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JP3769271B2 - Alloy melting method - Google Patents
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JP3769271B2 - Alloy melting method - Google Patents

Alloy melting method Download PDF

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JP3769271B2
JP3769271B2 JP2003207985A JP2003207985A JP3769271B2 JP 3769271 B2 JP3769271 B2 JP 3769271B2 JP 2003207985 A JP2003207985 A JP 2003207985A JP 2003207985 A JP2003207985 A JP 2003207985A JP 3769271 B2 JP3769271 B2 JP 3769271B2
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melting
raw material
specific element
alloy
scrap
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JP2005060744A (en
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恵一郎 大石
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三宝伸銅工業株式会社
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20Recycling

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、バージン原料及びスクラップ材を、被溶解原料として、溶解炉内に積層した形態で溶解させることにより、主元素である銅又は銅及び亜鉛とこれより添加量の少ない一種以上の添加元素とからなる合金を溶製する方法であって、特に、主元素に比して軽比重,高融点で且つ酸素との化学的親和力の高い特定元素が添加元素として含まれている合金の溶製方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一種以上の主元素(銅又は銅及び亜鉛)とこれより添加量の少ない一種以上の添加元素とからなる銅合金等の合金を溶製する場合にあっては、一般に、バージン原料(一般に、主元素についてはインゴット材であり、添加元素については粉粒材(例えば、インゴットを粉粒状に破砕したもの)である)及び当該合金を構成する元素群の一部又は全部からなるスクラップ材(廃棄製品、不良製品,不良押出材,製造工程において発生する製造屑,切屑等)を、被溶解原料として、溶解炉内に積層した形態で溶解させるが、主元素に比して軽比重,高融点で且つ酸素との化学的親和力の高い元素(以下「特定元素」という)が添加元素として含まれている合金については、当該特定元素の歩留まりや合金鋳塊(インゴット)の品質が低いといった問題が指摘されている。
【0003】
すなわち、溶解時においては、特定元素のバージン原料は、融点が高いため他の被溶解原料に比して溶解速度が遅く、しかも比重が軽いために湯面上に浮上してしまうことになる。そして、湯面上に浮上した特定元素は、酸素に対する化学的親和力が強く酸化され易いものであるから、他の被溶解原料が溶解される前に酸化されて、厚い酸化膜を形成してしまうことになり、更に溶解困難な状態となる。その結果、特定元素の歩留まりが頗る悪くなり、また溶解後の鋳造により得られる合金鋳塊の品質が特定元素の酸化が原因で大幅に低下することになる。かかる問題は、例えば、特開2000−119775に開示される無鉛快削性銅合金(銅:69〜79mass%,珪素:2.0〜4.0mass%,亜鉛:残部)を溶製する場合において顕著に生じている。因みに、この無鉛快削性銅合金にあって、珪素は、主元素である銅,亜鉛に比して、比重が小さく(珪素:2.3,銅:8.9,亜鉛:7.1)且つ融点が高い(珪素:1414℃,銅:1084℃,亜鉛:419℃)ものであり、酸素との化学的親和力も銅,亜鉛に比して極めて高い(酸素との化学的親和力は銅が最も低く、亜鉛がこれに続く)。
【0004】
そこで、従来からも、このような問題を解決するために、(1)溶解炉内を真空雰囲気又は完全な不活性ガス雰囲気に保持した状態で、被溶解原料を時間をかけて溶解させるようにするか、(2)主元素と特定元素又はこれを含む添加元素とを小型の真空溶解炉等で合金化した合金原料(添加元素を5〜30mass%程度含有する合金)を被溶解原料又はその一部として使用することが提案されている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、(1)の場合には、密閉性の高い特殊な溶解炉を使用する必要があるためイニシャルコストが高騰し、しかも炉内を真空雰囲気又は不活性ガス雰囲に保持するに長時間を要する等、生産効率やランニングコストの問題もあって、根本的な解決策とはなり得ない。また、(2)の場合においても、合金原料の製作コストが高く、経済的に問題がある。しかも、合金化した合金原料を再び溶解することなり、溶製工程全体の消費エネルギが極めて大きく、エネルギ効率の上からも実用的ではない。
【0006】
本発明は、このような点に鑑みてなされたもので、上記した特殊な溶解炉や合金原料を使用せずとも、特定元素を添加元素として含有する合金の溶解を、歩留まりや鋳塊品質を低下させることなく効率良く且つ経済的に行なうことができる合金の溶製方法を提供することを目的とするものである。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、バージン原料及びスクラップ材を、被溶解原料として、溶解炉内に積層した形態で溶解させることにより、主元素である銅又は銅及び亜鉛とこれより添加量の少ない一種以上の添加元素とからなる合金であって、主元素に比して軽比重,高融点で且つ酸素との化学的親和力の高い特定元素が添加元素として含まれている合金を溶製する方法において、特に、特定元素のバージン原料については、中空状のスクラップ材に充填させた形態及び/又は塊状に集合,成形されたスクラップ材に混入させることにより当該スクラップ材に保持させた形態で、溶解炉内における被溶解原料層の下部領域に位置させておくようにすることを提案するものである。なお、特定元素のバージン原料及びこれが充填,混入されたスクラップ材(以下「特定元素含有スクラップ材」という)を被溶解原料層の下部領域の何処に位置させておくかは、特定元素含有スクラップ材並びにこれ以外のバージン原料及びスクラップ材の性状(材質,形状等)や溶解条件に応じて適宜に設定されるが、一般には、当該特定元素含有スクラップ材は、被溶解原料の最下部を含めて少なくとも当該原料層の上下方向中間部より下方に位置される。
