断面中心部のマルテンサイト分率(面積率)を測定した。
【0059】
表3にオーステナイト結晶粒度番号と中心部のマルテンサイト分率を併せて示す。
【0060】
表3から、本発明例の鋼を本発明で規定する条件で熱間圧延及び冷却を行うと、硬度はHv200以下で冷間鍛造性に優れ、且つオーステナイト域で熱処理(焼入れ)しても整細粒組織が得られ、焼入れ性も良好であることが明らかである。
【0061】
一方、本発明例の鋼を用いた場合でも、熱間圧延と冷却の少なくともいずれか一方の条件が本発明で規定する範囲から外れると、硬度がHv200を超えて冷間鍛造性が劣化したり、結晶粒度番号が5を下回る粗粒となったり、混粒の発生が認められた。
【0062】
比較例の鋼を用いた場合、本発明で規定する条件で熱間圧延及び冷却を行っても、硬度がHv200を超えて冷間加工性が劣化したり、結晶粒度番号が5を下回る粗粒となったり、混粒が発生したり、焼入れ性が劣るためマルテンサイト率が低い。
【0063】
【発明の効果】
本発明の含ボロン冷間鍛造用鋼材の製造方法によれば、その鋼材を素材として加工された各種の部品をオーステナイト域へ再加熱しても結晶粒の粗大化や混粒を生ずることがなく、整細粒組織を有する鋼材が得られる。特に、オフラインでの軟化熱処理を施さずとも熱間加工のままで、あるいは熱間加工の後工程としてのスキンパス伸線加工を行ったままで、容易に冷間鍛造が可能で、且つ、熱処理でBの焼入れ性向上効果を充分に発揮できるとともに、整細粒組織を有する含ボロン鋼材が得られる。このため、産業上の効果は極めて大きい。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing a boron-containing steel for cold forging. More specifically, since the hardness after hot working is low, after hot working or after skin pass wire drawing as a subsequent process of hot working, it is required without performing heat treatment for softening. The shape can be cold forged, and even if various parts that have been cold forged are reheated to the austenite region, no coarsening or mixed grains occur, and a fine grain structure can be obtained. The present invention relates to a method for producing a steel material for cold forging containing boron.
[0002]
[Prior art]
If a small amount of B (boron) is contained in carbon steel, especially low / medium carbon steel, even if relatively expensive special elements such as Cr and Mo are not used or the content of these elements is reduced, Hardenability can be remarkably enhanced. Therefore, since steel containing boron (hereinafter simply referred to as boron-containing steel) can reduce raw material costs, structural parts such as automobiles manufactured by tempering treatment (quenching / tempering treatment), For example, it is being put into practical use as a steel material suitable for bolts and the like.
[0003]
In order to effectively improve the hardenability of B, when steel is austenitized by heating to a temperature of Ac 3 or higher, B does not form nitrides (BN) but dissolves in the base austenite. It is necessary to do. For this reason, Ti is usually added to boron-containing steel to form TiN, thereby fixing N.
[0004]
However, on the other hand, since boron is fixed in the boron-containing steel, the precipitation of AlN, which is effective in preventing grain coarsening, is hindered. For this reason, boron-containing steel tends to coarsen austenite crystal grains at a relatively low temperature. Further, when boron-containing steel is austenitized after being subjected to cold working such as cold forging, mixed grains may be formed at a relatively low temperature.
[0005]
When austenite crystal grains become coarse or mixed grains are produced, the performance including the mechanical properties of various heat-treated parts as final products deteriorates or varies greatly. In addition, since a large heat treatment distortion occurs, there are cases where it is necessary to perform correction processing for bending and finishing shaping to a desired shape. Therefore, when using boron-containing steel, in order to prevent the austenite crystal grains from becoming coarse or mixed, it is strictly controlled the heat treatment temperature, especially the maximum heating temperature during quenching. It was a big problem in production.
