JP3729520B2 - Electrorheological fluid - Google Patents
Electrorheological fluid Download PDFInfo
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- JP3729520B2 JP3729520B2 JP24914794A JP24914794A JP3729520B2 JP 3729520 B2 JP3729520 B2 JP 3729520B2 JP 24914794 A JP24914794 A JP 24914794A JP 24914794 A JP24914794 A JP 24914794A JP 3729520 B2 JP3729520 B2 JP 3729520B2
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- electrorheological
- molecular chain
- electrorheological fluid
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Description
【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は新規な電気粘性流体に関するものであり、長期間安定に大きな電気粘性効果を発現する均一系の電気粘性流体として、振動吸収、トルク伝達、ダンパ−、機械位置決め制御などのアクチュエーターとしての用途に利用される。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電気粘性流体は、Winslowの発明以降約半世紀、水を含んだ粒子や絶縁薄膜で表面被覆した導電性粒子あるいは半導体粒子など誘電体粒子を絶縁油に分散させた、いわゆる分散系の流体が数多く提案されてきた。しかしこれらの流体は粒子の分散安定性が悪く粒子沈降という本質的な問題があり実用には至っていない。
【0003】
一方、粒子を用いない均一系の電気粘性流体も古くから、極性液体、液晶、ポリマ−溶液など数々研究されてはきたが、それらの電気粘性効果は極めて小さく顧みられなかった。最近、分散系の電気粘性流体の難しさが明らかになるにつれて、改めて均一系の流体の可能性が見直され、粒子を用いない均一系の電気粘性流体に関する報告や特許が発表され始め、例えば、ポリベンジルグルタメ−トをジオキサンに溶解させたリオトロピック液晶(特開平4−266997号公報)、連鎖に複数個の液晶性基を結合したサ−モトロピック液晶性化合物(特開平5−32988号公報)を用いた流体では、従来の分散系に勝る大きな電気粘性効果が得られている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記のライオトロピック液晶やサ−モトロピック液晶を用いた電気粘性流体は、確かに大きな電気粘性効果を示すが、リオトロピック液晶はそれに用いられる溶媒は一般に極性が高く導電性であり、また揮発性が高いものが多く実用には制限がある。また後者のサ−モトロピック液晶を用いたものは、電気絶縁性や耐久性に優れるものの、一般に作動温度範囲が狭い傾向がある。また両者は一般に原料が高価で製造に多くの工程を要するためコスト的にも高くなるという問題がある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、サ−モトロピック液晶からなる上記電気粘性流体の問題点を解決するため、液晶性基について鋭意検討を重ねていたところ、意外にも液晶性基でなくともフレキシブルな連鎖にある種の比較的簡単な官能基を結合することにより大きな電気粘性効果の発現する事実を見つけ、本発明に到達した。即ち、本発明は、フレキシブルな分子鎖単位の重合体からなる主鎖に、ニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を各々少なくとも一つ以上含む非液晶性の官能基が複数個結合された化合物を主成分とする電気粘性流体にある。
【0006】
本発明に言う、ニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を含む非液晶性の官能基を、フレキシブルな分子鎖単位の重合体からなる主鎖に結合させた化合物の代表的な分子構造としては、(a)側鎖型化合物、(b)主鎖型化合物、(c)両端型化合物が挙げられる。ニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を含む非液晶性の官能基は、フレキシブルな分子鎖単位からなる主鎖重合体に、(a)の場合には側鎖に、(b)の場合には主鎖に、(c)の場合には両端に、直接あるいは結合基を介して結合される。
【0007】
本発明でいうフレキシブルな分子鎖単位とは、1)ジメチルシロキサン、フェニルメチルシロキサンなど−SiR1 R2 O−(ここでR1 、R2 はアルキル基あるいはフェニル基を示す。)で表されるシロキサン、2)オキシエチレン、オキシプロピレン、オキシブチレンなど−OCm H2m−(ここでmは1から5の整数)で表されるオキシアルキレン、3)テトラフルオロオキシエチレン、トリフルオロオキシエチレン、ヘキサフルオロオキシプロピレン、など−OCm H2m-nFn −(ここでmは1から3の整数、nは2mまたはそれ以下で0以外の整数)で表されるフルオロオキシアルキレン、4)メチレン、エチレン、プロピレンなど−Cm H2m−(ここでmは1から8の整数)で表されるアルキレンなどである。特に1)から3)は低温でもフレキシブル性に富み好ましい。本発明のフレキシブルな分子鎖単位の重合体は、これらの分子鎖単位の単独重合体または異種の分子単位と共重合体である。重合度としては2から300、好ましくは2から100、より好ましくは5から100である。
【0008】
また、本発明に言うニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を含む非液晶性の官能基とは、液晶性を示すいわゆるメソゲン(松本正一、「液晶エレクトロニクス」、オ−ム社、に代表例が記載されている。)とは異なる官能基であり、例えば化学式1に示される分子構造が代表として挙げられる。
