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JP3751572B2 - Pollution treatment method - Google Patents
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JP3751572B2 - Pollution treatment method - Google Patents

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JP3751572B2
JP3751572B2 JP2002084150A JP2002084150A JP3751572B2 JP 3751572 B2 JP3751572 B2 JP 3751572B2 JP 2002084150 A JP2002084150 A JP 2002084150A JP 2002084150 A JP2002084150 A JP 2002084150A JP 3751572 B2 JP3751572 B2 JP 3751572B2
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phase
soil
contaminants
separation
membrane
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JP2003275738A (en
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武志 五反田
智子 吉川
朋浩 轟木
肇 名古
佳男 羽中田
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Toshiba Corp
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Toshiba Corp
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  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
  • Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、土壌を汚染する汚染物質の処理方法に関し、特に、汚染物質の回収不完全や処理システムからの漏出等を防止して高い確度で汚染物質の回収・処理を行うことができる土壌の汚染物質の処理方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、有害物質による土壌汚染が深刻な問題となっている。汚染物質の例としては、カドミウム、全シアン、有機隣、鉛、六価クロム、砒素、総水銀、アルキル水銀、PCB、銅、ジクロロメタン、四塩化炭素、1,2−ジクロロエタン、1,1−ジクロロエチレン、シス−1,2−ジクロロエチレン、1,1,1−トリクロロエタン、1,1,2−トリクロロエタン、トリクロロエチレン、テトラクロロエチレン、1,3−ジクロロプロペン、チウラム、シマジン、チオベンカルブ、ベンゼン、セレン、ダイオキシン(DXN)類等の生体に有害な物質や、油などの毒性は低くても土壌の利用を困難にする物質などがある。特に、低濃度でも有害性の高いDXN類やPCB類による土壌汚染が数多く発見され、深刻な問題となっている。
【0003】
従来、汚染物質を土壌から除去するには、焼却炉やセメントキルンなどを利用して高温によって土壌の汚染物質をガス化すると同時に燃焼分解してしまうことが多かった。この場合、燃焼分解後の燃焼ガスはそのまま煙突から排気する。燃焼による分解は安価に実施できる方法であるが、安定的に分解能力を維持することは非常に困難であるため、安定した分解能力を得るためには大量に燃料を投入して燃焼状態を安定させる必要が生じ、かえって安価であるというメリットを損なう。
【0004】
そこで、土壌を加熱してガス化した汚染物質を燃焼分解せずに、土壌から分離した後一旦回収する方法が提案されており、土壌から回収される汚染物質は、回収状況に応じて種々の公知分解技術を用いて分解処理することになる。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上記の汚染物質を回収する方法においては、土壌から分離した汚染物質ガスを処理装置外に漏洩させないために、汚染物質を確実に回収する必要がある。このため、活性炭及びその他の特殊な捕集剤や添加剤(以下、薬剤と総称する)が用いられている。しかし、これらの薬剤等の使用による処理は費用の増大を招いている。また、これらの薬剤の吸着効率等は、汚染物質との接触時間が長いほど向上するため、実際の処理装置は、薬剤を有効に作用させるために必然的に大きくなり、装置構造も複雑になる。更に、処理装置から放出する排気または排水の汚染物質濃度を環境基準以下にするために十分な処理が必要となるが、処理労力や費用の増大が問題となり、処理手順を効率的に構成して処理労力や費用を低減することが強く望まれていた。
【0006】
また、DXN類及びPCB類は土壌汚染の問題以前から有害物質として注目され、数多くの分解技術が提案されているが、汚染物質を分離・回収する際に従来使用されているキレート剤などの捕集剤は、汚染物質の分解を阻害することが多い。従って、分解技術を土壌浄化に適用する場合には、回収した汚染物質から分解を阻害する捕集剤を分離する必要があり、手間がかかる。このため、分解を阻害するような捕集剤を外部から添加することなく汚染物質を回収できる土壌の汚染物質の処理方法が望まれている。
【0007】
本発明は、処理装置から汚染物質を漏洩させることなく効率よく汚染土壌の浄化処理ができ、浄化処理の費用及び労力の低減が可能な効率的な汚染物質の処理が行える土壌の汚染物質の処理方法を提供することを課題とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の一態様によれば、汚染物質の処理方法は、土壌に含まれる汚染物質気化する気化工程と、気化した前記汚染物質を冷却して凝縮液を得る凝縮工程と、前記凝縮液の親水性相と親油性相とを分液する相分離工程と、前記相分離工程で分液した前記親水性相に含まれるダストを濾過膜又は砂濾過により分離するダスト分離工程と、前記親水性相を分離膜を通して前記親水性相の該汚染物質を濃縮する膜分離工程と、前記汚染物質が濃縮された前記親水性相を前記相分離工程へ再循環させる工程とを有することを要旨とする。
【0009】
また、本発明の一態様によれば、汚染物質の処理方法は、土壌に含まれる汚染物質を気化する気化工程と、気化した前記汚染物質を冷却して凝縮液を得る凝縮工程と、前記凝縮液の親水性相と親油性相とを分液する相分離工程と、前記相分離工程で分液した前記親水性相に含まれるダストを濾過膜又は砂濾過により分離するダスト分離工程と、透過膜を用いた油水分離又は親油性抽出液を用いた液液抽出によって前記親水性相に分散する分散相を除去する分散相除去工程と、前記親水性相を分離膜を通して前記親水性相の該汚染物質を濃縮する膜分離工程と、前記汚染物質が濃縮された前記親水性相を前記分散相除去工程へ再循環させる工程とを有することを要旨とする。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
汚染土壌の加熱によって土壌から汚染物質を気化分離すると、これと共に土壌中の有機炭素化合物も気化する。気化したガスを有機炭素化合物が炭化するような条件下で加熱すると炭素粒子が生じて汚染物質の吸着剤として作用し、炭素粒子を回収することによって吸着された汚染物質がいっしょに回収される。加熱温度に応じて汚染物質の分解が進行し、炭素粒子は分解の触媒として作用して分解を促進するので、処理後の排気及び排水から汚染物質を十分に除去することができる。汚染物質及び有機炭素化合物の気化において、汚染土壌は好ましくは約400℃以上且つ約600℃以下に加熱し、有機炭素化合物の炭化では、発生した汚染物質及び有機炭素化合物を含むガスを低酸素環境下で約700℃以上、好ましくは約800℃以上且つ約1200℃以下の温度に加熱し、有機炭素化合物の炭化により炭素粒子を生じる。この炭素粒子を約200℃以下に冷却して収集することにより、雰囲気中の汚染物質を十分に取り込んだ炭素粒子が回収される。このようにして、汚染物質の漏洩・再排出が最大限に防止された土壌浄化が安価な費用で実施できる。
