JP3771382B2 - Deodorizer and deodorizer - Google Patents
Deodorizer and deodorizer Download PDFInfo
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- JP3771382B2 JP3771382B2 JP25545798A JP25545798A JP3771382B2 JP 3771382 B2 JP3771382 B2 JP 3771382B2 JP 25545798 A JP25545798 A JP 25545798A JP 25545798 A JP25545798 A JP 25545798A JP 3771382 B2 JP3771382 B2 JP 3771382B2
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- 230000001877 deodorizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 78
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000006359 acetalization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004332 deodorization Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011354 acetal resin Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 26
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- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 19
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyraldehyde Chemical compound CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Landscapes
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Disinfection, Sterilisation Or Deodorisation Of Air (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、多孔質ポリビニルアセタール樹脂からなる、脱臭用担体、この脱臭用担体に脱臭微生物が付着した脱臭剤、この脱臭用担体又は脱臭剤を含有する脱臭装置、およびこの脱臭用担体又は脱臭剤を含有するろ過と脱臭を同時に行う装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来から、排気中の臭気物質除去のために、活性炭処理、金属担持活性炭処理等を行う方法がある(例えば、特開昭53−87980号公報、特開昭53−137089号公報など)。しかし、その再生には、不活性ガスの存在下、例えば、370℃以上の高温で加熱することが必要であり、再生後の活性もあまり高くないという欠点がある。
【0003】
そこで、近年、微生物を用いて脱臭する試みがなされている。例えば、特開平3−245815号公報には、セラミックス担体を微生物の担体として用いることが記載され、特開平4−281817号公報には、空隙率が40〜50%、圧力損失が13mmAq/m以上のセラミックスに微生物を生育させて排気を脱臭することが記載されている。
【0004】
このセラミックス担体は、耐摩耗性に優れているものの、空隙率が低く、微生物が付着する面積が小さいため、より効率的な脱臭を行うためにはこれらの点を改善する必要がある。
【0005】
空隙率が比較的高く、保水性もよい多孔質体としては、有機多孔質体が挙げられる。例えば、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリウレタン、セルロース等の多孔質体は、比較的保水性が高く、微生物との親和性は優れているものの、一般に、機械的強度(耐摩耗性能)が劣っており、担体同士の摩擦や反応槽内壁との摩擦により摩耗し易く、担体寿命が短いという欠点があるので、排気中の脱臭には使用されていないのが現状である。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
従って、使用上十分な強度を有し、かつ、空隙率が高く、圧力損失も小さい脱臭用担体が求められていた。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、多孔質ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(以下、PVAtと略することがある)が、排気及び排水中の脱臭に用いる微生物の担体として極めて優れた性質及び効果を有すること、すなわち、(1)表面に適度な大きさの開口部を有するのみならず、この開口部と連通する孔を有し、かつ、平均気孔率(空隙率)が大きいので、圧力損失が少ない、(2)開口部と連通する孔を有し、かつ平均気孔率(空隙率)が大きいので、比表面積が非常に大きく、脱臭効率が高い、(3)平均気孔率(空隙率)が大きく、孔が連通しているため樹脂内を排気、廃水などが自由に移動できるので、空気及び廃水の通過(処理)量が大きく、空気及び廃水の流量を上げても脱臭効率が落ちない、(4)適度な大きさの、水分が自由に移動できる孔を有する結果、微生物が表面のみならず連通孔内部にも付着でき、脱臭効率は大きく上昇する、(5)平均気孔率(空隙率)が高いにも係わらず、機械的強度(耐摩耗性)に優れる、(6)親水性であることから、ぬれ性に富んでおり、微生物との親和性が高い、すなわち、微生物が生育しやすい環境であるため、そのまま排気中に曝すだけで自然に脱臭微生物が多孔質PVAtに付着(あるいは結合、凝集)し、ろ過と同時に脱臭も行うことができる、及び(7)古くなったあるいは使用後の脱臭剤は焼却処分できる、という性質及び効果を見出して完成されたものである。
【0008】
本発明の多孔質PVAtは、液体および気体の脱臭に用いられるが、特に、気体(排気)中の脱臭に適している。
【0009】
本発明は、少なくとも一つの開口部とそれに繋がる内部の連通気孔を有する多孔質ポリビニルアセタール樹脂からなる脱臭用担体に関する。
【0010】