【0008】
一般に、主元素のバージン原料としてはインゴットが使用され、主元素に比して微量添加される添加元素のバージン原料としては、インゴットを破砕する等により得られる粉粒状のものが使用される。特に、添加元素又はその一部(二種以上の添加元素が含有される場合)である特定元素のバージン原料としては、これを保持するスクラップ材(例えば、主合金からなるスクラップ材)の溶解により当該スクラップ材による保持が解除された後における溶解速度及び湯中での上昇速度(浮力)等を考慮して、粒径2〜50mmの粒状物を使用することが好ましい。粒径が2mm未満であると、溶解速度は大きいが、浮力による上昇速度も大きく、逆に、粒径が50mmを超えると、浮力による上昇速度は小さいが、溶解速度も小さいため、何れも未溶融状態で湯面に浮上する虞れがある。特に、溶解速度と上昇速度とのバランスを考慮した場合、粒径は3〜25mmとしておくことがより好ましい。
【0009】
スクラップ材としては、一般に、当該合金を構成する元素群の一部又は全部からなる組成の廃棄製品,不良製品,不良押出材,製造工程において発生する製造屑,切屑等が使用される。但し、パイプ材等の或る程度以上の嵩密度を有するスクラップ材については、そのまま被溶解原料として使用されるが、切屑,打ち抜き屑,線状材,細管材,小形中空材等のような嵩密度の極めて小さなスクラップ材については、所定量のスクラップ材を塊状に集合,成形した形態(例えば、当該スクラップ材の集合物を簡易的なプレス成形や押し固め等により塊状に成形した形態)で、被溶解原料として使用される。粒状をなす特定元素のバージン原料については、このように塊状に集合,成形されたスクラップ材に混入させるか、パイプ材や筒状材のような中空状をなすスクラップ材に充填させた形態で、被溶解原料とされる。特定元素含有スクラップ材のスクラップ材が切屑,打ち抜き屑,線状材,細管材,小形中空材等のような嵩密度の極めて小さなものである場合には、当該特定元素含有スクラップ材は、所定量のスクラップ材(切屑等)を、これが特定元素のバージン原料を囲繞するような形態で、塊状に集合,成形させることによって得られる。また、特定元素含有スクラップ材のスクラップ材がパイプ材,筒状材等の中空材である場合には、当該特定元素含有スクラップ材は、当該スクラップ材の中空部内に特定元素のバージン原料を強固に詰め込むことによって得られる。特定元素のバージン原料は、これを保持するスクラップ材に対する体積比が3〜60%となるように、当該スクラップ材に充填又は混入させておくことが好ましい。当該体積比が60%を超えると、当該バージン原料の湯中への拡散が遅くなって溶解効率が低くなる。また、60%を超えると、特定元素含有スクラップ材は、バージン原料及びスクラップ材全体としての見掛け上の比重が小さくなって、完全に溶解する前に湯面へと浮上してしまう虞れがある。逆に当該体積比が3%未満では、特定元素のバージン原料をスクラップ材に保持させておく意義が喪失する。このような観点からすれば、当該体積比は10〜40%としておくことがより好ましい。なお、当該合金が二種以上の特定元素を含有するものである場合は勿論、一種の特定元素を含むものである場合にも、特定元素のバージン原料は複数の同種スクラップ材又は異種のスクラップ材に保持(充填,混入)させておくことが可能である。また、当該合金が二種以上の特定元素を含有するものである場合や特定元素以外の一種以上の添加元素を含有するものである場合においては、これらの特定元素及び添加元素の性状(融点等)を考慮して、二種以上の特定元素のバージン原料又は特定元素を含む二種以上の添加元素のバージン原料を一つのスクラップ材に保持(充填,混入)させて、これを被溶解原料層の下部領域に配置するようにすることも可能である。
【0010】
被溶解原料は、一般に、特定元素のバージン原料及びこれを保持するスクラップ材を除いて、嵩密度の低いものから順に溶解炉内に積層させるようにする。この場合、嵩密度が同程度の被溶解原料については、特定元素のバージン原料及びこれを保持するスクラップ材を除いて、融点の低いものを融点の高いものより下位に位置させておくか、或いは融点の低いものと融点の高いものとを上下方向に交互に配して位置させておくことが好ましい。被溶解原料の性状にもよるが、熱効率上からすれば、後者のように低融点物と高融点物とを交互に配置しておくことがより好ましい。嵩密度が低いもの程、及び融点の低いもの程、溶解速度は速いことから、上記のような積層形態をとっておくと、被溶解原料全体の溶解速度が均一になり、溶解が良好に行なわれることになる。溶解炉としては、前記した(1)のような特殊な溶解炉を使用する必要はなく、大気開放形の電気炉等を使用することができる。この場合、溶解炉内に積層された被溶解原料を、木炭被覆下において、大気中で溶解するようにする。
【0011】
本発明の溶製方法にあっては、特定元素のバージン原料を含む被溶解原料を、上記したような形態で溶解炉内に積層しておくことから、特定元素のバージン原料が未溶融状態で湯面上に浮上して酸化されることがない。すなわち、特定元素のバージン原料は、これを保持するスクラップ材が溶解し、当該スクラップ材による保持が解消された後に、湯中に拡散して徐々に溶解しつつ上昇していくことになる。また、特定元素のバージン原料は、溶解炉内における被溶解原料層の下部領域に位置されていることから、湯中に拡散してもそのまま湯面へと上昇せず、その上昇経路に存在する特定元素以外のバージン原料やスクラップ材に衝突することにより、緩慢に上昇されることになる。したがって、特定元素のバージン原料は、溶解開始時点から時間をかけて湯中で溶解されることになり、未溶融状態で湯面に浮上して酸化されるようなことが殆どない。仮に、未溶融状態で湯面に浮上することがあったとしても、当該バージン原料の湯中への拡散開始時点から湯面への浮上時点までに相当の時間が経過しているため、極薄い酸化膜(例えば、0.1μm以下)が形成されるにすぎないことから、湯面に浮上したバージン原料の粒径は極めて小さくなっていることとも相俟って、当該バージン原料の溶融が良好に行なわれる。このような効果は、特定元素のバージン原料を除く被溶解原料(バージン原料及びスクラップ材)の積層形態を上記した如く嵩密度,融点を考慮したものとしておくこと並びに特定元素のバージン原料の粒径及びこれを保持するスクラップ材との体積比を上記した如く設定しておくことによって、より顕著に発揮されることになる。
【0012】
