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JP3713445B2 - Synthetic resin composition - Google Patents
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JP3713445B2 - Synthetic resin composition - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP3713445B2
JP3713445B2 JP2001095570A JP2001095570A JP3713445B2 JP 3713445 B2 JP3713445 B2 JP 3713445B2 JP 2001095570 A JP2001095570 A JP 2001095570A JP 2001095570 A JP2001095570 A JP 2001095570A JP 3713445 B2 JP3713445 B2 JP 3713445B2
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Prior art keywords
oxide particles
particles
synthetic resin
amount
less
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JP2001335705A (en
Inventor
覚志 丸山
住典 田中
正明 西川
智 斉藤
稔 大杉
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Okura Industrial Co Ltd
Toda Kogyo Corp
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Okura Industrial Co Ltd
Toda Kogyo Corp
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Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、各種用途に使用した後で焼却処分する際に、低温、低酸素濃度条件下においても燃焼速度を維持することができ、また、燃焼時に発生する一酸化炭素や窒素酸化物量を抑制し、焼却後の残灰や有害物をできるだけ少なくすることができる合成樹脂組成物及び廃プラスチックからなる燃焼特性に優れた燃料に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年生活様式の変化や生活水準、所得水準の向上等により、新しい商品があふれ、豊かな物質文化が形成されたが、それにともない工場や家庭から排出される産業廃棄物、ゴミの量が急増しており、これらの処理にかんする問題は大きな社会問題ともなってきている。
【0003】
とりわけ、合成樹脂はその優れた機械的、物理的性質及び成形性から現代社会においては欠くことのできない材料としてあらゆる分野で膨大な量が使用されており、それに伴ってその廃棄物の総量も年間数百万トン以上にものぼっている。したがって、合成樹脂廃棄物の処理は産業廃棄物、ゴミ処理に関する問題の中でも特に重要な課題となってきている。また、合成樹脂は人類に与えられた貴重な資源である石油を原材料としたものであることから、一旦使用した後でも再利用あるいはエネルギー源として活用する技術を確立することが強く求められている。
【0004】
合成樹脂を含む可燃ゴミの焼却処分に関しては、従来から燃焼中に発生する一酸化炭素や窒素酸化物による大気汚染や焼却後に多量に発生する残灰や燃え残りを処分する埋め立て地等の不足、残灰中の有害成分の埋め立て地での漏洩、あるいは有毒なダイオキシンの生成等の問題に加えて、可燃ゴミ中に燃焼カロリーの高い合成樹脂廃棄物が多量に含まれている場合には、焼却炉の炉内温度の上昇の原因となって焼却炉を破損し易いという問題があった。
【0005】
このような問題を解決するための方法として、例えば低酸素濃度下で燃焼させて窒素酸化物量を抑制する方法、水を散布しながら燃焼するなどして炉内を一定温度以下にコントロールし焼却炉の破損を防止する方法、有害物質を含んでいる残灰を不溶化処理し、さらにセメント固化してから埋め立て処分する方法等が提案されている。更に、可燃ゴミと一緒に焼却処分されるプラスチック製ゴミ袋についても、最近、従来のゴミ袋に代えてポリエチレンに炭酸カルシウムを大量に含有させた半透明のゴミ袋を義務づけてゴミの減量化と燃焼カロリーの低下を図る自治体もでてきている。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述した理由によって合成樹脂廃棄物は、従来、焼却処分されるよりもむしろ埋め立て処分にまわされるのが通例であったが、合成樹脂からなる各種物品が焼却可能であること及びこれらが石油を原材料として製造されたものであることから、その使用後には焼却処分して焼却時に発生する熱をエネルギー源として有効利用できることが現在各方面から強く要望されているとことである。
したがって、合成樹脂廃棄物を含む被焼却物を焼却するに当たっては、燃焼時に発生する一酸化炭素や窒素酸化物量の抑制、焼却炉の破損の防止と燃え残りや残灰の量をできるだけ少なくする技術を提供することが当面最も必要とされていることであるが、前出公知の方法ではこれらの要求を十分満足するものとはいえないものであった。
【0007】
すなわち、低温、低酸素濃度条件下で焼却すれば燃焼時に発生する窒素酸化物量の抑制と焼却炉の破損防止には有効であるが燃焼速度の低下や不完全燃焼による焼却後の残灰や燃え残りが更に増加するという問題があった。
また、炭酸カルシウムを大量にポリエチレン樹脂に含有させた半透明のゴミ袋は、焼却時の焼却炉内の温度上昇は少なくなるが、焼却後の残灰量が炭酸カルシウム相当量増加するという問題があった。
【0008】
そこで、本発明は、合成樹脂として本来の目的に使用した後、焼却処分する際に、低温、低酸素濃度条件下においても燃焼速度を維持することができ、また、燃焼時に発生する一酸化炭素や窒素酸化物量を抑制し、焼却後の残灰や有害物をできるだけ少なくすることができる合成樹脂組成物を提供すること、及び廃プラスチックを活用した優れた燃焼特性を有する燃料を提供することを技術的課題とする。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前記技術的課題は、次の通りの本発明によって解決できる。
すなわち、本発明は▲1▼不純物として含まれている全硫黄量が0.8wt%以下及び全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であって全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量の合計量が1.0wt%以下であり、且つ軸比(長軸径/短軸径)が2以上である紡錘状酸化鉄粒子又は針状酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物を合成樹脂に0.1〜20wt%含有させたことを特徴とする合成樹脂組成物、
▲2▼合成樹脂が熱可塑性樹脂であることを特徴とする▲1▼の合成樹脂組成物、
▲3▼紡錘状酸化鉄粒子又は針状酸化鉄粒子の平均粒子径が0.03〜1.0μmであることを特徴とする▲1▼の合成樹脂組成物である。
【0010】
すなわち、不純物としての全硫黄量及び全ナトリウム量が一定量以下の含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物の燃焼触媒機能によって、これらの含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物を合成樹脂に含有させた合成樹脂組成物を使用した後で焼却処分する際には、完全燃焼させることが可能となり、その結果、残灰や燃え残りの減少、排ガス中の一酸化炭素や窒素酸化物量の抑制を図ることができることを見いだし本発明に到達した。
【0011】
次に本発明の実施にあたっての諸条件について述べる。
本発明で使用される合成樹脂としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、塩化ビニル樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂、ポリスチレン、ナイロン、ポリウレタン、アクリル樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂やフェノール樹脂、尿素樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂が特に制限なく使用できる。これらの中でも熱可塑性樹脂に本発明を適用するのが後述する含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子の触媒活性機能が発揮しやすいので好ましい。特に、低密度ポリエチレン、直鎖状低密度ポリエチレン、高密度ポリエチレン、エチレン−酢酸ビニル共重合体等で代表されるポリエチレン系樹脂やポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン系樹脂製品は包装用フィルムとして使用することが多く紙やその他のゴミと一緒に廃棄され分別回収することがきわめて困難であるので本発明を適用するのが好ましい。