【0011】
以下、本発明の土壌処理を詳細に説明する。
【0012】
本発明の土壌処理における被処理対象となる汚染物質は、加熱又は減圧によって気化(または昇華)する生体または環境上有害な有機化合物及び金属類であり、特に、実用の点から、400℃の加熱または真空によって蒸発する物質が被処理対象として適している。有機化合物としては、例えば、PCB、ダイオキシン(DXN)類、ジクロロメタン、四塩化炭素、1,2−ジクロロエタン、1,1−ジクロロエチレン、シス−1,2−ジクロロエチレン、1,1,1−トリクロロエタン、1,1,2−トリクロロエタン、トリクロロエチレン、テトラクロロエチレン、1,3−ジクロロプロペン、チウラム、シマジン、チオベンカルブ、ベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセンなどの人体に有害な化合物が挙げられ、金属類としては、例えば、カドミウム、燐、鉛、クロム、砒素、水銀、セレンなどが挙げられるが、特にこれらの物質に限定するものではなく、上述のような気化可能な汚染物質を含んだ土壌について浄化つまり汚染物質の除去を行うことができる。
【0013】
本発明では、樹木、草花、動植物の死骸や糞などの土壌に含まれる有機物を炭素源として利用して汚染物質の処理を行うことができる。従って、処理を施す土壌は、炭化条件で炭素を生じる有機炭素化合物を含んだ土壌であればよい。つまり、陸地を構成する岩石が砕けて細粒となったものに生物遺体またはその分解物などが混じった土壌を特に限定することなく処理することができる。例えば、農耕地、園芸場や山間部に多い有機物(腐植土)を多く含む土壌;道路、宅地、工場などの比較的腐植土の少ない土壌などが挙げられ、また、湖、海、川などの水底の構成物質である底質や、前述のいずれかのものが混入した汚泥なども含まれる。また、有機炭素化合物は、上記のような土壌に天然に含まれるものに限らず、人為的に土壌に加えられたものでもよく、例えば、土壌の汚染物質が人体に特に有害ではない油脂類等の有機化合物を含む場合には、このような有機化合物が炭化における炭素源となる。尚、水分を含む土壌は、汚染物質の気化において水蒸気を発生し、有機化合物の炭化において生じる炭素粒子表面において残留する炭化水素を水蒸気により除去して炭素粒子を付活して吸着能の高い活性炭を生成するので、本発明において有利である。
【0014】
土壌から汚染物質を気化分離するための気化手段は、土壌を加熱することにより汚染物質を気化して土壌から除去可能な手段であれば特に限定されず、例えば、キルン炉、流動床炉、真空加熱炉などのような加熱炉が挙げられる。このような加熱炉を気化手段として汚染土壌を投入し加熱して汚染物質を気化することにより、土壌中の有機炭素化合物及び水分も共に気化する。汚染物質の気化に必要な加熱温度は雰囲気圧によって変化し、常圧においては概して400℃程度以上であればよい。
【0015】
汚染物質の気化自体は有酸素雰囲気中で行うことができるが、この段階において、低酸素雰囲気中で高温に加熱すると、汚染物質等のガス化と同時に有機物の熱分解反応が起こって分子量100〜3000程度の高分子量の成分が発生する。つまり、吸着剤として利用する炭素粒子の生成に好適な分子量の高い成分を発生させることができる。このような熱分解を起こすには、加熱する温度は150℃以上、好ましくは400℃以上とし、温度が高い程熱分解が進行するが、600℃を越えると高分子量成分の発生量が著しく低下し、エネルギー効率上からも好ましくない。また、発生した高分子量ガスは酸素によって分解するので、上記のような高分子量成分を得るためには、雰囲気の酸素濃度は低いことが必要であり、気化手段の出口における酸素濃度は5vol%(容積比)以下、好ましくは0%であることが重要である。
【0016】
土壌から気化した汚染物質及び有機炭素化合物を含んだ被処理ガスは、前述のように気化条件によって高分子量成分を含み、更に、土壌の状態に依って、土壌に含まれる水分、及び、ガス流にのって土壌の一部が飛散した細粒分(約75μm未満)を主とした鉱物粒子を含む。このような被処理ガスは低酸素雰囲気(酸素濃度:5vol%以下)中でさらに高温に加熱して有機炭素化合物を炭化する。炭化を進行させるための加熱温度は800℃以上、好ましくは1000℃以上が好適である。但し、これより高温になると炭素粒子の生成効率が低下するので、具体的には1200℃以下が好ましい。この温度においては汚染物質の分解反応も進行する。また、生成した炭素粒子は、汚染物質の分解反応、特にハロゲン化合物の脱ハロゲン反応に対して触媒作用を有し、汚染物質の分解が進行する。土壌の汚染物質に対する有機炭素化合物の割合が約1/1以上であれば、炭素粒子による効果は顕著に得られる。
【0017】
ガスを高温に加熱する方法には、ヒーターによって加熱する方式、バーナーを用いた間接加熱方式、熱交換器を利用した高温の熱媒体によって被処理ガスを間接加熱する方式や、あらかじめ高温に加熱した気体媒体を被処理ガスと混合して加熱する方式、被処理ガスまたはこれに含まれる成分との接触により発熱反応を起こす反応剤を用いる方式などがあるが、被処理ガスを高温に加熱できる手段であれば特に限定されない。但し、余熱した高温水蒸気を投入する方式は、土壌由来の水の効果を補うことができる点で特に有効である。つまり、加熱した被処理ガス中の高分子量成分が熱分解により低分子化して固体炭素が析出するときに、水蒸気が炭素表面に残留した炭化水素を除去し、炭素粒子を付加して有害物質を捕集する能力を高める。土壌に含有する水分量だけで十分な場合には、水蒸気による加熱方式を用いる必要はなく、間接加熱等の前述した方式によって好適に実施することができ、必要に応じて被処理ガスに加水すればよい。
【0018】
加熱による炭化終了後の被処理ガスは冷却し、炭素粒子の収集は約200℃以下の温度で行う。冷却過程中に、炭素粒子が汚染物質を吸着・捕集するのに適した温度に達し、被処理ガス中に残存する汚染物質を十分に吸着する。被処理ガスの冷却温度が水の沸点以上であれば、炭素粒子の収集は乾式で行うことができ、水の沸点未満であれば、水分が凝縮するので湿式での収集となる。
【0019】
収集手段としては、バグフィルターや湿式分離膜などの、炭素粒子を被処理ガスから分離できる濾材が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。ガスから濾別される炭素粒子を濾材表面に堆積させて層を形成すると、炭素粒子自体もフィルタを構成し、よりいっそうの収集効果が望める。また、被処理ガスが炭素粒子と接触する時間が長いほど、汚染物質の分解、なかでも有機塩素化合物の脱塩素が進行するため、濾材表面に炭素粒子を堆積するのは汚染物質の分解無害化を促進する効果がある。
【0020】
図1は、上記の処理を行う装置の一例を示す。土壌加熱炉1に汚染土壌を投入して加熱し、汚染物質、有機炭素化合物及び水分が気化する。土壌から気化した被処理ガスは、ガス加熱炉2において更に加熱して有機炭素化合物を炭化する。必要に応じて水蒸気供給部2aからガス加熱炉2に水蒸気が供給され、ガス加熱炉2の加熱温度は温度制御部2bによって制御される。炭化後の被処理ガスは、冷却器3によって冷却する。冷却温度が水の沸点以上であれば、図2(a)の乾式処理に従って、フィルタを備える炭素回収装置4に通して炭素粒子をガスから分離した後、ガスを水分捕集装置5において常温まで冷却して水蒸気を凝縮し排水として分離する。被処理ガスの冷却温度が水の沸点未満であれば、図2(b)の湿式処理に従って、冷却器3での冷却によって凝縮分離し炭素粒子を含む水を水分捕集装置5によって分離収集し、凝縮水をフィルタを備える炭素回収装置4’に通過させて炭素粒子と排水とに分離し回収する。
【0021】
自然界の土壌は、一般に、種々の有機化合物を含んでいるので、汚染土壌を加熱した際に生じるガスは、高温加熱による炭化処理をしなければ、高分子量成分がそのまま活性炭などの捕集剤や添加剤等の薬剤に接触し、特にタール状のものは薬剤表面を覆うため、目的とする汚染物質の捕集妨害を起こしたり、薬剤が充填塔タイプであると充填塔自体の圧力損失を増大させてしまい、正常な運転操作そのものを妨害してしまう。しかし、本発明ではタール状となるような高分子量成分は炭化して炭素粒子として利用するので、薬剤や処理施設の損傷、処理費用の増大を回避することができる。
【0022】