好適な実施態様においては、前記多孔質ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の平均気孔率が60%以上である。
【0011】
また、好適な実施態様においては、前記開口部の平均孔径が50μm以上である。
【0012】
また、好適な実施態様においては、多孔質PVAtのアセタール化度が75モル%以上である。
【0013】
さらに、好適な実施態様においては、前記担体が、立方体、直方体、粒状、球状、あるいはシート状である。
【0014】
また、本発明は、前記多孔質PVAtからなる脱臭用担体に脱臭微生物が付着した脱臭剤に関する。
【0015】
本発明は、また、前記多孔質PVAtからなる脱臭用担体を含有する、脱臭装置に関する。
【0016】
さらに、本発明は、前記脱臭用担体に脱臭微生物が付着した脱臭剤を含有する脱臭装置に関する。
【0017】
また、本発明は、少なくとも一つの開口部とそれに繋がる内部の連通気孔を有する多孔質PVAtを含有する、脱臭およびろ過を同時に行う装置に関する。
【0018】
さらに、本発明は、少なくとも一つの開口部とそれに繋がる内部の連通気孔を有する多孔質PVAtに脱臭微生物が付着した担体を含有する脱臭およびろ過を同時に行う装置に関する。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明について、詳細に説明する。
【0020】
本発明の担体として用いるPVAtは、少なくとも一つの開口部とそれに繋がる内部の連通気孔を有する。「開口部とそれに繋がる内部の連通気孔」とは、粒子表面上の一つの開口部とそれに繋がる気孔が、内部で連絡して、空洞状(中空状)をなしていることを意味する。従って、ある一つの開口部から入った気体、液体等の流体は、内部の孔を通って、(他の)開口部から出てくることが可能である。
【0021】
本発明の担体として用いるPVAtの平均気孔率(空隙率)は約60%以上であることが好ましい。平均気孔率は、一般的には約70%以上、より好ましくは、約80%以上、最も好ましくは約85%以上である。平均気孔率が約60%を下回ると、圧力損失が大きくなる。
【0022】
PVAt樹脂の開口部の平均孔径は約50μm以上が好ましい。一般的には、約100μm以上、より好ましくは約500μm以上、最も好ましくは約700μm以上である。小さすぎる圧力損失が大きくなり、微生物の付着量も減少する。
【0023】
PVAtのアセタール化度は約75モル%以上が好ましい。より好ましくは約80モル%以上、さらに好ましくは約85モル%以上である。このような高いアセタール化度を得るために、アセタール化反応を2度、あるいはそれ以上繰り返してもよい。このような高いアセタール化度にすることにより、平均気孔率が大きいにもかかわらず、堅固な、耐摩耗性に優れたPVAtが得られる。
【0024】
本発明のPVAt担体は、その形状を問わない。例えば、立方体、直方体、粒状、球状、あるいはシート状またはこれらに近い形状であってもよい。大きさは問わず、任意の大きさが用いられる。形状が小さいほど、比表面積が大きくなるので、できるだけ小さい方がよいが、圧力損失も考慮する必要があるので、実験等により、予め大きさを決めておくと良い。一般的には、約lmm〜20mmであることが好ましい。大きさが約20mmを超えると、有効表面積が小さくなるため、微生物を高濃度で維持することが困難となり、処理能力が低下する。粒子の大きさがlmmより小さい場合は、取り扱いが困難となる。好ましくは、約5〜20mm、より好ましくは、約8〜15mmである。
【0025】
また、内部の連通気孔の平均気孔径および、開口部の孔径は、電子顕微鏡写真を用いて測定できる。
【0026】
平均気孔率は、見かけ体積(Va)及び真体積(V)を測定して、式:ε=(1―V/Va)×100(%)により求められる。見かけ体積(Va)は、例えば、ノギスを用いて、3箇所で測定した、含水状態のサンプルの直径の平均値として求められる。また、真体積(V)は、例えば、島津製作所製乾式自動密度計アキュビック1330(商品名)を用いて測定される。
【0027】
アセタール化度は、重水素クロロホルムおよびトリフルオロ酢酸水溶液中でのプロトンNMR測定から次式により求められる。
アセタール化度F=(a/c)×100(%)
aは、エーテル基に隣接するメチレンプロトン(例えば、4.667、5.150、5.313、および5.326ppm)のピーク強度の合計をあらわし、cはメチンプロトン(例えば、4.153、4.442ppm)のピーク強度の合計を表す。
【0028】
本発明の担体は、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール(以下、PVAと略することがある)と気孔形成剤との混合液に酸性のアルデヒド溶液を加えて、反応型に流し込んでアセタール化し、アセタール化成形体を得、ついで、この成形体から気孔形成剤を除去して、裁断することにより、得られる。
【0029】
あるいは、本発明の担体は、まず、アセタール化したPVAt(一次アセタール)を得、これを裁断してから、更にアセタール化する(二次加工)ことにより、得られる。すなわち、まず、60〜75%程度のアセタール化度のPVAt樹脂(スポンジ)を作成し、裁断等により目的の形状としてから、さらにアセタール化することができる。アセタール化度を高くすることにより、PVAtの強度が高くなり、堅固で、摩擦などにより崩壊することがないPVAtが得られる。アセタール化は2度またはそれ以上行ってもよい。
【0030】
PVAとしては、平均重合度が500〜3800のPVAが望ましい。PVAは、完全ケン化であってもよく、部分ケン化物であってもよく、また、低重合度物を混合したものであってもよい。平均重合度が500未満の場合は、高気孔率を有するスポンジ状球状粒子を得ることが困難になり、平均重合度が3800を超える場合は、水に溶解したときの粘度が高くなりすぎるため、混練工程において取り扱いが困難となる。なお、重合度の異なるPVAをブレンドして使用することもでき、また、上記重合度範囲のPVAに限らず、例えば、重合度1500のPVAと重合度300のPVAとを混合して使用してもよい。
【0031】
PVAの濃度は、特に限定されるものではないが、一般に、5〜15重量%が好ましく、6〜10重量%がより好ましく、7〜9重量%がさらに好ましい。 PVA濃度が15重量%を超える場合は、溶液の粘度が高くなりすぎて、取り扱いが困難となる。また、PVA濃度が5重量%より低い場合、樹脂の骨格を形成するPVAtの量が少なく、担体の強度が低下するので、好ましくない。
【0032】
気孔形成剤は、直接、PVAtの成型等には関与しないが、後に取り除かれて、空洞を形成する。これにより、連通孔を有するPVAtが得られる。気孔形成剤としては、アセタール化反応を酸性条件下で行うので、酸性条件下で溶解除去される気孔形成剤が、製造上好適である。
