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JP3753701B2 - Method for manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope - Google Patents
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JP3753701B2 - Method for manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope - Google Patents

Method for manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope Download PDF

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JP3753701B2
JP3753701B2 JP2003074375A JP2003074375A JP3753701B2 JP 3753701 B2 JP3753701 B2 JP 3753701B2 JP 2003074375 A JP2003074375 A JP 2003074375A JP 2003074375 A JP2003074375 A JP 2003074375A JP 3753701 B2 JP3753701 B2 JP 3753701B2
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probe
substrate
microscope
tip
scanning
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JP2004279349A (en
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豊子 新井
正彦 富取
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、走査型プローブ顕微鏡(SPM)用探針先端に微小な先端突起(以下、「ナノピラー」とも言う)を成長させることを特徴とする走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針は、SPMの分解能や安定性の向上のために、先端が原子レベルで鋭く、先端のプローブ原子が安定であることが要求される。従来の走査型プローブ顕微鏡用の探針は、主に走査型トンネル顕微鏡で用いられるタングステンなどの金属探針では、機械研磨、化学研磨、電解研磨、電界イオン顕微鏡内における電界蒸発などにより先端を先鋭化し安定化する処理が行われている。
【0003】
また、原子間力顕微鏡や非接触原子間力顕微鏡で用いられる探針は、力を検出するカンチレバーと呼ばれる「微小てこ」の先端に形成された探針が用いられることが多く、このカンチレバーと探針はシリコンのマイクロリソグラフィー技術などにより作られる。カンチレバー及び探針の素材はシリコン単結晶や窒化シリコンなどである。シリコン単結晶や窒化シリコン探針は化学エッチングにより先鋭化されている。
【0004】
また、SPMの分解能や安定性の向上のためにSPM探針先端にカーボンナノチューブを接着したり、カーボンを析出させたりする技術はすでにある。さらに、走査型トンネル顕微鏡用の探針先端の原子を処理するいくつかの方法が知られている(例えば、特許文献1〜3)。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開平7−221077号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平8−178935号(特許第3364817)公報
【特許文献3】
WO 00/70325号公報
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
SPM像の観察において、用途により探針先端材料は最適なものを選定することにより高分解能な観察を実現できる。探針は、その全体が単結晶又は最先端が微結晶であり、最先端部分が、表面エネルギーの低い面で覆われ、最先端がその低エネルギー面の頂角になっている。
【0007】
SPM像の分解能を決定する鍵はその探針の先鋭さ、安定度である。従来の市販探針を用いてもSPM像は取得できるが、その像の分解能を向上させ、再現性良く像を取得するためには探針を安定な形状で原子レベルで先鋭化しなければならない。
【0008】
探針先端に結晶学的に、不安定な(表面エネルギーが高い)面が出ていると、何らかのエネルギーが加わると、より安定な面になるために表面を構成していた原子が動く。また、最先端に単に原子が吸着しているような探針構造では直ぐに吸着原子が脱離したりする。探針に適した探針構造とは、最先端部分には原子が1つ存在し、その周囲が表面エネルギーの低い微小面で囲まれ、その頂角が最先端になることが望ましい。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、従来の技術とは全く異なる手段によって、探針の最先端部分に原子が1つ存在し、その周囲が表面エネルギーの低い微小面で囲まれ、その頂角が最先端になった走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法を見出した。
【0010】
すなわち、本発明は、(1)走査型プローブ顕微鏡で用いられる探針先端を融点未満に加熱した原料基板の表面に接触させた後、探針先端を基板表面から引き離す方向に動かし、探針と基板間に引力が働いている状態で保持して、加熱した原料基板から探針の先端部への該原料の原子移動によって該原料からなる微結晶のナノピラーを、ナノピラーの成長点が細くなり、ナノピラーと基板との接触が切れるまで探針先端に成長させることを特徴とする走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法、である。
【0011】
また、本発明は、(2)探針がシリコン単結晶であり、原料基板としてシリコン又はゲルマニウムを用いて、シリコン又はゲルマニウムのナノピラーを成長させることを特徴とする上記(1)の走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法、である。
【0012】