また、燃料に用いられる廃プラスチックとしては上記熱可塑性樹脂からなる使用済み製品やそれらの製造過程で生じる不適品、ロス等を意味しており、廃プラスチック中に多少のゴミや、土、印刷インク、顔料、接着剤、金属等の異物が混入しているものであっても何ら差し支えなく使用できる。
【0012】
本発明においては不純物としての全硫黄量が0.8wt%以下及び全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であって、全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量の合計量が1.0wt%以下の含水酸化第二鉄粒子及び/又は酸化鉄粒子を使用する必要がある。この不純物の量が多いと含水酸化第二鉄粒子及び/又は酸化鉄粒子の燃焼触媒活性が小さくなって本発明の目的とする燃焼特性を付与する効果が少ないので好ましくない。これは、含水酸化第二鉄粒子及び/又は酸化鉄粒子粉末の不純物のうちの全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量が粒子と合成樹脂との接触界面の面積及び面積当たりの燃焼触媒活性の大小を左右する重要な要因であることに起因するものと推測される。
なお、全硫黄量は、(株)堀場製作所製 炭素−硫黄分析計 EMIA−2200型で測定した値であり、全ナトリウム量は、セイコー電子工業(株)製 誘導結合プラズマ原子発光分光光度計 SPS−4000型で測定した値である。
【0013】
更に、本発明においては含水酸化第二鉄粒子及び/又は酸化鉄粒子の粒度分布が60%以下であることが好ましい。この粒度分布は、上述の合成樹脂中に練り込んだ場合に樹脂中に分散した粒子の充填構造を通して、燃焼性に影響する。
ここでいう粒度分布とは、透過型電子顕微鏡により得られた1万倍の写真を4倍に拡大した写真で、ランダムに250個の粒子を選んで紡錘状と針状は長軸径、板状と粒状はフェレー径を実測して、その径と個数から個数分布を出し、分布の標準偏差σを平均値Mで除した値に100を乗じて%で表したものである。
【0014】
更に、含水酸化第二鉄粒子及び/又は酸化鉄粒子の粒子形状、平均粒子径、軸比は、合成樹脂と含水酸化第二鉄粒子及び/又は酸化鉄粒子の接触界面の面積の大小を支配し、また、粒子の平均粒子径の代用特性として用いられるBET比表面積は、もっとも理想的に分散した場合に相当する合成樹脂との接触界面の最大値を決定して燃焼触媒活性を規定する要因として作用する。
【0015】
本発明における含水酸化第二鉄粒子としては、ゲータイト(α−FeOOH)粒子、レピッドクロサイト(γ−FeOOH)粒子、δ−FeOOH粒子のいずれをも使用することができ、粒子形状は紡錘状(笹の葉状)、針状、板状等のいずれであってもよいが紡錘状の含水酸化第二鉄粒子が燃焼効率の点で好ましく、特に紡錘状のゲータイト粒子が最も好ましい。
紡錘状含水酸化第二鉄粒子は、電子顕微鏡観察によれば、超微細繊維が多数束ねられた外観を呈した粒子であり、長軸径が0.05〜1.5μm、軸比(長軸径/短軸径 −以下同じである。)が1〜18であって、BET比表面積が30〜250m2/gである。
これらの中で全硫黄量が0.2wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であり、粒度分布が50%以下であることが好ましい。更に、燃焼効率を考慮すれば、全硫黄量が0.08wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.3wt%以下であって、粒度分布が40%以下、長軸径が0.1〜0.5μm、軸比が3〜15、BET比表面積が50m2/g以上であることが好ましい。
【0016】
針状含水酸化第二鉄粒子は針状形態の粒子はもちろん針状粒子のところどころから樹枝が出ている外観を呈した粒子も含んでおり、長軸径が0.05〜2.0μm、軸比が2〜20であって、BET比表面積が10〜200m2/gである。
これらの中で全硫黄量が0.1wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であり、粒度分布が60%以下であることが好ましい。燃焼効率を考慮すれば、全硫黄量が0.05wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.3wt%以下であって、粒度分布が50%以下、長軸径が0.1〜0.8μm、軸比が5〜15、BET比表面積が15〜100m2/gであることが好ましい。
【0017】
板状含水酸化第二鉄粒子は、電子顕微鏡観察によれば、六角板状ないし円板状の外観を呈した粒子であり、板面径が0.02〜1.5μm、板状比(板面径/厚み −以下同じである。)が3〜15程度である。
これらの中で全硫黄量が0.1wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.1wt%以下であり、粒度分布が50%以下であることが好ましい。燃焼効率を考慮すれば、全硫黄量が0.05wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.05wt%以下であって、粒度分布が40%以下、板面径が0.03〜0.5μm、板状比が5〜10であることが好ましい。
【0018】
これら各種形状の含水酸化第二鉄粒子は、第一鉄塩水溶液と水酸化アルカリ水溶液、炭酸アルカリ水溶液等のアルカリ水溶液との中和反応沈殿物を含む懸濁液中に添加剤の存在下又は不存在下で空気等の酸素含有ガスを通気することによって水溶液中から生成させることができる。
【0019】
本発明における酸化鉄粒子としてはヘマタイト(α−Fe23)粒子、マグネタイト(FeOx・Fe23、0<x≦1)粒子は、マグヘマイト(γ−Fe23)粒子のいずれをも使用することができ、粒子形状は紡錘状、針状、板状そして球形、八面体、多面体、不定形等のほぼ等方形状を呈するいわゆる粒状のいずれであってもよいが、粒状のマグネタイト粒子、紡錘状のヘマタイト粒子、紡錘状のマグヘマイト粒子が燃焼効率の点で好ましく、それらの中でも粒状のマグネタイト粒子が最も好ましい。
【0020】
紡錘状酸化鉄粒子や針状酸化鉄粒子は、長軸径が0.03〜1.0μm、軸比が2〜12であって、BET比表面積が5〜200m2/gである。
これらの中で全硫黄量が0.2wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であり、粒度分布が50%以下であることが好ましい。燃焼効率を考慮すれば、全硫黄量が0.1wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.35wt%以下であって、粒度分布が45%以下、長軸径が0.05〜0.3μm、軸比が3〜10、BET比表面積が20〜100m2/gであることが好ましい。
【0021】
粒状酸化鉄粒子は、平均粒子径が0.03〜1.0μm、BET比表面積2〜30m2/gである。
これらの中で全硫黄量が0.8wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であり、粒度分布が50%以下であることが好ましい。燃焼効率を考慮すれば全硫黄量が0.6wt%以下、全ナトリウム量が0.25wt%以下であって、粒度分布が40%以下、平均粒子径が0.05〜0.5μm、BET比表面積が4m2/g以上であることが好ましい。
【0022】
紡錘状酸化鉄粒子や針状酸化鉄粒子は、前述した水溶液から得られた紡錘状含水酸化第二鉄粒子や針状含水酸化第二鉄粒子を空気中250〜700℃で粒子形状を保持しながら加熱して紡錘状ヘマタイト粒子や針状ヘマタイト粒子とすることにより、次いで、これらヘマタイト粒子を水蒸気気流下等の還元性雰囲気中300〜500℃で粒子形状を保持しながら加熱して紡錘状マグネタイト粒子や針状マグネタイト粒子とすることにより、更に、これらマグネタイト粒子を空気中200〜500℃で粒子形状を維持しながら酸化して紡錘状マグヘマイト粒子や針状マグヘマイト粒子とすることにより、得ることができる。
【0023】
板状酸化鉄粒子は、第一鉄塩水溶液とアルカリ水溶液との中和反応沈殿物をオートクレーブ中で加熱して板状ヘマタイト粒子を生成することにより、該板状ヘマタイト粒子を水蒸気気流下等の還元性雰囲気中300〜500℃で粒子形状を維持しながら加熱して板状マグネタイト粒子とすることにより、更に、板状マグネタイト粒子を空気中200〜500℃で粒子形状を維持しながら酸化して板状マグヘマイト粒子とすることにより、得ることができる。
【0024】