【0033】
気孔形成剤としては、デンプンが好適である。デンプンは、その種類を問わない。例えば、タピオカデンプン、コーンスターチ、デンプン加工物等が挙げられる。添加するデンプンの濃度は、約3〜12%が適切である。約12%より高くなると、アセタール化反応速度が遅くなり、約3%より低くなると、アセタール化反応時の収縮が大きくなり、成形体の平均気孔率が低下するという問題がある。
【0034】
次に、ポリビニルアルコールと気孔形成剤との混合物とアルデヒドとを酸性条件下反応させ、PVAtとする。酸としては、例えば、硫酸、塩酸、リン酸等の無機酸、マレイン酸等の有機酸が挙げられる。中でも、強酸が好ましく、約10〜70%の硫酸溶液、好ましくは、約25〜60%硫酸溶液が用いられる。2回目のアセタール化反応には、5〜25%の硫酸溶液、好ましくは、10〜20%硫酸溶液が用いられる。
【0035】
アセタール化に用いるアルデヒドとしては、ホルムアルデヒド、ベンズアルデヒド、アセトアルデヒド、ブチルアルデヒド、アクリルアルデヒドまたはグリオキザ一ルなどの脂肪族あるいは芳香族アルデヒドが挙げられる。共存する酸により容易にアルデヒドに変換するようなアセタールを利用しても良い。PVAとの反応性、水溶性、価格、取り扱い性、反応生成物の強度および反応後の処理の容易性等を考慮すると、ホルムアルデヒドが好適に用いられる。
【0036】
反応に用いるアルデヒドの濃度は、目的とするアセタール化度を考慮して決定すればよいが、共存する酸触媒の濃度、反応温度および反応時間に応じて、適宜選定することが必要である。アルデヒド濃度が高いほど反応速度が速くなるが、アセタール化度の制御は困難となる。アセタール化度の調整は、反応液のアルデヒド類の配合量、反応液の温度、反応時間を調整することにより行うことができる。反応温度は、通常、約30℃〜80℃、好ましくは、約60℃〜80℃である。
【0037】
以上のようにして得られたPVAt担体は、少なくとも一つの開口部とそれに繋がる内部の連通気孔を有する多孔質であり、堅固な構造を有しており、さらに、親水性を有し、微生物との親和性に富んでいる。この担体を、例えば生物濾床式の装置の排気中に曝すと、排気中の挟雑物のろ過ができると同時に、自然に脱臭微生物が付着し、硫黄化合物あるいは窒素化合物を分解できるようになる。従って、本発明で得られるPVAtは、脱臭用担体として用いることができ、脱臭微生物を付着させた担体は、脱臭剤として用いることができる。このように、多孔質PVAt及びこれに脱臭微生物が付着した脱臭剤は、脱臭用担体及び脱臭剤としての使用の他に、ろ過と脱臭の両方が同時にできるという特徴を有する。
【0038】
ここで、脱臭微生物とは、硫黄化合物(H2S、メルカプタン類、SOx等)あるいは窒素化合物(アンモニア、NOx等)等の臭気物質を分解できる微生物をいう。例えば、アンモニアを除去する微生物としては、アルスロバクター属、シュードモナス属、バチルス属、ニトロバクター属、ニトロソモナス属に属する細菌が挙げられる。硫化水素あるいはメルカプタン類を除去する微生物としては、チオバチルス属に属する細菌が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
【0039】
本発明の脱臭剤は、上記の自然に脱臭微生物が付着する以外にも、多孔質PVAtの存在下脱臭微生物を培養することにより多孔質PVAtの表面および内部に脱臭微生物を付着させるか、多孔質PVAtに脱臭微生物を固定化することにより得られる。
【0040】
固定化方法には種々あるが、限定されない。例えば、脱臭微生物と微生物固定化剤とを含む混合溶液に、多孔質PVAtを含浸させ、微生物固定化剤を不溶化させることにより、脱臭微生物が固定化される。
【0041】
本発明の、脱臭用担体及び/又は(脱臭用担体に脱臭微生物が付着した)脱臭剤を含有する脱臭装置あるいは脱臭およびろ過を同時に行う装置は、その構造に特に制限はない。気体の場合を例にとると、基本的には、ガス導入口と排出口とを有し、ガスの流路に脱臭用担体及び/又は脱臭剤が保持される構造であればよい。乾燥ガスを処理する場合には、ガスと微生物との界面に水を介在させる必要があり、更に微生物の生育及び活性維持のために、並びに脱臭微生物により生じる酸化物の処理のために、水分を供給する手段(例えば、散水装置)を具備することが好ましい。PVAtは親水性であり、ぬれ性も高いので微生物との親和性に富むため、水分量は少なくてもよい。しかし、導入されるガスが、例えば廃水処理場からのガスのように水分を含むガスであれば、水分供給手段は必ずしも必要ではない。
【0042】
図1に、本発明の脱臭装置の1例を示す。脱臭装置1は、ガス導入口2とガス排出口3とを有し、その両端にメッシュの粗いフィルター4が配設された円筒構造5を有している。その内部には、本発明の脱臭微生物が固定化された(付着した)脱臭用担体(脱臭剤)6が充填されている。円筒構造5の内部の上部には、給水手段7が設けられ、水が補給される。円筒構造5の下部には、排水手段8が設けられ、余分な水、および悪臭物質を溶解した水が排水できるようになっている。悪臭を有するガスは、ガス導入口2から供給され、脱臭用担体(脱臭剤)6を通過する間に悪臭が除去され、清浄ガスが、ガス排出口3から排出される。
【0043】
脱臭装置は、ガス導入口と排出口とを有するケーシング内に配置される、カセット式の構造でもよい。
【0044】
さらに、本発明の脱臭装置は、シート状でも用いられ、例えば、脱臭マットなどのトイレタリー用品としても用いられる。
【0045】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を説明するが、本発明がこれらの実施例に限定されないことはいうまでもない。
【0046】
【実施例】
重合度1500の完全ケン化PVA5.5Kgに水を加えて60Lとし、加熱してPVAを完全に溶解させた。デンプン10Kgを水に分散し、19Lとしたものを別に調製した。このPVA水溶液にデンプン分散液を加えて十分に攪拌することにより、均一で粘調な混合スラリー溶液を得た。得られた混合スラリーを冷却した後、37%濃度のホルムアルデヒド水溶液11Lと50%濃度の硫酸水溶液10Lとを加え、さらに攪拌混合したものを反応液とした。反応液の最終組成は、以下のようであった。
PVA 5.5%
デンプン 10.0%
ホルムアルデヒド 4.1%
硫酸 5.0%
【0047】
