JP3782999B2 - Artificial seawater and method for producing durable eggs using the same - Google Patents
Artificial seawater and method for producing durable eggs using the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP3782999B2 JP3782999B2 JP2003072203A JP2003072203A JP3782999B2 JP 3782999 B2 JP3782999 B2 JP 3782999B2 JP 2003072203 A JP2003072203 A JP 2003072203A JP 2003072203 A JP2003072203 A JP 2003072203A JP 3782999 B2 JP3782999 B2 JP 3782999B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、人工海水及びそれを用いた耐久卵の製造方法に関し、特に、一定成分を含有する人工海水及びそれを用いた耐久卵の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ミジンコ類、カイアシ類、ワムシ等の微生物は、魚貝類の有用な餌となりうる。特に、ワムシは、体長100〜300ミクロン程の、海や河口にすむ小型の動物性プランクトンで、主に水産養殖の現場で卵から孵化したばかりの仔稚魚に欠かせない大切な餌として利用されている。魚貝類の稚魚の本来の餌は、カイアシ類であるが、人工的に容易に大量培養できるという観点から、ワムシ、ミジンコ類などの微生物は、多くの種類の魚貝類の幼生プランクトン食の生物の餌として有用である。
【0003】
したがって、このようなワムシ等の微生物は、有用魚貝類の種苗生産業において、孵化したばかりの仔魚に与える餌生物として汎用されている。かかる観点から、微生物を餌料用に積極的に培養することが行われている。
【0004】
とりわけ、ワムシを例にとって説明すれば以下のようである。ワムシの培養は、基本的に、(1)ワムシの個体数の計数(毎日)、(2)クロレラの給餌(毎日)、(3)定期的な換水(3〜4日毎)、(4)培養密度の調製(増えすぎたワムシの間引き)の作業の繰り返しとなる。特に、ワムシ培養を行う手法には間引き方式とバッチ(植え継ぎ)方式がある。いずれの方式も増えたワムシを収穫して、仔魚の餌とすることが基本となる。間引き方式とは、引き続き同じ水槽でワムシの培養を行うときにワムシ収穫時に減った分だけ培養水を補充する方法をいい、バッチ方式とは、ワムシを収穫後、残ったワムシを新しい培養水を含んだ水槽に植え継いていく方法である。
【0005】
ワムシの個体数の計数は、培養条件を判断するためのものである。計数からワムシの増殖率が高ければ良好であることを示す。増殖率が低ければ、ワムシの餌であるクロレラの給餌量が少ない、培養水が汚れている(換水を行う。)、水温が低い、溶存酸素が少ない(エアレーションを強くする)、及び培養密度が高すぎる(間引きを行う。)等の原因が考えられるので、原因をつきとめ対処する。
【0006】
ワムシは、上述のように初期餌料であるため、ワムシを計画通りに培養できるかどうかが、有用魚貝類の種苗生産に大きく左右する。ワムシは各種苗生産事業場で独自の技術に基づいて培養されている。そのため、ほとんどの事業場では、ワムシの試用期間が、1年のうち6ヵ月以内であるにもかかわらず、周年にわたってワムシ培養を維持しなければならない。
【0007】
これまでに、ワムシの両性生殖を活発にするために水温(Hagiwara & Lee1991)、塩分(Hagiwara et al. 1988)を変えて培養を行なった例がある。
【0008】
また、人工海水を使用して、生物の生残率を検討する例が知られている(日野1988)。
【0009】
【(非)特許文献1】
Hagiwara A, Ceng-Sheng Lee. Resting Egg Formation of the L- and S- type Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under Different Water Temperature. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1991; 57: 1645-1650.
【(非)特許文献2】
Hagiwara A, Hino A, Hirano R. Effects of temperature and chlorinity on resting egg formation in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1988; 54: 596-575.
【(非)特許文献3】
(日野 1988)日野明徳. 海産生物の飼育および大量培養用媒液としての食塩の利用. ソルトサイエンス研究財団助成研究報告書 1988; 87-104.
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記水温や塩分を変更して培養を行なった例においては、化学組成を含む培養海水について十分検討されていない。また、天然海水、特に沿岸海水では、その成分が比較的変動しやすく、内分泌撹乱物質等の有害物質を含んでいる可能性もある。
【0011】
また上述の人工海水を使用して生物の生残率を調べた例では、特定目的のために有効な人工海水であるか否かについて検討がなされていない。
【0012】
そこで、本発明の目的は、安易な人工海水を提供すると共に、当該人工海水を用いて、効率よく微生物の耐久卵を生産することにより、安定して当該微生物を供給することにある。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、発明者らは、ワムシ等の耐久卵を形成するプランクトンについて、鋭意研究を積み重ねた結果、本発明の人工海水、及びこれを用いた耐久卵の製造方法を見出した。
【0014】
本発明の人工海水は、少なくともNa+、Cl - 、Ca2 +、及びHCO3 −を含有することを特徴とする。
【0015】
また、本発明の人工海水の好ましい実施態様において、Na+と、Cl - と、Ca2 +との質量比での比率が、Na+:Cl - :Ca2 +=5〜10:10〜15:0.1〜5であることを特徴とする。
【0016】
また、本発明の人工海水の好ましい実施態様において、Na+、Cl - 、Ca2 +が、NaCl、CaCl2由来であることを特徴とする。
【0017】
また、本発明の人工海水の好ましい実施態様において、さらに、K+、Mg2+、SO4 2−からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含むことを特徴とする。
【0018】
また、本発明の耐久卵の製造方法は、請求項1〜4項に記載の人工海水を使用することを特徴とする。
【0019】
また、本発明の耐久卵の製造方法の好ましい実施態様において、耐久卵が、ワムシ由来のものであり、ワムシを前記人工海水を使用して培養することにより耐久卵を得ることを特徴とする。
【0020】
また、本発明のワムシ耐久卵の製造方法の好ましい実施態様において、培養開始時のワムシの密度を1個体/mL〜10個体/mLとすることを特徴とする。
【0021】
また、本発明のワムシ耐久卵の製造方法の好ましい実施態様において、前記培養を、飼育水を変更せずに行うことを特徴とする。
【0022】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の人工海水は、少なくともNa+、Cl - 、Ca2 +、及びHCO3 −を含有する。本発明の人工海水は、一定の成分を有するために、特に、有用漁貝類の種苗生産業において、魚貝類の餌となる微生物の培養用に適する。少なくともNa+、Cl - 、Ca2 +、及びHCO3 −を含有する人工海水によれば、餌となる微生物、特にワムシの培養、ひいては耐久卵の生産に好都合なものとなる。