また、PCB等の汚染物質の分解技術として紫外線照射による方式があるが、汚染物質と共にタール分が存在すると、タール分中の芳香族化合物のエネルギー吸収によって汚染物質の分解がぼうがいする。本実施形態では、タール分を炭素粒子の原料とするため、炭素粒子の製造と同時にPCB分解の妨害となるタール分を除去する効果が得られる。
【0023】
汚染土壌を加熱して土壌から汚染物質を除去する土壌の浄化において、土壌から発生する汚染物質、水蒸気及び有機物が混在するガスをそれ以上加熱することなく凝縮回収すると、汚染物質及び土壌中有機物の分解生成物が混在した凝縮液となる。この凝縮液から汚染物質、特にPCBやDXN等の有機化合物系の汚染物質を回収する場合、排気及び排水の汚染物質濃度が低くなるように効率よく回収するには、処理手順に工夫が必要となる。本発明では、処理工程として、相分離(自発的に分かれる複数の液相を分液する)、固体分離(液体と固体とを分離する)及び膜分離(液相中の物質を分子レベルで分離する)を主に適用し、必要に応じて油水分離(分散液の分散相を外部刺激によって強制的に集合させて個別の液相に分離させて分液する)または液液抽出が組み込まれる。
【0024】
以下、図3〜8を参照して説明する。
【0025】
土壌加熱炉1で加熱される汚染土壌から得られるガスをスクラバ6で凝縮した凝縮液は、分液槽7において比重差によって上相、中相、下相の3つの液相にわかれる。中相は水に微量の汚染物質が溶解または顕濁した親水性の液相である。上相及び下相は水に難溶性の液相で、比重の軽いものと重いもので各々に分離する。なお、上相は土壌中の有機物の分解生成物に汚染物質が溶解したものが、下相は汚染物質が主成分となることが多い。相分離は、これらの液相を相毎に取り出すことにより凝縮液から汚染物質を分離する工程であり、上相及び下相から汚染物質が回収される。なお、下相には、比較的粒径が大きく沈降しやすいダストも含まれる。相分離は特別な装置を用いなくとも可能である。例えば、土壌を加熱したときに発生するガス及びミストの大気放出を防止するために設けられたスクラバーに付属する水槽と兼用することも可能である。
【0026】
相分離で上相及び下相を除去して得た中相は、濾材8によって液中に存在するダスト(スラッジ)を分離する(ダスト除去)。濾材には通常の濾過膜や砂濾過などが利用できる。分離したダストには汚染物質が吸着している。濾材8を透過した透過液は、その一部を前術のスクラバーにおいて噴霧水等に利用するように構成してもよい。
【0027】
土壌の汚染が比較的軽度で相分離によって得られる中相に含まれる有機成分が少ない場合は、中相に含まれる汚染物質の除去は分離膜9を用いた膜分離によって行うことができる(図3参照)が、中相の有機成分が比較的多い場合や有機成分の組成が複雑なために分散液状である場合には、膜分離による処理では機能不全を起こし易いので、油水分離を行う(図4又は図5参照)のが効率的である。
【0028】
油水分離は、微細な流路を有する透過膜を備えた分液槽10を用いて行う。微小油滴が分散した水相液を透過させると、油滴は透過膜を透過しながら膜に補足され、他の油滴との合体を繰り返して粗粒化する。この結果、比重差によって親油性液相を水から分別形成することができる。透過膜の材料は親油性のものが好ましい。油水分離によって、前述の相分離の行程と同様に、上相、中相、下相の3つの液相に分けることができる。前述と同様に、汚染物質を含む親油性相を取り除いた親水性相は膜分離によって無害化処理する。
【0029】
膜分離は、油水分離を経た水を主成分とする水相液から汚染物質を除去して環境基準、排水基準を満たす濃度まで低下させる行程であり、分離膜を備えた膜分離器9で除去を行う。利用できる分離膜には、逆浸透膜(RO)、限外濾過膜(UF)、精密濾過(MF)などがある。このような膜処理によって汚染物質が除去された透過水と、汚染物質が濃縮した濃縮水を得ることができる。複数の膜の種類を組み合わせて利用してもよい。複数の膜を組み合わせて使う場合は、図6のように、下流側の膜MLで濃縮された液を上流側の膜MUへ循環させて再処理するように膜分離器9を構成すると有効である。膜分離による透過水は、環境基準や排水基準を満たす濃度まで除去できていれば排水として放流できる。あるいは、加熱によって水分を失った浄化処理後の土壌に加えて土壌の再生に利用してもよい。濃縮水は、油水分離又は相分離の行程へ再循環させて汚染物質を分離することができる。
【0030】
あるいは、図7のように、前述の油水分離に代えて、溶剤を用いた液液抽出を行うように処理プロセスを構成することもできる。この場合、相分離によって得た中相は、ダスト除去を行う前に抽出槽11において液液抽出すると好ましい。これにより、液液抽出後に濾材8によって分離されるダストに含まれる汚染物質が極めて少なくなるので、ダストの直接廃棄が可能になる。液液抽出では、水に難溶性で凝縮液から汚染物質を抽出できる溶媒を親水性相(中相)に接触させて汚染物質を抽出分離する。ただし、ここで用いる溶媒は汚染物質の分解を妨害しない溶媒を用いる必要がある。例えば、n−ヘキサンは水に難溶性でPCBとDXNを溶解し易い。また、直鎖構造なので、汚染物質をUV分解法で分解する際に共存してもなんら問題ない。
【0031】
上記のような処理プロセスによって回収される汚染物質は、分解装置12において分解処理する。汚染物質の分解は、例えば、UV照射による光分解法、触媒を利用した触媒分解法、金属ナトリウムを用いるSD法などによって可能である。また、ダイオキシンの場合は、燃焼分解も利用可能である。
【0032】
図4の処理プロセスは、相分離、ダスト分離、油水分離、膜分離の順に処理することにより、相分離及び油水分離で発生する上下の液相と、ダスト除去で発生するスラッジとを回収することにより汚染物質をそのまま分解手段に供給することができる。なお、例えば図8のように工程の順番を変更すると処理効率が低下するので、高濃度汚染に対する処理が難しくなる。
【0033】
相分離及び油水分離では、汚染物質の初期濃度が高いほど分離できる汚染物質の総量が増加し分離効率が向上する。他方、膜分離の行程では透過水に対して濃縮水の比率を大きくとることにより、分離率を向上できる。そこで、図5の処理プロセスは、土壌の加熱の初期に発生するガスに汚染物質が少ないことを考慮し、土壌の加熱初期に発生する汚染物質の少ないガスと加熱後期の汚染物質の多いガスとを異なる経路によって処理する(以下、初期のガス由来の凝縮液を凝縮液A、後期のものを凝縮液Bとする)。加熱初期の凝縮液Aはほとんどが水であるので、凝縮液Bは、加熱初期に水が除去される分だけ汚染物質の濃度が高くなるため、相分離、油水分離での効率を向上することができる。従って、必要に応じて濾材13によりダスト除去した凝縮液Aを、油水分離後の水相に混合して膜分離により無害化処理を行うことにより、汚染物質の除去効率を長時間に渡って高く維持し、処理システムのメンテナンス頻度を抑えることができる。また、汚染土壌の加熱処理するための掘削時や降雨等によって発生する浸出水についても無害化処理を施す必要があるが、この場合には、浸出水に溶解しているSi、Na、Ca等の鉱物質が膜分離時に膜表面に析出して膜の透過性を妨害する問題がある。これに対し、凝縮水Aを混合してこれらの成分の濃度を低下させてから無害化処理することによって、上記問題を解決することができる。尚、凝縮水Aと凝縮水Bとを効果的に分けるには、土壌の加熱温度を初期においては300℃以下、好ましくは200℃以下までとして凝縮水Aを分取し、その後温度を上げて凝縮水Bを取ればよい。
【0034】
図7では、相分離とダスト除去の間に液液抽出を行って、相分離から取り入れるダストを含んだ中相液をそのまま抽出処理している。これにより、水中の微量の汚染物質を抽出すると共にダストに吸着している汚染物質も抽出される。従って、ダストの汚染物質は除去できているので、ダスト除去で回収されるスラッジを土壌に戻して利用することができる。このプロセスにおいて油水分離は必要ない。
【0035】
本発明では、外部から捕集剤を添加して使う必要がないため、処理費用が安価にできる。
【0036】
【実施例】
(実施例1)
図1の装置を用い、表1に記載する処理条件に従って、汚染物質を含んだ各種土質の土壌に対して土壌の浄化処理(実験番号1〜20)を行い、浄化処理による排水及び排ガスの汚染物質濃度の測定によって評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。処理手順及び結果の評価については、以下の通りである。