粒状酸化鉄粒子は第一鉄塩水溶液と水酸化アルカリ水溶液、炭酸アルカリ水溶液等のアルカリ水溶液との中和反応沈澱物を含む懸濁液中に空気等の酸素含有ガスを通気して粒状マグネタイト粒子を生成することにより、該マグネタイト粒子を空気中200〜500℃で粒子形状を維持しながら加熱して粒状マグヘマイト粒子とすることにより、更に、該マグヘマイト粒子を500〜900℃で粒子形状を維持しながら加熱して粒状ヘマタイト粒子とすることにより、得ることができる。
【0025】
本発明の合成樹脂組成物は上述した合成樹脂に含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子を含有させたものであるが、含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子の種類や含有量は合成樹脂としての目的や用途に応じて色調、機械的性質及び燃焼特性を考慮して選択する必要があり、その含有量は0.1〜20.0wt%である。この含有量が0.1wt%未満では焼却炉内の被焼却物全体の燃焼特性を向上させる効果に乏しく、逆に20wt%を越えると得られる合成樹脂組成物の物理的、機械的性質が低下し、耐候性も悪くなるので好ましくない。合成樹脂組成物の本来の使用用途や目的に合致した物理的、機械的性質及び焼却炉中の他の可燃物も含んだ被焼却物の燃焼特性を向上させることの双方を考慮すると0.3〜10.0wt%、特に0.5〜8.0wt%が好ましい。なお、その際含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子は、合成樹脂への分散性を向上させる目的で、粒子表面を各種表面処理剤で表面処理して使用することも可能である。
【0026】
本発明の合成樹脂組成物は、例えば、合成樹脂(但し、熱硬化性樹脂の場合は硬化前又はプレポリマーの段階のもの)と含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物とをミキシングロール、バンバリーミキサー、ニーダー、二軸混練押出機等を用いて混練して製造することができる。この合成樹脂組成物は、必要に応じて押出成形あるいはカレンダー成形によって各種用途に使用されるフィルム、シートに、あるいは該フィルム又はシートをヒートシール、真空成形等の二次加工によって袋、トレー、容器に、更に押出成形、射出成形、ブロー成形、圧縮成形、注型成形によって日用雑貨品や電気製品、自動車その他の工業用製品、部品等の成形品に成形加工することもできる。
【0027】
なお、混練の際に、必要に応じて従来周知の滑剤、ブロッキング防止剤、酸化防止剤、耐候剤、着色剤等の各種添加剤を適宜配合したり、有機、無機の各種充填材を併用することもできる。
【0028】
また、合成樹脂として使用済みの廃プラスチックを用いて燃料とする場合には、廃プラスチックと含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物とをリボンブレンダー等の混合機を用いて混合した後、圧縮して固形化して使用してもよく、また、ミキシングロール、バンバリーミキサー、ニーダー、二軸混練機等の通常よく知られている混練機を用いて溶融混練して、溶融状態でそのまま使用したり、あるいは好ましい形状に適宜成形することもできる。
この際、燃料を焼却炉に適した燃焼カロリーに調整したり、あるいは燃焼時にプラスチックが溶融して液状となり焼却炉壁に付着して燃焼して炉壁を破損することを防止するために廃プラスチックと含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物に、更に、有機あるいは無機の充填材を配合するのが好ましい。
【0029】
【作用】
本発明の合成樹脂組成物が優れた燃焼特性を発揮する事実について、本発明者は次のように考えている。
分子構造中に炭化水素鎖を有する合成樹脂を含む固形状の被焼却物を燃焼させる場合には、被焼却物が加熱によって分解し、その結果発生した可燃性の低分子量の気体又は蒸気が燃焼する<分解燃焼>が進行するが、分解燃焼が速やかに行われるためには、(1)加熱と酸素の作用により被焼却物が早急に可燃性の低分子量の気体成分又は蒸気成分に分解され、(2)発生した可燃性の低分子量の気体成分又は蒸気成分が十分な酸素の供給下のもとで、より低分子量の各種の中間体を経由する素反応を含む複雑な経路を通りながら、ヒドロキシラジカル等の各種の活性酸素種により最終的に二酸化炭素と水にまで転換される、という二つの過程がバランスよく進行する必要がある。
【0030】
焼却炉中に存在する、含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子は、表面の鉄原子に水が解離吸着してできる表面水酸基により安定化されているが、燃焼過程における加熱によって表面水酸基間で脱水が起こり、配位不飽和な鉄イオン及び酸素イオンが生じる。そして、合成樹脂の内部に分散している含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子の表面に生成した配位不飽和な酸素イオンは、酸素の供給が比較的に不十分なため主として有機物からの脱水素反応と炭素−炭素鎖の切断反応の触媒活性を示し、上記の(1)の過程を促進するものと考えられる。
【0031】
一般に、脱水素反応と炭素−炭素間の切断反応の触媒活性の比率が適切でないと、残存する合成樹脂の可燃成分中の水素/炭素比が減少して可燃性の低分子量の気体成分又は蒸気成分に分解される比率が低下し、燃焼しにくくなるが、本発明で使用する含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子では、脱水素反応と炭素−炭素間の切断反応の触媒活性の比率が適切であり、残存する被焼却物の可燃成分が可燃性の低分子量の気体成分又は蒸気成分に分解される比率が高い。
【0032】
合成樹脂の内部にある含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子は、被焼却物の分解燃焼の進行とともに気相に放出される。酸素の供給が十分に行われる気相中に含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子が懸濁した状態では、含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子の表面に生成した配位不飽和な鉄イオンは、酸素を吸着して酸素を活性化し、各種の活性酸素種を作りだして、上記の(2)の過程を促進する。
【0033】
しかしながら、含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子中に不純物として含まれる硫黄は、配位不飽和な鉄イオンに結合して触媒活性を低下させるとともに燃焼時に硫酸イオンとして挙動して粒子内の焼結を促進して触媒活性の有効面積を小さくし、同様にナトリウムは残灰中の成分と反応して触媒活性を低下させる。
【0034】
したがって、以上の機構によれば、合成樹脂組成物あるいは燃料中の含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物の不純物としての全硫黄量が0.8wt%以下及び全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であって、全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量の合計量が1.0wt%以下である含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子を使用した場合には(1)の過程が活性化されるのと同時に、内部にある含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子は、被焼却物の分解燃焼の進行とともに気相に放出されて、(2)の過程を促進することにより優れた燃焼特性を発揮するものと考えられる。
【0035】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の合成樹脂組成物の燃焼特性を実施例及び比較例によって説明する。なお、合成樹脂組成物の燃焼特性は以下の方法によって評価した。
燃焼速度は、合成樹脂組成物を10mgを秤取り、300ml/分の空気中又は低酸素濃度下(空気/窒素=1:1)において昇温速度10℃/分の割合で昇温させたときの重量変化を熱重量分析装置(セイコー電子工業(株)製)で測定し、急激な重量減少が開始した時間から急激な重量減少が終了した時間までに要した時間(この間で燃焼が起こっていると推定される。)で示した。
【0036】
残存可燃成分量(この値が小さいほど焼却後の燃え残りや残灰量が少ないと考えられる。)は、上記測定において、急激な重量減少が終了した時点における可燃成分当たりに換算した残存重量率(%)で示した。
【0037】
低温燃焼性(有機物が完全に燃え尽きてしまうのに必要な温度と考えられる。)は、上記測定において、重量減少がこれ以上起こらなくなった時の温度で示した。
【0038】
実施例1、2、参考例1〜8、比較例1〜7
押出機を用いて溶融混練して表1に示した組成の合成樹脂組成物を作成して燃焼特性を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