【0023】
人工海水に含まれる一定成分の割合は、Na+と、Cl - と、Ca2 +との質量比での比率が、Na+:Cl - :Ca2 +=5〜10:10〜15:0.1〜5であることを特徴とする。かかる範囲としたのは、ワムシの耐久卵の生産性を向上させるという観点からである。これらの比率は特に限定されるものではないが、さらに、ワムシの耐久卵の生産性を向上させるという観点から、これらの比率を7.86:13.68:0.86の値に近づけるのが好ましい。
【0024】
本発明の人工海水の好ましい実施態様において、Na+、Cl - 、Ca2 +が、NaCl、CaCl2由来である。さらに、本発明の人工海水には、K+、Mg2+、SO4 2−からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含んでもよい。これらの成分によっても十分微生物の耐久卵の生産を促進することができる。K+、Mg2+、SO4 2−を、それぞれ単独、又は種々の組み合わせによって人工海水に加えることができる。このような本発明の人工海水は、ミジンコ類、カイアシ類、ワムシなどの有用微生物の培養に良好である。
【0025】
次に、上記人工海水を用いた本発明の耐久卵の製造方法を説明する。ここで本発明の対象となりうる耐久卵について説明すれば、上述したミジンコ類、カイアシ類、ワムシなどの有用微生物由来の耐久卵に適用することができる。このような微生物に対しては、市販の高価な人工海水を用いなくとも十分に培養することができるからである。ここでいう耐久卵とは、ミジンコ類、カイアシ類、ワムシ類などの微生物の耐久卵を主として意味する。これら微生物のうち、特に有用なものは、養殖魚等の水産物の餌となりうるワムシである。それゆえ、以下ではワムシの耐久卵の製造方法について説明するが、本発明は、これに限定されることを意図するものではない。
【0026】
まず、ワムシの生活環を説明すれば、生活環には、単性生殖型と両性生殖型とが存在する。雌のワムシには、単性生殖を行って個体群の増殖をもたらすタイプと、生殖細胞に減数分裂を起こして両性生殖を行なうタイプとがあり、前者が単性生殖型であり、後者が両性生殖型である。これらのタイプが一つの個体群を形成している。単性生殖型では、雄無しに増殖する。両性生殖型では、交尾して受精することにより耐久卵(休眠卵)と呼ばれる受精卵を形成する。
【0027】
したがって、休眠卵(耐久卵)といった受精卵は、両性生殖を通じて形成されるため、両性生殖の誘導は、耐久卵を形成するための第一段階とも言うべきものである。耐久卵の形成過程は、▲1▼両性生殖型の雌の産出、▲2▼雄の産出、▲3▼雄と出生後間もない雌との交尾、▲4▼受精、▲5▼耐久卵の形成、という複数の段階からなる。
【0028】
なお、両性生殖誘導の方法は、特に限定されず、常法による。例えば、低塩分、低温等にすることによって、両性生殖を誘導することができる。
【0029】
耐久卵の製造方法の好ましい実施態様において、耐久卵が、ワムシ由来のものであり、ワムシを前記人工海水を使用して培養することにより耐久卵を得ることを特徴とする。ワムシの培養液として、上記本発明の人工海水を用いること以外は、通常のワムシの培養方法と同様のものを用いることができる。例えば、ワムシへの餌の量、頻度、種類、及び培養温度等は常法による。
【0030】
ワムシの培養に際して、培養開始時のワムシの密度は、なるべく低くすることが望ましい。ワムシの対数増殖期を長くするという観点から、好ましくは、20個体/ml以下とする。培養開始時のワムシ密度を低く設定することにより、培養後、増殖時に活発な両性生殖誘導を引き起こすことができるからである。より好ましくは、培養開始時のワムシの密度が、1〜10個体/mlである。なお、一般的に、培養開始時のワムシ密度が高いと、対数増殖期が短くなる傾向にある。
【0031】
なお、ワムシの耐久卵の採取は、特に限定されず常法を用いることができる。例えば、各飼育水から約30μmのプランクトンネットを通じてろ過して耐久卵を採取することができる。
【0032】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例により更に具体的に説明するが、本発明は、下記実施例に限定して解釈される意図ではない。
【0033】
実施例1
まず、人工海水およびその構成成分(無機イオン)が耐久卵形成に与える影響について調べた。耐久卵として、ワムシ由来のものを検討した。
【0034】
1)材料と方法
<バッチ培養>
200 ml容のマヨネーズ瓶24本に9 pptの人工海水(7区)と天然海水(1区)をそれぞれ50ml入れた。人工海水の成分組成および天然海水を次のように表記する。
▲1▼[人工海水] (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)
▲2▼[w/o MgSO4] (NaCl + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)
▲3▼[w/o NaHCO3] (NaCl + MgSO4 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)
▲4▼[w/o KCl] (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + MgCl2 + CaCl2)
▲5▼[w/o MgCl2] (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + CaCl2)
▲6▼[w/o CaCl2] (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2)
▲7▼[w/o NaCl] (MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)
▲8▼[天然海水]
マヨネーズ瓶に2個体/ml になるようにワムシを収容した。餌料は,天然海水の影響を除くため,天然海水中で通気培養したN. oculataではなく,市販の淡水産クロレラを用いた。培養条件は,水温20±1℃,塩分9 pptとした。吉村(1993)の方法に従い,少量のエアレーションを施した。ワムシ培養水中のクロレラの密度は,N. oculata の7.0×106cells/mlの乾燥重量(1.61μg/ml)と同じになるように2.4×106cells/mlに統一した(Hamada et al. 1993)。ワムシの密度が200個体以上になると1日2回クロレラを給餌し,14日間培養した。それぞれの条件に対して3回培養を行った。
【0035】
培養期間中,毎日1回各実験区から飼育水ごとワムシを採取し,単性生殖を行い雌ワムシを産出するワムシ(以下、FFという。),両性生殖を行い雄ワムシを産出するワムシ(以下、MFという),両性生殖を行い耐久卵を産出するワムシ(以下、RFという),雄ワムシを計数し,両性生殖誘導率,受精率と個体群増殖率を算出した。1回の採取水量には,少なくとも100〜200個体のワムシを採取できるよう調節した。
【0036】
培養最終日にマヨネーズ瓶の底に沈んだ耐久卵と親ワムシによって携卵されている耐久卵の総数も計数し,培養期間中に形成された耐久卵の総数を求めた。耐久卵の外部形態から正常卵と異常卵とに分けた。また,全耐久卵数と培養期間中に給餌したクロレラの細胞数から,クロレラ1細胞あたり形成された耐久卵数を求め,耐久卵形成効率の指標とした。
【0037】
各培養区間で,培養期間中に形成された正常卵数,異常卵数,総耐久卵数と共に,個体群増殖率,両性生殖誘導率,受精率,耐久卵形成効率の平均値を比較した。統計検定にはStatView ver. 5.0(SAS Institute Inc.製)を用い,分散分析によって有意差(p<0.05)が検出された場合には,多重比較検定(Fisher's PLSD test)によって,各培養条件間の比較を行った。
【0038】
<耐久卵孵化実験>