【0009】
【化1】
【0010】
側鎖型化合物の場合、これらの分子鎖単位は、1)に示した構造では、R1 またはR2 の一部は直接あるいは結合基を介してニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を含む非液晶性の官能基が置換されている。また、上記2)から4)に示した構造ではHの一部が直接あるいは結合基を介して官能基が置換されており、また更に残りのHの一部は、メチル基、エチル基、フェニル基などで置換されていてもよい。
【0011】
一方、主鎖型化合物や両端型化合物の場合、1)〜4)のいずれの分子鎖単位においても分子鎖中へのニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を含む非液晶性の官能基の結合は直接あるいは結合基を介して結合される。
一つの主鎖に結合される官能基の数は、一つであると電気粘性効果の向上は不十分であるので、二つ以上であることが好ましく、できるだけ多いことが電気粘性効果の点からより好ましい。フレキシブルな分子鎖単位の数と官能基の数の比は、前者が10に対して後者が3以上であることが好ましく、できるだけ多い方がより良い。また官能基の比率から見て、両端型よりは側鎖型や主鎖型がより好ましい。
【0012】
上述の結合基としては、−Cn H2n−(ここでnは1から20の整数)、−O−、−COO−、−CONH−などの基が代表例として挙げられる。
さらに上記の分子鎖単位は、必要に応じて、エステル基、アミド基、フェニレン基などを介在させた分子鎖単位を結合させ、異なる種類のフレキシブルな主鎖を形成させることもできる。
【0013】
本発明の、フレキシブルな分子鎖単位の重合体からなる主鎖に、ニトリル基およびベンゼン骨格を各々少なくとも一つ以上含む非液晶性の官能基を複数個結合した化合物は、電気粘性流体としてこれを単独に用いてもよいが、分散媒体や希釈剤、例えば、本化合物と同一のフレキシブルな分子鎖単位からなる重合体、フレキシブルな分子鎖とは親和性があるが、非液晶性の分子鎖とは親和性が低い化合物等で分散あるいは希釈して使用することもできる。分散あるいは希釈して用いる場合、本発明の化合物は、30重量%以上の主成分として使用することが好ましい。
【0014】
【実施例】
以下、実施例をもって本発明を具体的に説明し補足する。なお、電気粘性流体の基本的特性である電気粘性効果の測定は下記の方法に従った。
(電気粘性効果の測定方法)
プレ−ト間に電界が印加できるように改造されたパラレルプレ−ト型の回転粘度計を用い、電極間に試料を挟み、所定の温度と所定の剪断速度で試料に剪断を与え、所定の電圧を印加した際の剪断応力と電流値を測定した。電気粘性効果は電圧印加による剪断応力の増分で評価した。本実施例では、パラレルプレートの電極径は32mm、電極間隔は0.50mm、剪断速度は200sec-1、印加電圧は直流0〜2kv/mmであった。
【0015】
【実施例1】
1)官能基部の合成
4−ヒドロキシベンジルシアニド12.0G,無水炭酸カリウム31.1g、メチルエチルケトン150mlを混合して、アリルブロマイド11.7mlを加えて80℃で3時間加熱撹拌した。放冷後反応混合物を水にあけ、生成物をジエチルエ−テルで抽出した。乾燥、濃縮後、得られた粗生成物をシリカカラムクロマトで精製し、化学式2に示す化合物Aを15.5g得た。
【0016】
【化2】
【0017】
2)側鎖型化合物の合成
化学式3で示される平均組成を持つジメチルシロキサン・モノメチルヒドロジェンシロキサンのランダム共重合体4.0g、化合物A3.9gをテトラヒドロフラン60mlに溶解させ、少量の塩化白金酸触媒を加えて60℃で2時間反応させた。赤外吸収スペクトルと高速液体クロマトグラフによる分析で化合物Aがほぼ完全に消失し、シロキサン共重合体に反応していることが確認された。続いて1−ペンテン2.0gwo添加し、未反応のSi−H基を完全に潰した後、メタノ−ル400mlで精製した。
【0018】
【化3】
【0019】
3)電気粘性効果の測定
30℃で測定した電気粘性効果の結果を表1に示した。このような簡単な分子構造の化合物で液晶高分子並の大きな電気粘性効果が得られた。
【0020】
【表1】
【0021】
【発明の効果】
本発明は従来提案されてきたライオトロピック液晶やサーモトロピック液晶を用いた均一系の電気粘性流体の大きな欠点の1つであった、作動温度範囲やコストの問題を解決する安定性に優れた電気粘性流体にある。バルブ、クラッチ、トルクコンバ−タ−などのコンパクトで電子制御で作動する新しいアクチュエ−タ−に長期間安定して使用することができる。特に高精度の機械制御システム系への展開に有益である。[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to a novel electrorheological fluid, and is used as an actuator for vibration absorption, torque transmission, damper, mechanical positioning control, etc., as a homogeneous electrorheological fluid that exhibits a large electrorheological effect stably for a long period of time. Used for
[0002]
[Prior art]
