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JP3778680B2 - Cathode for oxygen electrode - Google Patents
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JP3778680B2 - Cathode for oxygen electrode - Google Patents

Cathode for oxygen electrode Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3778680B2
JP3778680B2 JP35374497A JP35374497A JP3778680B2 JP 3778680 B2 JP3778680 B2 JP 3778680B2 JP 35374497 A JP35374497 A JP 35374497A JP 35374497 A JP35374497 A JP 35374497A JP 3778680 B2 JP3778680 B2 JP 3778680B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
electrode
oxygen
cathode
noble metal
oxygen electrode
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JP35374497A
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JPH11183424A (en
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奏子 山上
博将 山本
勇二 肥川
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A&T Corp
Tokuyama Corp
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A&T Corp
Tokuyama Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は酸素電極用陰極に関する。詳しくは、本発明は長期安定性に優れた酸素電極を構成することが可能な酸素電極用陰極に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
酸素透過性膜を透過する酸素の量を検知用電極を用いて測定する酸素電極は、発酵プロセスの制御、水質用の環境計測、医療分野における計測など非常に多岐にわたる利用がなされている。近年においては、その酸素透過性膜の外表面において酸素を消費または生産する酵素反応と組み合わせた、酵素電極も開発されている。
【0003】
酸素電極は使用する原理から分類すると、ポーラログラフ式、ガルバニ電池式、濃淡電池式等があり、各用途に応じて使い分けられている。これらのうちポーラログラフ式のものは、検知部となる一部の壁が酸素透過性膜で構成された電極容器内に、電極として検知極となる陰極、対極となる陽極、および電解質溶液を基本的に有し、検知極に一定の電位を印加した場合に、酸素透過膜を透過する酸素の量に応じて流れる電流を測定することにより、気体又は液体中の酸素分圧(酸素濃度)を求める形式のものである。
【0004】
上記の酸素電極の検知極となる陰極としては、電極面積の規定および機械的強度の付与のため、貴金属電極をガラス・樹脂などの支持体中に固定したものが多用される。公知技術の例としては、特公平1−32943、特開昭62−64942などが挙げられる。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、貴金属を支持体中に固定した陰極を用いてポーラログラフ式酸素電極を構成した場合、該酸素電極は長期間使用すると酸素応答時間が遅延し測定の再現性が低下するという問題があった。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
発明者らは、上記酸素電極において長期間使用した場合に酸素応答時間が遅延し測定の再現性が低下するのは、酸素電極用陰極の貴金属電極表面近傍の電解質溶液の局所的な変質によるのではないかと考え、このような電解質溶液の局所的な変質を防止する方法について種々検討を行った。その結果、支持体表面に露出した貴金属電極表面の近傍に電解質溶液を保持する小室を設けた場合には上記電解質溶液の局所的な変質が起こらない場合があるという知見を得た。そして更に検討を行ったところ、上記小室に保持される電解質溶液の量及び該小室と上記貴金属電極表面との距離(間隔)には各酸素電極用陰極に応じた最適値が存在することを見いだし、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0007】
即ち、本発明は、支持体内に、その一部が該支持体の表面とほぼ同一面を形成するように露出した状態で貴金属電極が固定され、支持体外部と電気的に接続できる酸素電極用陰極において、該貴金属電極の露出部分近傍の支持体表面に該貴金属電極の露出部分から所定の間隔を置いて所定の空容積を有する小室が設けられていることを特徴とするポーラログラフ式酸素電極用陰極である。
【0008】
上記酸素電極用陰極において、貴金属電極の露出部分と小室の間隔が約0.03〜0.5mmのもので、且つ該小室の空容積が約0.2〜0.7μlのものは、酸素電極に組み込んで使用した場合に、貴金属電極に電圧を印加してから酸素分圧(酸素濃度)の測定が可能になるまでの時間(以下、電流値安定化時間と表記する)も短く、長期安定性にも優れるという特徴を有する。また、上記態様を含めた本発明の酸素電極用陰極のうち支持体が熱可塑性樹脂からなるものは、絶縁性樹脂で被覆された貴金属棒を金型内に挿入し、次いで該金型内に溶融した熱可塑性樹脂を導入してインサート成形することにより、精度良く量産できるという特徴を有する。
【0009】
また、他の本発明は、一部の壁が酸素透過性膜により構成された電極ハウジングの内部に陰極、陽極及び電解質溶液が内蔵されたポーラログラフ式酸素電極において、陰極が上記本発明の酸素電極用陰極であることを特徴とするポーラログラフ式酸素電極である。
【0010】