前述の実験で[人工海水],[w/o MgSO4],[w/o NaHCO3],[w/o KCl],[w/o MgCl2],[w/o CaCl2],[天然海水]区の培養期間中に形成された耐久卵を用いて孵化実験を行った。[w/o NaCl]区では耐久卵がほとんど得られなかった為この実験を行わなかった。Hagiwara & Hino(1989)の方法に従い,25℃の暗黒条件下で2カ月耐久卵を休眠させた。耐久卵は正常卵のみを使用した。
ワムシを孵化させるために用いた海水は,新鮮な[天然海水]と新しく作成した[人工海水]の新鮮な海水を使用した。24穴マルチウエルプレートにそれぞれ1.5 mlの海水を入れ,各々に耐久卵を20個ずつ入れた。それぞれの培養条件に対して,5つの穴を使用した。マルチウエルプレートごとに光を当てて耐久卵を孵化させた。
【0039】
孵化した平均個体数を培養区間で比較した。統計検定にはStatView ver. 5.0(SAS Institute Inc.製)を用い,分散分析によって有意差(p<0.05)が検出された場合には,多重比較検定(Fisher's PLSD test)によって,培養条件間の耐久卵孵化率の比較を行った。
【0040】
<人工海水の成分の検討>
200 ml容のマヨネーズ瓶9本に9 pptの人工海水を30 ml入れた。人工海水の成分組成,pHはそれぞれ次のように設定した。
▲1▼[NaCl+CaCl2]pH 6.8 (NaCl+CaCl2)
▲2▼[NaHCO3] pH 7.8 (NaCl+CaCl2+ NaHCO3)
▲3▼[人工海水] pH 7.8 (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)
この中にワムシを10個体/mlとなるように収容した。また,餌料に市販の淡水産クロレラを用いた。ワムシ培養水中のクロレラの密度を2.4×106cells/mlに統一し,14日間培養した。培養条件は,水温20±1℃,塩分9 pptの暗黒とした。吉村(1993)の方法に従い,少量のエアレーションを施した。それぞれの条件に対して3回の培養を行った。
【0041】
培養期間中は,2日に1回の間隔で各実験区から飼育水ごとワムシを採取し,FF,MF,RF,雄ワムシを計数し,両性生殖誘導率と個体群増殖率を算出した。1回の採取水量は,少なくとも100〜200個体のワムシを採取できるよう調節した。
培養最終日にマヨネーズ瓶の底に沈んだ耐久卵と親ワムシによって携卵されている耐久卵の総数も計数し,培養期間中に形成された耐久卵の総数を求めた。耐久卵の外部形態から正常卵と異常卵を分けた。また,全耐久卵数と培養期間中に給餌したクロレラの細胞数から,クロレラ1細胞あたり形成された耐久卵数を求め,耐久卵形成効率の指標とした。
【0042】
各培養区間で,培養期間中に形成された正常卵数,異常卵数,総耐久卵数,耐久卵形成効率の平均値を比較した。統計検定にはStatView ver. 5.0(SAS Institute Inc.製)を用い,分散分析によって有意差(p<0.05)が検出された場合には,多重比較検定(Fisher's PLSD test)によって,培養条件間の比較を行った。
【0043】
2)結果
<バッチ培養>
ワムシ密度の経日変化を図1に示した。図1は、異なる海水調整におけるB.plicatilis(東京株)の増殖率を示す。○が人工海水NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、●は、MgSO4の無い人工海水(NaCl + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、□は、 NaHCO3の無い人工海水(NaCl + MgSO4 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、黒四角は、 KClの無い人工海水 (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、△は、MgCl2の無い人工海水(NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + CaCl2)を示し、黒三角は、 CaCl2の無い人工海水(NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2)を示し、◇は、 NaClの無い人工海水(MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示す。[w/o NaCl]区では,3日からワムシが減少し,8日には全滅した(図1a)。[w/o CaCl2]区と[w/o NaCl]区を除くすべての培養区は,培養期間を通して増殖し続けた。[w/o CaCl2]区では,最高で12.1個体/ml に止まった。
【0044】
図2は、B.plicatilis(東京株)の単性生殖型雌(a)及び不受精の両性生殖型雌(b)の増殖率における海水調整の効果を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。FF密度も同様の変化を示した(図2a)。MF密度の経日変化を図2bに示した。[人工海水],[w/o MgSO4],[w/o MgCl2],[w/o NaHCO3],[天然海水]区では,培養期間中を通して増殖し続けた。[w/o KCl]区では,10〜13日目まで急激に増殖し,48.3 個体/mlとなり,それ以後は安定した。[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]区では,培養期間中1個体/mlに届かなかった。
【0045】
図3は、B.plicatilis(東京株)の不受精の両性生殖型雌(a)及び雄(b)の増殖率における海水調整の効果を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。RF密度の経日変化を図3aに示した。[w/o MgSO4],[w/o MgCl2],[天然海水]区では,培養期間中を通して増殖し続けた。[人工海水]区では,11日目から35.7〜39.7個体/mlの間で安定した。[w/o NaHCO3]区では,11日目に18.7個体/mlに到達した後,減少した。[w/o KCl]区では12日目に26.7個体/mlに到達した後,減少した。[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]区では培養期間を通して2個体/mlに届かなかった。
【0046】
雄密度の経日変化を図3bに示した。[w/o KCl],[w/o NaHCO3]区では,培養最終日には100個体/ml以上になり,他の培養区より高い値を示した。
【0047】
図4は、B.plicatilis(東京株)の不受精の両性生殖型雌(a)及び雄(b)の増殖率における海水調整の効果を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。両性生殖誘導率の経日変化を図4aに示した。[w/o CaCl2]区と[w/o NaCl]区を除くすべての培養区では,6日目まで0.0〜63.5%の範囲で変動した。[w/o CaCl2]区では5,7,8,12日目(最高85.7%)に他の培養区より高い値になった。[w/o NaCl]区では,3日目〜5日目までは,45〜65%まで増加したが,8日目には0%になった。
【0048】
受精率の経日変化を図4bに示した。[人工海水],[w/o MgSO4]区では,8日目まで増加し,それ以降は44.4〜91.1%間で安定して高い割合を示した。[w/o NaHCO3]区では,8〜12日目まで44.1〜58.1%間で高い割合で安定したが,それ以降は減少した。[w/o KCl]区では,9日目に89.8%と最高になり,それ以後は減少した。[w/o MgSO4]区では,11日に89.7%に到達した後,減少した。[w/o CaCl2]区では9日目に80.0%に到達した後,減少した。[w/o NaCl]区では,5日以後0%だった。[天然海水]区では,9日目に91.0%に到達した後, 71.9〜90.1%間で安定した。
【0049】