また、本発明は、(3)原子間力顕微鏡、非接触原子間力顕微鏡、磁気力顕微鏡等の探針と試料間の相互作用力を検知できる走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置を用い、該走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置の試料設置位置に原料基板を配置し、該基板を加熱した状態で、該走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置により探針と基板との間に働いている力をモニターしながら探針の先端を基板の表面に接触させた後、探針先端を基板表面から引き離す方向に動かことを特徴とする上記(1)又は(2)の走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法、である。
【0013】
また、本発明は、(4)ナノピラーの成長時に、探針と基板との間に電圧をかけることによって、基板にプラス又はマイナスのバイアスを印加することを特徴とする上記(1)乃至(3)のいずれかの走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法、である。
【0014】
また、本発明は、(5)上記(3)又は(4)の方法で製造した探針をそのまま走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置において試料観察用の探針として用いることを特徴とする走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の使用方法、である。
【0015】
なお、本明細書において、「ナノピラー」は、ナノ=ナノメータ、ピラー=pillar(柱、柱状のもの)の意味であり、換言すれば、探針先端に形成される「ナノメーター尺度又は原子尺度で微小な突起」の意味である。本発明の製造方法で製造されるこのような形状のナノピラーは、全体又は最先端部は微結晶であり、低エネルギー面で覆われている。ナノピラーの2つの面の稜線が交わった頂点が探針の最先端になる。
【0016】
従来、例えば、シリコン清浄表面の観察にはシリコンの清浄ピラー、すなわちシリコンナノピラーが最適であると推論されている。しかし、従来、シリコンのナノスケールのピラーを走査プローブ顕微鏡用探針として成長させる技術はなかった。本発明によれば、例えば、加熱したシリコン基板に市販又は自作探針を接触させ、張力を掛けて引き上げ、探針先端にシリコンのナノスケールのピラーを成長させることができる。
【0017】
ナノピラーを形成する原料は、シリコンに限らず、ゲルマニウム、金、銀、タングステンなどの金属や、それらの合金でもよい。
【0018】
本発明の製造方法によって走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の先端に形成されたナノピラーの先端曲率半径は非常に小さく、それを用いて取得されたAFMの画像化条件から算出した推定先端曲率半径は数ナノメータ以下である。
【0019】
本発明のナノピラー成長方法はナノスケールの清浄なピラーを超高真空SPM中で成長させることができる。そのため、成長させたナノピラーを大気で汚染することなく、SPM探針として使用可能である。
【0020】
超高真空非接触原子間力顕微鏡(ncAFM)内で、市販シリコンカンチレバーの探針上にナノピラーを形成し、そのナノピラー探針は同一高真空チャンバー内で、ncAFM用探針として用いられ、高分解能ncAFM像の取得を可能にする。
【0021】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は、本発明の探針製造方法を概念的に示す模式図である。
まず、原子間力顕微鏡、非接触原子間力顕微鏡、磁気力顕微鏡等の探針と試料間の相互作用力を検知できる走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置(図示せず)を用い、該走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置の3軸微動機構1上の観察試料設置位置にシリコン、ゲルマニュウムなどのナノピラーを成長させるための原料用基板2を配置する。
【0022】
なお、走査型プローブ顕微鏡とは走査型トンネル顕微鏡及び、走査型トンネル顕微鏡から派生した、原子間力顕微鏡、非接触原子間力顕微鏡、磁気力顕微鏡、走査型キャパシタンス顕微鏡等の総称である。また、これらは複合的になっている装置もある。本発明の探針の製造方法においては、「試料の相互作用力を検知する」ことが必要条件であるが、それにより作成された探針は全ての走査型プローブ顕微鏡で使用可能である。走査型トンネル顕微鏡は、探針と試料間の相互作用力を検知する能力はない。しかし、走査型トンネル顕微鏡と非接触原子間力顕微鏡、原子間力顕微鏡との複合機の場合は、原子間力顕微鏡で本発明の方法により探針を製造し、走査型トンネル顕微鏡用探針として使用可能である。
【0023】
基板2のサイズは任意であり、その表面形状は原子レベルで平坦である方が望ましいが、100ナノメートル程度までのステップなどの凹凸は存在しても構わない。実施例では、基板2として単結晶シリコンウェハーを用いたが単結晶である必要はない。単結晶シリコンウェハーを試料フォルダーのサイズに切り、表面の有機汚染物を除去するため、有機溶剤による洗浄及び紫外線照射とオゾンによる有機汚染物を除去した後、走査プローブ顕微鏡の超高真空チャンバーに導入すればよい。
【0024】
さらに、10-8 Pa(パスカル)程度の超高真空環境でシリコンウェハーを1250℃程度まで加熱し、有機汚染物及び表面酸化層を完全に除去し、清浄なシリコン基板を準備することが好ましい。ゲルマニュウム基板も同様の方法で準備できる。金属基板の場合は大気中でシリコンの場合と同様に有機溶剤による洗浄及び紫外線照射とオゾンにより有機汚染物を除去するとよい。超高真空チャンバー導入後にイオンスパッタリングにより表面の汚染物及び酸化層を除去し、融点以下の温度に加熱してスパッタリングによる表面荒れを平坦化するとともに、汚染層、酸化層を除去することが好ましい。これらの処理は汚染状況により何度か繰り返され、清浄な基板を準備する。
【0025】
基板2は基板加熱機構3上に載置する。基板がシリコンやゲルマニウムの場合は600〜700℃程度に加熱できればよいが、タングステンなどの高融点金属は表面原子が動きやすくなる温度も高いため、加熱温度を高くする必要がある。
【0026】