本発明の酸素電極では、陰極の支持体表面に露出した貴金属電極の近傍の支持体表面上に設けられる小室に電解質溶液が保持されるのであるが、該小室の位置(貴金属電極露出部からの間隔)及び空容積(保持される電解質溶液量)が該小室から貴金属電極露出部への電解質溶液の拡散とハウジング内に保持されている電解質溶液と該小室内の電解質溶液の拡散による入れ替えとのバランスが適度に保たれるように設定されているため、電流値安定化時間を長くすることなく電解質溶液の局所的な変質が防止され、結果として長期間使用しても酸素応答時間が遅延せずに、信頼性の高い測定が可能になるものと思われる。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、図面を用いて本発明の酸素電極用陰極及び本発明の酸素電極を詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらの添付図面に何ら限定されるものではない。
【0012】
まず、図1及び図2を用いて本発明の酸素電極用陰極について説明する。
【0013】
図1は、本発明において採用される酸素電極用陰極の断面図である。図1において符号1は検知極となる貴金属電極であり、その一部(貴金属電極露出部分1a)は支持体2の表面とほぼ同一面を形成するようにして露出している。ここで、貴金属電極露出部分の露出面積は一般的には160μm2〜4mm2程度である。
【0014】
該貴金属電極1の材質としては、金、白金、イリジウム等が使用できるが、硬度が適度で加工がしやすいという観点から、金を用いるのが好適である。
【0015】
貴金属電極1の形状はその露出部分の露出面が平面若しくは曲面であるものであり、且つ支持体外部と電気的に接続するための導線が接続できる部分(接続端子1b)を有するものであればその形状は特に制限されず任意の形状を取りうるが、本発明の酸素電極用陰極を製造する際の生産性を勘案すると、図1に示すような棒状であるのが好適である。即ち、貴金属電極が棒状である場合には後述するインサート成形をする際に位置ずれが起こりにくく精度の良い成形が可能となる。そして得られた酸素電極用陰極は、図1に示すように該接続端子1bが支持体外部に突き出た態様となるため、支持体外部と電気的に接続するための導線を接続する際の操作性も良好である。
【0016】
図1中、2は該貴金属電極を固定するための支持体であり、その貴金属電極露出部分1aの近傍の表面に小室3が設けられている。上記支持体2は、上記小室3を有し、貴金属電極1を固定できるものであればその形状は特に限定されないが、支持体2は該支持体2に固定された貴金属電極の露出面が酸素透過性膜と接するようして酸素電極に組み込まれるため、酸素透過性膜を傷つけることのないように、少なくともその酸素透過性膜と接する可能性のある部分はゆるやかな曲面を有する形状であるのが好ましい。
【0017】
また、上記支持体2の材質は電気絶縁性を有するものであれば特に限定されず、ガラス、熱可塑性樹脂および熱硬化性樹脂等、ポーラログラフ式酸素電極の陰極において貴金属電極支持体として使用されている公知の材料が使用できるが、成形精度および量産性の観点から熱可塑性樹脂を用いるのが好適である。熱可塑性樹脂としては公知の熱可塑性樹脂の中から適宜選択して使用することができるが、良好な電気絶縁性、低吸水性および低酸素透過性を有する樹脂が好ましい。
【0018】
電気絶縁性については、酸素電極のノイズを減少させ充分な感度を得るために、37℃の水中における体積抵抗率が1010Ω・cm以上、さらに好ましくは1011Ω・cm以上を有する樹脂が適する。低吸水性については、酸素電極の印加直後の電気化学的な安定性およびその後の経時変化を抑制して充分な測定精度を得るために、飽和吸水率が14%以下、さらに好ましくは飽和吸水率が11%以下の樹脂が適する。低酸素透過性については、酸素電極の印加直後の電気化学的な安定性およびその後の経時変化を抑制して充分な測定精度を得るために、相対湿度50%のときの酸素透過度が5cm3・cm・m-2・24hr-1・atm-1以下、さらに好ましくは3cm3・cm・m-2・24hr-1・atm-1以下の樹脂が適する。これらの条件を満たし好適に使用できる熱可塑性樹脂としては、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリブチレンテレフタレート等が挙げられる。
【0019】
本発明の酸電極用陰極における最大の特徴は、支持体2の貴金属電極露出部分1aの近傍の表面に該貴金属電極露出部分1aから所定の間隔wを置いて所定の空容積を有する小室3が設けらている点にある。電極ハウジング内の空隙部に封入されている電解質溶液(後述する図3の8参照)は該小室3を経由して拡散により貴金属電極露出部分1aへ供給されるのであるが、小室3と電極ハウジング内の空隙部との間では常に拡散による電解質溶液の均質化が行われている。そして前記間隔wと小室3の空容積とを予め決められた所定の範囲とすることにより電解質溶液の上記貴金属電極露出部分1aへの拡散と上記均質化のバランスが適度に保たれる。その結果、電流値安定化時間を長くすることなく電解質溶液の局所的な変質(導電性の低下等)を防止することができ、本発明の酸素電極用陰極を用いた酸素電極は、長期安定性が優れたものとなる。
【0020】
このように、上記小室3と貴金属電極露出部分1aとの間隔w及び小室3の空容積は上記バランス保持機能を発揮して本発明の効果を得る上で重要である。本発明者等の検討によれば、空容積が大きく該小室3に保持される電解質溶液量が多くなりすぎたり上記間隔wが短すぎて貴金属電極露出部への電解質溶液の拡散量が多くなりすぎる場合には、(恐らく酸素を含んだ電解質溶液が貴金属面近くに滞留し易くなって検知極である貴金属面に常に酸素が供給されるためと思われるが)電流値安定化時間が長くなったり酸素電極の測定精度が低下する傾向があること、また逆に小室3の空容積が小さすぎたり上記間隔wが長すぎたりする場合には(電解質溶液の局所的な変質が起こるためと思われるが)酸素応答時間が遅延し、測定の再現性が低下する傾向があることが明らかとなっている。
【0021】
上記間隔w及び小室3の空容積は、これら知見に基づいて使用する電解質溶液の種類や酸素透過膜と接する貴金属電極や支持体部分の形状等に応じて適宜決定すればよいが、一般的には、上記間隔wは約0.03〜0.5mm、より好ましくは約0.04〜0.3mmであり、小室3の空容積は約0.2〜0.7μlの範囲であるのが好適である。ここで、上記間隔wとは、貴金属電極露出部1a周縁と小室3周縁との最近接距離を意味し、小室3の空容積とは該小室3に保持し得る電解質溶液の最大量(μl)で評価されるものである。
【0022】
