JP3775754B2 - Noro reducing material, centrifugal force molded body using the same, and method for producing the same - Google Patents
Noro reducing material, centrifugal force molded body using the same, and method for producing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3775754B2 JP3775754B2 JP34035592A JP34035592A JP3775754B2 JP 3775754 B2 JP3775754 B2 JP 3775754B2 JP 34035592 A JP34035592 A JP 34035592A JP 34035592 A JP34035592 A JP 34035592A JP 3775754 B2 JP3775754 B2 JP 3775754B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- acid
- noro
- amount
- bentonite
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 36
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 36
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- -1 phosphoric acid compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 20
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 12
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 9
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 5
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Natural products O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZEYHEAKUIGZSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxybenzoic acid Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 ZEYHEAKUIGZSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N D-xylopyranose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- RWZYAGGXGHYGMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthranilic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O RWZYAGGXGHYGMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229940062672 calcium dihydrogen phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001714 calcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012254 magnesium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [K+].[O-][Al]=O KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- QBYIENPQHBMVBV-HFEGYEGKSA-N (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H](C(O)=O)c1ccccc1.O[C@@H](C(O)=O)c1ccccc1 QBYIENPQHBMVBV-HFEGYEGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WURBVZBTWMNKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1C(C(=O)C(C)(C)C)OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 WURBVZBTWMNKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
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- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Metaphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O.O.O.[Al] Chemical compound O.O.O.[Al] MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004111 Potassium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- IWYDHOAUDWTVEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N R-2-phenyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IWYDHOAUDWTVEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-RMMQSMQOSA-N Raffinose Natural products O(C[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@]2(CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O1)[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-RMMQSMQOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ABBQHOQBGMUPJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium salicylate Chemical compound [Na+].OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O ABBQHOQBGMUPJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N UNPD196149 Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1(CO)OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(COC2C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O2)O)O1 MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILFFFKFZHRGICY-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 ILFFFKFZHRGICY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N beta-maltose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium acetate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001639 calcium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011092 calcium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005147 calcium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004227 calcium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013927 calcium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004494 calcium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FAYYUXPSKDFLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical class [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S FAYYUXPSKDFLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEUFWFJKIXMEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N carboxy-[2-(dicarboxyamino)ethyl]carbamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)N(C(O)=O)CCN(C(O)=O)C(O)=O JEUFWFJKIXMEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001990 dicarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQWKKEIVHQXCPI-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;phthalate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O HQWKKEIVHQXCPI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008157 edible vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940071106 ethylenediaminetetraacetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NVVZQXQBYZPMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound O=C.C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 NVVZQXQBYZPMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001853 inorganic hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000360 iron(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical class O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002510 mandelic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAFRTSDUWORDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 3-chloropropanoate Chemical compound ClCCC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RAFRTSDUWORDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940005657 pyrophosphoric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011044 quartzite Substances 0.000 description 1
- MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-ZQSKZDJDSA-N raffinose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)O1 MUPFEKGTMRGPLJ-ZQSKZDJDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004025 sodium salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940074404 sodium succinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium succinate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
- C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
- B28B1/20—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by centrifugal or rotational casting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/10—Clay
- C04B14/104—Bentonite, e.g. montmorillonite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/04—Carboxylic acids; Salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/30—Water reducers, plasticisers, air-entrainers, flow improvers
- C04B2103/302—Water reducers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/21—Efflorescence resistance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/56—Compositions suited for fabrication of pipes, e.g. by centrifugal casting, or for coating concrete pipes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
Description
【０００１】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、ノロ低減材、それを使用してなる遠心力成型体、及びその製造方法に関し、詳しくはモルタル又はコンクリートを遠心力成型して製造する、コンクリートパイル、ポール、鋼管複合パイル、鋼管ライニング、及びヒューム管等の製造時に発生するノロを低減又は防止するノロ低減材、それを使用してなる遠心力成型体、及びその製造方法に関する。
【０００２】
【従来の技術とその課題】
従来、パイルやポールなど、遠心力成型によって製造されるコンクリート製品製造時には、必ず遠心力によってノロが発生してくるものであった。
【０００３】
このノロは、セメントや砂などの微粉部分を固形分として20〜40重量％も含有している強アルカリ性のスラリーであるため、工場外にそのまま廃棄することは公害防止上できず、固形分の沈澱ろ過、その沈澱物の廃棄処理、及び排水の中和処理等に多くの時間と経費を掛けているのが現状であった。
【０００４】
このノロの発生を低減又は防止するために、本発明者は、ベントナイトを、又は、ベントナイト、シリカ質微粉末、及びベントナイト以外の粘土鉱物を使用するノロ防止剤を提案した(特開平3-247543号公報)。
【０００５】
そして、例えば、硫酸アルミニウム等の可溶性アルミニウム化合物、硫酸鉄、及びマグネシウム等の無機塩のうちの一種又は二種以上を、さらに、それらとベントナイト等の粘土鉱物やシリカ質微粉末などの無機質微粉末などを併用して、コンクリートに添加する、ノロ低減剤とその使用方法などを提案した(特開平3-261639号公報、特開平3-265552号公報、特開平3-265551号公報、及び特開平3-265553号公報等)。
【０００６】
しかしながら、これらのノロ低減剤とその使用方法は、コンクリート自身の保水力を強化することによって、遠心力に抵抗してコンクリート中の水が移動するのを防止するものであり、 コンクリート中の単位セメント量が極端に少なく、砕砂などの保水性の小さい骨材を使用している場合や、型枠への投入方法がポンプ打ちなどでコンクリートスランプが軟らかい場合などは、ノロ低減効果にバラツキが示され、実用範囲が狭いという課題があった。
【０００７】
本発明者は、前記課題を解決し、さらなるノロ防止効果の向上を目的として、鋭意検討した結果、特定の材料を使用することにより、ノロ低減効果が増強することを知見し本発明を完成するに至った。
【０００８】
【課題を解決するための手段】
即ち、本発明は、減水剤と、ベントナイトと、減水剤を除く、有機酸類、アミン類、糖類、フェノール類、アルコール類、及びリン酸化合物からなる群より選ばれた一種又は二種以上とを含有してなり、ベントナイトが、コンクリート１m3に対して、0.3 〜 20kg であり、減水剤を除く、有機酸類、アミン類、糖類、フェノール類、アルコール類、及びリン酸化合物からなる群より選ばれた一種又は二種以上が、コンクリート１m3に対して、無水物換算で0.01 〜１ kg であることを特徴とするノロ低減材であり、セメントと、該ノロ低減材とを含有してなるセメント組成物であり、それを使用してなる遠心力成型体であり、コンクリートを混練する際に、該ノロ低減材をコンクリートに添加して、遠心力成型することを特徴とする遠心力成型体の製造方法である。
【０００９】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
【００１０】
本発明に係るベントナイトとは、モンモリロナイト類に属する粘土鉱物であって、本発明では、膨潤性を有するモンモリロナイト類に属する粘土鉱物は使用可能である。
【００１１】
ベントナイトの膨潤性は産地や鉱床によって異なるが、A.C.C.法(American Collid Campany規格)による膨潤度が５以上で、この膨潤度が大きければ大きいほど好ましく、通常、10以上が好ましく、15〜40程度がより好ましい。膨潤度が５未満では、ノロ低減効果が得にくい傾向がある。
【００１２】
ベントナイトが属するモンモリロナイト類に属する粘土鉱物の使用量は、その種類や併用する材料の種類や使用量によって決定するものであるが、例えば、ベントナイトの場合、その膨潤度が大きければ大きいほど、その使用量は少量でノロ低減効果を発揮し、かつ、粉末状態で使用するよりは、水又は水と減水剤などと一緒にスラリーにして使用した方がよりノロ低減効果を発揮する。
【００１３】
通常、ベントナイトの使用量は、コンクリート１m３に対して、20kg以下であり、0.3〜15kgが好ましく、経済性を加味すると0.5〜８kgがより好ましい。コンクリート１m３に対して、20kgを超えると膨潤度が小さく、スラリー状態で使用しても単位水量が大きくなり過ぎて強度低下が大きくなる傾向があり、また、強度低下しないように減水剤を使用し、その使用量を増加すると、減水剤特有の粘性がコンクリートに現れ、ノロ発生量が多くなり、0.3kg未満では、膨潤度が大きく、かつ、スラリー状態で使用してもノロ低減効果が得にくいものである。
【００１４】
本発明のノロ低減材は、ベントナイトと、有機酸類、アミン類、糖類、フェノール類、アルコール類、及びリン酸化合物からなる群(以下有機酸類等という)より選ばれた一種又は二種以上とを含有してなるノロ低減材である。
【００１５】
本発明に係る有機酸類とは、モノカルボン酸、多価カルボン酸、オキシモノカルボン酸、オキシ多価カルボン酸、アミノ酸、芳香族カルボン酸、芳香族多価カルボン酸、及びポリカルボン酸等又はこれらのナトリウム、カリウム、リチウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、ストロンチウム、亜鉛、及びアンモニウム等の金属塩が挙げられる。
【００１６】
具体的には、モノカルボン酸としては、蟻酸、酢酸、及びアクリル酸等が、多価カルボン酸としては、蓚酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、マレイン酸、フマール酸、及びヘプタン酸等が、オキシモノカルボン酸としては、乳酸、ヘプトン酸、グルコン酸、及びグリコール酸等が、オキシ多価カルボン酸としては、リンゴ酸、酒石酸、及びクエン酸等が、アミノ酸としては、エチレンジアミンテトラアセテート(EDTA)、グリシン、グルタミン酸、アルギニン酸、及びアスパラギン酸等が、芳香族カルボン酸としては、サリチル酸、アニス酸、アントラニル酸、フェニル酢酸、及びマンデル酸等が、並びに、芳香族多価カルボン酸としては、フタル酸やテレフタル酸などが挙げられる。これらのうち、グルコン酸又はその塩、クエン酸又はその塩、及びエチレンジアミンテトラアセテート等の使用が好ましい。
【００１７】
さらには、ポリカルボン酸としては、カルボキシ基含有重合体にアルキレンオキサイドを付加したもの、オレフィンとエチレン性不飽和ジカルボン酸無水物を共重合したものの加水分解物、無水マレイン酸と他の共重モノマーとの共重合体の加水分解物、及び無水物でセメントからのアルカリにより徐々に加水分解してコンクリートの流動性をあげる徐放型高分子等が挙げられる。
ポリカルボン酸の市販品としては、日本触媒化学工業社製商品名「600S」、山陽国策パルプ社製商品名「サンフローHS700」、竹本油脂社製「チュポールHP8」、日本ゼオン社製商品名「NMB」、ポゾリス物産社製商品名「レオビルドSP8S」等が挙げられる。
【００１８】
本発明に係るアミン類としては、エチレンジアミン、ジエタノールアミン、及びトリエタノールアミン等が挙げられ、そのうち、エチレンジアミンの使用が好ましい。
【００１９】
本発明の係る糖類としては、ブドウ糖、果糖、庶糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、ラフィノース、及びキシロース等の５又は６炭糖の少糖類が挙げられる。
【００２０】
本発明に係るフェノール類としては、石炭酸、カテコール、及びピロガロール等のモノ又は多価フェノールなどが挙げられる。
【００２１】
本発明に係るアルコール類としては、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコール、及びグリセリン等の多価アルコール等が挙げられ、そのうち、ポリエチレングリコールの使用が好ましい。
【００２２】
本発明に係るリン酸化合物としては、リン酸、ピロリン酸、メタリン酸、及びトリポリリン酸等又はそのナトリウム、リチウム、カリウム、カルシウム、マグネシウムウ、バリウム、銅、マンガン、及び鉄等の塩が挙げられ、そのうち、リン酸カルシウムの使用が好ましい。
【００２３】
本発明は、これらの、有機酸類等より選ばれた一種又は二種以上を使用するものであるが、この有機酸類等の中で、特に、有機酸類であるグルコン酸等のモノオキシカルボン酸や、クエン酸等の多価オキシカルボン酸又はその塩、EDTA等のアミノ酸類、エチレンジアミン等のアミン類、並びに、リン酸カルシウム等のリン酸化合物の使用が好ましい。
【００２４】