図5は、14日培養後の異なる海水調整におけるB.plicatilis(東京株)の耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。
【0050】
培養期間中に形成した正常卵数は,培養区間で異なった(分散分析, df=7, F=8.708, p=0.0002)。[w/o KCl],[w/o MgSO4],[天然海水],[人工海水],[w/o MgCl2],[w/o NaHCO3],[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]区の順に多くの正常卵を形成した(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, Fig. V-12-a)。培養中に形成された異常卵数も,培養区間で異なった(分散分析, df=7, F=6.206, p=0.0012)。[天然海水],[w/o MgSO4],[w/o KCl],[w/o MgCl2],[人工海水],[w/o NaHCO3],[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]区の順に多くの異常卵を形成した(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 図5b)。
【0051】
図6は、14日培養後の異なる海水調整におけるB.plicatilis(東京株)の耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。培養最終日に計数した親ワムシによって携卵されている耐久卵についても,培養区間で異なった(分散分析, df=7, F=12.361, p=0.0001)。[w/o MgSO4],[人工海水],[天然海水],[w/o MgCl2],[w/o KCl],[w/o NaHCO3],[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]区の順に多くのワムシが耐久卵を携卵していた(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 図6a)。
【0052】
培養期間中に形成した総耐久卵数については,それぞれの培養区間で異なった(分散分析, df=7, F=17.318, p=0.0001)。[w/o MgSO4],[天然海水],[w/o KCl],[人工海水],[w/o MgCl2],[w/o NaHCO3],[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]の順に多くの耐久卵を形成した(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 図6b)。
【0053】
培養期間中の個体群増殖率,両性生殖誘導率,ともに[w/o CaCl2]区と[w/o NaCl]区が他の区より低い値を示した(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 表1)。受精率については,[w/o CaCl2][w/o NaCl][w/o MgSO4][w/o NaHCO3]区が他の区より低い値を示した(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 表1)。
【0054】
【表1】
耐久卵形成効率も,それぞれの培養区間で大きく異なった(分散分析, df=7, F=16.398, p=0.0001)。
【0055】
図7は、14日間培養中の、異なる海水調整でのC.vulgaris 食事療法のセル当たりのB.plicatilis(東京株)耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。[w/o MgSO4],[天然海水],[w/o KCl],[人工海水],[w/o MgCl2],[w/o NaHCO3],[w/o CaCl2],[w/o NaCl]の順に耐久卵の形成効率が高くなった(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 図7)。
【0056】
<耐久卵孵化実験>
図8は、異なる海水調整によって形成されたB.plicatilis(耐久卵のハッチング率を示す。各カラムは、5回の平均値を示す。バーは、平均S.D.を示す。新しく作成した[人工海水]中で耐久卵を孵化させた場合,親ワムシの培養条件によって孵化率に差はなかった(図8a)。新鮮な[天然海水]で耐久卵を孵化させた場合には親ワムシの培養条件の間で有意差が検出された(分散分析, df=6, F=2.475, p=0.0478),[w/o MgCl2]区と[w/o CaCl2]区の間に差があった。(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.0,5 Fig. 図8b)。
【0057】
<人工海水の成分の検討>
培養最終日のpHは,[人工海水]区がpH 7.2,[NaCl+CaCl2]区がpH 7.6,[NaH0CO3]区がpH 7.6だった。
【0058】
図9は、B.plicatilis(東京株;○NaCl + CaCl2、●NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCO3 、△人工海水)の全雌(a)及び全雄(b)の増殖率における海水調整の影響を示す。最初のスタッキング密度は、10個体/mlであった。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。
ワムシ密度の経日変化を図9aに示した。培養期間を通して,[NaCl+CaCl2]区では,他の区より低くなった。また,すべての培養区で培養最終日まで徐々に増殖した。
【0059】
雄密度の経日変化を図9bに示した。[NaCl+CaCl2],[NaHCO3]区は培養最終日まで徐々に増殖した。[人工海水]区では,10日目に減少したが,それ以後は増殖した。
【0060】
図10は、B.plicatilis(東京株;○NaCl + CaCl2、●NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCO3 、△人工海水)の全雌(a)及び全雄(b)の混合したものの海水調整の影響を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。両性生殖誘導率の経日変化を図10に示した。培養期間を通して,最も高い両性生殖誘導率を示したのは[人工海水]区だった。また,すべての培養区で両性生殖誘導率は,12日目に最高の値を示し,それ以後は減少した。
【0061】
図11は、14日間培養後の、異なる海水調整でのB.plicatilis(東京株)耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。培養期間中に形成した正常卵数は,培養区間で異なった(分散分析, df=2, F=19.487, p=0.0024)。3つの培養区の中で[人工海水]区の正常卵数が最も多かった(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 図11)。異常卵数,総耐久卵数についても[人工海水]区が最も多く耐久卵を形成した(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05)。
【0062】
それぞれの培養区間で,培養期間中の個体群増殖率と両性生殖誘導率に差は見られなかった。
【0063】
図12は、14日間培養中の、異なる海水調整でのC.vulgaris 食事療法のセル当たりのB.plicatilis(東京株)耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。耐久卵の形成効率も培養区間で異なり(分散分析, df=2, F=25.137, p=0.0012),3つの培養区の中で[人工海水]区の耐久卵の形成効率が最も高かった(Fisher's PLSD, p<0.05, 図12)。