小室3の形状は上記条件を満足するものであれば特に限定されず、その数も特に限定されないが、電解質溶液の拡散効率の点から1〜4個の小室を、貴金属電極露出部の周縁と各小室の周縁との最近接距離が0.03〜0.5mm、より好ましくは0.04〜0.3mmであるように、貴金属電極露出部を取り巻くように配置するのが好適である。代表的な小室3の配置を図2に示す。なお、一般に使用される電解質溶液はその粘度が比較的高いため、小室3が電極ハウジング内の空隙部と連通していても前記バランス保持機能を発揮するが、比較的低い粘度の電解質溶液を使用する場合には両者は連通していないことが望ましい。
【0023】
本発明の酸素電極用陰極を製造する方法は特に制限されず、あらかじめ貴金属電極を固定させた支持体の表面を削って通液用溝部を形成する方法、あらかじめ通液用溝部が形成された支持体に貴金属電極を後から装着する方法、及び貴金属電極と通液用溝部を有する支持体を一体成形する方法の何れの方法を採用しても良い。
【0024】
これら製造方法の中でも、通液用溝部の成形精度および量産性等の観点から、小室3が形成できるような凸部(以下、金型凸部ともいう)を設けた金型内に検知極となる貴金属電極を予めセットしておき、溶融した熱可塑性樹脂を注入して一体成形する、いわゆるインサート成形を採用するのが好適である。このとき、貴金属電極としては、相対湿度90%の雰囲気下で20〜65℃の温度変化サイクルを繰り返しながら直流100Vの電圧を7日間印加したときの体積抵抗率が1.0×1011Ω・cm以上を示すエポキシ系樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル系樹脂、ポリイミド系樹脂等の絶縁性樹脂がその側面に13〜27μmの厚さで塗布された貴金属棒を用いると、該貴金属棒と支持体との密着性が向上するので特に好適である。
【0025】
上記インサート成形における成形条件は、支持体となる熱可塑性樹脂の種類に応じて、通常採用される条件の中から最適な条件を適宜決定すればよい。
【0026】
本発明の酸素電極用陰極は、一部の壁が酸素透過性膜で構成された電極ハウジング(電極容器)内に対極となる陽極と共に内蔵させ、更に該電極ハウジング内に電解質溶液を封入することにより気体又は液体中の酸素分圧(酸素濃度)を測定するためのポーラログラフ式酸素電極を構成することが出来る。また、上記構成のポーラログラフ式酸素電極において、酸素透過膜の外表面にグルコースオキシダーゼ、ウリカーゼなどの酵素を固定化することにより、酵素センサーを構成し、発酵プロセスの制御、水質などの環境計測、医療分野における計測、酵素センサーなどへ応用することが可能である。なお、このとき固定化される酵素及びその固定方法は特に限定されず、従来の酵素センサーで一般的に使用されている酵素及び固定化方法が何等制限なく使用できる。
【0027】
以下、本発明の酸素電極用陰極の用途の応用例として該陰極を用いて構成したポーラログラフ式酸素電極(以下、本発明の酸素電極ともいう)について、図3を用いて更に詳しく説明する。
【0028】
図3は、本発明の酸素電極の代表的な構造を示す断面図である。図3において符号4は電極ハウジングでありその一部は酸素透過性膜7で構成されている。また、該電極ハウジング4の中には、本発明の酸素電極用陰極5及び対極となる陽極6が内蔵されており、更にその空隙部には電解質溶液8が封入されている。なお、該電解質溶液8はその大部分は電極ハウジング4と酸素電極用陰極5の間の空隙部に存在しているが、その一部は小室3内部、及び酸素電極用陰極5と酸素透過性膜7との界面に存在している。また、本発明の酸素電極に内蔵される本発明の酸素電極用陰極5と陽極6とは電源9及び電流計10を介在して電気的に接続している。
【0029】
本発明における電極ハウジング4は、検知部の壁が酸素透過性膜7で構成され、電解質溶液を封入できる容器であれば特に限定されるものではないが、図3に示すように、筒状の容器の先端部を酸素透過性膜で構成した構造が一般的である。
【0030】
上記電極ハウジング4を構成する酸素透過性膜7以外の部分の材質としては、中に封入する電解質溶液に対して耐性を有する公知の材質の中から適宜選択することができる。このような材質としては、たとえば、ガラス、セラミックスなどの無機物、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリブチレンテレフタレート、ポリアセタール、ポリ塩化ビニル、エポキシ樹脂等の合成樹脂等が挙げられる。
【0031】
また、酸素透過性膜7の材質は、液体を透過せず且つ酸素を透過しうる能力を有するものであれば特に制限されないが、相対湿度50%のときの酸素透過度が10cm3・cm・m-2・24hr-1・atm-1以上、さらに好ましくは17cm3・cm・m-2・24hr-1・atm-1以上の樹脂が適する。これらの条件を満たす樹脂の例としては、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、テトラフルオロエチレン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体等のフッ素樹脂、ポリスチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、ポリエチレン、ポリフェニレンオキサイド、ポリメチルペンテン等が一般的に挙げられる。これらのうち、酸素透過性が高く、かつ柔軟性のある膜が得られるフッ素樹脂が特に好適である。
【0032】
上記酸素透過性膜の厚さには特に制限はないが、透過した酸素を定電位電解電流で検知する上から1〜100μmとすることが好ましく、膜の取り扱いやすさも加味すると特に10〜50μmとすることが好ましい。
【0033】
本発明において、酸素分圧(酸素濃度)測定のためには、検知極となる陰極が固定された酸素電極用陰極5の他に、対極となる陽極6が必要である。すなわち、測定系は電気化学的反応により酸素を電気分解するための電極である陰極の他に、上記電気化学反応を進行させるための回路を構成する陽極を必要とする。陽極は公知の電極の中から選択して適宜使用することができるが、簡便性や生成する化合物の有害性などの見地から、銀電極が好適に使用される。
【0034】
また、本発明における酸素分圧(酸素濃度)測定のための他の構造及び使用の態様は、公知の態様が特に制限なく採用される。例えば、検知極は電流計を介して対極と電気的に接続される。
【0035】
上記した電極ハウジング内に封入される電解質溶液8としては、通常のポーラログラフ式酸素電極で使用される塩化カリウム、塩化ナトリウム、臭化ナトリウムなどのハロゲン化アルカリ金属塩を含む水溶液電解質溶液を何ら制限無く使用することができる。
【0036】