この反応液を、寸法が縦300mm、横600mm、高さ400mmのポリ塩化ビニル製の反応型に注型した。このときの反応液の温度は40℃であった。次に、注入が完了した反応型を60℃に設定した温水中に置き、その状態を維持して反応を進行させた。18時間後に反応型を取り出し、20℃の水中に反応型を沈め、1時間ほど放置し、十分に冷却した。冷却後に反応型を水中から取り出し、反応成形体を取り出した。得られた反応生成物を十分水洗することにより、デンプンを除去し、残存するホルマリンおよび硫酸を除去することにより、良好な反発弾性を有する多孔質PVAt成形体を得た。
【0048】
ついで、得られたPVAt成形体を約12mmの厚みにスライスした後、裁断加工機を用いて縦横方向に打ち抜き、12mm角の立方体を多数得た。
【0049】
次に、最終濃度が23%硫酸と14%ホルムアルデヒドとなるように調製した硫酸−ホルムアルデヒド混合溶液に、この12mm角のPVAtを浸漬し、60℃にて反応させ、再アセタール化した。24時間後にこのPVAt立方粒状物を取り出し、十分水洗して残留する硫酸及びホルムアルデヒドを除去した。水洗後、80℃の温風にて乾燥し、約10mm角の再アセタール化されたPVAt立方粒状物を得た。
【0050】
得られたPVAt立方粒状物の平均気孔率は90%であり、平均気孔径は700μmであった。アセタール化度は89%であった。
【0051】
(実施例2)
実施例1と同じ操作を繰り返して得られたPVAt立方粒状物(平均気孔率90%、平均気孔径700μm、アセタール化度89%)を、図1の構造を有する直径0.5m、高さ2mの円筒形のカラムに充填した。このカラムに生物濾床式の排気ガスを2ヶ月間通気した。2ヶ月後、このカラム内のPVAtを取り出すと、排気ガスの入り口に近いところでは、微細な固形物がPVAtに補集されていることが観察され、そして、PVAtの全体は、その表面および内部が微生物で覆われていた。
【0052】
この微生物が付着したPVAtを再び同じカラムに戻して、脱臭性能を検討した。脱臭成分としては硫化水素(H2S)を用い、カラムの入り口と出口に、H2S検知管を配置して濃度を測定した。なお、2時間に1回、2L/minで2分間、散水を行った。流速を種々変えて行った結果を表1に示す。
【0053】
【表1】
【0054】
この結果は、PVAt担体が、ろ過剤としてのみならず、脱臭用の担体として用いられることを示している。そして、微生物を培養して固定化する手段を用いないでも脱臭微生物が固定化され(付着し)、生育して脱臭剤として機能することが示され、その活性も極めて高いことが示された。
【0055】
(実施例3)
実施例1と同様の方法で、デンプン濃度を種々変えて、PVAt立方粒状物を得た。得られたPVAtの性能を表2に示す。アセタール化度は、いずれも80%以上であった。サンプルNo.4は、実施例1と同じサンプルである。
【0056】
なお、表2中、圧力損失は、2mm厚みのPVAtで測定したものである。測定条件(風速)が異なるのは、例えば、No.4のサンプルでは、風速37mm/secでは圧力損失がない等、同一条件では圧力損失が測定できないからである。
【0057】
【表2】
【0058】
サンプルNo.1〜3について、実施例2と同様に硫化水素の吸着試験を行ったところ、ほぼ同様の結果が得られた。
【0059】
これらの圧力損失は非常に小さく、本発明の脱臭用担体あるいは脱臭剤は、極めて優れた脱臭剤ということができる。
【0060】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、以下に述べる、極めて優れた性質を有する脱臭用担体、脱臭剤、並びにこれらを含有する脱臭装置が提供される:(1)表面に適度な大きさの開口部を有するのみならず、この開口部と連通する孔を有し、かつ、平均気孔率(空隙率)が大きいので、圧力損失が少ない、(2)開口部と連通する孔を有し、かつ平均気孔率(空隙率)が大きいので、比表面積が非常に大きく、脱臭効率が高い、(3)平均気孔率(空隙率)が大きく、孔が連通しているため樹脂内を排気、廃水などが自由に移動できるので、空気及び廃水の通過(処理)量が大きく、空気及び廃水の流量を上げても脱臭効率が落ちない、(4)適度な大きさの、水分が自由に移動できる孔を有する結果、微生物が表面のみならず連通孔内部にも付着でき、脱臭効率は大きく上昇する、(5)平均気孔率(空隙率)が高いにも係わらず、機械的強度(耐摩耗性)に優れる、(6)親水性であることから、ぬれ性に富んでおり、微生物との親和性が高い、すなわち、微生物が生育しやすい環境であるため、そのまま排気中に曝すだけで自然に脱臭微生物が多孔質PVAtに付着(あるいは結合、凝集)し、ろ過と同時に脱臭も行うことができる、及び(7)古くなったあるいは使用後の脱臭剤は焼却処分できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の脱臭装置を示す図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a deodorizing carrier comprising a porous polyvinyl acetal resin, a deodorizing agent having a deodorizing microorganism attached to the deodorizing carrier, a deodorizing device containing the deodorizing carrier or a deodorizing agent, and the deodorizing carrier or deodorizing agent. The present invention relates to an apparatus for simultaneously performing filtration and deodorization containing odor.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, there are methods of performing activated carbon treatment, metal-supported activated carbon treatment, and the like for removing odorous substances in exhaust gas (for example, JP-A-53-87980 and JP-A-53-137089). However, the regeneration requires heating in the presence of an inert gas at a high temperature of, for example, 370 ° C. or higher, and has a drawback that the activity after regeneration is not so high.