【0064】
以上の結果、人工海水の6種類の成分がワムシの耐久卵形成にどのように関わっているかを調べた。天然海水と同様に人工海水中でも耐久卵形成をが起こることを明らかにした。そこで,人工海水中の,どの化学成分がワムシの耐久卵形成,両性生殖誘導率,ワムシ増殖に関わっているか検討した。まず,ワムシの増殖にはCaCl2とNaClが不可欠である事が分かった。他の薬品を抜いた培養区では,ワムシ増殖に影響見られなかった。耐久卵形成数について総耐久卵数の最も多かった培養区は,[w/o MgSO4]区だった(図6、7)。また,[人工海水]区と[w/o MgCl2]区の間に耐久卵形成数に差がなかったため,SO4 2- (硫酸イオン)が耐久卵の形成を阻害したと思われる。耐久卵が少なかったのは,[w/o NaCl]区と[w/o CaCl2]区,次いで[w/o NaHCO3]区であった(図6,7)。[w/o NaHCO3]区は,ワムシの増殖そのものは他の培養区と変わらなかった(図1)。NaHCO3は溶液中でpHの緩衝作用をもつ。そのため,pHがワムシの耐久卵形成に影響を与えた可能性がある。別に,Na+とCa+は,カルシウムチャンネル関係し,HCO3 +は細胞膜のイオンの排出に使われるイオンである。そのため,ワムシにもカルシウムチャンネルなどの生理学的作用が働いている可能性がある。
【0065】
また,人工海水,天然海水の相方で耐久卵を孵化させても,培養区間で孵化率に顕著な差は見られなかった(図8)。このことから,耐久卵の卵の孵化にも人工海水を使用できることが分かった。
【0066】
また,NaClとCaCl2で培養した場合,人工海水と同様の増殖を示した(図10)。そのため,通常のワムシ培養であれば,NaCl,CaCl2のみで培養できることが分かった。
【0067】
しかし,耐久卵形成数は,NaClとCaCl2にNaHCO3を添加しても[人工海水]区にはおよばなかった。そのため,ワムシの耐久卵形成には,NaCl,CaCl2,NaHCO3の他に別の成分が必要と考えられる。その成分が培養濾液に含まれている可能性もある。今後は,両性生殖を活発にさせる物質を特定し,耐久卵の大量形成に応用できれば耐久卵の形成効率が上がる可能性がある。
【0068】
実施例2
実施例1の結果をもとにして、ワムシの増殖と耐久卵形成に必要と判断された人工海水の成分のみを用いて、培養をおこなった。その結果を、図13に示す。図13は、異なる海水でバッチ培養した時の平均耐久卵形成率と培養期間中の最高密度を示す。
【0069】
この結果、NaCl+CaCl 2 +NaHCO 3 で組成した人工海水では、6種の化学薬品で組成した人工海水と比較して耐久卵形成が抑制されたものの、ワムシの良好な培養海水であることが判明した。
【0070】
NaCl+CaCl 2 +NaHCO 3 に、MgSO4、KCl、MgCl2のいずれか1つを加えると人工海水と同様にワムシは増殖し、耐久卵形成も同等であることが判明した。
この結果、人工海水でワムシを培養した場合、天然海水と同様にワムシは、増殖し、耐久卵形成も全く同等であることが明らかになり、人工海水からNaCl、CaCl2以外の成分を除いてもワムシの増殖と耐久卵の製造を阻害しないことが判明した。
【0071】
【発明の効果】
本発明のワムシ耐久卵の製造方法によれば、耐久卵形成数の変動が小さく、耐久卵の大量生産が可能とであるという有利な効果を奏する。
【0072】
また、本発明のワムシ耐久卵の製造方法によれば、市販の人工海水より安価であり、しかもワムシ耐久卵形成も促進し得るという有利な効果を奏する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 図1は、異なる海水調整におけるB.plicatilis(東京株)の増殖率を示す。○が人工海水NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、●は、MgSO4の無い人工海水(NaCl + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、□は、 NaHCO3の無い人工海水(NaCl + MgSO4 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、黒四角は、 KClの無い人工海水 (NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示し、△は、MgCl2の無い人工海水(NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + CaCl2)を示し、黒三角は、 CaCl2の無い人工海水(NaCl + MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2)を示し、◇は、 NaClの無い人工海水 (MgSO4 + NaHCO3 + KCl + MgCl2 + CaCl2)を示す。
【図2】 図2は、B.plicatilis(東京株)の単性生殖型雌(a)及び不受精の両性生殖型雌(b)の増殖率における海水調整の効果を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。
【図3】 図3は、B.plicatilis(東京株)の不受精の両性生殖型雌(a)及び雄(b)の増殖率における海水調整の効果を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。
【図4】 図4は、B.plicatilis(東京株)の不受精の両性生殖型雌(a)及び雄(b)の増殖率における海水調整の効果を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。
【図5】 図5は、14日培養後の異なる海水調整におけるB.plicatilis(東京株)の耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)
【図6】 図6は、14日培養後の異なる海水調整におけるB.plicatilis(東京株)の耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。
【図7】 図7は、14日間培養中の、異なる海水調整でのC.vulgaris 食事療法のセル当たりのB.plicatilis(東京株)耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。
【図8】 図8は、異なる海水調整によって形成されたB.plicatilis(耐久卵のハッチング率を示す。各カラムは、5回の平均値を示す。バーは、平均S.D。を示す。
【図9】 図9は、B.plicatilis(東京株;○NaCl + CaCl2、●NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCO3 、△人工海水)の全雌(a)及び全雄(b)の増殖率における海水調整の影響を示す。最初のスタッキング密度は、10個体/mlであった。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。
【図10】 図10は、B.plicatilis(東京株;○NaCl + CaCl2、●NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCO3 、△人工海水)の全雌(a)及び全雄(b)の混合したものの海水調整の影響を示す。各プロットは、3回の平均値を示す。
【図11】 図11は、14日間培養後の、異なる海水調整でのB.plicatilis(東京株)耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。
【図12】 図12は、14日間培養中の、異なる海水調整でのC.vulgaris 食事療法のセル当たりのB.plicatilis(東京株)耐久卵生産を示す。各カラムは、3回の平均値を示す。各カラムの異なる文字は、はっきりと異なる(a>b>c>d、Fisher’s PLSD test,p<0.05)。