また、これらの中で、オキシカルボン酸や糖類は、減水剤として使用されるものもあり、また、ポリカルボン酸は実際に減水剤として市販されているものを使用するが、通常は、練り混ぜ水の表面張力を下げ、遠心力成型においては、むしろ、ノロ発生量を増大させるものであるが、本発明においては、逆のノロ低減作用を呈するものである。
【００２５】
その理由は明確でないが、これらに共通する作用としては、カルシウムイオンの封鎖能力を有し、キレート化合物を形成することが、ベントナイトの膨潤力、水和水量、及び吸着水量等に影響を与えることと考えられる。
【００２６】
また、その他の有機酸等の場合は、-OH基、-COOH基、及び-NH3基等の官能基が水の分子を静電気的力で移動しないようにして、ノロ低減作用を行うものとも考えられる。
【００２７】
以上の有機酸類等の使用量は、その種類などよって適正使用量はあるが、一般的には、コンクリート１m３当たり、無水物換算で１kg以下であり、0.01〜0.6kgが好ましく、0.02〜0.4kgがより好ましい。１kgを越えると、ノロ発生量は逆に多くなる場合や強度がでない場合があり、0.01kg未満ではノロ低減効果が小さくなる傾向がある。
【００２８】
本発明において、ベントナイトと有機酸類等に、さらに、無機物の水酸化物、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、硝酸塩、チオ硫酸塩、ケイ酸塩、及びアルミン酸塩、天然又は人工の岩石粉末、シリカ質粉末、スラグ粉末、ポゾラン物質、ベントナイト以外の粘土鉱物、並びに、生石灰や消石灰等からなる群(以下水酸化物等という)より選ばれた一種又は二種以上を併用することは、ノロ低減作用を強化する面から、また、コンクリートの単位水量を増加させない作用を有する面から好ましい。これらのうち、天然又は人工の岩石粉末、シリカ質粉末、スラグ粉末、ポゾラン物質、並びに、ベントナイト以外の粘土鉱物の使用が好ましい。
【００２９】
ここで、水酸化物等とは、具体的には、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化鉄、及び水酸化マグネシウム等の水酸化物、硫酸第一鉄、硫酸第二鉄、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸アルミニウム、ミョウバン類、及びミヨウバン石等の硫酸塩、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウム、及び重炭酸ナトリウム等の炭酸塩、硝酸アルミニウム、硝酸カルシウム、及び亜硝酸カルシウム等の硝酸塩、チオ硫酸ナトリウムやチオ硫酸カルシウムなどのチオ硫酸塩、ケイ酸ナトリウムやケイ酸カリウムなどのケイ酸塩、アルミン酸ナトリウムやアルミン酸カリウムなどのアルミン酸塩、川砂や砕石のような一般的な岩石粉末、シリカヒューム、ケイソウ土、溶融シリカ、及びケイ石粉末等のシリカ質粉末、転炉や高炉から出るスラグ粉末、フライアッシュの粉砕品や焼成白土などのポゾラン物質、酸性白土、クレー、及びゼオライト等のベントナイト以外の粘土鉱物、並びに、生石灰や消石灰等である。これらのうち、ノロ低減効果の大きい、炭酸カルシウム、岩石粉末、ケイ石粉末、及び高炉スラグ粉末の使用は経済的にも好ましい。
【００３０】
水酸化物等の使用量は、その種類によって異なるが、水酸化アルミニウム、炭酸カルシウム、岩石粉末、シリカ質粉末、高炉スラグ粉末、及びベントナイト以外の粘土鉱物は、使用量が多ければ多いほどノロ低減効果を助長するが、コンクリート１m3当たり、20kg以下が好ましく、15kg以下がより好ましい。
ベントナイト、有機酸類等と一緒に配合してノロ低減材とする場合は、経済性を加味すると、0.1〜５kgがより好ましい。20kgを越えると、単位水量が多くなりすぎて、強度が低下するおそれがあり、0.1kg以下ではノロを低減する効果は小さくなる傾向がある。
【００３１】
その他の水酸化物等の使用量は、その種類によって異なるが、無水物換算でコンクリート１m3当たり、１kg以下が好ましく、0.005〜0.7kgがより好ましく、0.04〜0.5kgが最も好ましい。0.005kg未満では、ノロ低減の助長効果は小さく、１kgを越えると、ノロは逆に多く発生するようになる場合もあり好ましくない。
【００３２】
さらに、ベントナイトを主成分とするノロ低減材は、コンクリートを練り混ぜる時、同一スランプとすると、単位水量が多くなり、強度低下が生じやすくなるが、これを防止するために実用上は減水剤を多く添加する方法が取られる。しかしながら、減水剤の使用量が多くなり過ぎると、ノロが発生するようになり、そのノロの発生を防止するために、ノロ低減材の使用量を増加しなければならなくなる傾向がある。
【００３３】
前記水酸化物等のうち、少量で単位水量を増加させない成分として、例えば、硝酸カルシウム、生石灰、及び消石灰の併用が特に好ましい。
【００３４】
本発明のノロ低減材は遠心力成型の際、コンクリートに添加される。
【００３５】
本発明において、コンクリート配合条件などは、特に限定されるものではないが、保水力の増強という面から、セメント又はセメントと高強度混和材やセメント膨張材等のセメント混和材を合計した単位粉体量が多い方が好ましく、コンクリート１m3当たり、単位粉体量として300kg以上が好ましく、350kg以上がより好ましい。300kg未満では保水性が悪く、ノロ低減効果が得がたくなる傾向がある。
【００３６】
ここで、セメントとしては、普通、早強、超早強、及び中庸熱等の各種ポルトランドセメント、これらポルトランドセメントに高炉スラグ、フライアッシュ、又はシリカを配合した各種混合セメント、並びに、微粉スラグ等をJIS 規格以上に配合したスラグ主体のセメント等が挙げられる。
【００３７】
さらに、これらセメントに、セッコウ類を主成分とした高強度混和材やセメント膨張材などのセメント混和材を併用することは好ましい。
【００３８】
また、パイル等の遠心力成型体の内面のモルタルやペーストの層の厚さをなるべく薄くするためには、コンクリート中の粗骨材量をできるだけ多くし、モルタル層に対する割合を多くするほうが好ましいが、ポンプ打ちの場合のポンプの通りも考慮すると、粗骨材量はある一定量以上多くすることは好ましくない。
【００３９】
遠心力成型方法が盛り込み式かポンプ打ちかで粗骨材の量又はコンクリート配合量は異なるが、盛り込み式の場合は、コンクリート１m3に対して、1,000〜1,400kgが好ましく、ポンプ打ちでは、コンクリート１m3に対して、900〜1,200kgが好ましい。
【００４０】
コンクリートのスランプも特に限定されるものではなく、スランプが大きくなるとノロは発生し易くなるが、ノロ低減材の使用量を増大することと、遠心力を掛けるときの高速のＧNo.を小さくすることで対処可能となるが、通常、スランプは18cm以下が好ましい。
【００４１】
さらに、本発明では、減水剤を併用することは好ましい。
【００４２】
ここで、減水剤としては、特に限定されるものではないが、一般的な減水剤や高性能減水剤が使用可能であり、そのうち、高性能減水剤の使用が好ましい。
具体的には、リグニンスルホン酸塩系、ポリオール系、及びオキシカルボン酸塩系等の一般的な減水剤や、ポリアルキルアリルスルホン酸塩系、メラミンホルマリン樹脂スルホン酸塩系、及びポリカルボン酸塩系等の高性能減水剤の使用が可能である。
【００４３】
ここで、オキシカルボン酸塩系やポリカルボン酸塩系は、本発明の有機酸類等に含まれるものもあるが、前述したように、少量を単独又は他の減水剤と併用添加することが好ましい。
【００４４】
高性能減水剤とは、比較的多量に添加しても過度の空気連行、凝結遅延、及び異常凝結がなく、減水率の大きい減水剤である。
【００４５】
一般に市販されている高性能減水剤は、前記、いずれかを主成分とするものである。
ポリアルキルアリルスルホン酸塩系としては、メチルナフタレンスルホン酸ホルマリン縮合物、ナフタレンスルホン酸ホルマリン縮合物、及びアントラセンスルホン酸ホルマリン縮合物等が挙げられ、市販品としては、花王社製商品名「マイティー100」や「マイティー150」等、第一工業製薬社製商品名「セルフロー110P」等、竹本油脂社製商品名「ポールファイン510N」等、山陽国策パルプ社製商品名「サンフローPS」等、及び電気化学工業社製商品名「FT−500」等が挙げられる。
また、メラミンホルマリン樹脂スルホン酸塩系としては、昭和電工社製商品名「メルメントＦ−10」や「メルメントＦ−20」等、デンカグレース社製「FT−3S」等が挙げられる。
【００４６】
本発明において、減水剤の使用量は、一般的な減水剤の場合は、メーカー指定量の多くても２〜３倍量までで、かつ、異常凝結が生じない範囲が好ましい。
【００４７】
ただし、オキシカルボン酸塩系は、本発明の有機酸類等と同様の使用量の範囲が好ましく、ポリカルボン酸塩系を除く高性能減水剤と併用することがより好ましい。
【００４８】
高性能減水剤を使用する場合は、セメント100重量部に対して、固形分換算で２重量部以下が好ましく、1.5重量部以下がより好ましく、0.3〜1.3重量部が最も好ましい。
【００４９】
高性能減水剤としてのポリカルボン酸塩系高性能減水剤の使用量は、有機酸類等と同様の使用量の範囲が好ましく、他の高性能減水剤と併用使用するのがより好ましい。
【００５０】
本発明のコンクリートの混練方法は、通常行われている方法が可能であり、本発明のノロ低減材を添加したからといって特別な方法を採る必要はない。
【００５１】
本発明のノロ低減材の添加方法は、粉末成分は粉末状態で、液体成分は液体状態で、さらには、混練水の一部又は全量に溶解又は懸濁してミキサーに投入することが可能である。
【００５２】
また、減水剤と同時に、混練水の一部又は全量に溶解又は懸濁して投入することは、より少量でノロ防止効果が発揮されるのでより好ましい。
【００５３】
さらに、減水剤を後添加するコンクリートの混練方法では、減水剤を添加した後に、混練水の一部に溶解又は懸濁したノロ低減材を添加する方法がより少量でノロ低減効果が発揮されるので好ましい。
【００５４】
遠心力成型方法は、低速、中速、及び高速、並びに、低速、中速Ｉ、中速II、及び高速の３〜４段階で行う常法が使用可能であり、特に制限されるものではない。
【００５５】
低速のＧNo.は、本発明のノロ低減材を添加したコンクリートがプラスチックとなるので、軸方向への延びを良くするために、また、特に、盛り込み式等の低スランプのコンクリートを使用する場合は、ジャンカ防止のため、低速のＧNo.を３Ｇ以下にすることが好ましく、2.7Ｇ以下にすることがより好ましく、0.5〜２Ｇにすることが最も好ましい。
【００５６】
低速の回転時間は、１分以上が好ましく、２分以上がより好ましく、３〜６分が最も好ましい。
【００５７】
中速は、中速Ｉと中速IIをいれ、全体で４段階とする場合は、中速Ｉとして、遠心力成型体の肉厚を均一にするため、４〜８Ｇ程度で１分以上回転させ、さらに、中速IIとして、円周方向に骨材を配列させ、高速に移行する準備を整えるために、スランプが５cm以下の低い場合は12〜18Ｇで、また、スランプが５cmを超えるポンプ打ちの場合は８〜12Ｇで、１分以上回転させることが好ましく、２分以上回転することがより好ましく、３〜５分回転させることが最も好ましい。
また、低速、中速、及び高速の３段階とする場合は、中速のＧNo.を６〜12Ｇとするのが好ましい。
【００５８】
高速のＧNo.や回転時間は、特に制限されるものではなく、ノロの発生がなくて締まりが良く、運搬時などの衝撃で脱落しない範囲である。例えば、ポンプ打ちでスランプが大きく、セメント等の粉体量が少なく、砕砂等を使用した保水力の小さいコンクリートの場合は15Ｇ程度で２分程度回転することが好ましい場合もある。また、反対に、粉体量が多く、保水力が大きくスランプが小さい場合は40Ｇ程度で３〜４分以上回転することが必要な場合もある。
【００５９】
【実施例】
以下、実施例により本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
【００６０】
実施例１
最大骨材寸法25mm、スランプ３±１cm、空気量２％、細骨材率40％、及び水セメント比42.5％で、各材料の単位量が、セメント400kg/m3、細骨材716kg/m3、粗骨材1,082kg/m3、水170kg/m3、及び減水剤1.2kg/m3のコンクリート配合を用い、表１のようにベントナイトの種類と使用量を変えコンクリートを混練した。