[0006]
In order to solve these problems, for example, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 63-64495 includes {5 × N (%) + 0.02 to 0.05}% Ti and austenite crystals at the time of reheating such as carburizing treatment. A method for manufacturing a B-containing case-hardened steel capable of suppressing grain coarsening is disclosed. However, in the technique proposed in this publication, the coarsening of crystal grains is defined as 4 or less by the crystal grain size number, and no consideration is given to mixed grains. For this reason, the characteristics of the final heat-treated parts may not meet the demands of the industry.
[0007]
For example, JIS G 0551 stipulates that steel having a particle size number of 5 or more is “fine-grained steel” and steel having a particle size number less than 5 is “coarse-grained steel”. And the influence on the mechanical properties when the austenite grain size number becomes the largest (namely, when the crystal grains become fine), for example, the impact on the impact characteristics using the JIS No. 4 Charpy impact test piece is It is known that the fracture surface transition temperature is lowered by about 20 ° C. and the toughness is improved. Thus, even when a structure having a grain size number exceeding 4 is obtained, if the grain size number is very close to 4, the characteristics of so-called “fine-grained steel” defined by JIS can be obtained. There was no case.
[0008]
Furthermore, as a result of the study by the present inventors, if the steel contains Ti more than {5 × N (%) + 0.02}% exceeding the stoichiometric ratio of TiN, the hardness as hot worked is extremely high. It became clear that it would become. Therefore, in order to cold forge a steel material having the above-mentioned steel as a base material into a required shape, after hot working or after skin pass wire drawing as a subsequent process of hot working, softening of Must be heat-treated. In addition, it has also been clarified that the precipitation by Ti alone cannot always prevent the austenite crystal grains from becoming coarse or mixed by heat treatment at 900 ° C. or higher, particularly 930 ° C. or higher.
[0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described situation, and even if various parts cold-forged to a required shape using the steel material as a raw material are reheated to the austenite region, crystal grains become coarse and mixed. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a boron-containing cold forging steel material in which a fine grain structure can be obtained. In particular, after hot working or after skin pass drawing as a subsequent process of hot working, it can be easily cold forged into the required shape such as bolts without heat treatment for off-line softening. The main object is to provide a method for producing a boron-containing cold forging steel material that can sufficiently exhibit the effect of improving the hardenability of B by heat treatment and that can provide a fine grain structure.
[0010]
Here, the “fine grained structure” refers to a structure having an austenite grain size number of 5 or more and no mixed grains. Note that “mixed grain” conforms to the provisions of JIS G 0551. What deviates from the definition of “mixed grain” in JIS G 0551 is referred to as “sized particle” in this specification.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The gist of the present invention resides in the following method for producing a boron-containing steel for cold forging.
[0012]
That is, “by weight, C: 0.15 to 0.35%, Si: 0.30% or less, Mn: 0.40 to 1.30%, Cu: 0 to 0.40% , Ni: 0 0.40% , Cr: 0.20-1.00%, Mo: 0-0.2%, Nb: 0.01-0.05%, Al: 0.005-0.10%, B: 0 .0003-0.010%, N: 0.001-0.015%, Ti: 3.4N (%)-5.0N (%), the balance is made of steel with a chemical composition consisting of Fe and inevitable impurities. Perform primary hot processing by heating to a temperature of ℃ or higher, cool to at least 500 ° C after processing, and further heat to a temperature in the temperature range of Ac 3 points + 50 ° C to 1050 ° C to perform secondary hot processing. The hot working is finished in a temperature range of 700 ° C. or higher, and then cooled to at least 500 ° C. at a cooling rate of 10 ° C./second or less. It is a manufacturing method "of free boron cold forging steel material characterized by.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The inventors of the present invention can easily form a desired shape such as a bolt without performing heat treatment for off-line softening after hot working or after skin pass drawing as a subsequent process of hot working. Cold forging is possible, and the effect of improving the hardenability of B can be sufficiently exhibited by heat treatment, and various methods for producing a boron-containing cold forging steel material having a fine grain structure have been studied. In other words, various boron-containing steels were melted in an experimental furnace, and the hot working conditions and the cooling conditions after hot working were changed, and these conditions changed the cold forgeability, the effect of improving the hardenability of B, and after the heat treatment The effect on the organization was investigated.