[0003]
In recent years, attempts have been made to deodorize using microorganisms. For example, JP-A-3-245815 describes the use of a ceramic carrier as a microorganism carrier, and JP-A-4-281817 discloses a porosity of 40 to 50% and a pressure loss of 13 mmAq / m or more. It is described that microorganisms are grown on these ceramics to deodorize exhaust gas.
[0004]
Although this ceramic carrier is excellent in abrasion resistance, since the porosity is low and the area to which microorganisms adhere is small, it is necessary to improve these points for more efficient deodorization.
[0005]
Examples of the porous body having a relatively high porosity and good water retention include organic porous bodies. For example, although porous bodies such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, polyurethane, and cellulose have relatively high water retention and excellent affinity with microorganisms, they generally have mechanical strength (wear resistance). Since it is inferior and is easily worn by friction between carriers and friction with the inner wall of the reaction tank, it has the disadvantage that the life of the carrier is short, so it is not used for deodorization in exhaust gas.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Accordingly, there has been a demand for a deodorizing carrier having sufficient strength for use, a high porosity, and a small pressure loss.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the present invention, the porous polyvinyl acetal resin (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as PVAt) has extremely excellent properties and effects as a microorganism carrier used for deodorization in exhaust and wastewater, that is, (1) Surface In addition to having a moderately sized opening, it has a hole communicating with this opening and has a large average porosity (voidage), so there is little pressure loss. (2) Communicating with the opening And the average porosity (porosity) is large, so the specific surface area is very large and the deodorization efficiency is high. (3) The average porosity (porosity) is large and the pores are connected. Since exhaust and waste water can move freely through the resin, the amount of passing (treatment) of air and waste water is large, and deodorization efficiency does not decrease even if the flow rate of air and waste water is increased. (4) Has holes that allow moisture to move freely As a result, microorganisms can adhere not only to the surface but also to the inside of the communication hole, and the deodorization efficiency is greatly increased. (5) Despite the high average porosity (porosity), the mechanical strength (wear resistance) is excellent. (6) Since it is hydrophilic, it has high wettability and high affinity with microorganisms, that is, it is an environment in which microorganisms are easy to grow. Completed by finding the properties and effects of adhering (or binding, agglomerating) to porous PVAt and being able to deodorize simultaneously with filtration, and (7) old or used deodorizers can be incinerated. It is a thing.
[0008]
The porous PVAt of the present invention is used for deodorization of liquid and gas, and is particularly suitable for deodorization in gas (exhaust gas).
[0009]
The present invention relates to a deodorizing carrier comprising a porous polyvinyl acetal resin having at least one opening and an internal continuous air hole connected to the opening.
[0010]
In a preferred embodiment, the porous polyvinyl acetal resin has an average porosity of 60% or more.
[0011]
In a preferred embodiment, the average pore diameter of the opening is 50 μm or more.
[0012]
In a preferred embodiment, the degree of acetalization of the porous PVAt is 75 mol% or more.
[0013]
Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the carrier has a cubic shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a granular shape, a spherical shape, or a sheet shape.
[0014]
The present invention also relates to a deodorizing agent in which a deodorizing microorganism adheres to the deodorizing carrier made of the porous PVAt.
[0015]
The present invention also relates to a deodorizing apparatus comprising a deodorizing carrier made of the porous PVAt.
[0016]
Furthermore, this invention relates to the deodorizing apparatus containing the deodorizing agent which the deodorizing microorganisms adhered to the said deodorizing support | carrier.
[0017]
Moreover, this invention relates to the apparatus which performs the deodorizing and filtration simultaneously containing the porous PVAt which has an internal continuous ventilation hole connected to at least 1 opening part and it.
[0018]
Furthermore, the present invention relates to an apparatus for simultaneously performing deodorization and filtration containing a carrier having deodorized microorganisms attached to a porous PVAt having at least one opening and an internal continuous air vent connected to the opening.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
[0020]
PVAt used as a carrier of the present invention has at least one opening and an internal continuous air hole connected to the opening. The term “opening and an internal communication vent connected to the opening” means that one opening on the particle surface and a pore connected to the opening communicate with each other to form a hollow shape. Therefore, a fluid such as a gas or a liquid entering from one opening can come out of the (other) opening through the internal hole.