【図13】 図13は、異なる海水でバッチ培養した時の平均耐久卵形成率と培養期間中の最高密度を示す。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to artificial seawater and a method for producing a durable egg using the same, and particularly relates to artificial seawater containing a certain component and a method for producing a durable egg using the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Microorganisms such as Daphnia, copepods, and rotifers can serve as useful food for fish and shellfish. In particular, rotifer is a small zooplankton that is 100 to 300 microns long and lives in the sea or estuary, and is mainly used as an important food for larvae that have just hatched from eggs at the aquaculture site. ing. The original food of fry for fish and shellfish is copepods, but from the viewpoint that they can be easily cultured in large quantities, microorganisms such as rotifers and daphnids are the larval plankton food organisms of many types of fish and shellfish. Useful as food.
[0003]
Therefore, such microorganisms such as rotifers are widely used as prey organisms to be given to newly hatched larvae in the seedling industry of useful fish and shellfish. From such a point of view, the microorganisms are actively cultured for feed.
[0004]
In particular, the rotifer will be described as follows. The rotifer culture is basically (1) Counting the number of rotifers (daily), (2) Feeding chlorella (daily), (3) Regular water change (every 3-4 days), (4) Culture This is a repetition of the density preparation (decimation of rotifers that have increased too much). In particular, there are a thinning method and a batch (planting) method for rotifer culture. Both methods are basically based on harvesting rotifers and feeding them on larvae. The thinning method is a method of replenishing the culture water by the amount reduced at the time of harvesting the rotifer when cultivating the rotifer in the same tank, and the batch method is the method of replenishing the remaining rotifer with fresh culture water after harvesting the rotifer. It is a method of planting in the contained aquarium.
[0005]
The counting of the number of rotifers is for judging the culture conditions. The count indicates that the higher the growth rate of the rotifer, the better. If the growth rate is low, the feeding amount of chlorella, a rotifer food, is low, the culture water is dirty (condensation), the water temperature is low, the dissolved oxygen is low (intensify aeration), and the culture density is low The cause may be too high (thinning out).
[0006]
Since rotifers are an initial feed as described above, whether or not rotifers can be cultured as planned greatly affects the production of seedlings of useful fish and shellfish. Rotifers are cultured at various seedling production sites based on unique technologies. Therefore, in most establishments, rotifer cultures must be maintained for the entire year despite the trial period of rotifers being within six months of the year.
[0007]
To date, there has been an example of culturing by changing the water temperature (Hagiwara & Lee 1991) and salinity (Hagiwara et al. 1988) in order to activate the bisexual reproduction of the rotifer.
[0008]
In addition, an example of examining the survival rate of living organisms using artificial seawater is known (Hino 1988).
[0009]
[(Non-patent Document 1)]
Hagiwara A, Ceng-Sheng Lee. Resting Egg Formation of the L- and S- type Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under Different Water Temperature. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1991; 57: 1645-1650.