[0014]
As a result, the following findings (1) to (3) were obtained.
[0015]
(1) If the hardness of the boron-containing steel material cooled after hot working at normal temperature (room temperature) is Hv200 or less, the hot working or skin pass wire drawing as a subsequent process of hot working is performed. Further, it is possible to easily perform cold forging into a required shape such as a bolt without performing off-line softening heat treatment.
[0016]
(2) If a steel to which a proper amount of Ti and Nb is added is subjected to primary hot working and secondary hot working under proper conditions, and the steel is cooled under proper conditions after the secondary hot working, NbTi ( C, N) is a fine non-coherent precipitation state. NbTi (C, N) of the fine non-coherent precipitation state, the effect of preventing the occurrence of grain coarsening and mixed grain when the steel was austenitized at a temperature range of 970 ° C. or less after cold forging Have.
[0017]
(3) The fine NbTi (C, N) in the inconsistent precipitation state does not have a strengthening action, and therefore does not deteriorate the cold forgeability.
[0018]
The present invention has been completed based on the above findings.
[0019]
Hereinafter, each requirement of the present invention will be described in detail. In addition, “%” of the component content means “% by weight”.
[0020]
(A) Chemical composition C of steel material: 0.15 to 0.35%
C has an effect of increasing strength and hardenability. However, if the content is less than 0.15%, the effect of addition is poor. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.35%, even if the cooling conditions after hot working are controlled on an industrial production scale, the hardness at room temperature will exceed 200 in Hv, and the cold forgeability will be reduced, and offline The main object of the present invention for cold forging into a desired shape such as a bolt without performing the softening heat treatment is not achieved. Furthermore, toughness is reduced, and the effect of improving the hardenability of B, which will be described later, is reduced. Therefore, the content of C is set to 0.15 to 0.35%.
[0021]
Si: 0.30% or less Si is an element effective for deoxidation of steel, but if it is too much, cold forgeability and ductility are lowered, and if its content exceeds 0.30%, it is cold. This results in a significant decrease in forgeability and ductility. Therefore, the Si content is set to 0.30% or less.
[0022]
Mn: 0.40 to 1.30%
Mn is an element necessary for improving deoxidation, desulfurization and hardenability, and for that purpose, the content must be 0.40% or more. On the other hand, if the content exceeds 1.30%, segregation occurs to generate a non-uniform structure, and cold forgeability deteriorates. Therefore, the Mn content is set to 0.40 to 1.30%.
[0023]
Cu: 0 to 0.40%
Cu reduces the hot workability of the steel. In particular, when the content exceeds 0.40%, the workability during hot working is significantly deteriorated. Therefore, the Cu content is set to 0 to 0.40% . Note that the Cu content is preferably 0 to 0.30% .
[0024]
Ni: 0 to 0.40%
Ni deteriorates grindability and polishability when it is necessary to perform grinding and polishing as finishing after tempering a cold forged part. In particular, if the content exceeds 0.40%, the grindability and polishability are significantly deteriorated. Therefore, the content of Ni is set to 0 to 0.40% . The Ni content is preferably 0 to 0.30% .
[0025]
Cr: 0.20 to 1.00%
Cr has the effect | action which improves the hardenability of steel. However, if the content is less than 0.20%, the effect of addition is poor. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1.00%, even if the cooling conditions after hot working are controlled on an industrial production scale, the hardness at room temperature will exceed 200 in Hv, and the cold forgeability will be reduced, and offline The main object of the present invention for cold forging into a desired shape such as a bolt without performing the softening heat treatment is not achieved. Therefore, the Cr content is set to 0.20 to 1.00%.