また、比較のために、含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子を全く含有していない高密度ポリエチレン又は低密度ポリエチレンのみからなる合成樹脂組成物(比較例1、2)、低密度ポリエチレンにカーボンブラック又は炭酸カルシウムを所定量添加した合成樹脂組成物(比較例3、4)、低密度ポリエチレンに0.1wt%未満の紡錘状ゲータイト粒子を添加した合成樹脂組成物(比較例5)、更に、低密度ポリエチレンに不純物としての全硫黄量及び全ナトリウム量が多い紡錘状ゲータイト粒子又は粒状マグネタイト粒子を含有させた合成樹脂組成物(比較例6、7)を実施例と同様にして調製して燃焼特性を測定した。結果を同じく表2に示す。
【0039】
【表1】

Figure 0003713445
【0040】
【表2】
Figure 0003713445
【0041】
表2において、高密度ポリエチレン又は低密度ポリエチレンのみからなる比較例1、2の合成樹脂組成物に比べて、実施例にかかる本発明の合成樹脂組成物は燃焼速度、残存可燃成分量、低温燃焼性のいずれについても向上していることが分かる。
一方、カーボンブラックを含有する比較例3の合成樹脂組成物は残存可燃成分量は少なくなって向上しているが、燃焼速度及び低温燃焼性が比較例2に比べて低下し、炭酸カルシウムを含有する比較例4の合成樹脂組成物は低温燃焼性は向上するが、燃焼速度が低下し、また残存可燃成分量がさほど向上しないことが分かる。
また、比較例5の合成樹脂組成物のように0.1wt%未満しか紡錘状ゲータイト粒子を含有していないと燃焼特性の向上にあまり効果がないことが分かる。
【0042】
更に、不純物としての全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%を越え、全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量の合計量が1.0wt%を越える紡錘状ゲータイトや全硫黄量が0.8wt%を越え、全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量の合計量が1.0wt%を越える粒状マグネタイト粒子を含有させた合成樹脂組成物(比較例6、7)は、これらの不純物が少ない参考例2、3の合成樹脂組成物に比べて燃焼特性を向上させる効果がほとんどなかった。
【0043】
参考例9、10、比較例8
次に、有機の充填材である木粉を更に添加した表3に示す組成の燃料を調製して、燃焼時の煙の発生状況、溶融落下量、燃焼カロリーを測定した。結果を同じく表3に示す。
なお、これらの性質は次の方法によって評価した。
煙の発生状況は燃料組成物を射出成形又はプレス成形して長さ30mm、幅6mm、厚み3mmの試験片を作成し、その一方を固定して水平に保持した状態で、先端部にマッチで着火して燃焼させた時の煙の発生状況を目視で観察して評価した。
溶融落下量は、上記の試験中に試験片が燃焼しながら溶融して落下した量をはかりとって、試験片1cm3当たりの落下量に換算して評価した。
発熱量は熱量計中で燃料組成物を燃焼させその発熱量を測定した。
【0044】
【表3】
Figure 0003713445
【0045】
表3から明らかなように比較例8の燃料組成物が煙を発生するのに比べて参考例にかかる燃料組成物は煙の発生がほとんどなく優れた性質を示すことが分かる。また、充填材として木粉を使用しているので適度な発熱カロリーに調整できるとともに燃焼時の溶融落下がなく燃料として優れた特性を有していることが分かる。
【0046】
参考例11
本発明の合成樹脂組成物を焼却した場合に従来の焼却において問題とされていた大気汚染や有害物質の漏洩を防止する効果があることを実証する目的で以下の試験を行った。
表4に示した組成の被焼却物0.1gを1.0リットル/分の空気を流しながら所定温度で20分間燃焼させて、燃焼発生ガスの組成分析及び焼却後の残灰からの金属溶出試験を行った。燃焼発生ガスの組成を表5に、金属溶出試験の結果を表6に示す。なお、この試験においては参考例1に使用した紡錘状ゲータイト粒子を含水酸化第二鉄粒子として使用した。
【0047】
【表4】
Figure 0003713445
【0048】
【表5】
Figure 0003713445
【0049】
【表6】
Figure 0003713445
【0050】
表4〜6の結果からも明らかなように、含水酸化第二鉄粒子としての紡錘状ゲータイトを存在させた試料Bの被焼却物を焼却した場合、試料Aの場合に比べて燃焼時に発生するガス中の一酸化炭素濃度が少なく、また、800℃のような低温での燃焼条件では窒素酸化物(NOx)の発生量も少なくなった。
また、試料Bの場合はガスとして回収できた炭素量も各温度で被焼却物の可燃物中の理論炭素量45%とほぼ同じ値を示し、完全燃焼していることを示しているのに対して、試料Aの場合は900℃を超える高温になると煤の発生が多くなって、ガスとして回収できた炭素量が理論値よりも少なくなっていて不完全燃焼していることを示している。
【0051】
更に、金属溶出試験の結果からも試料Aの場合は焼却後の残灰から鉛、亜鉛が検出されたのに対して、試料Bの焼却後の残灰からはいずれも検出されず燃料組成物中に含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物添加すれば、焼却後の残灰中の重金属を捕集して不溶化する効果があることを示している。
【0052】
【効果】
本発明の合成樹脂組成物は自然界に多量に存在し、しかも安全な特定の含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子を含有しているので合成樹脂中に含有させた場合でも何ら問題はなく本来の目的や用途に使用できる。そして使用後に焼却処分する場合にはこの含水酸化第二鉄粒子又は酸化鉄粒子が燃焼促進作用を発揮して、従来、NOx量の抑制と焼却炉の破損防止に有効とされている低温、低酸素濃度条件下で焼却炉を運転した場合でも、燃焼効率を低下させることなく完全に燃焼させて燃え残りや残灰の生成を少なくすることができるという効果を有している。
【0053】
また、含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子の本来有している燃焼促進作用によって、NOx量の低減、ダイオキシンの生成抑制等の効果が期待できるとともに、含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子が焼却中に重金属の酸化物と反応してフェライトを形成して残灰中の重金属の水中へ溶解度を低下させて従来の不溶化処理が不必要になるという効果も有している。
【0054】
更に、合成樹脂として大量に廃棄処分されている廃プラスチックにこのような効果を有する含水酸化第二鉄粒子や酸化鉄粒子を含有させる場合、燃焼時に煙の発生が少ない優れた特性を有する燃料として利用でき、従来利用が困難であった廃プラスチックをエネルギー源として有効に再利用することが可能となった。[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention can maintain the combustion rate even under low temperature and low oxygen concentration conditions when incinerated after being used in various applications, and suppresses the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides generated during combustion. In addition, the present invention relates to a synthetic resin composition capable of reducing residual ash and harmful substances after incineration as much as possible, and a fuel excellent in combustion characteristics made of waste plastic.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, changes in lifestyle, living standards, and income levels have led to the overflow of new products and the formation of a rich material culture. With this, the amount of industrial waste and garbage discharged from factories and households has increased rapidly. These treatment problems are becoming a major social problem.