而して、冒頭で述べた特定元素に起因する問題(歩留まり,鋳塊品質の低下)は、特定元素が、主元素に比して酸素との化学的親和力が高いものであって、主元素との比重差が1.5以上であるものである場合及び/又は主元素との融点差が200℃以上であるものである場合に著しく、特に比重差については3以上であるものである場合に顕著に発生することから、本発明の溶製方法は、このような要件を具備する特定元素を添加元素又はその一部として含有する合金について特に顕著な効果を発揮するものであり、具体的には、例えば、冒頭で述べた特開2000−119775に開示される無鉛快削性銅合金(銅:69〜79mass%,珪素:2.0〜4.0mass%,亜鉛:残部)のように、銅,亜鉛を主元素とする銅合金であって、珪素(銅,亜鉛に比して酸素との化学的親和力が極めて高く、銅,亜鉛との比重差が3以上であり且つ銅,亜鉛との融点差が200℃以上である)を添加元素又はその一部として含有する銅合金を溶解する場合に好適するものである。ところで、銅,亜鉛を主元素とする銅合金にあって、チタンは前記した特定元素としての要件をすべて具備するものであるが、アルミニウム,ニッケル,鉄等は当該要件の一部を具備しないものである。また、本発明の溶製方法は、銅合金を溶解させる場合に限定されず、前記した特定元素としての要件をすべて具備する添加元素を含有する合金である限り、特定元素以外の主元素及び添加元素がどのようなものであっても好適に使用することができる。なお、特定元素が珪素である場合、珪素のバージン原料としては、一般に、インゴット等の地金材を破砕することに得られる粒状物が使用されるが、シリコンウエハの製作不良品は珪素純度の高いものであるから、このような珪素スクラップ材についてもバージン原料として利用することが可能である。
【0013】
【実施例】
実施例1として、主元素であるCu,Zn(Cu:75mass%,Zn:22mass%)と特定元素であるSi(3mass%)とからなる銅合金の鋳塊を、次のような被溶解原料を大気開放形の溶解炉(電気炉)に積層して溶解することによって、溶製した。被溶解原料としては、Cu,Znのバージン原料であるインゴットと、Cuのスクラップ材(一般に循環材と呼ばれる不良銅製品や切屑を簡易的なプレス成形によりブロック状に集合,成形したもの)と、Siのバージン原料をスクラップ材である銅管に充填したもの(特定元素含有スクラップ材)とを使用した。Siのバージン原料としては、粒径10mmの粒状物を使用して、銅管内に充填した。充填量は、銅管に対する体積比が30%となるようにした。溶解炉内には、元湯(Cu:75mass%,Zn:22mass%,Si:3mass%)上に、銅管内にSiのバージン原料を充填したものを装填し、その上にCuのスクラップ材を積層し、更にその上にCu,Znのバージン原料を積層した。スクラップ材(Siのバージン原料を充填した銅管を除く)については、嵩密度の低いものを下位に配置し、嵩密度が同等のものについては、融点の低いものと融点の高いものとを交互に配置した。また、Cu,Znのバージン原料については、融点の低いZnのインゴットを下位に配置し、融点の高いCuのインゴットを上位(最上位)に配置した。そして、被溶解原料を、このような形態で元湯上に積層すると共に、その層表面を木炭で被覆して大気と遮断した状態で、溶解し、所定形状の鋳塊を得た。
【0014】
実施例2として、主元素であるCu,Zn(Cu:89mass%,Zn:9mass%)と特定元素であるSi(1.7mass%)と特定元素以外の添加元素(Sn:0.2mass%,Co:0.1mass%)とからなる銅合金の鋳塊を、被溶解原料の積層形態を次のようにした点を除いて、実施例1と同様にして溶製した。すなわち、元湯(Cu:89mass%,Zn:9mass%,Si:1.7mass%,Sn:0.2mass%,Co:0.1mass%)上の最下部に、銅線をブロック状に集合,成形したスクラップ材にSiのバージン原料(粒径:10mm)を30%の体積比で混入させたもの(特定元素含有スクラップ材)を配置し、その上にSn,Coのバージン原料(粒径:10mm)を配置し、これらの上部に、実施例1と同様に、Cuのスクラップ材及びCu,Znのバージン原料(インゴット)を配置した。
【0015】
実施例3として、主元素であるCu(98.6mass%)と特定元素であるTi(0.4mass%)と特定元素以外の添加元素(Ni:0.8mass%,Sn:0.2mass%)とからなる銅合金の鋳塊を、被溶解原料の積層形態を次のようにした点を除いて、実施例1と同様にして溶製した。すなわち、元湯(Cu:98.6mass%,Ti:0.4mass%,Ni:0.8mass%,Sn:0.2mass%)上に、銅の打ち抜き屑をブロック状に集合,成形したスクラップ材にTiのバージン原料(粒径:10mm)を30%の体積比で混入させたもの(特定元素含有スクラップ材)を配置し、その上にNi,Snのバージン原料(粒径:10mm)を配置し、これらの上にCuのスクラップ材及びバージン原料(インゴット)を配置した。
【0016】
実施例4として、主元素であるCu,Zn(Cu:62.5mass%,Zn:31.5mass%)と特定元素であるTi(1mass%)と特定元素以外の添加元素(Sn:1mass%,Al:4mass%)とからなる銅合金の鋳塊を、被溶解原料の積層形態を次のようにした点を除いて、実施例1と同様にして溶製した。すなわち、元湯(Cu:62.5mass%,Zn:31.5mass%,Ti:1mass%,Sn:1mass%,Al:4mass%)上に、銅の切屑をブロック状に集合,成形したスクラップ材にTi,Sn,Alのバージン原料(粒径:10mm)を30%の体積比で混入させたもの(特定元素含有スクラップ材)を配置し、その上に、実施例1と同様に、Cuのスクラップ材及びCu,Znのバージン原料(インゴット)を配置した。
【0017】
比較例1として、Cu:75mass%,Zn:22mass%,Si:3mass%の組成をなす銅合金の鋳塊を、Siのバージン原料を、スクラップ材に保持させることなく、そのまま被溶解原料層の最下部に配置した点を除いて、実施例1と同様にして、溶製した。
【0018】
比較例2として、Cu:89mass%,Zn:9mass%,Si:1.7mass%,Sn:0.2mass%,Co:0.1mass%の組成をなす銅合金の鋳塊を、Siのバージン原料を、スクラップ材に保持させることなく、そのまま被溶解原料層の最下部に配置した点を除いて、実施例2と同様にして、溶製した。
【0019】
比較例3として、Cu:98.6mass%,Ti:0.4mass%,Ni:0.8mass%,Sn:0.2mass%の組成をなす銅合金の鋳塊を、Tiのバージン原料を、スクラップ材に保持させることなく、そのまま被溶解原料層の最下部に配置した点を除いて、実施例3と同様にして、溶製した。
【0020】
比較例4として、Cu:62.5mass%,Zn:31.5mass%,Ti:1mass%,Sn:1mass%,Al:4mass%の組成をなす銅合金の鋳塊を、Ti,Sn,Alのバージン原料を、スクラップ材に保持させることなく、そのまま被溶解原料層の最下部に配置した点を除いて、実施例4と同様にして、溶製した。
【0021】
而して、実施例1〜4で得られた鋳塊及び比較例1〜4で得られた鋳塊の組成を分析したところ、実施例1〜4の鋳塊は、何れも、計画通りの合金組成をなすものであった。しかし、比較例1〜4の鋳塊は、何れも、特定元素Si,Tiが酸化して歩留まりが低く、品質の悪いものであった。特に、主元素との比重差がTiより大きなSiを含有する比較例1,2の鋳塊においては、歩留まり及び品質の低下が顕著であった。
【0022】
【発明の効果】