コンクリートの混練は、粗骨材、細骨材、そして、セメントと粉末状のベントナイトを、遊星型の容量100リットルのミキサーに、40リットル分投入し、有機酸類等と減水剤は混練水に溶解して添加し、90分混練し、スランプ測定と同時に遠心力成型した。
なお、スランプ値が変わる場合は、減水剤を追加してスランプを調整した。
遠心力成型は、コンクリート投入量を18kg一定量とし、低速を２Ｇ×３分、中速Ｉを４Ｇ×１分、中速IIを１５Ｇ×３分、高速を35Ｇ×８分の条件で、発生したノロが漏れないように両端の中空解放部に蓋をして行い、外径20×長さ30×厚さ５cmの遠心力成型供試体を成型した。
遠心力成型時発生するノロ発生量と、成型した供試体を前置き２時間、昇温速度20℃／hr、75℃で４時間蒸気養生後放冷し、翌日脱型後、室内養生して７日強度を測定した。結果を表１に併記する。
【００６１】
＜使用材料＞
セメント ：電気化学工業社製、普通ポルトランドセメント
細骨材 ：新潟県姫川産川砂、比重2.62
粗骨材 ：新潟県姫川産砕石、比重2.64
減水剤 ：第一工業製薬社製商品名「セルフロー110P」、主成分ポリアルキルアリルスルホン酸塩
ベントナイトα：豊順洋行社製商品名「微粒印」、膨潤度５
ベントナイトβ：豊順洋行社製商品名「整粒印」、膨潤度10
ベントナイトγ：関東ベントナイト鉱業社製商品名「佐渡」、膨潤度15
ベントナイトδ：関東ベントナイト鉱業社製商品名「利根」、膨潤度20以上
ベントナイトη：関東ベントナイト鉱業社製商品名「プレミアムゲル」、膨潤度35以上
有機酸類等Ｍ：リン酸塩、リン酸２水素カルシウム、試薬一級
【００６２】
【表１】
表１から明らかなように、比較例では、脱水量が多い割に強度が高くならないが、遠心力成型体の切断面を観察すると、水が脱水する時に、骨材を洗い、骨材とモルタルの間に隙間や空隙を生成していることが観察され、そのために、骨材とモルタルとの付着力が低下し、強度が高くならないものと推察される。
【００６４】
実施例２
表２に示すように、有機酸類等の種類を変えたこと以外は実施例１と同様に行った。結果を表２に併記する。
【００６５】
＜使用材料＞
有機酸類等Ａ：モノカルボン酸、酢酸カルシウム、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｂ：多価カルボン酸、コハク酸ナトリウム、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｃ：オキシモノカルボン酸、グルコン酸カルシウム、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｄ：オキシ多価カルボン酸、クエン酸
有機酸類等Ｅ：アミノ酸、ＥＤＴＡ、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｆ：芳香族カルボン酸、サリチル酸ナトリウム、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｇ：芳香族多価カルボン酸、フタル酸ナトリウム、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｈ：ポリカルボン酸、ポゾリス物産社製商品名「レオビルドSP8S」
有機酸類等Ｉ：糖類、庶糖、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｊ：フェノール類、ピロガロール、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｋ：アルコール類、ジエチレングリコール、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｌ：アミン類、トリエタノールアミン、試薬一級
有機酸類等Ｎ：リン酸塩、トリポリリン酸ナトリウム、試薬一級
【００６６】
【表２】
実施例３
コンクリート１m3に対して、表３に示すように、有機酸類等の種類と使用量を変えたこと以外は実施例２と同様に行った。結果を表３に併記する。
【００６８】
【表３】
実施例４
表４に示すコンクリートの混練時に、混練水、減水剤、ベントナイト、及びリン酸２水素カルシウムを一緒に懸濁して、スラリー状にして添加し、コンクリートを混練してノロ発生量を測定したこと以外は実施例１と同様に行った。結果を表４に併記する。
【００７０】
【表４】
実施例５
実験No.1- 9と実験No.1-16のコンクリート配合を使用し、表５に示すように、水酸化物等の種類と量を変えて混練したこと以外は実施例１と同様に行った。結果を表５に併記する。
【００７２】
＜使用材料＞
水酸化物等ｃ：消石灰、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｅ：硫酸アルミニウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｆ：炭酸カルシウム、石灰石原石粉末、ブレーン値4,000cm2/g
水酸化物等ｈ：重炭酸ナトリュウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｉ：硝酸カルシウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｍ：姫川産川砂粉砕物、ブレーン値500cm2/g
水酸化物等ｎ：シリカヒューム、エルケム社製
水酸化物等ｏ：ケイソウ土、昭和化学社製、商品名「ラジオライト＃200」
水酸化物等ｐ：高炉スラグ、川崎製鉄社製、ブレーン値3,800cm2/g
【００７３】
【表５】
実施例６
実験No.1-16のコンクリート配合を使用して、表６に示すように、水酸化物の種類と量を変えたこと以外は実施例５と同様に行なった。結果を表６に併記する。
【００７５】
＜使用材料＞
水酸化物等ａ：水酸化アルミニウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｂ：水酸化マグネシウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｄ：硫酸第一鉄、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｇ：炭酸マグネシウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｊ：チオ硫酸ナトリウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｋ：ケイ酸ナトリウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｌ：アルミン酸カリウム、試薬一級
水酸化物等ｑ：焼成白土、食用油のろ過後の活性白土800℃仮焼物、ブレーン値5,500cm2/g
水酸化物等ｒ：ゼオライト、関東ベントナイト鉱業社製、商品名「SGW-B4」、10 0メッシュ残10％程度
水酸化物等ｓ：生石灰、試薬一級
【００７６】
【表６】
実施例７
表７に示すように、水酸化物の種類と量を変えたこと以外は実施例６と同様に行なった。結果を表７に併記する。
【００７８】
【表７】
実施例８
表８に示すように、水酸化物の種類と量を変えたこと以外は実施例６と同様に行なった。結果を表８に併記する。
【００８０】
【表８】
実施例９
表９に示す配合を用いて、コンクリートの混練方法を変えたこと以外は実施例１と同様に行い、ノロの発生量を測定した。
混練方法は、水の一部でベントナイト、有機酸類等、及び水酸化物等を懸濁したスラリーを作成し、残りの混練水で減水剤を溶解しておき、まず、セメントと骨材を投入し、空練りしながら、減水剤を溶解した水で30秒間練ってから、懸濁したスラリーを添加して90秒間混練した。結果を表９に併記する。
【００８２】
【表９】
【発明の効果】
以上、実施例で詳細に示されるように、遠心成型において、ベントナイトを代表とするモンモリロナイト系粘土鉱物のノロ低減効果は、本発明の有機酸類等と併用することにより、より増強される。
また、さらに、本発明の水酸化物等を併用することにより、ノロ低減効果を助長し、ノロ低減力を維持しながら、単位水量を下げる効果が奏される。
そして、本発明のノロ低減材を使用することにより、現在、産業物として廃棄されているノロの発生を低減することができ、公害防止上や環境保全上大きな利点が示される。[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a Noro reducing material, a centrifugal force molded body using the same, and a method for producing the same, and more specifically, a concrete pile, a pole, a steel pipe composite pile, and a steel pipe lining manufactured by centrifugally molding mortar or concrete. In addition, the present invention relates to a noro reducing material that reduces or prevents noro generated during the manufacture of fume tubes and the like, a centrifugal force molded body using the same, and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art and its problems]
Conventionally, when concrete products such as piles and poles manufactured by centrifugal force molding are manufactured, nose is always generated by the centrifugal force.
[0003]
This Noro is a strong alkaline slurry containing 20 to 40% by weight of fine particles such as cement and sand, so it cannot be disposed of outside the factory as it is to prevent pollution. At present, much time and money are spent on precipitation filtration, disposal of the precipitate, and neutralization treatment of waste water.
[0004]
In order to reduce or prevent the occurrence of noro, the present inventor has proposed an anti-noro agent using bentonite or bentonite, siliceous fine powder, and clay minerals other than bentonite (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-247543). Issue gazette).
[0005]
And, for example, a soluble aluminum compound such as aluminum sulfate, one or more of inorganic salts such as iron sulfate and magnesium, and further, inorganic mineral powder such as clay mineral such as bentonite and siliceous fine powder In combination with these, a noro-reducing agent added to concrete and a method of using the same have been proposed (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 3-261639, 3-265552, 3-265551, and 3-265553 gazette).
[0006]