本発明の酸素電極を用いて気体または液体試料中の酸素分圧(酸素濃度)を測定する方法は従来のポーラログラフ式酸素電極を用いた測定方法と変わる点は特になく、例えば次のようにして行うことが出来る。即ち、まず、上記のようにして構成した酸素電極の陰極へ、対極に対して−0.8Vを印加し、両電極間に流れる電流値が一定になるまで待機した後に、該酸素電極の酸素透過性膜外表面に酸素分圧(酸素濃度)が既知の液体または気体を接触させ、系に流れた電流値を電流計で計測して基準とする。次に、酸素分圧(酸素濃度)を測定しようとする気体および液体を同様に該酸素透過性膜外表面に接触させ、その時の電流値を計測する。これを前出の基準と比較することにより、酸素分圧(酸素濃度)の測定を行うことが出来る。
【0037】
【実施例】
以下に本発明を更に具体的に説明するために実施例を挙げるが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0038】
実施例1
直径1mmの金棒に熱硬化型エポキシ樹脂を15μmの厚さに塗布したものを下記小室部を与えるような金型凸部を有する金型内に挿入し、次いで該金型内に溶融したポリエチレンテレフタレートを圧入した後冷却して、外径6.5mmで支持体全長27mmである図1に示すような形状の酸素電極用陰極を製作した。なお、この酸素電極用陰極における小室部の形状及び配置は図2−dに示すものと同様であり、各小室と貴金属電極露出部との間隔(w)は何れも0.2mmであり、各小室の空容積は何れも0.37μlである。
【0039】
次に、これらの酸素電極用陰極を用いて図2に示す構造の酸素電極を構成した。即ち、内径10mmの電極ハウジングの中に酸素電極用陰極と対極となる径1mmの銀線を設置するとともに、酸素透過性膜として厚さ約25μmのポリテトラフルオロエチレンフィルムを配置し、さらに、電極ハウジング内に表1に示す組成の電解質溶液を封入した。
【0040】
【表1】

Figure 0003778680
【0041】
この様にして作製した酸素電極を10本用意し、各酸素電極の陰極へ、対極に対して−0.8Vを印加し、両電極間に流れる電流値が一定になるまでに要した時間(電流値安定化時間)を測定してその平均値を求めた。また、温度20℃にて、酸素電極の窒素気流中における定常電流値を基準として、当該酸素電極を大気中から窒素気流中に移した後の電流値を経時的に測定し、その変化量が定常電流値に達するまでの変化量の90%に達するまでの時間を求め、その平均値を初期の酸素応答時間とした。さらに、37℃で3週間にわたり、各酸素電極の検知極へ、対極に対して−0.8Vを印加した後、上記のようにして3週間後の酸素応答時間を測定した。その結果、電流値安定化時間は13分であり、初期の酸素応答時間は6.7秒であり、3週間後の酸素応答時間は9.4秒であった。
【0042】
実施例2〜5
金型凸部の位置及び大きさが異なる金型を用いる以外は実施例1と同様にして、表2に示す貴金属電極露出部との間隔(w)及び空容積を有する酸素電極用陰極を作製し、各酸素電極用陰極について実施例1と同様に酸素電極を組み立て、それぞれの酸素電極について電流値安定化時間、初期の酸素応答時間及び3週間後の酸素応答時間を測定した。その結果を表2に示す。
【0043】
【表2】
Figure 0003778680
【0044】
比較例1
金型凸部がない金型を用いる以外は実施例1と同様にして、小室のない酸素電極用陰極を作製し、各酸素電極用陰極について実施例1と同様に酸素電極を組み立て、それぞれの酸素電極について電流値安定化時間、初期の酸素応答時間及び3週間後の酸素応答時間を測定した。その結果を表2に示す。
【0045】
比較例2〜5
金型凸部の位置及び大きさが異なる金型を用いる以外は実施例1と同様にして、表2に示す貴金属電極露出部との間隔(w)及び空容積を有する酸素電極用陰極を作製し、各酸素電極用陰極について実施例1と同様に酸素電極を組み立て、それぞれの酸素電極について電流値安定化時間、初期の酸素応答時間及び3週間後の酸素応答時間を測定した。その結果を表2に示す。
【0046】
【発明の効果】
本発明の酸素電極用陰極を用いて構成された酸素電極は、電流値安定化時間が短く、しかも長期間使用しても酸素応答時間の遅延が生じず、高い再現性の測定を行うことが出来る。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の酸素電極用陰極の断面図である。
【図2】 本発明の代表的な酸素電極用陰極の上視図である。
【図3】 本発明の酸素電極の断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1・・・貴金属電極
1a・・貴金属電極露出部分
1b・・接続端子
2・・・支持体
3・・・小室
4・・・電極ハウジング
5・・・本発明の酸素電極用陰極
6・・・陽極
7・・・酸素透過性膜
8・・・電解質溶液
9・・・電源
10・・電流計[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cathode for an oxygen electrode. Specifically, the present invention relates to an oxygen electrode cathode capable of constituting an oxygen electrode excellent in long-term stability.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Oxygen electrodes that measure the amount of oxygen that permeates through an oxygen permeable membrane using a detection electrode are used in a wide variety of applications such as control of fermentation processes, environmental measurement for water quality, and measurement in the medical field. In recent years, enzyme electrodes have also been developed in combination with enzyme reactions that consume or produce oxygen on the outer surface of the oxygen permeable membrane.