[0026]
Mo: 0 to 0.2%
Mo may not be added. If added, it enhances the hardenability of the steel and improves the toughness. In order to reliably obtain this effect, the Mo content is preferably 0.01% or more. However, if the content exceeds 0.2%, the above action is saturated and the cost is increased. Therefore, the content of Mo is set to 0 to 0.2%.
[0027]
Nb: 0.01 to 0.05%
Nb is processed between between the primary thermal processing and secondary heat under appropriate conditions, if further cooled steel in proper condition after processing between secondary heat, NbTi (C, N) as a precipitation of fine non-aligned state This has the effect of preventing the austenite crystal grains from becoming coarse or mixed during heat treatment for quenching after cold forging. However, if the content is less than 0.01%, the desired effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when it is contained in a large amount, the cold forgeability is deteriorated. In particular, when the content exceeds 0.05%, the cold forgeability is remarkably lowered. Therefore, the Nb content is set to 0.01 to 0.05%.
[0028]
Al: 0.005-0.10%
Al is an element effective for stabilizing deoxidation of steel. Moreover, it precipitates as AlN and has an effect in preventing crystal grain coarsening. However, if the content is less than 0.005%, the effect of addition is poor. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.10%, not only the effect is saturated, but also cold forgeability is deteriorated as inclusions (Al 2 O 3 ), and toughness is reduced. Therefore, the content of Al is set to 0.005 to 0.10%. The Al content is preferably 0.015 to 0.07%.
[0029]
B: 0.0003 to 0.010%
B has the effect of increasing the hardenability by dissolving in steel. However, if the content is less than 0.0003%, the desired effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 0.010%, in addition to saturation of the above effects, hot workability and cold workability are reduced, and further toughness is reduced. Therefore, the content of B is set to 0.0003 to 0.010%. In addition, it is preferable that content of B shall be 0.0005 to 0.007%. A more preferable content of B is 0.0005 to 0.005%.
[0030]
N: 0.001 to 0.015%
Since N reacts with B to form BN and reduces the amount of solid solution B effective for improving hardenability, the content of N needs to be reduced as much as possible to ensure the amount of solid solution B. . However, not only is solid solution N fixed in the form of TiN with Ti in order to ensure the amount of solid solution B, but austenite crystal grains become coarse or mixed during heat treatment for quenching after cold forging. In order to prevent this, it is also important that the TiNb (C, N) is in an inconsistent precipitation state before cold forging. In this case, the balance between the solute N amount and the added Ti amount needs to take into account the effect of Ti described later. If the N content is less than 0.001%, TiNb (C, N) becomes difficult to be in an inconsistent precipitation state, and a desired fine-grained structure cannot be obtained when reheated to the austenite region . On the other hand, when the N content exceeds 0.015%, the hot workability and the cold workability deteriorate. Therefore, the N content is set to 0.001 to 0.015%.
[0031]
Ti: 3.4 N (%) to 5.0 N (%)
Ti is an essential element for fixing N in steel as TiN to prevent the formation of BN and to sufficiently exhibit the effect of improving the hardenability of B. The Ti, processed between between the primary thermal processing and secondary heat under appropriate conditions, if further cooled steel in proper condition after processing between secondary heat, NbTi (C, N) as a fine non-aligned state It becomes a precipitate and has an effect of preventing the austenite crystal grains from becoming coarse or mixed during the heat treatment for quenching after cold forging. In order to sufficiently secure these effects, the Ti content needs to be 3.4 N (%) or more. On the other hand, if the Ti content exceeds 5.0 N (%), the deformation resistance during hot working increases, leading to a decrease in hot workability, and in addition, toughness and cold workability deteriorate. become. Therefore, the Ti content is set to 3.4 N (%) to 5.0 N (%).