【0037】
汚染土壌を所定の処理割合で土壌加熱炉に投入して加熱し、発生したガスをガス加熱炉に導入した後に、ガスを冷却器3で冷却し、ガス中の炭素粒子を収集した。炭素粒子の収集を乾式で行う場合には、冷却器3の冷却温度は170℃、湿式の場合には冷却温度は大気温度とした。乾式収集の場合は、図2(a)のように、冷却ガスを炭素回収装置4のフィルタに通して炭素粒子をガスから分離した後、ガスを水分捕集装置5において常温まで冷却して水蒸気を凝縮し排水として分離した。湿式収集の場合は、冷却器3での冷却によって凝縮分離し炭素粒子を含む水を水分捕集装置5によって収集し、凝縮水を炭素回収装置4’のフィルタを通過させて炭素粒子と排水とに分離し回収した。
【0038】
上記の処理によって得られた排水及び排ガスの汚染物質濃度を測定し、法定基準(PCB:[排水]0.0005mg/L以下、[排ガス]0.1mg/m3以下、ダイオキシン:[排水]10pg−TEQ/L以下、[排ガス]0.1ng−TEQ/m3以下)に適合するか否かによって評価した。
【0039】
尚、表1において、土質は土の工学的分類方法(JGS M111)に準じ、土壌の処理量は、時間あたりに処理した土壌の量(湿重量)を示す。土壌の汚染物質濃度の単位は、PCBについてはmg/kg単位、ダイオキシンについてはng−TEQ/gである。有機物量は、熱しゃく減量として湿重量あたりの含有量に換算している。
【0040】
【表1】

Figure 0003751572
表1の結果において、土質が同じであっても重量減少量に違いが生じているが、これは、土壌の採取場所が異なるためと考えられる。
【0041】
実験1からわかるように、炭素粒子を生成することにより、汚染物質が炭素粒子で捕集できるので、排水、排ガス中の汚染物質濃度が法規制を満たすように汚染物質の処理をすることができる。実験2では、比較のために、被処理ガスの加熱による炭化を行っていない。この場合、炭素粒子が生成せず、排水、排ガス中の汚染物質濃度が極めて高く、法規制を満たさなかった。実験3〜20は処理条件を変更した例であり、これらにおいても炭化が好適に進行し汚染物質の処理に有効に作用していることが示されている。
【0042】
(実施例2)
表2に示す各種土質の土壌を土壌加熱炉で加熱して生じたガスをスクラバにより冷却し、得られた凝縮液に対して図3〜5及び図7〜8のいずれかに示す手順に従って実験21〜41の処理を行い、排水の汚染物質濃度を測定して、排水中の汚染物質濃度が法定基準(PCB:[排水]0.0005mg/L以下、[排ガス]0.1mg/m3以下、ダイオキシン:[排水]10pg−TEQ/L以下、[排ガス]0.1ng−TEQ/m3以下)に適合するか否かにより汚染物質の除去効率を評価した。結果を表2に示す。
【0043】
尚、表2において、土質は土の工学的分類方法(JGS M111)に準じ、土壌の処理量は、時間当りに処理した土壌の量(湿重量)を示す。また、水分は土壌の湿重量あたりの水分重量の割合で示す。土壌加熱温度は土壌から汚染物質を気化分離するために土壌加熱炉で加熱した温度を示す。土壌の汚染物質濃度の単位は、PCBについてはmg/kg単位、ダイオキシンについてはng−TEQ/gである。
【0044】
【表2】
Figure 0003751572
表2の結果において、土壌の土質が同じであっても重量減少量に違いが生じているのは、採取場所が異なるためと考えられる。
【0045】
実験21、22、23からわかるように図4、5、7に示す処理手順は汚染物質の除去効率が良く、排水の汚染物質濃度が法規制を満たすように凝縮液を好適に処理できることが解る。処理行程の順番が異なる場合(実験24)や油水分離を行わない場合(実験26)には、除去効率が低下する。実験24ではダスト除去の行程でタール状の物質が濾材に付着し、濾材の洗浄を行っても透過能力が復元できず、凝縮水の処理を継続することができなかった。実験26では微細な油滴が分散した凝縮水を無害化処理工程で直接処理するため膜表面を油滴が覆い、膜の洗浄を行っても透過能力が復元できず、凝縮水の処理を継続することができなかった。但し、実験24及び26の手順は、汚染濃度が低い場合には対応可能である(例えば、実験25)。更に、実験27〜41に示すような諸条件においても好適に汚染物質の除去を行うことができる。
【0046】
【発明の効果】
本発明は土壌を加熱することによって汚染物質をガス化分離する土壌の浄化において、土壌が含む有機物を利用して炭素粉末を製造することにより、簡便で安価、さらに効率の高い汚染物質の捕集方法を提供できる。
【0047】
本発明は土壌を加熱することによって汚染物質をガス化分離する土壌の浄化方法において、発生する水蒸気と汚染物質が混在するガスを凝縮回収した凝縮液に含む汚染物質を、捕集剤を用いずに分離回収濃縮できるため、汚染物質の分解手段にそのまま供することが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明に係る土壌処理装置の一実施例を示す概略構成図。
【図2】本発明に係る土壌処理における炭素粒子の乾式収集(a)及び湿式収集(b)を示す図。
【図3】本発明に係る土壌処理における凝縮液の処理を実施する装置の第1の実施形態を示す概略構成図。
【図4】本発明に係る土壌処理における凝縮液の処理を実施する装置の第2の実施形態を示す概略構成図。
【図5】本発明に係る土壌処理における凝縮液の処理を実施する装置の第3の実施形態を示す概略構成図。
【図6】本発明に係る土壌処理における凝縮液の処理で用いる膜分離器の一実施形態を示す概略構成図。
【図7】本発明に係る土壌処理における凝縮液の処理を実施する装置の第4の実施形態を示す概略構成図。
【図8】本発明に係る土壌処理における凝縮液の処理を実施する装置の第5の実施形態を示す概略構成図。
【符号の説明】
1 土壌加熱炉、 2 ガス加熱炉、 3 冷却器
4、4’ 炭素回収装置
5 水分捕集装置、 6 スクラバ、 7 分液槽
8,13 濾材、 9 膜分離器、 10 分液槽
11 抽出槽、 12 分解装置[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for treating pollutants that contaminate soil, and in particular, for soil that can collect and treat pollutants with high accuracy by preventing incomplete collection of pollutants and leakage from a treatment system. The present invention relates to a method for treating pollutants.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, soil contamination by harmful substances has become a serious problem. Examples of pollutants include cadmium, all cyanide, organic neighbor, lead, hexavalent chromium, arsenic, total mercury, alkylmercury, PCB, copper, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropene, thiuram, simazine, thiobencarb, benzene, selenium, dioxin (DXN) There are substances that are harmful to living organisms, such as varieties, and substances that make it difficult to use soil even if the toxicity of oil is low. In particular, many soil contaminations with DXNs and PCBs that are highly harmful even at low concentrations have been discovered, which is a serious problem.