However, these Noro reducing agents and their methods of use prevent the movement of water in the concrete by resisting the centrifugal force by strengthening the water retention capacity of the concrete itself. If the amount is extremely small and aggregates with low water retention capacity such as crushed sand are used, or if the concrete slump is soft due to the pumping method etc. into the formwork, variation in the reduction effect is shown There was a problem that the practical range was narrow.
[0007]
As a result of intensive studies aimed at solving the above-mentioned problems and further improving the anti-sloping effect, the present inventor has found that the use of specific materials enhances the anti-noro effect and completes the present invention. It came to.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, the present invention comprises a water reducing agent, bentonite,Excluding water reducing agent,It contains one or more selected from the group consisting of organic acids, amines, sugars, phenols, alcohols, and phosphate compounds, and bentonite is 1 m of concrete.ThreeAgainst0.3 ~ 20kg soYes,Excluding water reducing agent,One or more selected from the group consisting of organic acids, amines, sugars, phenols, alcohols, and phosphoric acid compounds is concrete 1mThreeAgainst anhydride0.01 ~ 1 kg soA noro-reducing material characterized in that it is a cement composition containing cement and the noro-reducing material, and is a centrifugally molded product using the cement composition, when kneading concrete A method for producing a centrifugal force molded body, comprising adding the Noro reducing material to concrete and performing centrifugal force molding.
[0009]
The present invention will be described in detail below.
[0010]
According to the present inventionBentonite is a clay mineral belonging to montmorillonites. In the present invention, a clay mineral belonging to montmorillonites having swelling properties can be used.
[0011]
Although the swelling property of bentonite varies depending on the production area and the ore deposit, the degree of swelling according to the ACC method (American Collid Campany standard) is 5 or more, and the larger the degree of swelling, the more preferred is 10 or more, usually about 15 to 40 More preferred. If the degree of swelling is less than 5, it tends to be difficult to obtain a reduction effect.
[0012]
Belongs to bentoniteThe amount of clay minerals belonging to montmorillonites is determined by the type and the type and amount of materials used together. For example, in the case of bentonite, the greater the degree of swelling, the smaller the amount used. However, it is more effective to use slurry in combination with water or water and a water reducing agent than to use it in a powder state.
[0013]
Normally, the amount of bentonite used is 1m of concrete.320kg or lessAnd, 0.3-15kgIs preferred0.5-8kg when addedThanpreferable. Concrete 1m3On the other hand, when the amount exceeds 20 kg, the degree of swelling is small, and even when used in a slurry state, the unit water amount tends to be too large and the strength decrease tends to increase, and a water reducing agent is used so as not to decrease the strength. When the amount used is increased, viscosity specific to the water reducing agent appears in the concrete and the amount of noro increases, and if it is less than 0.3 kg, the degree of swelling is large, and even if used in a slurry state, it is difficult to obtain an effect of reducing noro. is there.
[0014]
The Noro reducing material of the present invention comprises bentonite and one or more selected from the group consisting of organic acids, amines, sugars, phenols, alcohols, and phosphoric acid compounds (hereinafter referred to as organic acids). It is a noro reduction material contained.
[0015]
Examples of the organic acids according to the present invention include monocarboxylic acids, polyvalent carboxylic acids, oxymonocarboxylic acids, oxypolycarboxylic acids, amino acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, aromatic polyvalent carboxylic acids, and polycarboxylic acids. Metal salts such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, zinc, and ammonium.
[0016]
Specifically, formic acid, acetic acid, acrylic acid and the like are monocarboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid is succinic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and heptane. Acids include lactic acid, heptonic acid, gluconic acid, and glycolic acid as oxymonocarboxylic acids, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid as oxypolycarboxylic acids, and ethylenediaminetetracarboxylic acid as an amino acid. Acetate (EDTA), glycine, glutamic acid, arginic acid, aspartic acid, etc., as aromatic carboxylic acid, salicylic acid, anisic acid, anthranilic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, etc., and aromatic polycarboxylic acid Examples thereof include phthalic acid and terephthalic acid. Of these, gluconic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate are preferably used.
[0017]
Furthermore, polycarboxylic acids include those obtained by adding an alkylene oxide to a carboxy group-containing polymer, hydrolysates of olefins and ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, maleic anhydrides and other copolymer monomers. And a hydrolyzate of the copolymer, and a sustained-release polymer that is gradually hydrolyzed by an alkali from cement with an anhydride to increase the fluidity of the concrete.