[0021]
The average porosity (porosity) of PVAt used as the carrier of the present invention is preferably about 60% or more. The average porosity is generally about 70% or more, more preferably about 80% or more, and most preferably about 85% or more. When the average porosity is less than about 60%, the pressure loss increases.
[0022]
The average pore diameter of the PVAt resin opening is preferably about 50 μm or more. Generally, it is about 100 μm or more, more preferably about 500 μm or more, and most preferably about 700 μm or more. Pressure loss that is too small increases and the amount of microorganisms attached also decreases.
[0023]
The degree of acetalization of PVAt is preferably about 75 mol% or more. More preferably, it is about 80 mol% or more, More preferably, it is about 85 mol% or more. In order to obtain such a high degree of acetalization, the acetalization reaction may be repeated twice or more. By adopting such a high degree of acetalization, a solid PVAt excellent in wear resistance can be obtained although the average porosity is large.
[0024]
The shape of the PVAt carrier of the present invention is not limited. For example, it may be a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped, a granular shape, a spherical shape, a sheet shape, or a shape close to these. Any size is used regardless of the size. The smaller the shape is, the larger the specific surface area becomes. Therefore, it is better to make it as small as possible, but it is necessary to consider the pressure loss. In general, it is preferably about 1 mm to 20 mm. When the size exceeds about 20 mm, the effective surface area becomes small, so that it becomes difficult to maintain the microorganisms at a high concentration, and the processing capacity is lowered. When the particle size is smaller than 1 mm, handling becomes difficult. Preferably, it is about 5 to 20 mm, more preferably about 8 to 15 mm.
[0025]
Moreover, the average pore diameter of the internal continuous air holes and the hole diameter of the opening can be measured using an electron micrograph.
[0026]
The average porosity is obtained by measuring the apparent volume (Va) and the true volume (V), and the equation: ε = (1−V / Va) × 100 (%). The apparent volume (Va) is obtained, for example, as an average value of the diameters of the water-containing samples measured at three locations using calipers. The true volume (V) is measured using, for example, Shimadzu dry automatic densimeter ACUBIC 1330 (trade name).
[0027]
The degree of acetalization is determined by the following formula from proton NMR measurement in deuterium chloroform and trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution.
Acetalization degree F = (a / c) × 100 (%)
a represents the sum of the peak intensities of methylene protons (eg, 4.667, 5.150, 5.313, and 5.326 ppm) adjacent to the ether group, and c represents the methine proton (eg, 4.153, 4 .442 ppm) of peak intensity.
[0028]
For example, the carrier of the present invention is obtained by adding an acidic aldehyde solution to a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as PVA) and a pore-forming agent, and pouring into a reaction type to form an acetalized product. Then, the pore-forming agent is removed from the molded body and cut.
[0029]
Alternatively, the carrier of the present invention can be obtained by first obtaining acetalized PVAt (primary acetal), cutting it, and further acetalizing (secondary processing). That is, first, a PVAt resin (sponge) having a degree of acetalization of about 60 to 75% is prepared and formed into a target shape by cutting or the like, and further acetalized. By increasing the degree of acetalization, the strength of PVAt increases, and PVAt that is firm and does not collapse due to friction or the like is obtained. Acetalization may be performed twice or more.
[0030]
As PVA, PVA having an average degree of polymerization of 500 to 3800 is desirable. PVA may be completely saponified, partially saponified, or mixed with a low polymerization degree product. When the average degree of polymerization is less than 500, it becomes difficult to obtain sponge-like spherical particles having a high porosity, and when the average degree of polymerization exceeds 3800, the viscosity when dissolved in water becomes too high. Handling becomes difficult in the kneading process. In addition, PVA with different polymerization degrees can also be used by blending, and is not limited to the PVA in the above polymerization degree range. For example, PVA having a polymerization degree of 1500 and PVA having a polymerization degree of 300 are mixed and used. Also good.
[0031]
Although the density | concentration of PVA is not specifically limited, Generally, 5 to 15 weight% is preferable, 6 to 10 weight% is more preferable, and 7 to 9 weight% is further more preferable. When the PVA concentration exceeds 15% by weight, the viscosity of the solution becomes too high and handling becomes difficult. On the other hand, when the PVA concentration is lower than 5% by weight, the amount of PVAt forming the resin skeleton is small and the strength of the carrier is lowered, which is not preferable.
[0032]
The pore-forming agent is not directly involved in PVAt molding or the like, but is removed later to form a cavity. Thereby, PVAt which has a communicating hole is obtained. As the pore forming agent, since the acetalization reaction is carried out under acidic conditions, a pore forming agent that is dissolved and removed under acidic conditions is suitable for production.
[0033]
As the pore-forming agent, starch is suitable. The type of starch is not limited. For example, tapioca starch, corn starch, processed starch, and the like can be mentioned. A suitable concentration of starch to be added is about 3-12%. If it is higher than about 12%, the acetalization reaction rate becomes slow, and if it is lower than about 3%, there is a problem that the shrinkage during the acetalization reaction is increased and the average porosity of the molded product is lowered.
[0034]
Next, a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and a pore-forming agent and aldehyde are reacted under acidic conditions to obtain PVAt. Examples of the acid include inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as maleic acid. Among these, strong acids are preferable, and about 10 to 70% sulfuric acid solution, preferably about 25 to 60% sulfuric acid solution is used. For the second acetalization reaction, a 5 to 25% sulfuric acid solution, preferably a 10 to 20% sulfuric acid solution is used.