[0003]
Conventionally, in order to remove pollutants from soil, incinerators and cement kilns are often used to gasify soil pollutants at high temperatures and simultaneously decompose and decompose them. In this case, the combustion gas after combustion decomposition is exhausted from the chimney as it is. Decomposition by combustion is a method that can be carried out at low cost, but it is very difficult to maintain stable decomposition ability, so in order to obtain stable decomposition ability, a large amount of fuel is injected to stabilize the combustion state It is necessary to make it happen, and the advantage of being cheap is lost.
[0004]
Therefore, a method has been proposed in which the pollutant that has been gasified by heating the soil is recovered after it has been separated from the soil without being burnt and decomposed. The decomposition process is performed using a known decomposition technique.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the method for recovering the pollutant, it is necessary to reliably recover the pollutant in order to prevent the pollutant gas separated from the soil from leaking out of the processing apparatus. For this reason, activated carbon and other special collection agents and additives (hereinafter collectively referred to as drugs) are used. However, the treatment due to the use of these chemicals or the like causes an increase in cost. Moreover, since the adsorption efficiency of these chemicals and the like improve as the contact time with the pollutant increases, the actual processing apparatus is inevitably large in order for the chemicals to act effectively, and the structure of the apparatus becomes complicated. . Furthermore, sufficient treatment is required to reduce the pollutant concentration in the exhaust or drainage discharged from the treatment equipment to below the environmental standard. However, the increase in treatment effort and cost becomes a problem, and the treatment procedure is efficiently configured. There has been a strong desire to reduce processing effort and costs.
[0006]
In addition, DXNs and PCBs have attracted attention as harmful substances before the problem of soil contamination, and many decomposition techniques have been proposed. However, chelating agents and the like conventionally used for separating and recovering contaminants have been proposed. The collector often inhibits the degradation of pollutants. Therefore, when applying the decomposition technique to soil purification, it is necessary to separate the collection agent that inhibits decomposition from the collected contaminants, which is troublesome. For this reason, the processing method of the soil contaminant which can collect | recover contaminants without adding the collection agent which inhibits decomposition | disassembly from the outside is desired.
[0007]
The present invention is a soil contaminant treatment that can efficiently purify contaminated soil without leaking the contaminant from the treatment device, and can efficiently treat the contaminant that can reduce the cost and labor of the purification treatment. It is an object to provide a method.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for treating a pollutant is a pollutant contained in soil. The Vaporization process to vaporize and the pollutant vaporized A condensing step of cooling the liquid to obtain a condensate, a phase separation step of separating the hydrophilic phase and the lipophilic phase of the condensate, and dust contained in the hydrophilic phase separated in the phase separation step. A dust separation step of separating by filtration membrane or sand filtration, a membrane separation step of concentrating the hydrophilic phase in the hydrophilic phase through the separation membrane, and the hydrophilic phase in which the contaminant is concentrated. Recirculating to the phase separation process; It is summarized as having.
[0009]
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pollutant treatment method comprising: a vaporization step for vaporizing a contaminant contained in soil; a condensation step for cooling the vaporized contaminant to obtain a condensate; and the condensation A phase separation step of separating the hydrophilic phase and the lipophilic phase of the liquid, and dust contained in the hydrophilic phase separated in the phase separation step. By filtration membrane or sand filtration A dust separation process to separate; A dispersed phase removing step of removing the dispersed phase dispersed in the hydrophilic phase by oil-water separation using a permeable membrane or liquid-liquid extraction using a lipophilic extract; The hydrophilic phase passes through the separation membrane and the hydrophilic phase Of the pollutant Membrane separation process and Recycling the hydrophilic phase enriched in the contaminant to the dispersed phase removal step; It is summarized as having.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
When the pollutants are vaporized and separated from the soil by heating the contaminated soil, the organic carbon compounds in the soil are also vaporized. When the vaporized gas is heated under conditions such that the organic carbon compound is carbonized, carbon particles are generated and act as an adsorbent for the pollutants, and the adsorbed pollutants are recovered together by recovering the carbon particles. The decomposition of the pollutant proceeds according to the heating temperature, and the carbon particles act as a catalyst for the decomposition to promote the decomposition, so that the pollutant can be sufficiently removed from the exhaust and waste water after the treatment. In vaporizing the pollutant and the organic carbon compound, the contaminated soil is preferably heated to about 400 ° C. or more and about 600 ° C. or less. In carbonization of the organic carbon compound, the generated pollutant and the gas containing the organic carbon compound are transferred to a low oxygen environment. Under heating at a temperature of about 700 ° C. or higher, preferably about 800 ° C. or higher and about 1200 ° C. or lower, carbon particles are produced by carbonization of the organic carbon compound. By collecting the carbon particles by cooling to about 200 ° C. or less, the carbon particles that have sufficiently taken in the contaminants in the atmosphere are recovered. In this way, soil remediation in which leakage and re-discharge of pollutants is prevented to the maximum can be carried out at a low cost.
[0011]
Hereinafter, the soil treatment of the present invention will be described in detail.
[0012]
The pollutants to be treated in the soil treatment of the present invention are organic compounds and metals harmful to living bodies or environment that are vaporized (or sublimated) by heating or depressurization. Alternatively, a substance that evaporates by vacuum is suitable as an object to be processed. Examples of the organic compound include PCB, dioxins (DXN), dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1 , 1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropene, thiuram, simazine, thiobencarb, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and the like, and examples of metals include cadmium, phosphorus , Lead, chromium, arsenic, mercury, selenium, etc., but not limited to these substances. The soil containing vaporizable pollutants as described above should be purified, that is, removed. Can do.
[0013]
In the present invention, it is possible to treat pollutants using organic substances contained in soils such as trees, flowers, dead bodies of animals and plants and feces as a carbon source. Therefore, the soil to be treated may be soil containing an organic carbon compound that generates carbon under carbonization conditions. That is, it is possible to treat the soil in which the rocks constituting the land are crushed into fine particles and the biological remains or their decomposition products are mixed without any particular limitation. For example, soil containing a lot of organic matter (humus soil) in farmland, gardens and mountainous areas; soil with relatively little humus soil such as roads, residential land, factories, etc., and lakes, seas, rivers, etc. Also included are sediments that are constituents of the bottom of the water and sludge mixed with any of the aforementioned substances. Organic carbon compounds are not limited to those naturally contained in the soil as described above, but may be artificially added to the soil. For example, fats and oils whose soil contaminants are not particularly harmful to the human body, etc. When such an organic compound is included, such an organic compound becomes a carbon source in carbonization. In addition, the water-containing soil generates water vapor in the vaporization of pollutants, activates the carbon particles by removing hydrocarbons remaining on the carbon particle surface generated by the carbonization of the organic compound by the water vapor, and activated carbon having a high adsorption capacity Is advantageous in the present invention.
[0014]
The vaporization means for vaporizing and separating the contaminants from the soil is not particularly limited as long as the contaminants can be vaporized and removed from the soil by heating the soil. For example, kiln furnace, fluidized bed furnace, vacuum A heating furnace such as a heating furnace may be mentioned. By using such a heating furnace as a vaporizing means, the contaminated soil is charged and heated to vaporize the pollutant, whereby the organic carbon compound and moisture in the soil are also vaporized. The heating temperature necessary for vaporizing the pollutant varies depending on the atmospheric pressure, and it may be about 400 ° C. or higher at normal pressure.
[0015]
Although the vaporization of the pollutant itself can be performed in an aerobic atmosphere, at this stage, when heated to a high temperature in a low oxygen atmosphere, a pyrolysis reaction of the organic substance occurs simultaneously with the gasification of the pollutant and the like, resulting in a molecular weight of 100- A high molecular weight component of about 3000 is generated. That is, it is possible to generate a component having a high molecular weight suitable for producing carbon particles used as an adsorbent. In order to cause such thermal decomposition, the heating temperature is set to 150 ° C. or higher, preferably 400 ° C. or higher. The higher the temperature, the more the thermal decomposition proceeds. However, it is not preferable from the viewpoint of energy efficiency. Moreover, since the generated high molecular weight gas is decomposed by oxygen, in order to obtain the high molecular weight component as described above, the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere needs to be low, and the oxygen concentration at the outlet of the vaporizing means is 5 vol% ( It is important that the volume ratio) or less, preferably 0%.