[0032]
(B) Hot working (B-1) Primary hot working Steel having the composition shown in (A) above is melted by a normal method to form a steel ingot. The heating temperature for primary hot working such as forging needs to be 1250 ° C. or higher. This is because Nb and Ti carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, especially NbTi (C, N) are sufficiently dissolved in austenite to form finely aligned NbTi (C, N) after primary hot working. This is for reprecipitation. The upper limit of the heating temperature is not particularly limited. However, in order to suppress an increase in cost due to decarburization and scale loss, and further to suppress energy costs, the upper limit is preferably about 1400 ° C, and more preferably about 1350 ° C.
[0033]
The steel material subjected to the primary hot working needs to be cooled to at least 500 ° C. When the cooling temperature exceeds 500 ° C., NbTi (C, N) does not precipitate finely and uniformly, coarsening or non-uniform distribution, and desired characteristics after secondary hot working This is because it cannot be obtained. Note that NbTi (C, N) is in a consistent precipitation state when the steel material subjected to the primary hot working is cooled to at least 500 ° C.
[0034]
(B-2) Secondary hot working The steel material cooled to at least 500 ° C. after the primary hot working is then heated to a temperature in the temperature range of Ac 3 points + 50 ° C. to 1050 ° C. Receives secondary hot working. By the secondary hot working in this temperature range, the aligned NbTi (C, N) is brought into a non-aligned state.
[0035]
If the heating temperature at the time of secondary hot working is less than Ac 3 point + 50 ° C., the entire steel material may not be in a complete austenite state, and the deformation resistance of the steel material at the time of secondary hot working may be large, so Hot working becomes difficult. On the other hand, when the heating temperature exceeds 1050 ° C., finely aligned NbTi (C, N) generated by primary hot working becomes coarse although it becomes inconsistent by secondary hot working , and cold forging. The effect of preventing austenite grains from becoming coarse or mixed during heat treatment for subsequent quenching cannot be obtained, or finely matched NbTi (C, N) produced by primary hot working Will re-dissolve and precipitate again in the aligned state by cooling after secondary hot working, so even if the cooling conditions after hot working are controlled, the hardness at room temperature exceeds 200 in Hv. Cold forgeability will fall.
[0036]
The finishing temperature of the secondary hot working needs to be 700 ° C. or higher. This is because when the finishing temperature is lower than 700 ° C., deformation during hot working becomes non-uniform and a fine grained structure may not be obtained when reheated to the austenite region. In addition, when the finishing temperature of the hot working exceeds 900 ° C., even if the cooling conditions after the hot working are controlled, the hardness at room temperature exceeds 200 in Hv, and the cold forgeability is reduced. In some cases, the main purpose of the present invention for cold working into a desired shape such as a bolt without offline softening heat treatment may not be achieved, so the upper limit of the finishing temperature of the secondary hot working is 900. It is preferable to set it as ° C.
[0037]
After the secondary hot working is finished, it is necessary to control the cooling rate to cool. When the cooling rate of this cooling exceeds 10 ° C./second, it becomes a so-called “low-temperature transformation structure” such as bainite and martensite, and the hardness at room temperature exceeds 200 in Hv and cold forgeability. And the main purpose of the present invention for cold forging into a desired shape such as a bolt without performing off-line softening heat treatment cannot be achieved. Therefore, the cooling rate after secondary hot working is set to 10 ° C./second or less. The cooling rate is preferably 3 ° C./second or less. The lower limit of the cooling rate is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to set the lower limit to about 0.1 ° C./second in order to increase production efficiency.
[0038]
The cooling at the above cooling rate needs to be performed in a temperature range up to at least 500 ° C. after secondary hot working. When the cooling is stopped at a temperature exceeding 500 ° C. , a desired fine grain structure cannot be obtained when reheating to the austenite region . The cooling at the cooling rate is preferably performed at least up to 450 ° C, and more preferably performed up to 400 ° C. The cooling after cooling under the above conditions does not need to be specified.