基板2の加熱はヒーターでも良いし、基板2が半導体又は薄い金属の場合は基板2に直接電流を流して通電加熱できる。一般に真空チャンバー内で任意の物体を加熱するとガスを放出して真空度が悪くなる。基板2を加熱ししていても真空チャンバー内は10-6Pa台かそれよりも良い真空度が保たれていた方がよい。原子間力顕微鏡のカンチレバー取り付け機構4の所定位置にカンチレバー5を取り付ける。ナノピラー成長時に探針6は基板2よりも低温に設定される。探針6は室温でもよく、また、探針加熱機構機構(図示せず)を用いて基板2よりも低温であるが室温よりは高い温度に保持されていてもよい。
【0027】
図2は、探針6へのナノピラー9の成長過程を概念的に示す模式図である。基板2を設定温度に加熱し、装置全体の熱ドリフトが安定した後、該走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置により探針6と基板2間に働いている力を図1に示すカンチレバー歪検出機構7でモニターしながら探針6を降下させて探針6の先端を基板2の表面に接触させる(図2のA)。基板2は加熱されて基板2内の原子同士の結合が切れて動きやすくなっている。探針6と基板2の接触後、すぐに、基板2から探針6の先端部への原料の原子移動が開始し、探針6の先端が種結晶となって微結晶のナノピラーの成長が始まる(図2のB)。
【0028】
基板2は融解液(液体)になるまで高温に加熱しなくても、加熱された固体状態でも室温に比べて基板2内の原子の結合が切れやすくなるため、探針6の先端側に接触部から原料の原子が移り、基板2よりも低温に保持されている探針6を種結晶としてその上で原料が再結晶化する。また、原料基板2が固体状態の場合は、融解液から成長させるよりも少量しか原子は探針6側に移らないため、微小な突起を作るにはより都合が良い。また、融点にあまり近くなると基板2が部分的に溶けてしまったりして、機構上不具合がある。よって、加熱温度は融点以下の温度、好ましくは融点未満である。
【0029】
次いで、探針6の先端を基板2の表面から引き離す方向に動かし、探針6と基板2間に一定の引力が働いて引っ張った状態で保持して、探針6の先端にナノピラー9を成長させる(図2のC)。成長した部分は先端ほど細くなっていく。この時の探針6を保持する引力を小さくすると、太く長いピラーになり、引力を大きくすると短いピラーになる。最大引力は探針6の先端の径及び基板2との接触面積に依存し、探針6の先端の径が20ナノメーター程度の場合は、最大引力は100ナノニュートン程度になり、探針6の先端の径が5ナノメーター程度の場合は、最大引力は10ナノニュートン程度になる。ナノピラー9の成長点が細くなると、あるところでナノピラー9と基板2との接触が切れる(図2のD)。この過程を繰り返して、ナノピラー9を長く成長させることもできる。
【0030】
成長させるピラーは、その成長条件により径や長さが制御できる。SPMで主に用いられている市販のシリコンカンチレバー上のシリコン単結晶探針先端に成長させれば、その結晶方向を保存しながら結晶が成長する。また、シリコン上にゲルマニュウムが成長すれば、その格子歪みから特定のファセット面で囲まれた、安定な探針が形成される。
【0031】
ナノピラーの成長時に、図1に示すように、探針6と基板2との間に電源8により電圧を加えることによって、基板2にプラス又はマイナスのバイアスを印加することが好ましい。基板2の表面の動きやすくなっている原子すなわち一部結合が切れている原子は電気的に中性である場合、プラス又はマイナスに電荷を持つ場合がある。結合が切れている原子の帯電状態は元素及び表面状態によって異なる。基板2の表面上の一部結合が切れている原子がプラスに帯電している場合は探針6側にマイナスのバイアスを印加し、表面原子がマイナスに帯電している場合は探針6側にプラスのバイアスを印加することで、探針6側に表面の原子が移動しやすくなる。また、探針6と基板2との間にバイアスが印加されると、先鋭化されている探針6の先端付近に高い電界が生じるため、表面原子が中性であっても、表面原子は分極しその高い電界方向に引き寄せられるため、探針6と基板2との間にバイアスを印加することによって表面原子を探針6方向に動き易くすることができる。
【0032】
図3は、カンチレバー5と基板2の相対位置(横軸)とその時に基板2とカンチレバー5の相互作用力により探針6が受ける力(縦軸)の変化を表した、一般にフォースカーブと呼ばれている図である。横軸は探針が付いているカンチレバーの根本の移動距離を示す。
【0033】
探針と試料(ここでは基板)間に力が働くとカンチレバーが撓んでそれを検知するため、引力が働くとカンチレバーは試料に近づく方向に撓み、斥力が働けば試料から離れる方向に撓む。図3では、カンチレバーの撓み量は横軸には反映させていないので、横軸は探針先端と試料との距離ではない。
【0034】
図3中の数字はカンチレバー5の動きの順番を示し、図2の●位置でカンチレバー5を保持する。図中の数字の意味は、下記のとおりである。
1:離れていた探針を試料(ここでは基板)に近づけていく。
2:探針と試料間に引力が働き探針と試料が接触する。
3:カンチレバーをより試料側に近づけると探針と試料間には斥力が働く。ここで斥力を大きくしすぎると試料及び探針の結晶が歪み接触面積が大きくなる。接触面積が大きくなると結果として成長させるナノピラーが太く大きくなるので、好ましくない。数ナノニュートン(nN)程度の斥力まで押し込み、止める。
4:徐々に探針を試料から引き離していく。
5:探針先端のナノピラー成長点が基板から切れる。
【0035】
【実施例】
実施例1
市販のシリコン単結晶製の探針を用いた。軸方向は<001>方向である。この探針を超高真空AFMチャンバーに導入し、イオンスパッタにより探針先端の有機汚染物や酸化層を除去し、AFMの探針取り付け位置に取り付けた。ナノピラーを成長させるための原料基板としては、単結晶シリコンウェハーを用いた。単結晶シリコンウェハーを試料フォルダーのサイズに切り、表面の有機汚染物を除去するため、有機溶剤による洗浄及び紫外線照射とオゾンによる有機汚染物を除去した後、超高真空AFMチャンバーに導入した。
【0036】
さらに、10-8Pa(パスカル)程度の超高真空環境でシリコンウェハーを1250℃まで加熱し、10秒間1250℃で保持し、有機汚染物及び表面酸化層を完全に除去した。この間の真空度は10-8Pa台であった。
【0037】
この様にして準備された清浄なシリコン基板をAFMの試料位置に配置し、500℃に加熱した。基板を加熱することによりAFM全体が熱伝導及び輻射により暖まる。温度ドリフトによる探針と基板間の相対位置の変動をなくすため、AFM全体の温度が平衡温度になるまで1時間程度の時間をおいた。AFMの目標斥力を1ナノニュートンとして探針を基板に粗動接近させた。探針は、探針と基板との間に1ナノニュートンの斥力が働いた状態で粗動接近を停止した。