以上の説明から容易に理解されるように、本発明の溶製方法によれば、冒頭で述べた(1)のような特殊な溶解炉や(2)のような合金原料を使用せずとも、一般的な大気開放形の溶解炉を使用して、銅,亜鉛の主元素に比して軽比重,高融点で且つ酸素との化学的親和力の高い珪素等を添加元素又はその一部として含有する銅合金等の合金を、歩留まり及び鋳塊品質を向上させつつ、容易に且つ効率良く製造することができる。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, virgin raw materials and scrap materials are dissolved as raw materials to be melted in a laminated form in a melting furnace , so that copper or copper and zinc as main elements and one or more additive elements with a smaller amount of addition are added. In particular, an alloy containing a specific element having a light specific gravity, a high melting point and a high chemical affinity with oxygen as an additive element compared to the main element. It is about the method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In the case of melting an alloy such as a copper alloy composed of one or more main elements (copper or copper and zinc) and one or more additional elements with a smaller addition amount, generally a virgin raw material (generally, the main The element is an ingot material, and the additive element is a powder material (for example, a material obtained by crushing an ingot into particles) and a scrap material consisting of a part or all of elements constituting the alloy (waste product) , Defective products, defective extrudates, manufacturing scraps, chips generated in the manufacturing process, etc.) are melted in a melting furnace as a raw material to be melted, but with a light specific gravity and high melting point compared to the main elements In addition, for an alloy containing an element having a high chemical affinity with oxygen (hereinafter referred to as “specific element”) as an additive element, the yield of the specific element or the quality of the ingot of the alloy is low. Problem has been pointed out.
[0003]
That is, at the time of melting, the virgin raw material of the specific element has a high melting point, and therefore has a lower dissolution rate than other raw materials to be melted and floats on the molten metal surface because of its low specific gravity. And since the specific element which floated on the hot_water | molten_metal surface has a strong chemical affinity with respect to oxygen, and is easily oxidized, it oxidizes before other to-be-dissolved raw materials are melt | dissolved, and will form a thick oxide film. In other words, it becomes more difficult to dissolve. As a result, the yield of the specific element is greatly deteriorated, and the quality of the alloy ingot obtained by casting after melting is greatly lowered due to the oxidation of the specific element. Such a problem is, for example, in the case of melting a lead-free free-cutting copper alloy (copper: 69 to 79 mass%, silicon: 2.0 to 4.0 mass%, zinc: balance) disclosed in JP-A-2000-119775. It is noticeable. Incidentally, in this lead-free free-cutting copper alloy, silicon has a smaller specific gravity than silicon and copper as main elements (silicon: 2.3, copper: 8.9, zinc: 7.1). In addition, it has a high melting point (silicon: 1414 ° C., copper: 1084 ° C., zinc: 419 ° C.), and its chemical affinity with oxygen is extremely high compared to copper and zinc (the chemical affinity with oxygen is copper. The lowest, followed by zinc).