[0035]
Examples of the aldehyde used for acetalization include aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes such as formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, acrylic aldehyde, and glyoxal. An acetal that can be easily converted into an aldehyde by the coexisting acid may be used. In view of reactivity with PVA, water solubility, price, handleability, strength of reaction product, ease of treatment after reaction, and the like, formaldehyde is preferably used.
[0036]
The concentration of the aldehyde used in the reaction may be determined in consideration of the desired degree of acetalization, but it is necessary to select it appropriately according to the concentration of the coexisting acid catalyst, the reaction temperature and the reaction time. The higher the aldehyde concentration, the faster the reaction rate, but it becomes difficult to control the degree of acetalization. The degree of acetalization can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of aldehydes in the reaction solution, the temperature of the reaction solution, and the reaction time. The reaction temperature is generally about 30 ° C to 80 ° C, preferably about 60 ° C to 80 ° C.
[0037]
The PVAt carrier obtained as described above is a porous material having at least one opening and an internal continuous air hole connected to the opening, has a solid structure, has hydrophilicity, It is rich in affinity. When this carrier is exposed to, for example, the exhaust gas of a biological filter-type apparatus, impurities in the exhaust gas can be filtered, and at the same time, deodorizing microorganisms can naturally adhere and decompose sulfur compounds or nitrogen compounds. . Therefore, PVAt obtained in the present invention can be used as a deodorizing carrier, and a carrier to which deodorizing microorganisms are attached can be used as a deodorizing agent. As described above, the porous PVAt and the deodorizing agent having the deodorizing microorganisms attached thereto have a feature that both filtration and deodorization can be performed simultaneously in addition to use as a deodorizing carrier and deodorizing agent.
[0038]
Here, the deodorizing microorganism refers to a microorganism capable of decomposing odorous substances such as sulfur compounds (H 2 S, mercaptans, SOx, etc.) or nitrogen compounds (ammonia, NOx, etc.). For example, microorganisms that remove ammonia include bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Nitrobacter, and Nitrosomonas. Examples of microorganisms that remove hydrogen sulfide or mercaptans include, but are not limited to, bacteria belonging to the genus Thiobacillus.
[0039]
The deodorizing agent of the present invention can be used to attach deodorizing microorganisms to the surface and inside of porous PVAt by culturing the deodorizing microorganisms in the presence of porous PVAt, in addition to the above-mentioned naturally deodorizing microorganisms, It is obtained by immobilizing deodorizing microorganisms on PVAt.
[0040]
There are various immobilization methods, but they are not limited. For example, the deodorizing microorganisms are immobilized by impregnating the porous PVAt with a mixed solution containing the deodorizing microorganisms and the microorganism fixing agent and insolubilizing the microorganism fixing agent.
[0041]
The structure of the deodorizing apparatus containing the deodorizing carrier and / or the deodorizing agent (with the deodorizing microorganism attached to the deodorizing carrier) or the apparatus for simultaneously performing the deodorizing and filtering of the present invention is not particularly limited. Taking the case of gas as an example, the structure basically has a gas introduction port and a discharge port, and the deodorizing carrier and / or deodorizing agent is held in the gas flow path. When processing a dry gas, it is necessary to intervene water at the interface between the gas and the microorganism, and in order to maintain the growth and activity of the microorganism and to treat the oxides produced by the deodorizing microorganism, It is preferable to provide means for supplying (for example, a watering device). Since PVAt is hydrophilic and has high wettability, it has a high affinity with microorganisms, so the amount of water may be small. However, if the introduced gas is a gas containing moisture, such as a gas from a wastewater treatment plant, the moisture supply means is not necessarily required.
[0042]
In FIG. 1, an example of the deodorizing apparatus of this invention is shown. The
[0043]
The deodorizing device may have a cassette-type structure disposed in a casing having a gas inlet and an outlet.
[0044]
Furthermore, the deodorizing apparatus of the present invention can be used in the form of a sheet, for example, as a toiletry product such as a deodorizing mat.
[0045]
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated, it cannot be overemphasized that this invention is not limited to these Examples.
[0046]
【Example】
Water was added to 5.5 Kg of fully saponified PVA having a polymerization degree of 1500 to 60 L, and the PVA was completely dissolved by heating. 10 kg of starch was dispersed in water to prepare 19 L separately. The starch dispersion was added to this PVA aqueous solution and stirred sufficiently to obtain a uniform and viscous mixed slurry solution. After cooling the resulting mixed slurry, 11 L of a 37% strength formaldehyde aqueous solution and 10 L of a 50% strength sulfuric acid aqueous solution were added, and the mixture was further stirred and mixed to obtain a reaction solution. The final composition of the reaction solution was as follows.
PVA 5.5%
Starch 10.0%
Formaldehyde 4.1%
Sulfuric acid 5.0%
[0047]
This reaction solution was cast into a reaction type made of polyvinyl chloride having dimensions of 300 mm in length, 600 mm in width, and 400 mm in height. The temperature of the reaction solution at this time was 40 ° C. Next, the reaction type in which injection was completed was placed in warm water set at 60 ° C., and the reaction was allowed to proceed while maintaining the state. After 18 hours, the reaction type was taken out, submerged in 20 ° C. water, allowed to stand for about 1 hour, and sufficiently cooled. After cooling, the reaction mold was taken out of the water, and the reaction molded body was taken out. The obtained reaction product was sufficiently washed with water to remove starch, and the remaining formalin and sulfuric acid were removed to obtain a porous PVAt molded article having good resilience.