[0003]
Oxygen electrodes are classified into polarographic, galvanic, and concentration cell types according to the principle of use, and are used properly according to each application. Of these, the polarographic type is basically composed of a cathode serving as a detection electrode, an anode serving as a counter electrode, and an electrolyte solution as an electrode in an electrode container in which a part of the wall serving as a detection unit is formed of an oxygen permeable membrane. The partial pressure of oxygen (oxygen concentration) in a gas or liquid is obtained by measuring the current flowing according to the amount of oxygen that passes through the oxygen permeable membrane when a constant potential is applied to the detection electrode. Of the form.
[0004]
As the cathode serving as the detection electrode of the oxygen electrode, a cathode in which a noble metal electrode is fixed in a support such as glass or resin is often used in order to define the electrode area and impart mechanical strength. Examples of known techniques include JP-B-1-32943, JP-A-62-264942, and the like.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when a polarographic oxygen electrode is formed using a cathode in which a noble metal is fixed in a support, there is a problem that when the oxygen electrode is used for a long time, the oxygen response time is delayed and the reproducibility of the measurement is lowered.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The inventors delay the oxygen response time and decrease the reproducibility of the measurement when the oxygen electrode is used for a long time because of local alteration of the electrolyte solution in the vicinity of the noble metal electrode surface of the cathode for the oxygen electrode. In view of this, various studies were made on methods for preventing such local alteration of the electrolyte solution. As a result, it was found that when a small chamber for holding the electrolyte solution is provided in the vicinity of the surface of the noble metal electrode exposed on the support surface, local alteration of the electrolyte solution may not occur. As a result of further investigation, it has been found that there are optimum values according to the cathode for each oxygen electrode in the amount of the electrolyte solution held in the chamber and the distance (interval) between the chamber and the surface of the noble metal electrode. The present invention has been completed.
[0007]
That is, the present invention relates to an oxygen electrode that can be electrically connected to the outside of a support, with the noble metal electrode fixed in the support so that a part thereof is exposed so as to form substantially the same surface as the surface of the support. For a polarographic oxygen electrode, wherein the cathode is provided with a small chamber having a predetermined empty volume at a predetermined distance from the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode on the surface of the support in the vicinity of the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode The cathode.
[0008]
In the above-mentioned cathode for an oxygen electrode, the gap between the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode and the chamber is about 0.03 to 0.5 mm, and the chamber has an empty volume of about 0.2 to 0.7 μl. When it is used in a battery, the time from when a voltage is applied to the noble metal electrode until the measurement of the oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) becomes possible (hereinafter referred to as the current stabilization time) is short and stable for a long time. It has the characteristic that it is excellent also in property. In addition, among the cathodes for oxygen electrodes of the present invention including the above-described embodiments, those in which the support is made of a thermoplastic resin, a noble metal rod coated with an insulating resin is inserted into the mold, and then into the mold By introducing a molten thermoplastic resin and insert molding, it has a feature that it can be mass-produced with high accuracy.
[0009]
Another aspect of the present invention is a polarographic oxygen electrode in which a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution are housed in an electrode housing in which a part of the wall is formed of an oxygen permeable membrane, wherein the cathode is the oxygen electrode of the present invention. A polarographic oxygen electrode characterized by being a cathode for use.
[0010]
In the oxygen electrode of the present invention, the electrolyte solution is held in a chamber provided on the support surface in the vicinity of the noble metal electrode exposed on the surface of the cathode support. The position of the chamber (from the exposed noble metal electrode exposed portion) The interval) and the empty volume (the amount of the electrolyte solution to be retained) are the diffusion of the electrolyte solution from the small chamber to the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode and the replacement by the diffusion of the electrolyte solution held in the housing and the electrolyte solution in the small chamber. Is set to maintain an appropriate balance, preventing local alteration of the electrolyte solution without lengthening the current stabilization time, resulting in a delay in oxygen response time even after prolonged use. Without the need for reliable measurement.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, although the cathode for oxygen electrodes of this invention and the oxygen electrode of this invention are demonstrated in detail using drawing, this invention is not limited to these accompanying drawings at all.
[0012]
First, the oxygen electrode cathode of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
[0013]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an oxygen electrode cathode employed in the present invention. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a noble metal electrode serving as a detection electrode, and a part thereof (noble metal electrode exposed portion 1 a) is exposed so as to form substantially the same surface as the surface of the support 2. Here, the exposed area of the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode is generally about 160 μm 2 to 4 mm 2 .
[0014]
As the material of the noble metal electrode 1, gold, platinum, iridium, or the like can be used, but gold is preferable from the viewpoint that the hardness is moderate and the processing is easy.
[0015]
The shape of the noble metal electrode 1 is such that the exposed surface of the exposed portion is a flat surface or a curved surface, and has a portion (connection terminal 1b) to which a conductive wire for electrical connection with the outside of the support can be connected. The shape is not particularly limited and may be any shape. However, taking into account the productivity in producing the cathode for an oxygen electrode of the present invention, a rod shape as shown in FIG. 1 is preferred. That is, when the noble metal electrode has a rod shape, misalignment hardly occurs during insert molding, which will be described later, and accurate molding becomes possible. And since the obtained cathode for oxygen electrode becomes the aspect which this connection terminal 1b protruded outside the support body as shown in FIG. 1, operation at the time of connecting the conducting wire for electrically connecting with the support body exterior The property is also good.
[0016]
In FIG. 1, reference numeral 2 denotes a support for fixing the noble metal electrode, and a small chamber 3 is provided on the surface in the vicinity of the noble metal electrode exposed portion 1a. The shape of the support 2 is not particularly limited as long as it has the small chamber 3 and can fix the noble metal electrode 1, but the support 2 has an exposed surface of the noble metal electrode fixed to the support 2 with oxygen. Since it is incorporated into the oxygen electrode so as to be in contact with the permeable membrane, at least a portion that may be in contact with the oxygen permeable membrane has a gently curved shape so as not to damage the oxygen permeable membrane. Is preferred.