[0016]
The gas to be treated containing pollutants and organic carbon compounds vaporized from the soil contains a high molecular weight component depending on the vaporization conditions as described above, and further, depending on the state of the soil, the moisture contained in the soil and the gas flow It contains mineral particles mainly composed of fine particles (less than about 75 μm) scattered on a part of the soil. Such a gas to be treated is heated to a higher temperature in a low oxygen atmosphere (oxygen concentration: 5 vol% or less) to carbonize the organic carbon compound. The heating temperature for advancing carbonization is 800 ° C. or higher, preferably 1000 ° C. or higher. However, when the temperature is higher than this, the generation efficiency of carbon particles decreases, and specifically, it is preferably 1200 ° C. or lower. At this temperature, the decomposition reaction of the contaminant also proceeds. The generated carbon particles have a catalytic action on the decomposition reaction of pollutants, particularly the dehalogenation reaction of halogen compounds, and the decomposition of the pollutants proceeds. If the ratio of the organic carbon compound to the soil pollutant is about 1/1 or more, the effect by the carbon particles is remarkably obtained.
[0017]
The method of heating the gas to a high temperature includes a method of heating with a heater, an indirect heating method using a burner, a method of indirectly heating the gas to be treated with a high-temperature heat medium using a heat exchanger, or heating to a high temperature in advance. There is a method of heating a gas medium mixed with the gas to be processed, a method of using a reactant that causes an exothermic reaction by contact with the gas to be processed or components contained therein, etc., but means for heating the gas to be processed to a high temperature If it is, it will not specifically limit. However, the method of adding preheated high-temperature steam is particularly effective in that the effect of water derived from soil can be supplemented. In other words, when the high molecular weight component in the heated gas to be processed is reduced in molecular weight due to thermal decomposition and solid carbon is deposited, water vapor removes hydrocarbons remaining on the carbon surface and adds carbon particles to remove harmful substances. Increase the ability to collect. When the amount of water contained in the soil is sufficient, it is not necessary to use a heating method using water vapor, and it can be suitably carried out by the above-described method such as indirect heating, and is added to the gas to be treated as necessary. That's fine.
[0018]
The gas to be treated after carbonization by heating is cooled, and carbon particles are collected at a temperature of about 200 ° C. or lower. During the cooling process, the carbon particles reach a temperature suitable for adsorbing and collecting the contaminants, and sufficiently adsorb the contaminants remaining in the gas to be treated. If the cooling temperature of the gas to be treated is equal to or higher than the boiling point of water, the carbon particles can be collected by a dry method.
[0019]
Examples of the collecting means include, but are not limited to, filter media capable of separating carbon particles from the gas to be treated, such as bag filters and wet separation membranes. When carbon particles filtered out from the gas are deposited on the surface of the filter medium to form a layer, the carbon particles themselves also constitute a filter, and a further collecting effect can be expected. In addition, the longer the time the gas to be treated is in contact with the carbon particles, the more the pollutants are decomposed, especially the dechlorination of organochlorine compounds, so depositing carbon particles on the filter medium surface makes the pollutants decompose and harmless. Has the effect of promoting
[0020]
FIG. 1 shows an example of an apparatus that performs the above processing. The contaminated soil is put into the soil heating furnace 1 and heated, and the pollutants, organic carbon compounds and moisture are vaporized. The gas to be treated vaporized from the soil is further heated in the gas heating furnace 2 to carbonize the organic carbon compound. Steam is supplied from the steam supply unit 2a to the gas heating furnace 2 as necessary, and the heating temperature of the gas heating furnace 2 is controlled by the temperature control unit 2b. The treated gas after carbonization is cooled by the cooler 3. If the cooling temperature is equal to or higher than the boiling point of water, the carbon particles are separated from the gas through the carbon recovery device 4 equipped with a filter according to the dry treatment of FIG. Cool and condense the water vapor and separate it as waste water. If the cooling temperature of the gas to be treated is lower than the boiling point of water, the water collecting device 5 separates and collects water containing carbon particles by condensation and cooling by cooling in the cooler 3 in accordance with the wet treatment of FIG. The condensed water is passed through a carbon recovery device 4 ′ equipped with a filter to separate and recover the carbon particles and waste water.
[0021]
Since natural soil generally contains various organic compounds, the gas generated when the contaminated soil is heated, unless it is carbonized by high-temperature heating, the high molecular weight component remains as it is as a collection agent such as activated carbon. Contact with chemicals such as additives, especially tar-like materials cover the surface of the chemicals, causing the target contaminants to be trapped, and increasing the pressure loss of the packed tower itself if the chemical is a packed tower type. And will interfere with normal driving. However, in the present invention, since the high molecular weight component that becomes tar is carbonized and used as carbon particles, it is possible to avoid damage to chemicals and processing facilities and increase in processing costs.
[0022]
In addition, there is a method using ultraviolet irradiation as a technology for decomposing pollutants such as PCB. When tar components are present together with the pollutants, the degradation of the pollutants is caused by the energy absorption of the aromatic compound in the tar components. In this embodiment, since the tar content is used as the raw material for the carbon particles, the effect of removing the tar content that interferes with PCB decomposition at the same time as the production of the carbon particles can be obtained.
[0023]
In the purification of soil, which removes contaminants from the soil by heating the contaminated soil, if pollutants generated from the soil, water vapor and organic matter mixed gas are condensed and recovered without further heating, the contaminants and organic matter in the soil It becomes a condensate mixed with decomposition products. When recovering pollutants from this condensate, especially organic compound pollutants such as PCB and DXN, it is necessary to devise processing procedures to recover efficiently so that the concentration of pollutants in exhaust and drainage is reduced. Become. In the present invention, as processing steps, phase separation (separate a plurality of liquid phases that are spontaneously separated), solid separation (separate liquid and solid), and membrane separation (separate substances in the liquid phase at the molecular level). If necessary, oil-water separation (forcing the dispersed phase of the dispersion liquid to separate by an external stimulus and separating it into individual liquid phases) or liquid-liquid extraction is incorporated.
[0024]
Hereinafter, a description will be given with reference to FIGS.
[0025]
The condensate obtained by condensing the gas obtained from the contaminated soil heated in the soil heating furnace 1 by the scrubber 6 is divided into three liquid phases of an upper phase, a middle phase, and a lower phase in the separation tank 7 due to the specific gravity difference. The middle phase is a hydrophilic liquid phase in which trace amounts of contaminants are dissolved or clouded in water. The upper and lower phases are liquid phases that are sparingly soluble in water, and are separated into light and heavy specific gravity components. In many cases, the upper phase is obtained by dissolving contaminants in the decomposition products of organic matter in the soil, while the lower phase is mainly composed of contaminants. Phase separation is a process of separating contaminants from the condensed liquid by taking out these liquid phases for each phase, and the contaminants are recovered from the upper phase and the lower phase. The lower phase also includes dust that has a relatively large particle size and tends to settle. Phase separation is possible without using special equipment. For example, it can also be used as a water tank attached to a scrubber provided to prevent atmospheric emission of gas and mist generated when the soil is heated.
[0026]
The intermediate phase obtained by removing the upper phase and the lower phase by phase separation separates dust (sludge) present in the liquid by the filter medium 8 (dust removal). A normal filter membrane or sand filtration can be used as the filter medium. The separated dust is adsorbed with contaminants. A part of the permeated liquid that has passed through the filter medium 8 may be used as spray water or the like in a scrubber of the previous operation.