[0004]
Therefore, conventionally, in order to solve such problems, (1) the melting raw material is dissolved over time in a state where the inside of the melting furnace is maintained in a vacuum atmosphere or a completely inert gas atmosphere. Or (2) an alloy raw material (alloy containing about 5 to 30 mass% of the additional element) alloyed with a main element and a specific element or an additive element containing the element in a small vacuum melting furnace or the like; Proposed to be used as part.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the case of (1), it is necessary to use a special melting furnace with high hermeticity, so that the initial cost increases, and it takes a long time to maintain the inside of the furnace in a vacuum atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere. In other words, there are problems in production efficiency and running costs, and it cannot be a fundamental solution. Also in the case of (2), the production cost of the alloy raw material is high, which is economically problematic. Moreover, the alloyed alloy raw material is melted again, so that the energy consumption of the entire smelting process is extremely large, which is not practical from the viewpoint of energy efficiency.
[0006]
The present invention has been made in view of such points, and without using the above-described special melting furnace or alloy raw material, it is possible to reduce the yield and ingot quality of an alloy containing a specific element as an additive element. An object of the present invention is to provide an alloy melting method that can be carried out efficiently and economically without lowering.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the present invention, virgin raw materials and scrap materials are dissolved as raw materials to be melted in a laminated form in a melting furnace , so that copper or copper and zinc as main elements and one or more additive elements with a smaller amount of addition are added. In particular, a method for melting an alloy containing a specific element as an additive element having a light specific gravity, a high melting point, and a high chemical affinity with oxygen as compared with the main element. The elemental virgin raw material is melted in the melting furnace in a form filled in a hollow scrap material and / or held in the scrap material by being mixed into a lump and formed into a lump. It is proposed to be located in the lower region of the raw material layer. It should be noted that the specific element-containing scrap material is where the virgin raw material of the specific element and the scrap material filled and mixed therein (hereinafter referred to as “specific element-containing scrap material”) is located in the lower region of the material layer to be dissolved. In addition, other specific virgin raw materials and scrap materials are appropriately set according to the properties (materials, shapes, etc.) and melting conditions. Generally, the specific element-containing scrap materials include the lowest part of the raw materials to be melted. It is located at least below the middle part in the vertical direction of the raw material layer.
[0008]
Generally, an ingot is used as the virgin raw material of the main element, and a granular material obtained by crushing the ingot or the like is used as the virgin raw material of the additive element added in a small amount compared to the main element. In particular, as a virgin raw material of a specific element that is an additive element or a part thereof (when two or more additive elements are contained), by dissolving a scrap material (for example, a scrap material made of a main alloy) that holds this element It is preferable to use a granular material having a particle size of 2 to 50 mm in consideration of the dissolution rate after the holding by the scrap material is released and the rising rate (buoyancy) in hot water. If the particle size is less than 2 mm, the dissolution rate is high, but the increase rate due to buoyancy is also large. Conversely, if the particle size exceeds 50 mm, the increase rate due to buoyancy is small, but the dissolution rate is also small, so neither There is a risk of floating on the molten metal surface in the molten state. In particular, considering the balance between dissolution rate and ascending rate, the particle size is more preferably 3 to 25 mm.
[0009]
As the scrap material, generally, a waste product having a composition composed of a part or all of the element group constituting the alloy, a defective product, a defective extruded material, a manufacturing scrap generated in a manufacturing process, a chip, and the like are used. However, scrap materials having a certain bulk density, such as pipe materials, are used as raw materials as they are to be melted. However, bulk materials such as chips, punched scraps, linear materials, thin tube materials, small hollow materials, etc. For scrap materials with extremely low density, a predetermined amount of scrap materials are gathered and formed into a lump shape (for example, a form in which the aggregate of scrap materials is formed into a lump shape by simple press molding or compaction), Used as a raw material to be dissolved. With regard to the virgin raw material of a specific element that forms a granular form, it is mixed in a lump shaped and molded scrap material in this way, or filled in a hollow scrap material such as a pipe material or a cylindrical material, It is a raw material to be dissolved. When the scrap material of the scrap material containing the specific element is extremely small in bulk density such as chips, punched scraps, linear materials, thin tube materials, small hollow materials, etc., the scrap material containing the specific element contains a predetermined amount This scrap material (chips and the like) is obtained by assembling and forming in a lump form such that this surrounds the virgin raw material of a specific element. In addition, when the scrap material of the specific element-containing scrap material is a hollow material such as a pipe material or a cylindrical material, the specific element-containing scrap material strongly strengthens the virgin raw material of the specific element in the hollow portion of the scrap material. Obtained by stuffing. The virgin raw material of the specific element is preferably filled or mixed into the scrap material so that the volume ratio with respect to the scrap material holding the virgin raw material is 3 to 60%. When the volume ratio exceeds 60%, the diffusion of the virgin raw material into hot water is delayed and the dissolution efficiency is lowered. Further, if it exceeds 60%, the specific element-containing scrap material has a low apparent specific gravity as the virgin raw material and the scrap material as a whole, and may rise to the molten metal surface before completely melting. . Conversely, if the volume ratio is less than 3%, the significance of retaining the virgin raw material of the specific element in the scrap material is lost. From this point of view, the volume ratio is more preferably 10 to 40%. In addition, when the alloy contains two or more kinds of specific elements, the virgin raw material of the specific elements is held in a plurality of the same kind of scrap materials or different kinds of scrap materials even when the alloy contains one kind of specific elements. (Filling, mixing) is possible. In addition, when the alloy contains two or more kinds of specific elements or contains one or more kinds of additional elements other than the specific elements, the properties (melting point, etc.) of these specific elements and additive elements ), The virgin raw material of two or more kinds of specific elements or the virgin raw material of two or more kinds of additional elements containing the specific elements are held (filled, mixed) in one scrap material, and this is the raw material layer to be dissolved It is also possible to arrange it in the lower region of.