【0038】
探針と基板間の相互作用力を検出しながら探針を基板から引き離し、最大引力を検知した。再度、探針を基板に近づけ、1ナノニュートンの斥力で止め、探針を基板から引き離し、最大引力よりもわずかに小さな引力(引力1)が探針と基板間にかかった状態で探針を保持した。ここで、AFMの制御機構により「引力1」の力が一定になるように探針位置は制御された。ナノピラーが成長し、成長点が徐々に細くなると、一定引力「引力1」では探針と基板は離れた。この時、探針の先端にはナノピラーが成長していた。最大引力が100ナノニュートン以上では形成されたナノピラーの径は10ナノメートル程度以上になる。最大引力が小さい方が形成されるナノピラーの径は細くなる。
【0039】
探針の接触・引き離しを繰り返すと、繰り返すたびに最大引力は小さくなる。よって、より細い先端径のナノピラーを成長させるため最大引力が10ナノニュートン以下になるまで探針の接触・引き離しを繰り返した。上記の方法により、10回接触と引き離しを繰り返し、探針先端が種結晶となって100ナノメートル程度の長さの微結晶のナノピラーが成長した。ナノピラーは<111>方向に成長した。
【0040】
図4(A)は、ナノピラーを成長させる前の探針、図4(B)はその先端にナノピラーを成長させた探針の走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真である。実際に使用する探針は非常に微小であるため、この高分解能SEMでも成長前後の差ははっきりしない。このナノピラー探針を用いて、シリコン表面の原子分解能ncAFM観察に成功した。
【0041】
実施例2
ナノピラーを成長させるための原料基板を実施例1のシリコンウェハーに代えてゲルマニュウムウエハとした他は実施例1と同じ条件により、ゲルマニュウムのナノピラーを探針先端に成長させた。シリコンとゲルマニュウムとの格子定数の違いから格子歪みが起こり、ピラミッド状のナノピラーが形成された。
【0042】
【発明の効果】
本発明の製造方法によって得られた探針を用いることによりSPMの分解能の向上や探針の安定性の向上に寄与する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1は、本発明の探針製造方法を概念的に示す模式図である。
【図2】図2は、探針へのナノピラーの成長過程を概念的に示す模式図である。
【図3】図3は、本発明の方法において、カンチレバーと基板との相対距離とその時探針が受ける力の変化を表すグラフである。
【図4】図4は、実施例1の方法により製造した探針の長さ方向の断面構造(A:ナノピラーの成長前、B;ナノピラーの成長後)を示す図面代用走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真である。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope, characterized in that a minute tip protrusion (hereinafter also referred to as “nano pillar”) is grown on the tip of a probe for a scanning probe microscope (SPM).
[0002]
[Prior art]
The probe for a scanning probe microscope is required to have a sharp tip at the atomic level and a stable probe atom at the tip in order to improve the resolution and stability of the SPM. The conventional probe for a scanning probe microscope is sharpened by mechanical polishing, chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing, electric field evaporation in a field ion microscope, etc., mainly for a metal probe such as tungsten used in a scanning tunneling microscope. Processing to stabilize and stabilize.
[0003]
In addition, the probe used in an atomic force microscope or a non-contact atomic force microscope is often a probe formed at the tip of a `` small lever '' called a cantilever that detects force. The needle is made by silicon microlithography technology or the like. The material of the cantilever and the probe is silicon single crystal or silicon nitride. Silicon single crystals and silicon nitride probes are sharpened by chemical etching.
[0004]
In addition, in order to improve the resolution and stability of SPM, there is already a technique for adhering a carbon nanotube to the tip of an SPM probe or depositing carbon. Furthermore, several methods for processing atoms at the tip of a probe for a scanning tunneling microscope are known (for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3).