There are many electrorheological fluids, so-called dispersed fluids, in which dielectric particles such as particles containing water, conductive particles coated with an insulating thin film, or semiconductor particles are dispersed in insulating oil for about half a century after the invention of Winslow. Has been proposed. However, these fluids have not been put into practical use due to the inherent problem of particle sedimentation due to poor dispersion stability of the particles.
[0003]
On the other hand, homogeneous electrorheological fluids that do not use particles have been studied for a long time, such as polar liquids, liquid crystals, polymer solutions, etc., but their electrorheological effects were extremely small and could not be ignored. Recently, as the difficulty of dispersed electrorheological fluids has become apparent, the possibility of homogeneous fluids has been reviewed, and reports and patents on homogeneous electrorheological fluids without particles have begun to be published. A lyotropic liquid crystal in which polybenzyl glutamate is dissolved in dioxane (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-266997), a thermotropic liquid crystal compound in which a plurality of liquid crystal groups are bonded to a chain (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-32988) In the fluid using, a large electrorheological effect is obtained over the conventional dispersion system.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Electrorheological fluids using the above-mentioned lyotropic liquid crystals and thermotropic liquid crystals certainly show a large electrorheological effect, but lyotropic liquid crystals generally have high polarity and conductivity, and are highly volatile. There are many things and practical use is limited. The latter using thermotropic liquid crystal is excellent in electrical insulation and durability, but generally tends to have a narrow operating temperature range. In addition, both have a problem that the cost is high because the raw materials are generally expensive and many processes are required for production.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the problems of the electrorheological fluid composed of thermotropic liquid crystals, the present inventors have intensively studied about the liquid crystalline group, and surprisingly, it is in a flexible chain even if it is not a liquid crystalline group. The present inventors have found the fact that a large electroviscous effect is manifested by bonding a relatively simple functional group of a species, and have reached the present invention. That is, the present invention is mainly composed of a compound in which a plurality of non-liquid crystalline functional groups each containing at least one nitrile group and a benzene skeleton are bonded to a main chain composed of a polymer of flexible molecular chain units. In electrorheological fluid.