[0039]
The boron-containing steel material having the chemical composition described in the item (A) and manufactured by the method described in the item (B) is subjected to the skin pass drawing as it is hot-worked or as a subsequent process of the hot-work. After processing, heat treatment such as tempering treatment is applied to give the desired properties after cold forging and processing into a predetermined shape by a normal method without performing offline softening heat treatment Is given.
[0040]
The boron-containing steel for cold forging produced as described above has a low hardness of Hv200 or less because fine NbTi (C, N) present in an insoluble state is a non-aligned precipitate. Excellent cold forgeability.
[0041]
Various parts cold-forged using the steel material produced in this way have fine non-aligned NbTi (C, N), and therefore austenite grains become coarse even if reheated in the austenite region. In addition, the heat-treated strain is extremely small because it has a fine grain structure without causing mixed grains. Therefore, there is no need to perform correction processing or finish shaping after heat treatment. Furthermore, it is excellent in toughness and strength.
[0042]
In addition, when performing skin pass wire drawing as a subsequent process of hot working, the amount of work is 20% or less in terms of cross-sectional reduction in order to enable cold forging without performing off-line softening heat treatment. It is preferable that
[0043]
In the case of cold forging while hot working, in order to obtain a desired fine grain structure, the working amount of cold forging is 0.01 to 2 with an equivalent strain represented by the following formula (1). 0.0 is preferable.
[0044]
ε = {(ε 1 2 + ε 2 2 + ε 3 2 ) × 2/3} 1/2 ... ( 1 )
Here, ε 1 , ε 2 , and ε 3 in the formula ( 1) are logarithmic strains in the main direction.
[0045]
In addition, when skin pass wire drawing is performed as a subsequent process of hot working, the total amount of work consisting of a combination of skin pass wire drawing and cold forging is 0 with the equivalent strain represented by the above equation (1). 0.01 to 2.0 is preferable.
[0046]
When the hot working and cooling conditions are controlled using the steel of the present invention, and the hardness at room temperature is set to Hv 200 or less, cold working in the above range (cold forging, skin pass wire drawing and cold working) The intermediate forging can be performed without any problem without performing an off-line softening heat treatment.
[0047]
In addition, in order to obtain a desired fine grain structure, it is preferable that the heating temperature for austenitizing for quenching is Ac 3 point + 10 ° C. to 970 ° C. A more preferable austenitizing temperature is Ac 3 point + 20 ° C. to 950 ° C. When tempering, the temperature is preferably 150 to 600 ° C.
[0048]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.
[0049]
【Example】
Steels having chemical compositions shown in Table 1 were melted by a usual method. Steels A to E are steels of the examples of the present invention within the range defined by the present invention in chemical composition. On the other hand, steels F to K are steels of comparative examples in which any of the components is out of the content range defined in the present invention.
[0050]
[Table 1]
[0051]
Next, these steels were heated to the temperatures shown in Table 2 and subjected to the lump rolling by a normal method to form 140 mm square billets, and further hot rolled and cooled under the conditions shown in Table 2 to obtain a diameter of 10. A 0 mm wire was produced. In addition, after complete | finishing the description cooling, it stood to cool.
[0052]
[Table 2]
[0053]
The wire thus obtained was subjected to skin pass drawing to a diameter of 9.85 mm by a usual method. In addition, the area reduction rate of this skin pass wire drawing is 3.0% (equivalent strain is 0.03).
[0054]
The steel wire thus obtained was subjected to Vickers hardness (Hv) measurement at a D / 4 (D = 9.85 mm) portion of the cross section. Table 3 shows the hardness measurement results.
[0055]
[Table 3]
[0056]
Next, a cylindrical test piece having a diameter of 9.8 mm and a length of 14.8 mm was cut out from a part of the steel wire having a diameter of 9.85 mm obtained as described above, and a normal test was performed using a 500-ton high-speed press. The upsetting test was conducted at a setting rate of 50% by the method, and the deformation resistance at normal temperature (room temperature) was measured.