[0017]
The material of the support 2 is not particularly limited as long as it has electrical insulation, and is used as a noble metal electrode support in the cathode of a polarographic oxygen electrode, such as glass, thermoplastic resin and thermosetting resin. Although known materials can be used, it is preferable to use a thermoplastic resin from the viewpoint of molding accuracy and mass productivity. The thermoplastic resin can be appropriately selected from known thermoplastic resins and is preferably a resin having good electrical insulation, low water absorption and low oxygen permeability.
[0018]
Regarding electrical insulation, in order to reduce the noise of the oxygen electrode and obtain sufficient sensitivity, a resin having a volume resistivity in water at 37 ° C. of 10 10 Ω · cm or more, more preferably 10 11 Ω · cm or more is used. Suitable. For low water absorption, the saturated water absorption is 14% or less, more preferably saturated water absorption, in order to obtain sufficient measurement accuracy by suppressing electrochemical stability immediately after application of the oxygen electrode and subsequent change with time. 11% or less of resin is suitable. As for the low oxygen permeability, the oxygen permeability at 5% relative humidity is 5 cm 3 in order to obtain sufficient measurement accuracy by suppressing the electrochemical stability immediately after application of the oxygen electrode and the subsequent change with time. A resin of cm · m −2 · 24 hr −1 · atm −1 or less, more preferably 3 cm 3 · cm · m −2 · 24 hr −1 · atm −1 or less is suitable. Examples of the thermoplastic resin that satisfies these conditions and can be suitably used include polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate.
[0019]
The greatest feature of the cathode for an acid electrode of the present invention is that a small chamber 3 having a predetermined empty volume at a predetermined interval w from the noble metal electrode exposed portion 1a on the surface of the support 2 near the noble metal electrode exposed portion 1a. It is in the point provided. The electrolyte solution (see 8 in FIG. 3 to be described later) sealed in the gap in the electrode housing is supplied to the noble metal electrode exposed portion 1a through the small chamber 3 by diffusion. The electrolyte solution is always homogenized by diffusion between the inner space and the inner space. The balance between the diffusion of the electrolyte solution to the exposed portion 1a of the noble metal electrode and the homogenization can be appropriately maintained by setting the interval w and the empty volume of the small chamber 3 to a predetermined range. As a result, it is possible to prevent local alteration (decrease in electrical conductivity) of the electrolyte solution without increasing the current value stabilization time, and the oxygen electrode using the cathode for oxygen electrode of the present invention is stable for a long time. Excellent in properties.
[0020]
Thus, the interval w between the small chamber 3 and the exposed portion 1a of the noble metal electrode and the empty volume of the small chamber 3 are important for achieving the balance maintaining function and obtaining the effects of the present invention. According to the study by the present inventors, the amount of the electrolyte solution held in the small chamber 3 is too large or the distance w is too short and the amount of the electrolyte solution diffused into the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode is increased. If it is too high, the current value stabilization time becomes longer (perhaps because the oxygen-containing electrolyte solution tends to stay near the noble metal surface and oxygen is always supplied to the noble metal surface, which is the detection electrode). Or the measurement accuracy of the oxygen electrode tends to decrease, and conversely, if the empty volume of the chamber 3 is too small or the interval w is too long (because local alteration of the electrolyte solution occurs) However, it has become clear that the oxygen response time is delayed and the reproducibility of the measurement tends to decrease.
[0021]
The interval w and the empty volume of the chamber 3 may be appropriately determined according to the type of the electrolyte solution used based on these findings, the shape of the noble metal electrode in contact with the oxygen permeable membrane, the support portion, etc. The interval w is about 0.03 to 0.5 mm, more preferably about 0.04 to 0.3 mm, and the empty volume of the small chamber 3 is preferably in the range of about 0.2 to 0.7 μl. It is. Here, the interval w means the closest distance between the periphery of the noble metal electrode exposed portion 1a and the periphery of the small chamber 3, and the empty volume of the small chamber 3 is the maximum amount (μl) of the electrolyte solution that can be held in the small chamber 3. It is evaluated by.
[0022]
The shape of the chamber 3 is not particularly limited as long as the above conditions are satisfied, and the number thereof is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of the diffusion efficiency of the electrolyte solution, 1 to 4 chambers are defined as the periphery of the exposed portion of the noble metal electrode. It is preferable to arrange the exposed noble metal electrode so that the closest distance to the peripheral edge of each small chamber is 0.03 to 0.5 mm, more preferably 0.04 to 0.3 mm. A typical arrangement of the small chambers 3 is shown in FIG. In addition, since the viscosity of the electrolyte solution that is generally used is relatively high, the balance maintaining function is exhibited even if the chamber 3 communicates with the gap in the electrode housing, but an electrolyte solution having a relatively low viscosity is used. When doing so, it is desirable that the two are not in communication.
[0023]
The method for producing the cathode for an oxygen electrode of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is a method of forming a liquid passage groove by scraping the surface of a support on which a noble metal electrode is fixed in advance, and a support having a liquid passage groove formed in advance. Any of a method of attaching the noble metal electrode to the body later and a method of integrally forming the support having the noble metal electrode and the liquid passage groove may be adopted.
[0024]
Among these manufacturing methods, from the viewpoint of molding accuracy and mass productivity of the liquid passage groove, a detection electrode is provided in the mold provided with a convex portion (hereinafter also referred to as a mold convex portion) that can form the small chamber 3. It is preferable to adopt a so-called insert molding in which a noble metal electrode is set in advance, and a molten thermoplastic resin is injected and integrally molded. At this time, the noble metal electrode has a volume resistivity of 1.0 × 10 11 Ω · when a voltage of DC 100 V is applied for 7 days while repeating a temperature change cycle of 20 to 65 ° C. in an atmosphere with a relative humidity of 90%. When a noble metal rod having an insulating resin such as an epoxy resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, or a polyimide resin having a thickness of 13 cm or more is applied to the side surface with a thickness of 13 to 27 μm, the noble metal rod and the support This is particularly preferable because the adhesion is improved.