Commercially available products of polycarboxylic acid include the product name “600S” manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., the product name “Sanflow HS700” manufactured by Sanyo Kokusaku Pulp Co., Ltd., “Tupol HP8” manufactured by Takemoto Yushi Co., Ltd. NMB ”, the product name“ Leobuild SP8S ”manufactured by Pozoris Bussan Co., Ltd., and the like.
[0018]
Examples of amines according to the present invention include ethylenediamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. Among them, use of ethylenediamine is preferable.
[0019]
Examples of the saccharide according to the present invention include 5 or 6 carbon sugar oligosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, and xylose.
[0020]
Examples of the phenols according to the present invention include mono- or polyhydric phenols such as carboxylic acid, catechol, and pyrogallol.
[0021]
Examples of the alcohol according to the present invention include polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and glycerin, and among these, use of polyethylene glycol is preferable.
[0022]
Examples of the phosphoric acid compound according to the present invention include phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and tripolyphosphoric acid, or salts thereof such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium u, barium, copper, manganese, and iron. Of these, the use of calcium phosphate is preferred.
[0023]
The present invention uses one or two or more selected from these organic acids. Among these organic acids, monooxycarboxylic acids such as gluconic acid, which are organic acids, It is preferable to use polyvalent oxycarboxylic acids such as citric acid or salts thereof, amino acids such as EDTA, amines such as ethylenediamine, and phosphate compounds such as calcium phosphate.
[0024]
Among these, oxycarboxylic acids and saccharides are used as water reducing agents, and polycarboxylic acids are those that are actually marketed as water reducing agents. Although the surface tension of water is lowered and centrifugal force molding is rather increased, the amount of generated noro is increased, but in the present invention, the reverse noro reduction effect is exhibited.
[0025]
The reason for this is not clear, but the common action of these is that it has the ability to sequester calcium ions, and the formation of a chelate compound affects the swelling power, amount of hydrated water, and amount of adsorbed water of bentonite. it is conceivable that.
[0026]
In the case of other organic acids, -OH group, -COOH group, and -NHThreeIt is also considered that a functional group such as a group does not move water molecules by electrostatic force and performs a noro reduction effect.
[0027]
The amount of the above organic acids used, etc. is appropriate depending on the type of the acid, but in general, 1m of concrete31kg or less in terms of anhydrideAnd0.01-0.6kgPreferPreferably, 0.02 ~ 0.4kgThanpreferable. If the amount exceeds 1 kg, the amount of noro may increase or the strength may not be strong. If the amount is less than 0.01 kg, the effect of reducing noro tends to be small.
[0028]
In the present invention, in addition to bentonite and organic acids, inorganic hydroxide, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, thiosulfate, silicate, and aluminate, natural or artificial rock powder, siliceous powder , Slag powder, pozzolanic materials, clay minerals other than bentonite, and one or more selected from the group consisting of quick lime, slaked lime, etc. It is preferable from the aspect which carries out, and the surface which has the effect | action which does not increase the unit water quantity of concrete. Of these, the use of natural or artificial rock powder, siliceous powder, slag powder, pozzolanic material, and clay minerals other than bentonite is preferred.
[0029]
Here, the hydroxides and the like are specifically hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, iron hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, alum. And sulfates such as myobanite, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate, nitrates such as aluminum nitrate, calcium nitrate, and calcium nitrite, and thiosulfuric acid such as sodium thiosulfate and calcium thiosulfate Salts, silicates such as sodium silicate and potassium silicate, aluminates such as sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate, common rock powders such as river sand and crushed stone, silica fume, diatomaceous earth, fused silica, and Siliceous powder such as silica powder, slag powder from converters and blast furnaces, fly ash pulverized products and firing Pozzolanic substances such as soil, acid clay, clay, and clay minerals other than bentonite zeolite, and a quick lime or hydrated lime or the like. Of these, the use of calcium carbonate, rock powder, quartzite powder, and blast furnace slag powder, which have a large effect of reducing rotting, is economically preferable.
[0030]
The amount of hydroxide used varies depending on the type, but the amount of clay minerals other than aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, rock powder, siliceous powder, blast furnace slag powder, and bentonite decreases as the amount used increases. Contributes to the effect, but concrete 1mThreeThe hit is preferably 20 kg or less, and more preferably 15 kg or less.
In the case of blending together with bentonite, organic acids and the like to make a Noro reducing material, 0.1 to 5 kg is more preferable in consideration of economy. If it exceeds 20 kg, the unit water amount will increase too much and the strength may be lowered. If it is 0.1 kg or less, the effect of reducing the tendency tends to be small.
[0031]
The amount of other hydroxides used varies depending on the type, but 1 m of concrete in terms of anhydrideThree1 kg or less is preferable, 0.005 to 0.7 kg is more preferable, and 0.04 to 0.5 kg is most preferable. If the amount is less than 0.005 kg, the effect of promoting the reduction of the spread is small, and if it exceeds 1 kg, a large amount of the spread may be generated.
[0032]
In addition, the Noro reducing material mainly composed of bentonite has a unit water volume that tends to decrease when the same slump is used when kneading the concrete. The method of adding much is taken. However, when the amount of the water reducing agent used is excessive, noro is generated, and the amount of the noro reducing material tends to be increased in order to prevent the occurrence of the noro.
[0033]
Among the hydroxides and the like, a combination of calcium nitrate, quick lime, and slaked lime is particularly preferable as a component that does not increase the unit water amount in a small amount.
[0034]
The noro reduction material of the present invention is added to the concrete during centrifugal force molding.
[0035]
In the present invention, the concrete blending conditions are not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of enhancing the water retention capacity, a unit powder in which cement or a cement and a cement admixture such as a high-strength admixture and a cement expansion material are combined. Larger amount is preferable, concrete 1mThreeThe unit powder amount is preferably 300 kg or more, more preferably 350 kg or more. If it is less than 300 kg, the water retention is poor, and it tends to be difficult to obtain a reduction effect.
[0036]
Here, as the cement, various portland cements such as normal, early strength, super early strength, and moderate heat, various mixed cements in which blast furnace slag, fly ash, or silica is blended with these portland cements, fine slag, etc. Examples include slag-based cement blended with JIS standards or higher.
[0037]
Furthermore, it is preferable to use a cement admixture such as a high-strength admixture mainly composed of gypsums or a cement expansion material in combination with these cements.
[0038]
In order to reduce the thickness of the mortar or paste layer on the inner surface of the centrifugal force molded body such as a pile as much as possible, it is preferable to increase the amount of coarse aggregate in the concrete as much as possible and increase the ratio to the mortar layer. Considering the condition of the pump in the case of pumping, it is not preferable to increase the amount of coarse aggregate by a certain amount or more.
[0039]
The amount of coarse aggregate or concrete content varies depending on whether the centrifugal force molding method is built-in type or pumping, but in the case of built-in type, concrete 1mThree1,000 to 1,400kg is preferable, and when pumping, 1m of concreteThreeOn the other hand, 900 to 1,200 kg is preferable.
[0040]
The slump of concrete is not particularly limited either, but as the slump increases, noro is likely to occur. However, increasing the amount of noro reducing material used and reducing the high-speed GNo. When applying centrifugal force. Usually, slump is preferably 18 cm or less.
[0041]
Furthermore, in the present invention, it is preferable to use a water reducing agent in combination.
[0042]
Here, the water reducing agent is not particularly limited, but general water reducing agents and high performance water reducing agents can be used, and among them, the use of high performance water reducing agents is preferable.