[0027]
When the soil contamination is relatively mild and the organic components contained in the intermediate phase obtained by phase separation are small, the contaminants contained in the intermediate phase can be removed by membrane separation using the separation membrane 9 (FIG. 3), however, if the organic component in the middle phase is relatively large or the composition of the organic component is complex and the liquid is dispersed, the treatment by membrane separation tends to cause malfunction, so oil-water separation is performed ( 4 or 5) is efficient.
[0028]
Oil-water separation is performed using a separation tank 10 provided with a permeable membrane having fine flow paths. When the aqueous phase liquid in which the fine oil droplets are dispersed is permeated, the oil droplets are captured by the membrane while passing through the permeable membrane, and are coalesced with other oil droplets to be coarsened. As a result, the lipophilic liquid phase can be separated from water by the specific gravity difference. The material of the permeable membrane is preferably lipophilic. By oil-water separation, it can be divided into three liquid phases, an upper phase, a middle phase, and a lower phase, in the same manner as the phase separation process described above. Similarly to the above, the hydrophilic phase from which the lipophilic phase containing contaminants has been removed is detoxified by membrane separation.
[0029]
Membrane separation is a process of removing contaminants from the water phase liquid mainly composed of oil-water separation and reducing it to a concentration that satisfies the environmental standards and drainage standards, and is removed by a membrane separator 9 equipped with a separation membrane. I do. Available separation membranes include reverse osmosis membranes (RO), ultrafiltration membranes (UF), and microfiltration (MF). Permeated water from which contaminants have been removed by such membrane treatment and concentrated water in which contaminants are concentrated can be obtained. A plurality of types of films may be used in combination. When using a plurality of membranes in combination, it is effective to configure the membrane separator 9 so that the liquid concentrated in the downstream membrane ML is circulated to the upstream membrane MU for reprocessing as shown in FIG. is there. Permeated water by membrane separation can be discharged as drainage if it can be removed to a concentration that satisfies environmental standards and drainage standards. Or you may utilize for the reproduction | regeneration of soil in addition to the soil after the purification process which lost the water | moisture content by heating. The concentrated water can be recycled to the oil-water separation or phase separation process to separate contaminants.
[0030]
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 7, the treatment process can be configured to perform liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent instead of the oil-water separation described above. In this case, the middle phase obtained by phase separation is preferably liquid-liquid extracted in the extraction tank 11 before dust removal. Thereby, since the contaminant contained in the dust separated by the filter medium 8 after the liquid-liquid extraction is extremely reduced, the dust can be directly discarded. In liquid-liquid extraction, a solvent that is poorly soluble in water and capable of extracting contaminants from condensed liquid is brought into contact with the hydrophilic phase (medium phase) to extract and separate the contaminants. However, it is necessary to use a solvent that does not interfere with the decomposition of contaminants. For example, n-hexane is hardly soluble in water and easily dissolves PCB and DXN. Moreover, since it has a linear structure, there is no problem even if the contaminants coexist when the UV decomposition method is used.
[0031]
The pollutant recovered by the above processing process is decomposed in the decomposition apparatus 12. Degradation of the pollutants can be performed by, for example, a photolysis method using UV irradiation, a catalytic decomposition method using a catalyst, an SD method using metallic sodium, or the like. In the case of dioxins, combustion decomposition can also be used.
[0032]
The treatment process of FIG. 4 is to recover the upper and lower liquid phases generated by phase separation and oil-water separation and the sludge generated by dust removal by processing in the order of phase separation, dust separation, oil-water separation, and membrane separation. Thus, the pollutant can be supplied to the decomposition means as it is. Note that, for example, if the order of steps is changed as shown in FIG. 8, the processing efficiency is lowered, so that it is difficult to process high-concentration contamination.
[0033]
In phase separation and oil-water separation, the higher the initial concentration of contaminants, the greater the total amount of contaminants that can be separated and the better the separation efficiency. On the other hand, in the process of membrane separation, the separation rate can be improved by increasing the ratio of concentrated water to permeated water. Therefore, the treatment process of FIG. 5 considers that the gas generated in the early stage of heating of the soil has less pollutants, and the gas with less pollutants generated in the early stage of heating of the soil and the gas with higher pollutants in the later stage of heating. Are treated by different paths (hereinafter, the condensate derived from the initial gas is referred to as condensate A, and the latter is referred to as condensate B). Since most of the condensate A in the early stage of heating is water, the condensate B has a higher concentration of contaminants by the amount of water removed in the early stage of heating, so that the efficiency in phase separation and oil-water separation is improved. Can do. Therefore, if necessary, the condensate A from which the dust is removed by the filter medium 13 is mixed with the water phase after the oil-water separation and detoxified by membrane separation, so that the removal efficiency of the pollutants is increased over a long period of time. Maintain the frequency of maintenance of the processing system. In addition, it is necessary to detoxify the leachate generated during the excavation for the heat treatment of the contaminated soil or due to rainfall. In this case, Si, Na, Ca, etc. dissolved in the leachate There is a problem that the mineral matter is deposited on the surface of the membrane during membrane separation and interferes with the permeability of the membrane. On the other hand, the said problem can be solved by mixing the condensed water A and reducing the density | concentration of these components, and detoxifying. In order to effectively separate condensed water A and condensed water B, the heating temperature of the soil is initially set to 300 ° C. or lower, preferably 200 ° C. or lower, and condensed water A is fractionated, and then the temperature is increased. What is necessary is just to take the condensed water B.
[0034]
In FIG. 7, liquid-liquid extraction is performed between phase separation and dust removal, and an intermediate-phase liquid containing dust taken in from phase separation is extracted as it is. As a result, a trace amount of contaminant in the water is extracted, and the contaminant adsorbed on the dust is also extracted. Therefore, since dust contaminants can be removed, sludge recovered by dust removal can be returned to the soil for use. Oil-water separation is not necessary in this process.
[0035]
In the present invention, since it is not necessary to add a collecting agent from the outside and use it, the processing cost can be reduced.
[0036]
【Example】
Example 1
Using the apparatus of FIG. 1, soil purification treatment (experiment numbers 1 to 20) is performed on soils of various soils containing pollutants according to the treatment conditions described in Table 1, and contamination of waste water and exhaust gas by the purification treatment Evaluation was made by measuring the substance concentration. The results are shown in Table 1. The processing procedure and evaluation of the results are as follows.
[0037]
The contaminated soil was charged into a soil heating furnace at a predetermined treatment rate and heated. After the generated gas was introduced into the gas heating furnace, the gas was cooled by the cooler 3 and the carbon particles in the gas were collected. When carbon particles were collected by a dry method, the cooling temperature of the cooler 3 was 170 ° C., and when wet, the cooling temperature was the atmospheric temperature. In the case of dry collection, as shown in FIG. 2A, after the cooling gas is passed through the filter of the carbon recovery device 4 to separate the carbon particles from the gas, the gas is cooled to room temperature in the moisture collecting device 5 and steam is discharged. Was condensed and separated as waste water. In the case of wet collection, the water containing the carbon particles condensed and separated by cooling in the cooler 3 is collected by the moisture collecting device 5, and the condensed water is passed through the filter of the carbon recovery device 4 ′ to obtain the carbon particles and the waste water. Separated and recovered.
[0038]
The pollutant concentration of waste water and exhaust gas obtained by the above treatment was measured, and legal standards (PCB: [drainage] 0.0005 mg / L or less, [exhaust gas] 0.1 mg / m Three Hereinafter, dioxin: [drainage] 10 pg-TEQ / L or less, [exhaust gas] 0.1 ng-TEQ / m Three Evaluation was made based on whether or not the following.
[0039]
In Table 1, the soil quality is in accordance with the soil engineering classification method (JGS M111), and the amount of soil treated indicates the amount of soil treated per hour (wet weight). The unit of soil pollutant concentration is mg / kg for PCB and ng-TEQ / g for dioxin. The amount of organic matter is converted to the content per wet weight as heat loss.