[0025]
As for the molding conditions in the insert molding, an optimum condition may be appropriately determined from the conditions usually employed according to the type of the thermoplastic resin to be the support.
[0026]
The cathode for an oxygen electrode according to the present invention is incorporated in an electrode housing (electrode container) having a part of the wall made of an oxygen permeable membrane together with an anode serving as a counter electrode, and further encloses an electrolyte solution in the electrode housing. A polarographic oxygen electrode for measuring the oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) in a gas or liquid can be constructed. In the polarographic oxygen electrode with the above configuration, an enzyme sensor is configured by immobilizing enzymes such as glucose oxidase and uricase on the outer surface of the oxygen permeable membrane, thereby controlling the fermentation process, measuring the environment such as water quality, medical It can be applied to measurement in field, enzyme sensor, etc. The enzyme to be immobilized and the immobilization method are not particularly limited, and enzymes and immobilization methods generally used in conventional enzyme sensors can be used without any limitation.
[0027]
Hereinafter, a polarographic oxygen electrode (hereinafter also referred to as the oxygen electrode of the present invention) configured using the cathode as an application example of the application of the cathode for the oxygen electrode of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to FIG.
[0028]
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a typical structure of the oxygen electrode of the present invention. In FIG. 3, reference numeral 4 denotes an electrode housing, and a part thereof is composed of an oxygen permeable membrane 7. The electrode housing 4 contains an oxygen electrode cathode 5 of the present invention and an anode 6 as a counter electrode, and an electrolyte solution 8 is sealed in the gap. The electrolyte solution 8 is mostly present in the gap between the electrode housing 4 and the oxygen electrode cathode 5, but a part of the electrolyte solution 8 is inside the small chamber 3 and the oxygen electrode cathode 5 and the oxygen permeability. It exists at the interface with the film 7. In addition, the oxygen electrode cathode 5 and the anode 6 of the present invention incorporated in the oxygen electrode of the present invention are electrically connected via a power source 9 and an ammeter 10.
[0029]
The electrode housing 4 in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the wall of the detection part is constituted by the oxygen permeable membrane 7 and can enclose the electrolyte solution. However, as shown in FIG. A structure in which the tip of the container is constituted by an oxygen permeable membrane is common.
[0030]
The material of the portion other than the oxygen permeable membrane 7 constituting the electrode housing 4 can be appropriately selected from known materials having resistance to the electrolyte solution enclosed therein. Examples of such materials include inorganic materials such as glass and ceramics, and synthetic resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyacetal, polyvinyl chloride, and epoxy resin.
[0031]
The material of the oxygen permeable membrane 7 is not particularly limited as long as it does not transmit liquid and has the ability to transmit oxygen, but the oxygen permeability at a relative humidity of 50% is 10 cm 3 · cm ·. A resin having m −2 · 24 hr −1 · atm −1 or more, more preferably 17 cm 3 · cm · m −2 · 24 hr −1 · atm −1 or more is suitable. Examples of resins that satisfy these conditions generally include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyphenylene oxide, polymethylpentene, and the like. Can be mentioned. Of these, a fluororesin is particularly suitable because it has a high oxygen permeability and a flexible film.
[0032]
Although the thickness of the oxygen permeable membrane is not particularly limited, it is preferably 1 to 100 μm from the viewpoint of detecting the permeated oxygen by a constant potential electrolysis current, and particularly 10 to 50 μm considering the ease of handling of the membrane. It is preferable to do.
[0033]
In the present invention, in order to measure the oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration), an anode 6 serving as a counter electrode is required in addition to the oxygen electrode cathode 5 to which the cathode serving as a detection electrode is fixed. That is, the measurement system requires an anode that constitutes a circuit for advancing the electrochemical reaction in addition to a cathode that is an electrode for electrolyzing oxygen by an electrochemical reaction. The anode can be selected from known electrodes and used as appropriate, but a silver electrode is preferably used from the standpoint of convenience and the harmfulness of the compound to be produced.
[0034]
In addition, as for other structures and usage modes for measuring the oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) in the present invention, known modes are employed without any particular limitation. For example, the detection electrode is electrically connected to the counter electrode via an ammeter.
[0035]
The electrolyte solution 8 enclosed in the electrode housing is not limited to an aqueous electrolyte solution containing an alkali metal halide such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide and the like used in a normal polarographic oxygen electrode. Can be used.
[0036]
The method for measuring the oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) in a gas or liquid sample using the oxygen electrode of the present invention is not particularly different from the conventional measurement method using a polarographic oxygen electrode. For example, as follows: Can be done. That is, first, −0.8 V is applied to the cathode of the oxygen electrode configured as described above with respect to the counter electrode, and after waiting until the value of the current flowing between the two electrodes becomes constant, the oxygen of the oxygen electrode is A liquid or gas having a known oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) is brought into contact with the outer surface of the permeable membrane, and the current value flowing through the system is measured with an ammeter and used as a reference. Next, the gas and liquid whose oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) is to be measured are similarly brought into contact with the outer surface of the oxygen permeable membrane, and the current value at that time is measured. By comparing this with the above-mentioned standard, the oxygen partial pressure (oxygen concentration) can be measured.