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-221077 [Patent Document 2]
JP-A-8-178935 (Patent No. 3364817) [Patent Document 3]
WO 00/70325 Publication [0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In observation of an SPM image, high-resolution observation can be realized by selecting an optimum tip material according to the application. The entire tip of the probe is a single crystal or a microcrystal at the tip, and the tip is covered with a surface having a low surface energy, and the tip is the apex angle of the low energy surface.
[0007]
The key to determine the resolution of the SPM image is the sharpness and stability of the probe. An SPM image can be acquired using a conventional commercially available probe, but in order to improve the resolution of the image and acquire an image with good reproducibility, the probe must be sharpened at the atomic level in a stable shape.
[0008]
If a crystallographically unstable (high surface energy) surface appears at the tip of the probe, when some energy is applied, the atoms constituting the surface move to become a more stable surface. In addition, in a probe structure in which atoms are simply adsorbed at the forefront, adsorbed atoms are desorbed immediately. The probe structure suitable for the probe is preferably such that one atom exists in the most advanced portion, the periphery thereof is surrounded by a minute surface having a low surface energy, and the apex angle is the most advanced.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor found that an atom is present at the tip of the probe by means completely different from the conventional technique, the periphery of the tip is surrounded by a small surface with low surface energy, and the apex angle is at the tip. A method for manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope was found.
[0010]
That is, according to the present invention, (1) after bringing the tip of a probe used in a scanning probe microscope into contact with the surface of a raw material substrate heated to below the melting point, the tip of the probe is moved away from the surface of the substrate. Holding in a state where an attractive force is working between the substrates , the nanopillar nanopillar made of the raw material by atomic movement of the raw material from the heated raw material substrate to the tip of the probe , the growth point of the nanopillar becomes narrow, A method for manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope, characterized in that growth is made at the tip of the probe until contact between the nanopillar and the substrate is broken .
[0011]
The present invention also provides (2) the scanning probe microscope according to (1), wherein the probe is a silicon single crystal, and silicon or germanium nanopillars are grown using silicon or germanium as a raw material substrate. This is a manufacturing method of a probe for use.
[0012]
Further, the present invention uses (3) a scanning probe microscope apparatus capable of detecting an interaction force between a probe and a sample, such as an atomic force microscope, a non-contact atomic force microscope, a magnetic force microscope, etc. The raw material substrate is arranged at the sample setting position of the microscope device, and the tip of the probe is placed on the substrate while monitoring the force acting between the probe and the substrate by the scanning probe microscope device while the substrate is heated. after contacting on the surface, it is a probe tip method, the production of a scanning probe microscope tip above, characterized in that to move in a direction away from the substrate surface (1) or (2).
[0013]
The present invention is also characterized in that (4) a positive or negative bias is applied to the substrate by applying a voltage between the probe and the substrate during the growth of the nanopillar. ) For producing a probe for a scanning probe microscope.
[0014]
Further, the present invention provides (5) a scanning probe microscope characterized by using the probe manufactured by the method of (3) or (4) as it is as a probe for observing a sample in a scanning probe microscope apparatus. How to use the probe.
[0015]
In this specification, “nanopillar” means nano = nanometer, pillar = pillar (pillar, columnar), in other words, “nanometer scale or atomic scale” formed at the tip of the probe. It means “small projection”. The nanopillars having such a shape manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention are microcrystalline at the whole or the most advanced part, and are covered with a low energy surface. The apex at the intersection of the ridgelines of the two surfaces of the nanopillar becomes the tip of the probe.
[0016]
Conventionally, for example, it has been inferred that a silicon clean pillar, that is, a silicon nanopillar, is optimal for observing a silicon clean surface. However, there has been no technology for growing silicon nanoscale pillars as a probe for a scanning probe microscope. According to the present invention, for example, a commercially available or self-made probe can be brought into contact with a heated silicon substrate, pulled up under tension, and a silicon nanoscale pillar can be grown on the tip of the probe.
[0017]
The raw material for forming the nanopillar is not limited to silicon, but may be a metal such as germanium, gold, silver, tungsten, or an alloy thereof.
[0018]
The tip radius of curvature of the nanopillar formed at the tip of the probe for the scanning probe microscope by the manufacturing method of the present invention is very small, and the estimated tip radius of curvature calculated from the imaging conditions of the AFM obtained using the nanopillar is several. It is below nanometer.
[0019]
The nanopillar growth method of the present invention can grow nanoscale clean pillars in an ultra-high vacuum SPM. Therefore, the grown nanopillar can be used as an SPM probe without being contaminated with the atmosphere.
[0020]
In the ultra high vacuum non-contact atomic force microscope (ncAFM), a nanopillar is formed on the probe of a commercially available silicon cantilever, and the nanopillar probe is used as a probe for ncAFM in the same high vacuum chamber for high resolution. Enables acquisition of ncAFM images.
[0021]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a schematic view conceptually showing the probe manufacturing method of the present invention.
First, a scanning probe microscope apparatus (not shown) capable of detecting an interaction force between a probe and a sample, such as an atomic force microscope, a non-contact atomic force microscope, or a magnetic force microscope, is used. A raw material substrate 2 for growing nano-pillars such as silicon and germanium is disposed at the observation sample setting position on the three-axis fine movement mechanism 1.