[0010]
In general, the raw materials to be melted are laminated in the melting furnace in order from the lowest in bulk density, excluding the virgin raw material of the specific element and the scrap material holding the raw material. In this case, for materials to be melted with the same bulk density, except for the virgin raw material of the specific element and the scrap material that holds it, the one having a low melting point is positioned lower than the one having a high melting point, or It is preferable to arrange a low melting point and a high melting point alternately in the vertical direction. Although depending on the properties of the raw material to be dissolved, from the viewpoint of thermal efficiency, it is more preferable to dispose the low melting point material and the high melting point material alternately as in the latter case. The lower the bulk density and the lower the melting point, the faster the dissolution rate. Therefore, if the laminated form as described above is taken, the dissolution rate of the entire raw material to be dissolved becomes uniform and the dissolution is performed well. Will be. As a melting furnace, it is not necessary to use a special melting furnace as described in (1) above, and an open-air electric furnace or the like can be used. In this case, the material to be melted laminated in the melting furnace is melted in the atmosphere under the charcoal coating.
[0011]
In the melting method of the present invention, since the raw material to be melted containing the virgin raw material of the specific element is laminated in the melting furnace in the form as described above, the virgin raw material of the specific element is in an unmolten state. It does not float on the hot water surface and is not oxidized. That is, the virgin raw material of the specific element rises while being dissolved and gradually dissolved in the hot water after the scrap material holding it is dissolved and the holding by the scrap material is eliminated. Further, since the virgin raw material of the specific element is located in the lower region of the raw material layer to be melted in the melting furnace, it does not rise to the molten metal surface even if it diffuses into the hot water, and exists in its rising path. By colliding with virgin raw materials and scrap materials other than the specified elements, it will rise slowly. Therefore, the virgin raw material of the specific element is dissolved in the hot water over time from the start of the dissolution, and hardly floats on the hot metal surface and is oxidized in an unmelted state. Even if it floats on the molten metal surface in an unmelted state, it is extremely thin because a considerable amount of time has elapsed from the time when the virgin raw material starts to diffuse into the molten metal surface. Since only an oxide film (for example, 0.1 μm or less) is formed, the particle size of the virgin raw material floating on the molten metal surface is extremely small, and the virgin raw material melts well. To be done. Such effects include the fact that the laminated form of the raw material to be dissolved (virgin raw material and scrap material) excluding the virgin raw material of the specific element takes into account the bulk density and melting point as described above, and the particle size of the virgin raw material of the specific element And by setting the volume ratio with the scrap material holding this as described above, it becomes more prominent.
[0012]
Thus, the problems caused by the specific elements described in the introduction (yield, reduction in ingot quality) are that the specific elements have a higher chemical affinity with oxygen than the main elements. When the difference in specific gravity is 1.5 or more and / or when the difference in melting point with the main element is 200 ° C. or more, especially when the difference in specific gravity is 3 or more Therefore, the melting method of the present invention exerts a particularly remarkable effect on an alloy containing a specific element having such requirements as an additive element or a part thereof. For example, a lead-free free-cutting copper alloy (copper: 69 to 79 mass%, silicon: 2.0 to 4.0 mass%, zinc: balance) disclosed in JP 2000-119775 mentioned at the beginning Copper alloy with copper, zinc as the main element And silicon (the chemical affinity with oxygen is extremely high compared to copper and zinc, the specific gravity difference between copper and zinc is 3 or more, and the melting point difference between copper and zinc is 200 ° C or more) This is suitable for melting a copper alloy contained as an element or a part thereof. By the way, in a copper alloy containing copper and zinc as main elements, titanium has all the requirements as the specific elements described above, but aluminum, nickel, iron, etc. do not have a part of the requirements. It is. In addition, the melting method of the present invention is not limited to the case of dissolving a copper alloy, and as long as it is an alloy containing an additive element that has all the requirements as the specific element described above, a main element and an additive other than the specific element are added. Any element can be preferably used. In the case where the specific element is silicon, as a virgin raw material for silicon, generally, a granular material obtained by crushing a metal material such as an ingot is used. Since it is expensive, such a silicon scrap material can also be used as a virgin raw material.