[0006]
A typical molecular structure of a compound in which a non-liquid crystalline functional group containing a nitrile group and a benzene skeleton according to the present invention is bonded to a main chain composed of a polymer of a flexible molecular chain unit is shown on the (a) side. A chain compound, (b) a main chain compound, and (c) a double-ended compound. The non-liquid crystalline functional group containing a nitrile group and a benzene skeleton is a main chain polymer composed of flexible molecular chain units, a side chain in the case of (a), a main chain in the case of (b), In the case of (c), it is bonded to both ends directly or via a bonding group.
[0007]
The flexible molecular chain unit referred to in the present invention is represented by 1) -SiR 1 R 2 O- such as dimethylsiloxane and phenylmethylsiloxane (wherein R 1 and R 2 represent an alkyl group or a phenyl group). Siloxane, 2) Oxyethylene, oxypropylene, oxybutylene, etc. —OC m H 2m — (where m is an integer from 1 to 5) 3) Tetrafluorooxyethylene, trifluorooxyethylene, hexa fluoro oxypropylene, such as -OC m H 2m-n F n - ( where m is an integer from 1 3, n is an integer other than 0 at 2m or less) fluorooxyalkylene represented by, 4) methylene, ethylene, -C m H 2m propylene - (where m is an integer of 1 to 8), etc. alkylene represented by. In particular, 1) to 3) are preferable because they are flexible at low temperatures. The flexible polymer of the molecular chain unit of the present invention is a homopolymer of these molecular chain units or a copolymer of different molecular units. The degree of polymerization is 2 to 300, preferably 2 to 100, more preferably 5 to 100.
[0008]
The non-liquid crystalline functional group containing a nitrile group and a benzene skeleton as referred to in the present invention is a typical example described in a so-called mesogen exhibiting liquid crystallinity (Shoichi Matsumoto, “Liquid Crystal Electronics”, Ohm Co., Ltd.). For example, the molecular structure shown in Chemical Formula 1 is a typical example.
[0009]
[Chemical 1]
[0010]
In the case of a side chain type compound, these molecular chain units have the structure shown in 1), and a part of R 1 or R 2 is a non-liquid crystalline functional group containing a nitrile group and a benzene skeleton directly or via a bonding group. A group is substituted. In the structures shown in the above 2) to 4), a part of H is substituted with a functional group directly or through a bonding group, and a part of the remaining H is a methyl group, an ethyl group, a phenyl group. It may be substituted with a group or the like.
[0011]
On the other hand, in the case of a main chain type compound or a double-ended type compound, in any of the molecular chain units of 1) to 4), a non-liquid crystalline functional group containing a nitrile group and a benzene skeleton is bonded directly or bonded to the molecular chain. Bonded through a group.
If the number of functional groups bonded to one main chain is one, the improvement of the electrorheological effect is insufficient, so it is preferably two or more, and as many as possible from the viewpoint of the electrorheological effect. More preferred. The ratio between the number of flexible molecular chain units and the number of functional groups is preferably 10 for the former and 3 or more for the latter, and more preferably as much as possible. Further, in view of the ratio of the functional groups, the side chain type and the main chain type are more preferable than the both end type.
[0012]
Typical examples of the linking group include groups such as —C n H 2n — (where n is an integer of 1 to 20), —O—, —COO—, —CONH—.
Furthermore, the above molecular chain units can be combined with molecular chain units interposing an ester group, an amide group, a phenylene group or the like, if necessary, to form different types of flexible main chains.