[0037]
【Example】
Examples are given below to describe the present invention more specifically, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
[0038]
Example 1
Polyethylene terephthalate obtained by applying a thermosetting epoxy resin having a thickness of 15 μm to a 1 mm diameter metal rod into a mold having a mold convex part that gives the following chamber, and then melting the mold. Then, it was cooled to produce an oxygen electrode cathode having an outer diameter of 6.5 mm and a support body length of 27 mm as shown in FIG. The shape and arrangement of the small chambers in this oxygen electrode cathode are the same as those shown in FIG. 2D, and the interval (w) between each small chamber and the noble metal electrode exposed portion is 0.2 mm. The empty volume of each chamber is 0.37 μl.
[0039]
Next, an oxygen electrode having the structure shown in FIG. 2 was constructed using these cathodes for oxygen electrodes. That is, a silver wire having a diameter of 1 mm, which is a counter electrode for the oxygen electrode cathode, is placed in an electrode housing having an inner diameter of 10 mm, a polytetrafluoroethylene film having a thickness of about 25 μm is disposed as an oxygen permeable film, An electrolyte solution having the composition shown in Table 1 was sealed in the housing.
[0040]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003778680
[0041]
Ten oxygen electrodes prepared in this way were prepared, -0.8 V was applied to the cathode of each oxygen electrode with respect to the counter electrode, and the time required until the value of the current flowing between the two electrodes became constant ( (Current value stabilization time) was measured and the average value was obtained. Further, the current value after the oxygen electrode was transferred from the atmosphere to the nitrogen stream was measured over time at a temperature of 20 ° C. with reference to the steady current value in the nitrogen stream of the oxygen electrode. The time required to reach 90% of the amount of change until the steady current value was reached was determined, and the average value was taken as the initial oxygen response time. Further, after applying −0.8 V to the counter electrode of each oxygen electrode over 3 weeks at 37 ° C., the oxygen response time after 3 weeks was measured as described above. As a result, the current value stabilization time was 13 minutes, the initial oxygen response time was 6.7 seconds, and the oxygen response time after 3 weeks was 9.4 seconds.
[0042]
Examples 2-5
A cathode for an oxygen electrode having an interval (w) from the noble metal electrode exposed portion shown in Table 2 and an empty volume is produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a die having a different position and size of the die convex portion is used. For each oxygen electrode cathode, an oxygen electrode was assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the current value stabilization time, initial oxygen response time, and oxygen response time after 3 weeks were measured for each oxygen electrode. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0043]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003778680
[0044]
Comparative Example 1
Except for the use of a mold having no mold projection, an oxygen electrode cathode without a chamber was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and each oxygen electrode cathode was assembled with an oxygen electrode in the same manner as in Example 1, For the oxygen electrode, the current value stabilization time, the initial oxygen response time, and the oxygen response time after 3 weeks were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0045]
Comparative Examples 2-5
A cathode for an oxygen electrode having an interval (w) from the noble metal electrode exposed portion shown in Table 2 and an empty volume is produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a die having a different position and size of the die convex portion is used. For each oxygen electrode cathode, an oxygen electrode was assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the current value stabilization time, initial oxygen response time, and oxygen response time after 3 weeks were measured for each oxygen electrode. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0046]
【The invention's effect】
The oxygen electrode configured using the cathode for oxygen electrode of the present invention has a short current value stabilization time, and does not cause a delay in oxygen response time even when used for a long time, and can perform high reproducibility measurement. I can do it.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an oxygen electrode cathode of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a top view of a representative oxygen electrode cathode of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an oxygen electrode according to the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Noble metal electrode 1a ... Noble metal electrode exposed part 1b ... Connection terminal 2 ... Support body 3 ... Small chamber 4 ... Electrode housing 5 ... Cathode 6 for oxygen electrodes of this invention ... Anode 7 ... Oxygen permeable membrane 8 ... Electrolyte solution 9 ... Power source 10 ... Ammeter

Claims (4)

支持体内に、その一部が該支持体の表面とほぼ同一面を形成するように露出した状態で貴金属電極が固定され、支持体外部と電気的に接続できる酸素電極用陰極において、該貴金属電極の露出部分近傍の支持体表面に該貴金属電極の露出部分から所定の間隔を置いて所定の空容積を有する小室が設けられていることを特徴とするポーラログラフ式酸素電極用陰極。A noble metal electrode fixed in a state where a part of the noble metal electrode is exposed so as to form substantially the same surface as the surface of the support, and the noble metal electrode can be electrically connected to the outside of the support. A cathode for a polarographic oxygen electrode, wherein a small chamber having a predetermined empty volume is provided at a predetermined interval from an exposed portion of the noble metal electrode on the surface of the support in the vicinity of the exposed portion. 支持体が熱可塑性樹脂からなる請求項1記載のポーラログラフ式酸素電極用陰極。The cathode for a polarographic oxygen electrode according to claim 1, wherein the support is made of a thermoplastic resin. 絶縁性樹脂で被覆された貴金属棒を金型内に挿入し、次いで該金型内に溶融した熱可塑性樹脂を導入してインサート成形することを特徴とする請求項2記載のポーラログラフ式酸素電極用陰極の製造方法。3. A polarographic oxygen electrode according to claim 2, wherein a noble metal rod coated with an insulating resin is inserted into a mold, and then a molten thermoplastic resin is introduced into the mold to perform insert molding. Manufacturing method of cathode. 一部の壁が酸素透過性膜により構成された電極ハウジングの内部に陰極、陽極及び電解質溶液が内蔵されたポーラログラフ式酸素電極において、陰極が請求項1又は請求項2記載のポーラログラフ式酸素電極用陰極であることを特徴とするポーラログラフ式酸素電極。3. A polarographic oxygen electrode in which a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution are built in an electrode housing having a part of walls made of an oxygen permeable membrane, wherein the cathode is for the polarographic oxygen electrode according to claim 1 or 2. A polarographic oxygen electrode characterized by being a cathode.
JP35374497A 1997-12-22 1997-12-22 Cathode for oxygen electrode Expired - Fee Related JP3778680B2 (en)

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