[0022]
The scanning probe microscope is a general term for a scanning tunnel microscope and an atomic force microscope, a non-contact atomic force microscope, a magnetic force microscope, a scanning capacitance microscope, and the like derived from the scanning tunnel microscope. In addition, there are devices in which these are combined. In the probe manufacturing method of the present invention, “detecting the interaction force of the sample” is a necessary condition, but the probe created thereby can be used in all scanning probe microscopes. A scanning tunneling microscope does not have the ability to detect the interaction force between the probe and the sample. However, in the case of a combined machine of a scanning tunnel microscope, a non-contact atomic force microscope, and an atomic force microscope, a probe is manufactured by the method of the present invention using an atomic force microscope and used as a probe for a scanning tunnel microscope. It can be used.
[0023]
The size of the substrate 2 is arbitrary, and the surface shape is desirably flat at the atomic level, but irregularities such as steps up to about 100 nanometers may exist. In the embodiment, a single crystal silicon wafer is used as the substrate 2, but it is not necessary to be a single crystal. Cut the single crystal silicon wafer into the size of the sample folder and remove organic contaminants on the surface to remove organic contaminants by cleaning with organic solvent and UV irradiation and ozone, and then introduced into the ultrahigh vacuum chamber of the scanning probe microscope do it.
[0024]
Furthermore, it is preferable to prepare a clean silicon substrate by heating the silicon wafer to about 1250 ° C. in an ultrahigh vacuum environment of about 10 −8 Pa (Pascal) to completely remove organic contaminants and the surface oxide layer. A germanium substrate can be prepared in the same manner. In the case of a metal substrate, organic contaminants may be removed by cleaning with an organic solvent, ultraviolet irradiation and ozone in the same manner as in the case of silicon. It is preferable to remove surface contaminants and oxide layers by ion sputtering after introduction into the ultra-high vacuum chamber, and to heat the surface to a temperature below the melting point to flatten the surface roughness due to sputtering, and to remove the contamination layers and oxide layers. These processes are repeated several times depending on the contamination status to prepare a clean substrate.
[0025]
The substrate 2 is placed on the substrate heating mechanism 3. In the case where the substrate is silicon or germanium, it is sufficient that the substrate can be heated to about 600 to 700 ° C. However, since a high melting point metal such as tungsten has a high temperature at which surface atoms easily move, the heating temperature must be increased.
[0026]
The substrate 2 can be heated by a heater, or when the substrate 2 is a semiconductor or a thin metal, current can be directly applied to the substrate 2 to heat it. Generally, when an arbitrary object is heated in a vacuum chamber, gas is released and the degree of vacuum is deteriorated. Even if the substrate 2 is heated, the vacuum chamber should have a vacuum level of 10 −6 Pa or better. The cantilever 5 is attached to a predetermined position of the cantilever attaching mechanism 4 of the atomic force microscope. The probe 6 is set at a lower temperature than the substrate 2 during nanopillar growth. The probe 6 may be at room temperature, or may be held at a temperature lower than the substrate 2 but higher than the room temperature using a probe heating mechanism mechanism (not shown).
[0027]
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram conceptually showing the growth process of the nanopillar 9 on the probe 6. After the substrate 2 is heated to a preset temperature and the thermal drift of the entire apparatus is stabilized, the force acting between the probe 6 and the substrate 2 is monitored by the cantilever strain detection mechanism 7 shown in FIG. Then, the probe 6 is lowered to bring the tip of the probe 6 into contact with the surface of the substrate 2 (A in FIG. 2). The substrate 2 is heated so that the bonds in the atoms in the substrate 2 are broken so that the substrate 2 can move easily. Immediately after the contact between the probe 6 and the substrate 2, the atom movement of the raw material from the substrate 2 to the tip of the probe 6 starts, and the tip of the probe 6 becomes a seed crystal, and the growth of microcrystalline nanopillars begins. Start (B in FIG. 2).
[0028]
Even if the substrate 2 is not heated to a high temperature until it becomes a molten liquid (liquid), the bonds of atoms in the substrate 2 are more easily broken in the heated solid state than at room temperature. The atoms of the raw material are transferred from the portion, and the raw material is recrystallized thereon using the probe 6 held at a lower temperature than the substrate 2 as a seed crystal. In addition, when the raw material substrate 2 is in a solid state, only a small amount of atoms move to the probe 6 side rather than growing from the melt, which is more convenient for making minute protrusions. In addition, if the melting point is too close, the substrate 2 may be partially melted, resulting in a mechanical problem. Therefore, the heating temperature is below the melting point, preferably below the melting point.
[0029]
Next, the tip of the probe 6 is moved away from the surface of the substrate 2 and is held in a state where the probe 6 and the substrate 2 are pulled with a certain attractive force, so that the nanopillar 9 is grown on the tip of the probe 6. (C in FIG. 2). The grown part becomes thinner at the tip. If the attractive force for holding the probe 6 at this time is reduced, a thick and long pillar is obtained, and if the attractive force is increased, a short pillar is obtained. The maximum attractive force depends on the diameter of the tip of the probe 6 and the contact area with the substrate 2, and when the diameter of the tip of the probe 6 is about 20 nanometers, the maximum attractive force is about 100 nanonewtons. When the tip diameter is about 5 nanometers, the maximum attractive force is about 10 nanonewtons. When the growth point of the nanopillar 9 is narrowed, the contact between the nanopillar 9 and the substrate 2 is cut off at a certain point (D in FIG. 2). By repeating this process, the nanopillar 9 can be grown longer.