[0057]
Table 3 also shows the deformation resistance during the upsetting test.
[0058]
In addition, a flanged bolt is manufactured by a normal method using a part of the steel wire having a diameter of 9.85 mm obtained as described above, heated and held at 930 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then water quenched according to the steel type. Or it hardened with oil and measured the austenite grain size in a cross section, and the martensite fraction (area ratio) of the cross-sectional center part.
[0059]
Table 3 shows the austenite grain size number and the martensite fraction at the center.
[0060]
From Table 3, when the steel of the example of the present invention is hot-rolled and cooled under the conditions specified in the present invention, the hardness is Hv200 or less, excellent in cold forgeability, and even when heat-treated (quenched) in the austenite region. It is clear that a fine grain structure is obtained and the hardenability is good.
[0061]
On the other hand, even when the steel of the present invention is used, when the condition of at least one of hot rolling and cooling deviates from the range specified in the present invention, the hardness exceeds Hv200 and the cold forgeability deteriorates. In addition, coarse grains having a grain size number of less than 5 or generation of mixed grains were observed.
[0062]
When the steel of the comparative example is used, even if hot rolling and cooling are performed under the conditions specified in the present invention, the hardness exceeds Hv200 and the cold workability deteriorates, or the grain size number is less than 5. Or mixed grains are generated, and the martensite ratio is low due to poor hardenability.
[0063]
【The invention's effect】
According to the method for producing a boron-containing cold forging steel material of the present invention, there is no occurrence of coarsening or mixing of crystal grains even if various parts processed using the steel material are reheated to the austenite region. A steel material having a fine grain structure can be obtained. In particular, it is possible to easily perform cold forging while maintaining hot working without performing an off-line softening heat treatment or while performing skin pass wire drawing as a subsequent process of hot working. Thus, a boron-containing steel material having a fine grain structure can be obtained. For this reason, the industrial effect is extremely large.
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28829497A JP3677972B2 (en) | 1997-10-21 | 1997-10-21 | Method for producing steel material for cold forging containing boron |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28829497A JP3677972B2 (en) | 1997-10-21 | 1997-10-21 | Method for producing steel material for cold forging containing boron |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11124623A JPH11124623A (en) | 1999-05-11 |
| JP3677972B2 true JP3677972B2 (en) | 2005-08-03 |
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| JP28829497A Expired - Fee Related JP3677972B2 (en) | 1997-10-21 | 1997-10-21 | Method for producing steel material for cold forging containing boron |
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Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4576976B2 (en) * | 2004-10-21 | 2010-11-10 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | Steel for high strength bolts |
| JP4731945B2 (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2011-07-27 | Ntn株式会社 | Constant velocity universal joint, cage for constant velocity universal joint, and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP5432105B2 (en) * | 2010-09-28 | 2014-03-05 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Case-hardened steel and method for producing the same |
| JP5608145B2 (en) * | 2011-01-18 | 2014-10-15 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Boron-added steel for high strength bolts and high strength bolts with excellent delayed fracture resistance |
| JP6192519B2 (en) * | 2013-12-05 | 2017-09-06 | 山陽特殊製鋼株式会社 | Method for producing steel for machine structure capable of stably controlling generation of coarse grains, and steel for machine structure comprising the method |
| JP6232324B2 (en) * | 2014-03-24 | 2017-11-15 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Stabilizer steel and stabilizer with high strength and excellent corrosion resistance, and method for producing the same |
| KR102575803B1 (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2023-09-06 | 제이에프이 스틸 가부시키가이샤 | Steel for bolts, and method of manufacturing same |
| JP6645638B1 (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2020-02-14 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Steel for bolts |
| CN113584278A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-11-02 | 江苏联峰能源装备有限公司 | Process method for improving surface quality of medium carbon manganese boron steel |
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