[0003]
In particular, synthetic resins are used in large quantities in all fields as materials that are indispensable in modern society because of their excellent mechanical, physical properties and moldability. Over millions of tons. Therefore, the treatment of synthetic resin waste has become a particularly important issue among the problems related to industrial waste and waste disposal. In addition, since synthetic resins are made from petroleum, which is a valuable resource given to humankind, there is a strong demand to establish technology that can be reused or used as an energy source even after being used once. .
[0004]
Regarding incineration of combustible waste containing synthetic resin, air pollution due to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides generated during combustion, shortage of landfills to dispose of a large amount of residual ash and burnt after incineration, In addition to problems such as leakage of harmful components in residual ash in landfills or the generation of toxic dioxins, incineration should occur if combustible waste contains a large amount of high-calorie synthetic resin waste. There was a problem that the incinerator was easily damaged due to an increase in the temperature inside the furnace.
[0005]
As a method for solving such problems, for example, a method of suppressing the amount of nitrogen oxides by burning under a low oxygen concentration, an incinerator that controls the inside of the furnace to a certain temperature or less by burning while spraying water, etc. A method for preventing the damage of the ash, a method for insolubilizing the residual ash containing harmful substances, and further solidifying the cement and then disposing it in landfill have been proposed. Furthermore, for plastic garbage bags that are incinerated with combustible waste, recently, instead of the conventional waste bags, a semi-transparent waste bag containing a large amount of calcium carbonate in polyethylene has been obliged to reduce the amount of waste. Local governments are trying to reduce the calories burned.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
For the reasons described above, it has been usual for synthetic resin waste to be sent to landfill rather than incinerated, but various articles made of synthetic resin can be incinerated and these are made from petroleum. Therefore, there is a strong demand from various directions that the heat generated during incineration after use can be effectively used as an energy source.
Therefore, in incineration of incinerated materials including synthetic resin waste, technologies to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides generated during combustion, prevent damage to the incinerator, and reduce the amount of unburned residue and residual ash as much as possible However, the above-mentioned known methods cannot be said to satisfy these requirements sufficiently.
[0007]
In other words, incineration under low temperature and low oxygen concentration conditions is effective in reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides generated during combustion and preventing damage to the incinerator, but residual ash and combustion after incineration due to reduced combustion speed or incomplete combustion. There was a problem that the remainder increased further.
In addition, a semi-transparent garbage bag containing a large amount of calcium carbonate in polyethylene resin has a problem that the temperature rise in the incinerator during incineration decreases, but the amount of residual ash after incineration increases by an amount equivalent to calcium carbonate. there were.
[0008]
Therefore, the present invention can maintain the combustion rate even under low temperature and low oxygen concentration conditions when used as a synthetic resin for its original purpose and then incinerated, and carbon monoxide generated during combustion. To provide a synthetic resin composition that can reduce the amount of residual ash and harmful substances after incineration as much as possible, and to provide a fuel having excellent combustion characteristics utilizing waste plastic Technical issue.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The technical problem can be solved by the present invention as follows.
That is, according to the present invention, (1) the total amount of sulfur contained as impurities is 0.8 wt% or less and the total sodium amount is 0.5 wt% or less, and the total amount of total sulfur and total sodium is 1.0 wt%. Or less, and spindle-shaped iron oxide particles or acicular iron oxide particles having a shaft ratio (major axis diameter / minor axis diameter) of 2 or more or a mixture of such particles are contained in a synthetic resin in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt%. A synthetic resin composition,
(2) The synthetic resin composition according to (1), wherein the synthetic resin is a thermoplastic resin,
(3) The synthetic resin composition according to (1), wherein the average particle diameter of the spindle-shaped iron oxide particles or needle-shaped iron oxide particles is 0.03 to 1.0 μm.
[0010]
That is, these hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles are produced by the combustion catalyst function of hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles or a mixture of the particles having a total amount of sulfur and total sodium as impurities of a certain amount or less. Alternatively, when using a synthetic resin composition containing a mixture of the particles in a synthetic resin and then incinerated, it can be completely burned, resulting in a reduction in residual ash, unburned residue, The inventors have found that the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides can be suppressed, and have reached the present invention.
[0011]
Next, various conditions for carrying out the present invention will be described.
The synthetic resin used in the present invention includes thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, vinyl chloride resin, polyester resin, polystyrene, nylon, polyurethane, acrylic resin, phenol resin, urea resin, epoxy resin, and unsaturated polyester resin. A thermosetting resin such as can be used without particular limitation. Among these, it is preferable to apply the present invention to a thermoplastic resin because the catalytic activity function of hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles described later is easily exhibited. Particularly, polyolefin resin products such as polyethylene resin and polypropylene represented by low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, etc. are often used as packaging films. The present invention is preferably applied because it is extremely difficult to separate and collect together with paper and other garbage.
Waste plastic used for fuel means used products made of the above-mentioned thermoplastic resin, unsuitable items and losses that occur during the manufacturing process, and some waste, dirt, printing ink in the waste plastic. Even a foreign matter such as a pigment, an adhesive, or a metal can be used without any problem.
[0012]
In the present invention, the total amount of sulfur as impurities is 0.8 wt% or less and the total amount of sodium is 0.5 wt% or less, and the total amount of sulfur and total sodium is 1.0 wt% or less. It is necessary to use ferric particles and / or iron oxide particles. A large amount of this impurity is not preferable because the catalytic activity of the hydrous ferric oxide particles and / or iron oxide particles becomes small and the effect of imparting the intended combustion characteristics of the present invention is small. This is because the total sulfur amount and total sodium amount of impurities in the hydrous ferric oxide particles and / or iron oxide particle powders affect the area of the contact interface between the particles and the synthetic resin and the magnitude of the combustion catalyst activity per area. This is presumably due to the fact that this is an important factor.
The total sulfur amount is a value measured with a carbon-sulfur analyzer EMIA-2200 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd., and the total sodium amount is an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer SPS manufactured by Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd. It is a value measured with -4000 type.
[0013]
Furthermore, in the present invention, the particle size distribution of hydrous ferric oxide particles and / or iron oxide particles is preferably 60% or less. This particle size distribution affects the flammability through the packed structure of particles dispersed in the resin when kneaded into the above-described synthetic resin.