[0030]
The diameter and length of the pillar to be grown can be controlled by the growth conditions. If grown on the tip of a silicon single crystal probe on a commercially available silicon cantilever mainly used in SPM, crystals grow while preserving the crystal orientation. Further, when germanium grows on silicon, a stable probe surrounded by a specific facet surface is formed from the lattice distortion.
[0031]
During the growth of the nanopillar, it is preferable to apply a positive or negative bias to the substrate 2 by applying a voltage between the probe 6 and the substrate 2 by a power source 8 as shown in FIG. In the case where atoms that are easy to move on the surface of the substrate 2, that is, atoms that are partially broken, are electrically neutral, they may have a positive or negative charge. The charged state of atoms with broken bonds varies depending on the element and the surface state. When atoms whose partial bonds are broken on the surface of the substrate 2 are positively charged, a negative bias is applied to the probe 6 side. When surface atoms are negatively charged, the probe 6 side is applied. By applying a positive bias to the surface, atoms on the surface easily move to the probe 6 side. Further, when a bias is applied between the probe 6 and the substrate 2, a high electric field is generated in the vicinity of the sharpened tip of the probe 6, so that even if the surface atoms are neutral, the surface atoms are Since it is polarized and attracted in the high electric field direction, surface atoms can be easily moved in the direction of the probe 6 by applying a bias between the probe 6 and the substrate 2.
[0032]
FIG. 3 shows a change in the relative position (horizontal axis) between the cantilever 5 and the substrate 2 and the force (vertical axis) received by the probe 6 due to the interaction force between the substrate 2 and the cantilever 5 at that time, generally called a force curve. It is a figure. The horizontal axis shows the basic travel distance of the cantilever with the probe.
[0033]
When a force is applied between the probe and the sample (here, the substrate), the cantilever bends and is detected. Therefore, when the attractive force is applied, the cantilever is bent in a direction approaching the sample, and when a repulsive force is applied, it is bent in a direction away from the sample. In FIG. 3, since the amount of bending of the cantilever is not reflected on the horizontal axis, the horizontal axis is not the distance between the probe tip and the sample.
[0034]
The numbers in FIG. 3 indicate the order of movement of the cantilever 5, and the cantilever 5 is held at the position ● in FIG. The meanings of the numbers in the figure are as follows.
1: The probe that has been separated is moved closer to the sample (here, the substrate).
2: An attractive force acts between the probe and the sample, and the probe and the sample come into contact with each other.
3: When the cantilever is brought closer to the sample side, repulsive force acts between the probe and the sample. Here, if the repulsive force is too large, the crystal of the sample and the probe is distorted and the contact area becomes large. When the contact area increases, the resulting nanopillar grows thicker and larger, which is not preferable. Push to a repulsive force of several nanonewtons (nN) and stop.
4: Gradually pull the probe away from the sample.
5: The nanopillar growth point at the tip of the probe is cut from the substrate.
[0035]
【Example】
Example 1
A commercially available silicon single crystal probe was used. The axial direction is the <001> direction. This probe was introduced into an ultra-high vacuum AFM chamber, and organic contaminants and oxide layers at the tip of the probe were removed by ion sputtering, and attached to the AFM probe mounting position. A single crystal silicon wafer was used as a raw material substrate for growing nanopillars. The single crystal silicon wafer was cut into the size of the sample folder, and the organic contaminants on the surface were removed, washed with an organic solvent, and after removing the organic contaminants by ultraviolet irradiation and ozone, they were introduced into an ultra-high vacuum AFM chamber.
[0036]
Further, the silicon wafer was heated to 1250 ° C. in an ultrahigh vacuum environment of about 10 −8 Pa (Pascal) and held at 1250 ° C. for 10 seconds to completely remove organic contaminants and the surface oxide layer. The degree of vacuum during this period was on the order of 10 −8 Pa.
[0037]
The clean silicon substrate prepared in this way was placed at the AFM sample position and heated to 500 ° C. By heating the substrate, the entire AFM is warmed by heat conduction and radiation. In order to eliminate the fluctuation of the relative position between the probe and the substrate due to temperature drift, it took about one hour until the temperature of the entire AFM reached the equilibrium temperature. The target repulsive force of AFM was set to 1 nanonewton, and the probe was roughly moved closer to the substrate. The probe stopped coarse movement with a repulsive force of 1 nanonewton acting between the probe and the substrate.