[(Non-Patent Document 2)]
Hagiwara A, Hino A, Hirano R. Effects of temperature and chlorinity on resting egg formation in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1988; 54: 596-575.
[(Non) Patent Literature 3]
(Hino 1988) Akinori Hino. Breeding of marine products and use of salt as a medium for mass culture. Salt Science Research Foundation Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 1988; 87-104.
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the example where the water temperature and the salinity are changed and cultured, the cultured seawater containing the chemical composition has not been sufficiently studied. In addition, natural seawater, particularly coastal seawater, has relatively easy components, and may contain harmful substances such as endocrine disrupting substances.
[0011]
Moreover, in the example which investigated the survival rate of the organism using the above-mentioned artificial seawater, it is not examined whether it is an artificial seawater effective for a specific purpose.
[0012]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an easy artificial seawater and to stably supply the microorganism by efficiently producing a durable egg of the microorganism using the artificial seawater.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the inventors have conducted extensive research on plankton that forms durable eggs such as rotifers, and as a result, found the artificial seawater of the present invention and a method for producing durable eggs using the same. .
[0014]
The artificial seawater of the present invention has at least Na+,Cl - , Ca2 +And HCOThree −It is characterized by containing.
[0015]
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the artificial seawater of the present invention, Na+When,Cl - And Ca2 +The ratio by mass ratio is Na+:Cl - : Ca2 += 5-10: 10-15: 0.1-5.
[0016]
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the artificial seawater of the present invention, Na+,Cl - , Ca2 +But NaCl, CaCl2It is derived from.
[0017]
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the artificial seawater of the present invention, K+, Mg2+, SO4 2-It includes at least one selected from the group consisting of:
[0018]
Moreover, the manufacturing method of the durable egg of this invention uses the artificial seawater of Claims 1-4.
[0019]
In a preferred embodiment of the method for producing a durable egg according to the present invention, the durable egg is derived from a rotifer, and the durable egg is obtained by culturing the rotifer using the artificial seawater.
[0020]
Moreover, in a preferred embodiment of the method for producing a rotifer durable egg of the present invention, the density of the rotifer at the start of culture is 1 to 10 individuals / mL.
[0021]
Moreover, in a preferred embodiment of the method for producing a rotifer durable egg of the present invention, the culturing is performed without changing the breeding water.
[0022]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The artificial seawater of the present invention has at least Na+,Cl - , Ca2 +And HCOThree −Containing. Since the artificial seawater of the present invention has certain components, it is particularly suitable for culturing microorganisms that serve as food for fish and shellfish in the seedling industry of useful fish and shellfish. At least Na+,Cl - , Ca2 +And HCOThree −According to the artificial seawater containing, it becomes convenient for cultivation of microorganisms serving as food, in particular, rotifers, and thus production of durable eggs.
[0023]
The proportion of certain components in artificial seawater is Na+When,Cl - And Ca2 +The ratio by mass ratio is Na+:Cl - : Ca2 += 5-10: 10-15: 0.1-5. The range is set from the viewpoint of improving the productivity of rotifer durable eggs. These ratios are not particularly limited, but further, the viewpoint of improving the productivity of rotifer durable eggsFromThese ratios are preferably close to the value of 7.86: 13.68: 0.86.
[0024]
In a preferred embodiment of the artificial seawater of the present invention, Na+,Cl - , Ca2 +But NaCl, CaCl2Is from. Furthermore, the artificial seawater of the present invention includes K+, Mg2+, SO4 2-It may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of These components can also promote the production of durable microbial eggs. K+, Mg2+, SO4 2-Can be added to the artificial seawater individually or in various combinations. Such artificial seawater of the present invention is good for culturing useful microorganisms such as daphnids, copepods, and rotifers.
[0025]
Next, the manufacturing method of the durable egg of this invention using the said artificial seawater is demonstrated. Here, if the durable egg which can be the object of the present invention is described, it can be applied to durable eggs derived from useful microorganisms such as Daphnia, copepods, and rotifers. This is because such microorganisms can be sufficiently cultured without using commercially available expensive artificial seawater. The term “durable egg” as used herein mainly means durable eggs of microorganisms such as daphnia, copepods, rotifers and the like. Among these microorganisms, particularly useful are rotifers that can be used as food for fishery products such as cultured fish. Therefore, although a method for producing a rotifer durable egg will be described below, the present invention is not intended to be limited thereto.
[0026]
First, the life cycle of a rotifer will be explained. There are unisexual and bisexual reproduction types in the life cycle. There are two types of female rotifers: unisexual reproduction that causes population growth, and sexually meiotic and bisexual reproduction types, the former being unisexual and the latter being bisexual. Reproductive type. These types form one population. In monogenetic form, it grows without males. In the bisexual reproduction type, fertilized eggs called dormant eggs (dormant eggs) are formed by mating and fertilizing.
[0027]
Therefore, since fertilized eggs such as dormant eggs (durable eggs) are formed through bisexual reproduction, induction of bisexual reproduction should be said to be the first step for forming durable eggs. The formation process of durable eggs is as follows: (1) Birth of females of bisexual reproduction, (2) Production of males, (3) Mating between males and new females, (4) Fertilization, (5) Durable eggs It consists of a plurality of stages of formation.
[0028]
In addition, the method of inducing bisexual reproduction is not particularly limited, and is a conventional method. For example, bisexual reproduction can be induced by low salinity and low temperature.
[0029]
In a preferred embodiment of the method for producing a durable egg, the durable egg is derived from a rotifer, and the durable egg is obtained by culturing the rotifer using the artificial seawater. As the rotifer culture solution, the same rotifer culture method can be used except that the artificial seawater of the present invention is used. For example, the amount, frequency, type, culture temperature, and the like of the food for the rotifer are determined by conventional methods.