The particle size distribution here is a photograph obtained by enlarging the 10,000 times photograph obtained by a transmission electron microscope to 4 times, and randomly selecting 250 particles, the spindle shape and the needle shape are the major axis diameter, plate The shape and granularity are obtained by actually measuring the ferret diameter, obtaining the number distribution from the diameter and the number, and dividing the standard deviation σ of the distribution by the average value M and multiplying by 100 and expressing it in%.
[0014]
Furthermore, the particle shape, average particle diameter, and axial ratio of hydrous ferric oxide particles and / or iron oxide particles dominate the size of the area of the interface between the synthetic resin and hydrous ferric oxide particles and / or iron oxide particles. In addition, the BET specific surface area used as a substitute characteristic of the average particle diameter of the particles is a factor that determines the maximum value of the contact interface with the synthetic resin corresponding to the most ideal dispersion and defines the combustion catalyst activity. Acts as
[0015]
As the hydrous ferric oxide particles in the present invention, any of goethite (α-FeOOH) particles, rapid crosite (γ-FeOOH) particles, and δ-FeOOH particles can be used, and the particle shape is spindle-shaped. It may be any of (leaf shape), needle shape, plate shape, etc., but spindle-shaped hydrous ferric oxide particles are preferable from the viewpoint of combustion efficiency, and spindle-shaped goethite particles are most preferable.
The spindle-shaped hydrous ferric oxide particles are particles having an appearance in which a large number of ultrafine fibers are bundled according to observation with an electron microscope, and the major axis diameter is 0.05 to 1.5 μm, and the axial ratio (major axis). Diameter / minor axis diameter—the same applies hereinafter)) is 1 to 18, and the BET specific surface area is 30 to 250 m 2 / g.
Among these, it is preferable that the total sulfur amount is 0.2 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.5 wt% or less, and the particle size distribution is 50% or less. Further, considering the combustion efficiency, the total sulfur amount is 0.08 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.3 wt% or less, the particle size distribution is 40% or less, and the major axis diameter is 0.1 to 0.5 μm. The axial ratio is preferably 3 to 15, and the BET specific surface area is preferably 50 m 2 / g or more.
[0016]
Needle-like hydrous ferric oxide particles include needle-like particles as well as particles that have the appearance of branches extending from the needle-like particles, with a major axis diameter of 0.05 to 2.0 μm, The ratio is 2 to 20, and the BET specific surface area is 10 to 200 m 2 / g.
Among these, it is preferable that the total sulfur amount is 0.1 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.5 wt% or less, and the particle size distribution is 60% or less. Considering the combustion efficiency, the total sulfur amount is 0.05 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.3 wt% or less, the particle size distribution is 50% or less, the major axis diameter is 0.1 to 0.8 μm, the shaft The ratio is preferably 5 to 15 and the BET specific surface area is preferably 15 to 100 m 2 / g.
[0017]
The plate-like hydrous ferric oxide particles are particles having a hexagonal plate-like or disc-like appearance according to electron microscope observation, the plate surface diameter is 0.02 to 1.5 μm, and the plate-like ratio (plate The surface diameter / thickness is the same hereinafter.) Is about 3-15.
Among these, the total sulfur amount is preferably 0.1 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.1 wt% or less, and the particle size distribution is preferably 50% or less. Considering the combustion efficiency, the total sulfur amount is 0.05 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.05 wt% or less, the particle size distribution is 40% or less, the plate surface diameter is 0.03 to 0.5 μm, the plate The shape ratio is preferably 5-10.
[0018]
These various types of hydrous ferric oxide particles are present in a suspension containing a neutralization reaction precipitate between an aqueous ferrous salt solution and an alkaline aqueous solution such as an alkaline hydroxide aqueous solution or an alkaline carbonate aqueous solution. It can be generated from an aqueous solution by ventilating an oxygen-containing gas such as air in the absence.
[0019]
As the iron oxide particles in the present invention, hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) particles and magnetite (FeOx · Fe 2 O 3 , 0 <x ≦ 1) particles are either maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) particles. The particle shape may be any of so-called granular shapes having a substantially isotropic shape such as spindle shape, needle shape, plate shape, and spherical shape, octahedron, polyhedron, and irregular shape. Particles, spindle-shaped hematite particles, and spindle-shaped maghemite particles are preferable in terms of combustion efficiency, and among these, granular magnetite particles are most preferable.
[0020]
The spindle-shaped iron oxide particles and needle-shaped iron oxide particles have a major axis diameter of 0.03 to 1.0 μm, an axial ratio of 2 to 12, and a BET specific surface area of 5 to 200 m 2 / g.
Among these, it is preferable that the total sulfur amount is 0.2 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.5 wt% or less, and the particle size distribution is 50% or less. Considering the combustion efficiency, the total sulfur amount is 0.1 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.35 wt% or less, the particle size distribution is 45% or less, the major axis diameter is 0.05 to 0.3 μm, the shaft The ratio is preferably 3 to 10, and the BET specific surface area is preferably 20 to 100 m 2 / g.
[0021]
The granular iron oxide particles have an average particle diameter of 0.03 to 1.0 μm and a BET specific surface area of 2 to 30 m 2 / g.
Among these, the total sulfur amount is preferably 0.8 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.5 wt% or less, and the particle size distribution is preferably 50% or less. Considering the combustion efficiency, the total sulfur amount is 0.6 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.25 wt% or less, the particle size distribution is 40% or less, the average particle size is 0.05 to 0.5 μm, and the BET ratio. The surface area is preferably 4 m 2 / g or more.
[0022]
Spindle-like iron oxide particles and needle-like iron oxide particles maintain the particle shape of the spindle-like hydrous ferric oxide particles and needle-like hydrous ferric particles obtained from the aqueous solution described above at 250 to 700 ° C. in the air. To form spindle-shaped hematite particles or needle-shaped hematite particles, and then these hematite particles are heated in a reducing atmosphere such as in a steam stream while maintaining the particle shape at a temperature of 300 to 500 ° C. to form spindle-shaped magnetite particles. By obtaining particles and needle-like magnetite particles, these magnetite particles can be obtained by oxidizing the magnetite particles in air at 200 to 500 ° C. while maintaining the particle shape to obtain spindle-like maghemite particles and needle-like maghemite particles. it can.
[0023]
Plate-like iron oxide particles are produced by heating a neutralization reaction precipitate of a ferrous salt aqueous solution and an aqueous alkali solution in an autoclave to produce plate-like hematite particles. By heating to 300-500 ° C. in a reducing atmosphere while maintaining the particle shape to form plate-like magnetite particles, the plate-like magnetite particles are further oxidized in air at 200-500 ° C. while maintaining the particle shape. It can be obtained by using plate-like maghemite particles.
[0024]
Granular iron oxide particles are granular magnetite particles obtained by aeration of oxygen-containing gas such as air into a suspension containing a neutralization reaction precipitate between an aqueous ferrous salt solution and an alkaline aqueous solution such as an alkaline hydroxide aqueous solution or an alkaline carbonate aqueous solution. By heating the magnetite particles at 200 to 500 ° C. in the air while maintaining the particle shape to form granular maghemite particles, the particle shape of the maghemite particles is further maintained at 500 to 900 ° C. It can be obtained by heating to granular hematite particles.