[0038]
While detecting the interaction force between the probe and the substrate, the probe was pulled away from the substrate to detect the maximum attractive force. Again, bring the probe close to the substrate, stop it with 1 nanonewton repulsion, pull the probe away from the substrate, and place the probe in a state where an attractive force slightly smaller than the maximum attractive force (attractive force 1) is applied between the probe and the substrate. Retained. Here, the probe position was controlled by the control mechanism of the AFM so that the force of “attraction 1” was constant. As the nanopillar grew and the growth point gradually narrowed, the probe and the substrate separated at a constant attractive force of “Attractive force 1”. At this time, nanopillars were growing at the tip of the probe. When the maximum attractive force is 100 nanonewtons or more, the diameter of the formed nanopillars is about 10 nanometers or more. The diameter of the nanopillar formed with the smaller maximum attractive force becomes smaller.
[0039]
Repeated contact and separation of the probe will decrease the maximum attractive force each time it is repeated. Therefore, in order to grow nanopillars with a narrower tip diameter, contact and separation of the probe were repeated until the maximum attractive force became 10 nanonewtons or less. By the above method, contact and separation were repeated 10 times, and the tip of the probe became a seed crystal, and a nanocrystalline nanopillar having a length of about 100 nanometers was grown. Nanopillars grew in the <111> direction.
[0040]
FIG. 4A is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the probe before the nanopillar is grown, and FIG. 4B is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the probe having the nanopillar grown on the tip thereof. Since the actual probe is very small, the difference before and after growth is not clear even with this high-resolution SEM. Using this nanopillar probe, we succeeded in observing atomic resolution ncAFM on the silicon surface.
[0041]
Example 2
A germanium nanopillar was grown on the tip of the probe under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the source substrate for growing the nanopillar was replaced with the silicon wafer of Example 1 and replaced with a germanium wafer. Lattice distortion occurred due to the difference in lattice constant between silicon and germanium, and pyramidal nanopillars were formed.
[0042]
【The invention's effect】
By using the probe obtained by the manufacturing method of the present invention, it contributes to the improvement of SPM resolution and the stability of the probe.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view conceptually showing a probe manufacturing method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram conceptually showing a growth process of nanopillars on a probe.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a change in the relative distance between the cantilever and the substrate and the force received by the probe at that time in the method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a drawing-substitute scanning electron microscope (SEM) showing a cross-sectional structure in the length direction of a probe manufactured by the method of Example 1 (A: before nanopillar growth, B; after nanopillar growth). ) Photo.

Claims (5)

走査型プローブ顕微鏡で用いられる探針先端を融点未満に加熱した原料基板の表面に接触させた後、探針先端を基板表面から引き離す方向に動かし、探針と基板間に引力が働いている状態で保持して、加熱した原料基板から探針の先端部への該原料の原子移動によって該原料からなる微結晶のナノピラーを、ナノピラーの成長点が細くなり、ナノピラーと基板との接触が切れるまで探針先端に成長させることを特徴とする走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法。After the probe tip used in the scanning probe microscope is brought into contact with the surface of the source substrate heated to below the melting point, the tip is moved away from the substrate surface, and an attractive force is acting between the probe and the substrate. in the held from the heated raw material substrate nanopillars microcrystalline consisting raw material by atomic movement of raw material to the tip of the probe portion, it narrows the growth point of the nano-pillars until expires contact between nano-pillar and the substrate A method of manufacturing a probe for a scanning probe microscope, characterized by growing the probe tip . 探針がシリコン単結晶であり、原料基板としてシリコン又はゲルマニウムを用いて、シリコン又はゲルマニウムのナノピラーを成長させることを特徴とする請求項1記載の走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法。2. The method for producing a probe for a scanning probe microscope according to claim 1, wherein the probe is a silicon single crystal, and silicon or germanium nanopillars are grown using silicon or germanium as a raw material substrate. 原子間力顕微鏡、非接触原子間力顕微鏡、磁気力顕微鏡等の探針と試料間の相互作用力を検知できる走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置を用い、該走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置の試料設置位置に原料基板を配置し、該基板を加熱した状態で、該走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置により探針と基板との間に働いている力をモニターしながら探針の先端を基板の表面に接触させた後、探針先端を基板表面から引き離す方向に動かことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法。Using a scanning probe microscope apparatus that can detect the interaction force between the probe and the sample, such as an atomic force microscope, a non-contact atomic force microscope, or a magnetic force microscope, and a raw material substrate at the sample installation position of the scanning probe microscope apparatus The probe tip is brought into contact with the surface of the substrate while monitoring the force acting between the probe and the substrate with the scanning probe microscope apparatus while the substrate is heated. claim 1 or 2 scanning probe manufacturing method of a microscope probe according to, characterized in that to move in the direction of separating the needle tip from the substrate surface. ナノピラーの成長時に、探針と基板との間に電圧をかけることによって、基板にプラス又はマイナスのバイアスを印加することを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の製造方法。4. The scanning probe microscope according to claim 1, wherein a positive or negative bias is applied to the substrate by applying a voltage between the probe and the substrate during the growth of the nanopillar. Probe manufacturing method. 請求項3又は4記載の方法で製造した探針をそのまま走査型プローブ顕微鏡装置において試料観察用の探針として用いることを特徴とする走査型プローブ顕微鏡用探針の使用方法。A method of using a probe for a scanning probe microscope, wherein the probe manufactured by the method according to claim 3 or 4 is used as it is as a probe for observing a sample in a scanning probe microscope apparatus.
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