[0048]
Next, the obtained PVAt molded body was sliced to a thickness of about 12 mm and then punched in the vertical and horizontal directions using a cutting machine to obtain many 12 mm square cubes.
[0049]
Next, this 12 mm square PVAt was immersed in a sulfuric acid-formaldehyde mixed solution prepared so that the final concentrations were 23% sulfuric acid and 14% formaldehyde, and reacted at 60 ° C. to reacetalize. After 24 hours, the PVAt cubic particles were taken out and washed thoroughly with water to remove residual sulfuric acid and formaldehyde. After washing with water, it was dried with warm air of 80 ° C. to obtain a re-acetalized PVAt cubic granular material of about 10 mm square.
[0050]
The obtained PVAt cubic granular material had an average porosity of 90% and an average pore diameter of 700 μm. The degree of acetalization was 89%.
[0051]
(Example 2)
A PVAt cubic granular material (average porosity 90%, average pore diameter 700 μm, acetalization degree 89%) obtained by repeating the same operation as in Example 1 is obtained, having a diameter of 0.5 m and a height of 2 m having the structure of FIG. In a cylindrical column. The column was aerated with biological filter bed exhaust gas for 2 months. After 2 months, when the PVAt in the column is removed, near the exhaust gas inlet, it is observed that fine solids are collected in the PVAt, and the whole of the PVAt Was covered with microorganisms.
[0052]
The PVAt to which the microorganisms adhered was returned to the same column again, and the deodorizing performance was examined. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) was used as a deodorizing component, and H 2 S detector tubes were arranged at the inlet and outlet of the column to measure the concentration. In addition, watering was performed once every 2 hours at 2 L / min for 2 minutes. Table 1 shows the results obtained by changing various flow rates.
[0053]
[Table 1]
[0054]
This result indicates that the PVAt carrier is used not only as a filter agent but also as a carrier for deodorization. Then, it was shown that the deodorizing microorganisms were immobilized (attached) and grown and functioned as a deodorizing agent without using a means for culturing and immobilizing the microorganisms, and the activity was extremely high.
[0055]
Example 3
In the same manner as in Example 1, various starch concentrations were changed to obtain PVAt cubic granules. The performance of the obtained PVAt is shown in Table 2. The degree of acetalization was 80% or more in all cases. Sample No. 4 is the same sample as in Example 1.
[0056]
In Table 2, the pressure loss is measured with PVAt having a thickness of 2 mm. The measurement conditions (wind speed) are different, for example. This is because the
[0057]
[Table 2]
[0058]
Sample No. About 1-3, when the adsorption test of hydrogen sulfide was done like Example 2, the substantially same result was obtained.
[0059]
These pressure losses are very small, and the deodorizing carrier or deodorizing agent of the present invention can be said to be an extremely excellent deodorizing agent.
[0060]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention provides a deodorizing carrier, a deodorizing agent, and a deodorizing apparatus containing these, which have the following excellent properties as described below: (1) Not only has an appropriately sized opening on the surface. Since there is a hole communicating with this opening and the average porosity (porosity) is large, there is little pressure loss. (2) There are holes communicating with the opening and the average porosity (porosity) ) Is large, the specific surface area is very large, the deodorizing efficiency is high, (3) the average porosity (porosity) is large, and the pores communicate with each other, so exhaust, waste water, etc. can move freely inside the resin. The passage (treatment) amount of air and wastewater is large, and the deodorization efficiency does not decrease even if the flow rate of air and wastewater is increased. (4) As a result of having a moderately sized hole where moisture can freely move, It can be attached not only to the surface but also to the inside of the communication hole, deodorizing effect (5) Despite its high average porosity (porosity), it has excellent mechanical strength (wear resistance). (6) Because it is hydrophilic, it has high wettability. Since it has a high affinity with microorganisms, that is, it is an environment in which microorganisms are easy to grow, deodorizing microorganisms naturally adhere (or bind and aggregate) to porous PVAt by simply exposing them to the exhaust, and deodorizing at the same time as filtration And (7) old or used deodorants can be incinerated.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a view showing a deodorizing apparatus of the present invention.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25545798A JP3771382B2 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 1998-09-09 | Deodorizer and deodorizer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25545798A JP3771382B2 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 1998-09-09 | Deodorizer and deodorizer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000084348A JP2000084348A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
| JP3771382B2 true JP3771382B2 (en) | 2006-04-26 |
Family
ID=17279039
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25545798A Expired - Lifetime JP3771382B2 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 1998-09-09 | Deodorizer and deodorizer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3771382B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003033625A (en) * | 2001-07-24 | 2003-02-04 | Seikow Chemical Engineering & Machinery Ltd | Biological deodorizing method |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH047017A (en) * | 1990-04-23 | 1992-01-10 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | Treating method for foul-smelling gas |
| JPH055045A (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1993-01-14 | Kanebo Ltd | Production of polyvinyl acetal-based porous material |
| JP2994982B2 (en) * | 1995-02-27 | 1999-12-27 | 鐘紡株式会社 | Method for producing polyvinyl acetal sponge |
| JPH1052268A (en) * | 1996-05-01 | 1998-02-24 | Kanebo Ltd | Carrier for microorganism and its production |
| JPH10204204A (en) * | 1996-07-31 | 1998-08-04 | Kanebo Ltd | Porous spherical particles and production thereof |
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1998
- 1998-09-09 JP JP25545798A patent/JP3771382B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| JP2000084348A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
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