[0025]
The synthetic resin composition of the present invention is the above-described synthetic resin containing hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles. The type and content of hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles are the same as the synthetic resin. It is necessary to select in consideration of the color tone, mechanical properties and combustion characteristics according to the purpose and use, and the content thereof is 0.1 to 20.0 wt%. If this content is less than 0.1 wt%, the effect of improving the combustion characteristics of the entire incinerator in the incinerator is poor, and conversely, if it exceeds 20 wt%, the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting synthetic resin composition are reduced. However, the weather resistance is also deteriorated, which is not preferable. Taking into account both physical and mechanical properties that match the intended use and purpose of the synthetic resin composition and improving the combustion characteristics of the incinerated material including other combustible materials in the incinerator, 0.3 ˜10.0 wt%, particularly 0.5 to 8.0 wt% is preferable. In this case, the hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles can be used after the surface of the particles is surface-treated with various surface treatment agents for the purpose of improving the dispersibility in the synthetic resin.
[0026]
The synthetic resin composition of the present invention includes, for example, a synthetic resin (in the case of a thermosetting resin, before curing or at a prepolymer stage), hydrous ferric oxide particles, iron oxide particles, or a mixture of the particles. Can be produced by kneading using a mixing roll, a Banbury mixer, a kneader, a twin-screw kneading extruder or the like. This synthetic resin composition is formed into a bag, a tray, or a container by a secondary process such as heat sealing or vacuum forming the film or sheet used for various purposes by extrusion molding or calender molding as necessary. Furthermore, it can be molded into products such as household goods, electrical products, automobiles and other industrial products, parts, etc. by extrusion molding, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, and cast molding.
[0027]
In addition, during kneading, various additives such as conventionally known lubricants, anti-blocking agents, antioxidants, weathering agents, colorants and the like are appropriately blended as necessary, or various organic and inorganic fillers are used in combination. You can also.
[0028]
In addition, when using waste plastic that has been used as a synthetic resin as fuel, mix waste plastic with hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles or a mixture of the particles using a blender such as a ribbon blender. Then, it may be compressed and solidified for use, or it may be melt-kneaded using a well-known kneader such as a mixing roll, Banbury mixer, kneader, twin-screw kneader, etc. It can be used as it is, or can be appropriately formed into a preferred shape.
At this time, waste plastic is used to adjust the fuel to burn calories suitable for the incinerator or to prevent the plastic from melting and becoming liquid during combustion and adhering to the incinerator wall to burn and damage the furnace wall. It is preferable to add an organic or inorganic filler to the hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles or a mixture of the particles.
[0029]
[Action]
The present inventor considers the fact that the synthetic resin composition of the present invention exhibits excellent combustion characteristics as follows.
When burning a solid incinerator containing a synthetic resin having a hydrocarbon chain in its molecular structure, the incinerated substance is decomposed by heating, and the resulting flammable low molecular weight gas or vapor burns. However, in order for decomposition combustion to be performed quickly, (1) the incinerated material is quickly decomposed into combustible low molecular weight gas components or vapor components by the action of heating and oxygen. (2) The generated combustible low molecular weight gas component or vapor component passes through a complicated route including elementary reactions through various intermediates of lower molecular weight under the supply of sufficient oxygen. It is necessary to proceed in a well-balanced manner by two processes that are finally converted to carbon dioxide and water by various active oxygen species such as hydroxy radicals.
[0030]
The hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles present in the incinerator are stabilized by surface hydroxyl groups formed by water dissociating and adsorbing on the surface iron atoms. Dehydration occurs, resulting in coordination unsaturated iron ions and oxygen ions. Coordination-unsaturated oxygen ions generated on the surfaces of hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles dispersed inside the synthetic resin are mainly produced from organic substances because the supply of oxygen is relatively insufficient. The catalytic activity of dehydrogenation reaction and carbon-carbon chain scission reaction is shown, and it is considered that the process (1) is promoted.
[0031]
In general, if the ratio of the catalytic activity of the dehydrogenation reaction and the carbon-carbon cleavage reaction is not appropriate, the hydrogen / carbon ratio in the combustible component of the remaining synthetic resin is reduced and the combustible low molecular weight gas component or vapor is reduced. Although the ratio of decomposition into components decreases and combustion becomes difficult, the hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles used in the present invention have a catalytic activity ratio of dehydrogenation and carbon-carbon cleavage reaction. It is appropriate and has a high rate of decomposition of the remaining combustible combustible components into combustible low molecular weight gaseous or vapor components.
[0032]
The hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles inside the synthetic resin are released to the gas phase as the incinerated material decomposes and burns. In the state where hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles are suspended in the gas phase where oxygen is sufficiently supplied, the coordinated unsaturated iron produced on the surface of hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles The ions adsorb oxygen to activate oxygen, create various active oxygen species, and promote the process (2).
[0033]
However, sulfur contained as an impurity in hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles binds to coordination-unsaturated iron ions to reduce the catalytic activity and behave as sulfate ions during combustion to burn in the particles. The effective area of catalytic activity is reduced by promoting crystallization, and similarly, sodium reacts with the components in the residual ash to lower the catalytic activity.
[0034]
Therefore, according to the above mechanism, the total sulfur amount as an impurity of the synthetic resin composition or the hydrous ferric oxide particles, the iron oxide particles or the mixture of the particles in the fuel is 0.8 wt% or less and the total sodium amount is When hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles having a total amount of sulfur and total sodium of 1.0 wt% or less are used, the process of (1) is active. At the same time, the hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles inside are released into the gas phase with the progress of decomposition and combustion of the incinerated materials, and are excellent by promoting the process of (2) It is considered that it exhibits combustion characteristics.
[0035]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the combustion characteristics of the synthetic resin composition of the present invention will be described with reference to examples and comparative examples. The combustion characteristics of the synthetic resin composition were evaluated by the following method.
Combustion rate is when 10 mg of synthetic resin composition is weighed and heated at a rate of 10 ° C./min in air at 300 ml / min or under low oxygen concentration (air / nitrogen = 1: 1). Was measured with a thermogravimetric analyzer (Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and the time required from the time when sudden weight loss started until the time when sudden weight loss ended (combustion occurred during this time) It is estimated that there is.)
[0036]
Residual combustible component amount (the smaller the value, the less burned residue and residual ash after incineration). The residual weight percentage converted to per combustible component at the time when the rapid weight loss was completed in the above measurement. (%).
[0037]
The low temperature flammability (considered to be the temperature necessary for the organic matter to be completely burned out) was indicated by the temperature at which no further weight loss occurred in the above measurement.
[0038]
Examples 1 and 2, Reference Examples 1 to 8, Comparative Examples 1 to 7
A synthetic resin composition having the composition shown in Table 1 was prepared by melt kneading using an extruder, and the combustion characteristics were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
For comparison, a synthetic resin composition (Comparative Examples 1 and 2) composed of only high-density polyethylene or low-density polyethylene containing no hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles, Comparative Example 1 or 2, and low-density polyethylene and carbon Synthetic resin composition to which black or calcium carbonate is added in a predetermined amount (Comparative Examples 3 and 4), synthetic resin composition to which spindle-shaped goethite particles less than 0.1 wt% are added to low density polyethylene (Comparative Example 5), A synthetic resin composition (Comparative Examples 6 and 7) containing low-density polyethylene containing spindle-shaped goethite particles or granular magnetite particles having a large amount of total sulfur and total sodium as impurities is prepared and burned in the same manner as in the examples. Characteristics were measured. The results are also shown in Table 2.