Specifically, general water reducing agents such as lignin sulfonate, polyol, and oxycarboxylate, polyalkylallyl sulfonate, melamine formalin resin sulfonate, and polycarboxylate It is possible to use a high-performance water reducing agent such as a system.
[0043]
Here, some oxycarboxylates and polycarboxylates are included in the organic acids of the present invention, but as described above, it is preferable to add a small amount alone or in combination with other water reducing agents. .
[0044]
The high-performance water reducing agent is a water reducing agent having a large water reduction rate without excessive air entrainment, setting delay, and abnormal setting even when added in a relatively large amount.
[0045]
Generally the high performance water reducing agent marketed is a thing which has either of the above as a main component.
Examples of polyalkylallyl sulfonates include methyl naphthalene sulfonic acid formalin condensate, naphthalene sulfonic acid formalin condensate, anthracene sulfonic acid formalin condensate, etc., and commercially available products are trade names “Mighty 100” manufactured by Kao Corporation. '', `` Mighty 150 '', etc., Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku brand name `` Cell Flow 110P '', Takemoto Oil & Fats brand name `` Paul Fine 510N '', Sanyo Kokusaku Pulp brand name `` Sunflow PS '', etc. A trade name “FT-500” manufactured by Denki Chemical Co.
Examples of the melamine formalin resin sulfonate system include trade names “Melment F-10” and “Melment F-20” manufactured by Showa Denko KK, “FT-3S” manufactured by Denka Grace, and the like.
[0046]
In the present invention, in the case of a general water reducing agent, the amount of the water reducing agent used is preferably at most 2 to 3 times the amount specified by the manufacturer and a range in which abnormal condensation does not occur.
[0047]
However, the oxycarboxylate system is preferably used in the same range as the organic acids of the present invention, and more preferably used in combination with a high-performance water reducing agent excluding the polycarboxylate system.
[0048]
When a high-performance water reducing agent is used, it is preferably 2 parts by weight or less, more preferably 1.5 parts by weight or less, and most preferably 0.3 to 1.3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of cement.
[0049]
The use amount of the polycarboxylate-based high-performance water reducing agent as the high-performance water reducing agent is preferably in the range of the same usage amount as that of organic acids and the like, and more preferably used in combination with other high-performance water reducing agents.
[0050]
The concrete kneading method of the present invention can be a conventionally performed method, and it is not necessary to adopt a special method just because the Noro reducing material of the present invention is added.
[0051]
In the method for adding the Noro reducing material of the present invention, the powder component is in the powder state, the liquid component is in the liquid state, and further, it can be dissolved or suspended in a part or all of the kneaded water and charged into the mixer. .
[0052]
Moreover, it is more preferable to dissolve or suspend it in a part or the whole amount of the kneaded water simultaneously with the water reducing agent, since the anti-slothing effect is exhibited in a smaller amount.
[0053]
Furthermore, in the concrete kneading method in which a water reducing agent is added afterwards, the method of adding a water reducing agent and then adding a noro reducing material dissolved or suspended in a part of the kneaded water exhibits a lowering effect in a smaller amount. Therefore, it is preferable.
[0054]
Centrifugal force molding methods can be used in ordinary methods performed in 3 to 4 stages of low speed, medium speed, and high speed, and low speed, medium speed I, medium speed II, and high speed, and are not particularly limited. .
[0055]
The low-speed GNo. Is made of plastic with the addition of the Noro reducing material of the present invention, so in order to improve the extension in the axial direction, especially when using a low slump concrete such as a built-in type. In order to prevent jumpers, the low-speed GNo. Is preferably 3G or less, more preferably 2.7G or less, and most preferably 0.5 to 2G.
[0056]
The low-speed rotation time is preferably 1 minute or longer, more preferably 2 minutes or longer, and most preferably 3 to 6 minutes.
[0057]
Medium speed I includes medium speed I and medium speed II. If the speed is 4 stages as a whole, medium speed I will be rotated at about 4-8G for more than 1 minute to make the thickness of the centrifugal force molded body uniform. Furthermore, as medium speed II, in order to arrange the aggregate in the circumferential direction and prepare for the transition to high speed, the pump is 12-18G when the slump is lower than 5cm, and the pump with the slump exceeding 5cm In the case of hitting, it is preferably rotated at 8 to 12 G for 1 minute or more, more preferably 2 minutes or more, and most preferably 3 to 5 minutes.
Further, in the case of three stages of low speed, medium speed, and high speed, the medium speed GNo. Is preferably 6 to 12G.
[0058]
The high-speed GNo. And the rotation time are not particularly limited, and there is no generation of slack, the tightening is good, and it does not fall off due to impact during transportation. For example, in the case of concrete with a large slump by pumping, a small amount of powder such as cement, and a small water holding capacity using crushed sand or the like, it may be preferable to rotate at about 15 G for about 2 minutes. On the other hand, when the amount of powder is large, the water retention capacity is large and the slump is small, it may be necessary to rotate at about 40 G for 3 to 4 minutes or more.
[0059]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.
[0060]
Example 1
Maximum aggregate size 25mm, slump 3 ± 1cm, air volume 2%, fine aggregate ratio 40%, water cement ratio 42.5%, unit amount of each material is 400kg / m cementThree, Fine aggregate 716kg / mThreeCoarse aggregate 1,082kg / mThree, 170kg / m of waterThree, And water reducing agent 1.2kg / mThreeAs shown in Table 1, the type and amount of bentonite were changed and the concrete was kneaded.
For concrete kneading, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and powdered bentonite are put into a planetary type 100 liter mixer for 40 liters, and organic acids and water reducing agents are dissolved in the kneaded water. Then, the mixture was kneaded for 90 minutes, and was subjected to centrifugal force molding simultaneously with the slump measurement.
When the slump value changed, the slump was adjusted by adding a water reducing agent.
Centrifugal force molding is performed under the condition that the amount of concrete input is 18 kg, low speed is 2G × 3 minutes, medium speed I is 4G × 1 minute, medium speed II is 15G × 3 minutes, and high speed is 35G × 8 minutes. The hollow open portions at both ends were covered so as to prevent leakage, and a centrifugal force molded specimen having an outer diameter of 20 × length of 30 × thickness of 5 cm was molded.
The amount of waste generated at the time of centrifugal force molding, and the molded specimen were cooled for 2 hours in advance, steam-cured for 4 hours at 75 ° C, with a heating rate of 20 ° C / hr. Daily intensity was measured. The results are also shown in Table 1.
[0061]
<Materials used>
Cement: Electrochemical industry, ordinary Portland cement
Fine aggregate: River sand from Himekawa, Niigata Prefecture, specific gravity 2.62
Coarse aggregate: Crushed stone from Himekawa, Niigata Prefecture, specific gravity 2.64
Water reducing agent: Trade name “Cellflow 110P”, manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., main component polyalkylallylsulfonate
Bentonite α: Product name “Fine Grain” manufactured by Toyoshun Yoko Co., Ltd., swelling degree 5
Bentonite β: Product name “Sizing Mark” manufactured by Toyoshun Yoko Co., Ltd., swelling degree 10
Bentonite γ: Product name “Sado” manufactured by Kanto Bentonite Mining Co., swelling degree 15
Bentonite δ: Trade name “Tone” manufactured by Kanto Bentonite Mining Co., Swelling degree 20 or more
Bentonite η: Trade name “Premium Gel” manufactured by Kanto Bentonite Mining Co., Swelling degree 35 or more
Organic acids, etc. M: Phosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, reagent grade 1
[0062]
[Table 1]
As is clear from Table 1, in the comparative example, the strength does not increase for a large amount of dewatering. However, when the cut surface of the centrifugal molded body is observed, the aggregate is washed when the water dehydrates, and the aggregate and the mortar. It is observed that gaps and voids are generated between the two, and therefore, the adhesive force between the aggregate and the mortar is reduced and the strength is not increased.