[0013]
The compound of the present invention in which a plurality of non-liquid crystalline functional groups each containing at least one nitrile group and benzene skeleton are bonded to the main chain composed of a polymer of flexible molecular chain units is used as an electrorheological fluid. Although it may be used alone, it has an affinity for a dispersion medium or a diluent, for example, a polymer composed of the same flexible molecular chain unit as the present compound, a flexible molecular chain, and a non-liquid crystalline molecular chain. Can be used after being dispersed or diluted with a compound having low affinity. When dispersed or diluted, the compound of the present invention is preferably used as a main component of 30% by weight or more.
[0014]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described and supplemented with examples. The electrorheological effect, which is a basic characteristic of the electrorheological fluid, was measured according to the following method.
(Measurement method of electrorheological effect)
Using a parallel plate type rotational viscometer modified so that an electric field can be applied between the plates, the sample is sandwiched between the electrodes, and the sample is sheared at a predetermined temperature and a predetermined shear rate. The shear stress and current value when a voltage was applied were measured. The electrorheological effect was evaluated by increment of shear stress with voltage application. In this example, the electrode diameter of the parallel plate was 32 mm, the electrode interval was 0.50 mm, the shear rate was 200 sec −1 , and the applied voltage was DC 0 to 2 kv / mm.
[0015]
[Example 1]
1) Synthesis of functional group 4-hydroxybenzyl cyanide 12.0 G, 31.1 g of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 150 ml of methyl ethyl ketone were mixed, 11.7 ml of allyl bromide was added, and the mixture was heated and stirred at 80 ° C. for 3 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into water, and the product was extracted with diethyl ether. After drying and concentration, the resulting crude product was purified by silica column chromatography to obtain 15.5 g of Compound A represented by Chemical Formula 2.
[0016]
[Chemical formula 2]
[0017]
2) Synthesis of side chain compound 4.0 g of a random copolymer of dimethylsiloxane and monomethylhydrogensiloxane having an average composition represented by chemical formula 3 and 3.9 g of compound A were dissolved in 60 ml of tetrahydrofuran, and a small amount of chloroplatinic acid catalyst. And reacted at 60 ° C. for 2 hours. Analysis by infrared absorption spectrum and high performance liquid chromatograph confirmed that Compound A almost completely disappeared and reacted with the siloxane copolymer. Subsequently, 1-pentene (2.0 gwo) was added to completely crush unreacted Si—H groups, and then purified with 400 ml of methanol.
[0018]
[Chemical 3]
[0019]
3) Measurement of electrorheological effect Table 1 shows the results of electrorheological effect measured at 30 ° C. A compound having such a simple molecular structure produced a large electrorheological effect similar to that of a liquid crystal polymer.
[0020]
[Table 1]
[0021]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention is one of the major disadvantages of the homogeneous electrorheological fluids using lyotropic liquid crystals and thermotropic liquid crystals that have been proposed in the past, and has excellent electrical stability that solves the problems of the operating temperature range and cost. It is in a viscous fluid. It can be used stably for a long period of time in new actuators that are compact and electronically operated, such as valves, clutches and torque converters. It is particularly useful for deployment to high-precision machine control system systems.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24914794A JP3729520B2 (en) | 1994-10-14 | 1994-10-14 | Electrorheological fluid |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24914794A JP3729520B2 (en) | 1994-10-14 | 1994-10-14 | Electrorheological fluid |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH08113791A JPH08113791A (en) | 1996-05-07 |
| JP3729520B2 true JP3729520B2 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP24914794A Expired - Fee Related JP3729520B2 (en) | 1994-10-14 | 1994-10-14 | Electrorheological fluid |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3729520B2 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3335367B2 (en) * | 1990-08-30 | 2002-10-15 | 旭化成株式会社 | Uniform electrorheological fluid |
| JPH04266997A (en) * | 1991-02-20 | 1992-09-22 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Electroviscous fluid of homogeneous system |
| JPH06220483A (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1994-08-09 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Homogeneous electroviscous fluid |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JPH08113791A (en) | 1996-05-07 |
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