[0040]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003751572
In the results of Table 1, even though the soil quality is the same, there is a difference in the amount of weight loss, which is considered to be because the soil collection location is different.
[0041]
As can be seen from Experiment 1, by generating carbon particles, the pollutants can be collected by the carbon particles, so that the pollutants can be treated so that the concentration of the pollutants in the waste water and exhaust gas meets the legal regulations. . In Experiment 2, for comparison, carbonization by heating of the gas to be treated is not performed. In this case, carbon particles were not generated, the concentration of pollutants in the waste water and exhaust gas was extremely high, and the regulations were not met. Experiments 3 to 20 are examples in which the treatment conditions are changed. In these examples, it is shown that carbonization proceeds favorably and effectively acts on the treatment of contaminants.
[0042]
(Example 2)
The gas produced by heating the soil of various soil types shown in Table 2 in a soil heating furnace is cooled by a scrubber, and the obtained condensate is tested according to the procedure shown in any of FIGS. 3 to 5 and FIGS. 21 to 41 are processed, the pollutant concentration in the wastewater is measured, and the pollutant concentration in the wastewater is statutory standards (PCB: [drainage] 0.0005 mg / L or less, [exhaust gas] 0.1 mg / m Three Hereinafter, dioxin: [drainage] 10 pg-TEQ / L or less, [exhaust gas] 0.1 ng-TEQ / m Three The removal efficiency of pollutants was evaluated based on whether or not The results are shown in Table 2.
[0043]
In Table 2, the soil quality conforms to the soil engineering classification method (JGS M111), and the amount of soil treated indicates the amount of soil treated per hour (wet weight). Moisture is shown as a ratio of moisture weight per wet weight of soil. The soil heating temperature indicates a temperature heated in a soil heating furnace in order to vaporize and separate contaminants from the soil. The unit of soil pollutant concentration is mg / kg for PCB and ng-TEQ / g for dioxin.
[0044]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003751572
In the results in Table 2, the difference in the weight loss even though the soil soil quality is the same is considered to be due to the different collection locations.
[0045]
As can be seen from Experiments 21, 22, and 23, it can be seen that the processing procedures shown in FIGS. 4, 5, and 7 have good removal efficiency of pollutants and that the condensate can be suitably processed so that the concentration of pollutants in the wastewater meets the legal regulations. . When the order of the processing steps is different (Experiment 24) or when oil / water separation is not performed (Experiment 26), the removal efficiency is lowered. In Experiment 24, a tar-like substance adhered to the filter medium during the dust removal process, and even when the filter medium was washed, the permeation capacity could not be restored and the treatment of the condensed water could not be continued. In Experiment 26, the condensed water in which fine oil droplets are dispersed is directly treated in the detoxification treatment process, so that the oil droplets cover the membrane surface and the permeation ability cannot be restored even if the membrane is washed, and the treatment of condensed water is continued. I couldn't. However, the procedures of Experiments 24 and 26 are applicable when the contamination concentration is low (for example, Experiment 25). Furthermore, contaminants can be suitably removed under various conditions as shown in Experiments 27 to 41.
[0046]
【The invention's effect】
In the purification of soil in which the pollutant is gasified and separated by heating the soil, the present invention produces carbon powder using organic matter contained in the soil, thereby collecting pollutants that are simple, inexpensive, and more efficient. Can provide a method.
[0047]
The present invention is a soil purification method in which pollutants are gasified and separated by heating the soil, and the contaminants contained in the condensate obtained by condensing and recovering the gas mixed with the generated water vapor and the pollutants are used without using a scavenger. Therefore, it can be used as it is as a means for decomposing pollutants.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an embodiment of a soil treatment apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing dry collection (a) and wet collection (b) of carbon particles in soil treatment according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a first embodiment of an apparatus for performing a condensate treatment in a soil treatment according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a second embodiment of an apparatus for performing a condensate treatment in a soil treatment according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a third embodiment of the apparatus for performing the condensate treatment in the soil treatment according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of a membrane separator used in the condensate treatment in the soil treatment according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a fourth embodiment of an apparatus for performing a condensate treatment in a soil treatment according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a fifth embodiment of an apparatus for performing a condensate treatment in a soil treatment according to the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 soil heating furnace, 2 gas heating furnace, 3 cooler
4, 4 'carbon recovery equipment
5 Moisture collector, 6 Scrubber, 7 Separation tank
8,13 Filter media, 9 Membrane separator, 10 Separation tank
11 Extraction tank, 12 Decomposition device

Claims (4)

土壌に含まれる汚染物質を気化する気化工程と、気化した前記汚染物質を冷却して凝縮液を得る凝縮工程と、前記凝縮液の親水性相と親油性相とを分液する相分離工程と、前記相分離工程で分液した前記親水性相に含まれるダストを濾過膜又は砂濾過により分離するダスト分離工程と、前記親水性相を分離膜を通して前記親水性相該汚染物質を濃縮する膜分離工程と、前記汚染物質が濃縮された前記親水性相を前記相分離工程へ再循環させる工程とを有する汚染物質の処理方法。A vaporization step for vaporizing contaminants contained in the soil; a condensation step for cooling the vaporized contaminants to obtain a condensate; and a phase separation step for separating the hydrophilic phase and the lipophilic phase of the condensate. A dust separation step in which dust contained in the hydrophilic phase separated in the phase separation step is separated by a filtration membrane or sand filtration , and the contaminants in the hydrophilic phase are concentrated through the separation membrane. A method for treating contaminants comprising a membrane separation step and a step of recycling the hydrophilic phase enriched in the contaminants to the phase separation step . 更に、前記膜分離工程の前に、前記親水性相に分散する分散相を、透過膜を用いた油水分離又は親油性抽出液を用いた液液抽出によって除去する工程を有する請求項記載の処理方法。Furthermore, prior to the membrane separation step, wherein a dispersed phase dispersed in a hydrophilic phase, according to claim 1, further comprising a step of removing the permeable membrane with oil-water separation or the lipophilic extract using liquid-liquid extraction Processing method. 土壌に含まれる汚染物質を気化する気化工程と、気化した前記汚染物質を冷却して凝縮液を得る凝縮工程と、前記凝縮液の親水性相と親油性相とを分液する相分離工程と、前記相分離工程で分液した前記親水性相に含まれるダストを濾過膜又は砂濾過により分離するダスト分離工程と、透過膜を用いた油水分離又は親油性抽出液を用いた液液抽出によって前記親水性相に分散する分散相を除去する分散相除去工程と、前記親水性相を分離膜を通して前記親水性相の該汚染物質を濃縮する膜分離工程と、前記汚染物質が濃縮された前記親水性相を前記分散相除去工程へ再循環させる工程とを有する汚染物質の処理方法。A vaporization step for vaporizing contaminants contained in the soil; a condensation step for cooling the vaporized contaminants to obtain a condensate; and a phase separation step for separating the hydrophilic phase and the lipophilic phase of the condensate. A dust separation step of separating dust contained in the hydrophilic phase separated in the phase separation step by filtration membrane or sand filtration, and oil-water separation using a permeable membrane or liquid-liquid extraction using a lipophilic extract A dispersed phase removing step for removing a dispersed phase dispersed in the hydrophilic phase, a membrane separation step for concentrating the contaminants of the hydrophilic phase through a separation membrane through the hydrophilic phase, and the contaminants concentrated A method of treating contaminants, comprising recycling a hydrophilic phase to the dispersed phase removal step. 前記分散相除去工程において、前記親油性抽出液としてn−ヘキサンを用いる請求項3記載の処理方法。The processing method according to claim 3, wherein n-hexane is used as the lipophilic extract in the dispersed phase removing step.
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