[0039]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003713445
[0040]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003713445
[0041]
In Table 2, compared with the synthetic resin compositions of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 consisting only of high-density polyethylene or low-density polyethylene, the synthetic resin composition of the present invention according to the examples has a burning rate, a residual combustible component amount, low-temperature combustion. It can be seen that both sexes are improved.
On the other hand, the synthetic resin composition of Comparative Example 3 containing carbon black is improved by reducing the amount of remaining combustible components, but the combustion rate and low-temperature combustibility are lower than those of Comparative Example 2 and contain calcium carbonate. It can be seen that the synthetic resin composition of Comparative Example 4 has improved low-temperature flammability, but has a reduced combustion rate and does not significantly improve the amount of remaining combustible components.
In addition, it can be seen that if less than 0.1 wt% of the spindle-shaped goethite particles are contained as in the synthetic resin composition of Comparative Example 5, the combustion characteristics are not very effective.
[0042]
Further, the total sodium amount as an impurity exceeds 0.5 wt%, the total amount of sulfur and total sodium amount exceeds 1.0 wt%, the spindle-shaped goethite and the total sulfur amount exceed 0.8 wt%, the total sulfur amount The synthetic resin compositions (Comparative Examples 6 and 7) containing granular magnetite particles having a total amount of more than 1.0 wt% of the total amount of sodium and the total amount of sodium are the synthetic resin compositions of Reference Examples 2 and 3 with less of these impurities Compared with, there was almost no effect of improving the combustion characteristics.
[0043]
Reference Examples 9, 10 and Comparative Example 8
Next, a fuel having the composition shown in Table 3 to which wood powder as an organic filler was further added was prepared, and the state of smoke generation, the amount of molten fall, and the calories burned during combustion were measured. The results are also shown in Table 3.
These properties were evaluated by the following methods.
Smoke is generated by injection-molding or press-molding the fuel composition to create a test piece with a length of 30 mm, a width of 6 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. The state of smoke generation when ignited and burned was visually observed and evaluated.
The amount of melting and dropping was evaluated by measuring the amount of the test piece that melted and dropped while burning during the above test and converted it into the amount of fall per cm 3 of the test piece.
The calorific value was measured by burning the fuel composition in a calorimeter.
[0044]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003713445
[0045]
As is apparent from Table 3, it can be seen that the fuel composition according to the reference example shows excellent properties with almost no generation of smoke as compared with the case where the fuel composition of Comparative Example 8 generates smoke. Moreover, since wood powder is used as the filler, it can be adjusted to an appropriate exothermic calorie, and it has no characteristics of melting and dropping during combustion and has excellent characteristics as a fuel.
[0046]
Reference Example 11
The following tests were conducted for the purpose of demonstrating that when the synthetic resin composition of the present invention is incinerated, there is an effect of preventing air pollution and leakage of harmful substances, which have been problems in conventional incineration.
Combustion of 0.1 g of the incinerated product having the composition shown in Table 4 at a predetermined temperature for 20 minutes while flowing air of 1.0 liter / minute, composition analysis of combustion generated gas, and metal elution from residual ash after incineration A test was conducted. Table 5 shows the composition of the combustion generated gas, and Table 6 shows the result of the metal elution test. In this test, the spindle-shaped goethite particles used in Reference Example 1 were used as hydrous ferric oxide particles.
[0047]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003713445
[0048]
[Table 5]
Figure 0003713445
[0049]
[Table 6]
Figure 0003713445
[0050]
As is clear from the results in Tables 4 to 6, when the incinerated sample B in which the spindle-shaped goethite as hydrous ferric oxide particles is present is incinerated, it is generated during combustion as compared with the case of sample A. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the gas is low, and the amount of nitrogen oxide (NOx) generated is low under combustion conditions at low temperatures such as 800 ° C.
In the case of Sample B, the amount of carbon recovered as a gas is almost the same as the theoretical carbon amount of 45% in the combustible material of the incinerated material at each temperature, indicating that it is completely burned. On the other hand, in the case of Sample A, the generation of soot increases at a high temperature exceeding 900 ° C., and the amount of carbon recovered as a gas is less than the theoretical value, indicating that incomplete combustion occurs. .
[0051]
Furthermore, from the results of the metal elution test, in the case of Sample A, lead and zinc were detected from the residual ash after incineration, whereas neither was detected from the residual ash after incineration of Sample B. It shows that adding hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles or a mixture of the particles therein has an effect of collecting and insolubilizing heavy metals in the residual ash after incineration.
[0052]
【effect】
The synthetic resin composition of the present invention is present in a large amount in nature, and since it contains safe specific hydrous ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles, there is no problem even if it is contained in the synthetic resin. Can be used for any purpose or application. And when incinerated after use, this hydrous ferric oxide particle or iron oxide particle exerts a combustion promoting action, and it has been conventionally effective in suppressing NOx amount and preventing damage to the incinerator. Even when the incinerator is operated under an oxygen concentration condition, it has the effect that it can be completely burned without lowering the combustion efficiency and the generation of unburned residue and residual ash can be reduced.
[0053]
In addition, the combustion promoting action inherent in hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles can be expected to reduce NOx and suppress the formation of dioxins, and hydrous ferric oxide particles and iron oxide particles. Has an effect that the conventional insolubilization treatment becomes unnecessary by reacting with the oxide of heavy metal during incineration to form ferrite and lowering the solubility of heavy metal in the residual ash in water.
[0054]
In addition, when waste plastics that are disposed of in large quantities as synthetic resins contain ferric oxide particles or iron oxide particles having such effects, as a fuel having excellent characteristics with less generation of smoke during combustion. It has become possible to effectively recycle waste plastics that could be used and were difficult to use as energy sources.

Claims (2)

不純物として含まれている全硫黄量が0.8wt%以下及び全ナトリウム量が0.5wt%以下であって全硫黄量と全ナトリウム量の合計量が1.0wt%以下であり、且つ平均粒子径が0.03〜1.0μm、軸比(長軸径/短軸径)が2以上である紡錘状酸化鉄粒子又は針状酸化鉄粒子もしくは当該粒子の混合物を合成樹脂に0.1〜20wt%含有させたことを特徴とする合成樹脂組成物。The total amount of sulfur contained as impurities is 0.8 wt% or less, the total sodium amount is 0.5 wt% or less, the total amount of total sulfur and total sodium is 1.0 wt% or less, and the average particle Spindle-like iron oxide particles or needle-like iron oxide particles having a diameter of 0.03 to 1.0 μm and an axial ratio (major axis diameter / minor axis diameter ) of 2 or more or a mixture of the particles are 0.1 to A synthetic resin composition containing 20 wt%. 合成樹脂が熱可塑性樹脂であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の合成樹脂組成物。The synthetic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the synthetic resin is a thermoplastic resin.
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