[0013]
【Example】
As Example 1, an ingot of copper alloy composed of Cu, Zn (Cu: 75 mass%, Zn: 22 mass%) as main elements and Si (3 mass%) as a specific element is used as a raw material to be dissolved as follows. Was melted by being laminated in an open-air melting furnace (electric furnace) and melted. As materials to be melted, ingots, which are virgin materials of Cu and Zn, and scrap materials of Cu (collected and molded in a block form by defective press products and chips generally called circulating materials), A material obtained by filling a copper pipe as a scrap material with a virgin raw material of Si (a scrap material containing a specific element) was used. As the Si virgin raw material, a granular material having a particle diameter of 10 mm was used and filled in a copper tube. The filling amount was set so that the volume ratio with respect to the copper tube was 30%. In the melting furnace, a hot water (Cu: 75 mass%, Zn: 22 mass%, Si: 3 mass%) is loaded with a copper tube filled with Si virgin material, and then a Cu scrap material And a virgin raw material of Cu and Zn were further laminated thereon. For scrap materials (excluding copper tubes filled with Si virgin raw materials), low-density parts are placed in the lower order, and low-melting points and high-melting points are alternately placed for those with equivalent bulk densities. Arranged. As for the virgin raw materials of Cu and Zn, a Zn ingot having a low melting point was disposed at the lower position, and a Cu ingot having a high melting point was disposed at the upper position (the uppermost position). And while melting | dissolving the raw material to be melt | dissolved in such a form on the base water, it melt | dissolved in the state which coat | covered the layer surface with charcoal and interrupted | blocked with air | atmosphere, and obtained the ingot of the predetermined shape.
[0014]
As Example 2, Cu, Zn (Cu: 89 mass%, Zn: 9 mass%) as main elements, Si (1.7 mass%) as a specific element, and additive elements other than the specific element (Sn: 0.2 mass%, An ingot of copper alloy composed of Co: 0.1 mass% was melted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the laminated form of the raw material to be melted was as follows. That is, the copper wire is assembled in a block shape at the lowermost part of Motoyu (Cu: 89 mass%, Zn: 9 mass%, Si: 1.7 mass%, Sn: 0.2 mass%, Co: 0.1 mass%), A scrap material formed by mixing a virgin raw material of Si (particle size: 10 mm) in a volume ratio of 30% (a scrap material containing specific elements) is placed thereon, and a virgin raw material of Sn, Co (particle size: 10 mm), and a Cu scrap material and Cu and Zn virgin raw materials (ingots) were arranged on the upper portions in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0015]
As Example 3, Cu (98.6 mass%) as a main element, Ti (0.4 mass%) as a specific element, and additive elements other than the specific element (Ni: 0.8 mass%, Sn: 0.2 mass%) A copper alloy ingot consisting of was melted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the laminated form of the material to be melted was as follows. That is, scrap material in which copper punched scraps are gathered and molded in a block shape on the original hot water (Cu: 98.6 mass%, Ti: 0.4 mass%, Ni: 0.8 mass%, Sn: 0.2 mass%) A virgin raw material (particle size: 10 mm) mixed with 30% volume ratio (scrap material containing specific elements) is placed on the virgin raw material (particle size: 10 mm). Then, a Cu scrap material and a virgin raw material (ingot) were arranged on these.
[0016]
As Example 4, Cu, Zn (Cu: 62.5 mass%, Zn: 31.5 mass%) as main elements, Ti (1 mass%) as a specific element, and additive elements other than the specific element (Sn: 1 mass%, A copper alloy ingot made of Al: 4 mass% was melted in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the laminated form of the raw material to be melted was as follows. That is, scrap material in which copper chips are gathered and molded in a block shape on the original hot water (Cu: 62.5 mass%, Zn: 31.5 mass%, Ti: 1 mass%, Sn: 1 mass%, Al: 4 mass%) In addition, Ti (Sn, Al) virgin raw material (particle size: 10 mm) mixed with a volume ratio of 30% (specific element-containing scrap material) is placed, and in the same manner as in Example 1, Cu is made of Cu. Scrap materials and Cu and Zn virgin raw materials (ingots) were arranged.
[0017]
As Comparative Example 1, a copper alloy ingot having a composition of Cu: 75 mass%, Zn: 22 mass%, Si: 3 mass% was used as it was without dissolving the Si virgin raw material in the scrap material. It melted like Example 1 except the point arrange | positioned in the lowest part.
[0018]
As Comparative Example 2, a copper alloy ingot having a composition of Cu: 89 mass%, Zn: 9 mass%, Si: 1.7 mass%, Sn: 0.2 mass%, Co: 0.1 mass% was used as a Si virgin raw material. Was melted in the same manner as in Example 2 except that it was disposed as it was at the lowermost part of the material layer to be melted without being held in the scrap material.
[0019]
As Comparative Example 3, a copper alloy ingot having a composition of Cu: 98.6 mass%, Ti: 0.4 mass%, Ni: 0.8 mass%, Sn: 0.2 mass%, Ti virgin raw material, and scrap The material was melted in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the material was held at the lowermost portion of the material layer to be dissolved as it was without being held by the material.
[0020]
As Comparative Example 4, a copper alloy ingot having a composition of Cu: 62.5 mass%, Zn: 31.5 mass%, Ti: 1 mass%, Sn: 1 mass%, Al: 4 mass% was made of Ti, Sn, Al. The virgin raw material was melted in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the virgin raw material was not held in the scrap material and was disposed as it was at the lowermost part of the raw material layer to be dissolved.
[0021]
Thus, when the compositions of the ingots obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and the ingots obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were analyzed, the ingots of Examples 1 to 4 were all as planned. It was an alloy composition. However, the ingots of Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were low in quality because the specific elements Si and Ti were oxidized and the yield was low. In particular, in the ingots of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 containing Si whose specific gravity difference from the main element is larger than that of Ti, the yield and quality are significantly reduced.
[0022]
【The invention's effect】
As can be easily understood from the above description, according to the melting method of the present invention, a special melting furnace as described in (1) and an alloy raw material as described in (2) are not used. , using common furnace atmosphere open type, copper, zinc main element compared with light specific gravity, the additive element or a part thereof the high silicon or the like having chemical affinity with and oxygen refractory Can be manufactured easily and efficiently while improving the yield and ingot quality.