[0064]
Example 2
As shown in Table 2, the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that the type of organic acids and the like were changed. The results are also shown in Table 2.
[0065]
<Materials used>
Organic acids, etc. A: Monocarboxylic acid, calcium acetate, first grade reagent
Organic acids, etc. B: polyvalent carboxylic acid, sodium succinate, first grade reagent
Organic acids, etc. C: Oxymonocarboxylic acid, calcium gluconate, first grade reagent
Organic acids, etc. D: Oxypolycarboxylic acid, citric acid
Organic acids E: Amino acid, EDTA, reagent grade
Organic acids, etc. F: aromatic carboxylic acid, sodium salicylate, first grade reagent
Organic acids, etc. G: aromatic polycarboxylic acid, sodium phthalate, first grade reagent
Organic acids, etc. H: Polycarboxylic acid, product name “Peolith SP8S” manufactured by Pozoris Bussan
Organic acids I: Sugars, sucrose, reagent grade
Organic acids, etc. J: Phenols, pyrogallol, reagent grade
Organic acids, etc. K: Alcohols, diethylene glycol, reagent grade
Organic acids, etc. L: amines, triethanolamine, reagent grade 1
Organic acids, etc. N: Phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, reagent grade
[0066]
[Table 2]
Example 3
Concrete 1mThreeOn the other hand, as shown in Table 3, it carried out similarly to Example 2 except having changed the kind and usage-amounts, such as organic acids. The results are also shown in Table 3.
[0068]
[Table 3]
Example 4
When kneading concrete shown in Table 4, kneading water, water reducing agent, bentonite, and calcium dihydrogen phosphate were suspended together and added in a slurry state, and concrete was kneaded, and the amount of generation was measured. Was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are also shown in Table 4.
[0070]
[Table 4]
Example 5
Using the concrete blends of Experiment No. 1-9 and Experiment No. 1-16, as shown in Table 5, the procedure was the same as in Example 1 except that the types and amounts of hydroxides were changed and kneaded. It was. The results are also shown in Table 5.
[0072]
<Materials used>
Hydroxides c: Slaked lime, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide e: Aluminum sulfate, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide, etc. f: calcium carbonate, raw limestone powder, brain value 4,000cm2/ g
Hydroxide, etc. h: sodium bicarbonate, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide, etc. i: Calcium nitrate, first grade reagent
Hydroxide m, etc .: Himekawa production river sand crushed, brain value 500cm2/ g
Hydroxides, etc. n: Silica fume, manufactured by Elchem
Hydroxide, etc. o: Diatomaceous earth, Showa Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name “Radiolite # 200”
Hydroxides, etc. p: Blast furnace slag, Kawasaki Steel, Brain value 3,800cm2/ g
[0073]
[Table 5]
Example 6
Using the concrete composition of Experiment No. 1-16, as shown in Table 6, the same procedure as in Example 5 was performed except that the kind and amount of hydroxide were changed. The results are also shown in Table 6.
[0075]
<Materials used>
Hydroxide etc. a: Aluminum hydroxide, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide, etc. b: magnesium hydroxide, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide etc. d: Ferrous sulfate, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide g: Magnesium carbonate, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide, etc. j: Sodium thiosulfate, reagent grade
Hydroxide, etc. k: Sodium silicate, reagent grade 1
Hydroxide l: Potassium aluminate, reagent grade
Hydroxides, etc. q: Activated clay after filtration of baked clay, edible oil 800 ° C calcined product, Blaine value 5,500 cm2/ g
Hydroxide, etc. r: Zeolite, manufactured by Kanto Bentonite Mining Co., Ltd., trade name “SGW-B4”, approximately 10% mesh remaining
Hydroxide s: quick lime, reagent grade
[0076]
[Table 6]
Example 7
As shown in Table 7, the same procedure as in Example 6 was performed except that the kind and amount of hydroxide were changed. The results are also shown in Table 7.
[0078]
[Table 7]
Example 8
As shown in Table 8, the same procedure as in Example 6 was performed except that the kind and amount of hydroxide were changed. The results are also shown in Table 8.
[0080]
[Table 8]
Example 9
Using the formulation shown in Table 9, it was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the concrete kneading method was changed, and the amount of generated noro was measured.
The kneading method is to create a slurry in which bentonite, organic acids, etc. and hydroxides are suspended in a part of water, dissolve the water reducing agent in the remaining kneaded water, and firstly add cement and aggregate Then, while kneading, the mixture was kneaded with water in which the water reducing agent was dissolved for 30 seconds, and then the suspended slurry was added and kneaded for 90 seconds. The results are also shown in Table 9.
[0082]
[Table 9]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail in the examples, the centrifugal effect of montmorillonite clay mineral represented by bentonite is further enhanced by the combined use with the organic acids of the present invention.
Furthermore, by using the hydroxide of the present invention in combination, the effect of reducing the unit water amount is produced while promoting the effect of reducing the loss and maintaining the force of reducing the loss.
And by using the Noro reducing material of this invention, generation | occurrence | production of Noro currently discarded as an industrial product can be reduced, and a big advantage on pollution prevention and environmental conservation is shown.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP34035592A JP3775754B2 (en) | 1992-12-21 | 1992-12-21 | Noro reducing material, centrifugal force molded body using the same, and method for producing the same |
| KR1019930028868A KR0124124B1 (en) | 1992-12-21 | 1993-12-21 | Slag reducing material, centrifugal force molded product using the same, and a method of manufacturing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP34035592A JP3775754B2 (en) | 1992-12-21 | 1992-12-21 | Noro reducing material, centrifugal force molded body using the same, and method for producing the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06183799A JPH06183799A (en) | 1994-07-05 |
| JP3775754B2 true JP3775754B2 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
Family
ID=18336147
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP34035592A Expired - Lifetime JP3775754B2 (en) | 1992-12-21 | 1992-12-21 | Noro reducing material, centrifugal force molded body using the same, and method for producing the same |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3775754B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR0124124B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4837180B2 (en) * | 2001-04-25 | 2011-12-14 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | NORO REDUCING AGENT AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING CENTRAL FORCE MOLDED PRODUCT USING THE SAME |
| JP2006219319A (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2006-08-24 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Cement admixture and cement composition |
| JP5744702B2 (en) * | 2011-10-26 | 2015-07-08 | 花王株式会社 | Additive for hydraulic composition |
| CN105899471B (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2019-10-08 | 花王株式会社 | Flospinning hydraulic-composition |
| JP6616686B2 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2019-12-04 | 花王株式会社 | Method for producing cured body of hydraulic composition |
| JP6749812B2 (en) * | 2016-08-04 | 2020-09-02 | デンカ株式会社 | Cement admixture and sludge prevention material for sludge generation prevention material of centrifugal force molded concrete products |
| KR101856380B1 (en) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-05-09 | 주식회사 포스코건설 | Concrete Composition Using Utilizing Liquid Activator |
| JP7098582B2 (en) * | 2018-08-08 | 2022-07-11 | 花王株式会社 | Additives for compositions containing inorganic particles |
-
1992
- 1992-12-21 JP JP34035592A patent/JP3775754B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-12-21 KR KR1019930028868A patent/KR0124124B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH06183799A (en) | 1994-07-05 |
| KR940014241A (en) | 1994-07-18 |
| KR0124124B1 (en) | 1997-11-27 |
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