Claims (12)

バージン原料及びスクラップ材を、被溶解原料として、溶解炉内に積層した形態で溶解させることにより、主元素である銅又は銅及び亜鉛とこれより添加量の少ない一種以上の添加元素とからなる合金であって、主元素に比して軽比重,高融点で且つ酸素との化学的親和力の高い特定元素が添加元素として含まれている合金を溶製する方法において、
特定元素のバージン原料については、中空状のスクラップ材に充填させた形態及び/又は塊状に集合,成形されたスクラップ材に混入させることにより当該スクラップ材に保持させた形態で、溶解炉内における被溶解原料層の下部領域に位置させておくようにすることを特徴とする合金の溶製方法。
An alloy composed of copper or copper and zinc as main elements and one or more additive elements with a smaller amount of addition by melting virgin raw materials and scrap materials as raw materials to be melted in a laminated form in a melting furnace In a method of melting an alloy containing a specific element as an additive element having a light specific gravity, a high melting point, and a high chemical affinity with oxygen compared to the main element,
The virgin raw material of a specific element is used in the melting furnace in a form filled in a hollow scrap material and / or in a form held in the scrap material as a result of being mixed in a lump and formed into a lump. An alloy melting method characterized by being positioned in a lower region of a melting raw material layer.
被溶解原料を、特定元素のバージン原料及びこれを保持するスクラップ材を除いて、嵩密度の低いものから順に溶解炉内に積層させるようにすることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載する合金の溶製方法。  2. The alloy according to claim 1, wherein the raw material to be melted is laminated in a melting furnace in order from the lowest in bulk density, excluding the virgin raw material of the specific element and the scrap material holding the raw material. Method of melting. 特定元素が、主元素との比重差が1.5以上であるものであることを特徴とする、請求項1又は請求項に記載する合金の溶製方法。Certain elements, difference in specific gravity between the main element is characterized in that at least 1.5, according to claim 1 or a method of melting an alloy according to claim 2. 特定元素が、主元素との融点差が200℃以上であるものであることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2又は請求項に記載する合金の溶製方法。Is specific element, and characterized in that the melting point difference between the main element is 200 ° C. or higher, according to claim 1, claim 2 or a method of melting an alloy according to claim 3. 特定元素のバージン原料が、粒径2〜50mmの粒状物であることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3又は請求項に載する合金の溶製方法。Virgin raw material of a specific element, characterized in that it is a particulate material having a particle size of 2 to 50 mm, according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 3 or the method of melting the alloy mounting in claim 4. 特定元素のバージン原料を、これを保持するスクラップ材に対する体積比が3〜60%となるように、当該スクラップ材に充填又は混入させるようにしたことを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4又は請求項に記載する合金の溶製方法。The virgin raw material of the specific element is filled or mixed in the scrap material so that the volume ratio with respect to the scrap material holding the virgin raw material becomes 3 to 60%. , claim 3, claim 4 or method of melting an alloy according to claim 5. 特定元素のバージン原料を充填させる中空状のスクラップ材がパイプ材又は筒状材であることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4、請求項5又は請求項に記載する合金の溶製方法。Wherein the hollow scrap material to fill the virgin raw material of a specific element is a pipe member or tubular member, according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, claim 4, claim 5 or claim Item 7. A method for melting an alloy according to item 6 . 特定元素のバージン原料を保持するスクラップ材が切屑、打ち抜き屑、線状材、細管材又は小形中空材の集合物であって、特定元素のバージン原料を囲繞する形態で一つの塊状に成形されたものであることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4、請求項5、請求項6又は請求項に記載する合金の溶製方法。The scrap material holding the virgin raw material of the specific element is a collection of chips, punched scraps, linear material, thin tube material or small hollow material, and formed into one lump in a form surrounding the virgin raw material of the specific element and characterized in that, according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, claim 4, claim 5, the claim 6 or the method of melting an alloy according to claim 7. 主元素が銅及び亜鉛であり、特定元素が珪素であることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4、請求項5、請求項6、請求項7又は請求項に記載する合金の溶製方法。The main element is the copper and zinc, characterized in that the particular element is silicon, according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, claim 4, claim 5, claim 6, claim 7 or A method for melting an alloy according to claim 8 . 主元素が銅であり、特定元素がチタンであることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4、請求項5、請求項6、請求項7又は請求項8に記載する合金の溶製方法。The main element is copper, and the specific element is titanium, wherein the specific element is titanium, claim 2, claim 3, claim 4, claim 5, claim 7, or claim 8. The melting method of the alloy described in 1. 主元素が銅及び亜鉛であり、特定元素がチタンであることを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4、請求項5、請求項6、請求項7又は請求項8に記載する合金の溶製方法。The main element is copper and zinc, and the specific element is titanium, wherein the specific element is titanium, claim 2, claim 4, claim 5, claim 6, claim 7 or claim Item 9. A method for melting an alloy according to Item 8. 溶解炉内に積層された被溶解原料を、木炭被覆下において、大気中
で溶解するようにしたことを特徴とする、請求項1、請求項2、請求項3、請求項4、請求項5、請求項6、請求項7、請求項8、請求項9、請求項10又は請求項11に記載する合金の溶製方法。
The material to be melted laminated in the melting furnace is melted in the atmosphere under charcoal coating, wherein the raw material is melted in the atmosphere. A method for melting an alloy according to claim 6, claim 7, claim 8, claim 9, claim 10, or claim 11.
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