[0030]
When cultivating rotifers, the density of rotifers at the start of the culture is desirably as low as possible. From the viewpoint of prolonging the logarithmic growth phase of the rotifer, it is preferably 20 individuals / ml or less. This is because, by setting the rotifer density at the start of the culture low, it is possible to induce vigorous reproductive induction during the proliferation after the culture. More preferably, the density of the rotifer at the start of the culture is 1 to 10 individuals / ml. In general, when the density of rotifer at the start of culture is high, the logarithmic growth phase tends to be short.
[0031]
In addition, the collection of the durable eggs of a rotifer is not specifically limited, A normal method can be used. For example, durable eggs can be collected from each breeding water by filtering through a plankton net of about 30 μm.
[0032]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not intended to be interpreted as being limited to the following examples.
[0033]
Example 1
First, the influence which artificial seawater and its component (inorganic ion) have on durable egg formation was investigated. As a durable egg, a thing derived from a rotifer was examined.
[0034]
1) Materials and methods
<Batch culture>
50 ml of 9 ppt artificial seawater (7 wards) and natural seawater (1 ward) were placed in 24 200 ml mayonnaise bottles. The component composition of artificial seawater and natural seawater are expressed as follows.
▲ 1 ▼ [Artificial seawater] (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2)
▲ 2 ▼ [w / o MgSO4] (NaCl + NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2)
▲ 3 ▼ [w / o NaHCO3] (NaCl + MgSOFour+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2)
(4) [w / o KCl] (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree + MgCl2+ CaCl2)
▲ 5 ▼ [w / o MgCl2] (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + CaCl2)
▲ 6 ▼ [w / o CaCl2] (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2)
▲ 7 ▼ [w / o NaCl] (MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2)
▲ 8 ▼ [Natural seawater]
Rotifers were stored in mayonnaise bottles at 2 individuals / ml. To eliminate the effects of natural seawater, commercially available freshwater chlorella was used instead of N. oculata cultured in natural seawater. The culture conditions were a water temperature of 20 ± 1 ° C and a salinity of 9 ppt. A small amount of aeration was applied according to the method of Yoshimura (1993). The density of chlorella in rotifer culture water is 7.0 × 10 of N. oculata.62.4 × 10 to be the same as the dry weight of cells / ml (1.61 μg / ml)6Cells / ml were unified (Hamada et al. 1993). When the density of the rotifer reached 200 individuals, chlorella was fed twice a day and cultured for 14 days. Incubation was performed three times for each condition.
[0035]
During the culture period, rotifers are collected from each experimental group once a day for each breeding water, unilaterally reproduce to produce female rotifers (hereinafter referred to as FF), and rotifers to produce male rotifers (hereinafter referred to as rotifers) , MF), rotifers (hereinafter referred to as RF) and male rotifers that produce sex eggs by performing bisexual reproduction were counted, and the bisexual reproduction induction rate, fertilization rate and population growth rate were calculated. The amount of water collected was adjusted so that at least 100 to 200 rotifers could be collected.
[0036]
The total number of durable eggs that had been carried by the parent rotifer and the durable eggs that had sunk on the bottom of the mayonnaise bottle on the last day of the culture was also calculated, and the total number of durable eggs formed during the culture period was determined. The external form of the durable egg was divided into a normal egg and an abnormal egg. In addition, the number of durable eggs formed per chlorella cell was determined from the total number of durable eggs and the number of chlorella cells fed during the culture period, and was used as an index of durable egg formation efficiency.
[0037]
In each culture section, the average values of population growth rate, sex reproduction induction rate, fertilization rate, and durable egg formation efficiency were compared with the number of normal eggs, abnormal eggs, and total durable eggs formed during the culture period. Statistical tests were performed using StatView ver. 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc.). If significant differences (p <0.05) were detected by analysis of variance, multiple comparison tests (Fisher's PLSD test) A comparison was made.
[0038]
<Durable egg hatching experiment>
[Artificial seawater], [w / o MgSO]4], [W / o NaHCO3], [W / o KCl], [w / o MgCl2], [W / o CaCl2], [A natural seawater] The hatching experiment was done using the durable egg formed during the culture period. In the [w / o NaCl] section, this experiment was not performed because almost no durable eggs were obtained. According to the method of Hagiwara & Hino (1989), 2 months of durable eggs were rested under dark conditions at 25 ° C. Only normal eggs were used as durable eggs.
The seawater used to hatch rotifers was fresh [natural seawater] and freshly created [artificial seawater]. Each 24-well multiwell plate was filled with 1.5 ml of seawater and 20 durable eggs were placed in each. Five holes were used for each culture condition. Durable eggs were hatched by applying light to each multi-well plate.
[0039]
The average number of hatched individuals was compared between culture sections. For statistical tests, use StatView ver. 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc.). If significant difference (p <0.05) is detected by analysis of variance, multiple comparison test (Fisher's PLSD test) Comparison of durable egg hatching rate was performed.
[0040]
<Examination of components of artificial seawater>
30 ml of 9 ppt artificial seawater was placed in nine 200 ml mayonnaise bottles. The composition and pH of the artificial seawater were set as follows.
▲ 1 ▼ [NaCl + CaCl2] PH 6.8 (NaCl + CaCl2)
▲ 2 ▼ [NaHCOThree] PH 7.8 (NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCOThree)
(3) [Artificial seawater] pH 7.8 (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2)
The rotifer was accommodated at 10 individuals / ml. Commercial freshwater chlorella was used as food. Density of chlorella in rotifer culture water 2.4 × 106Cells were unified to cells / ml and cultured for 14 days. The culture conditions were dark with a water temperature of 20 ± 1 ° C and a salinity of 9 ppt. A small amount of aeration was applied according to the method of Yoshimura (1993). Three cultures were performed for each condition.
[0041]
During the culturing period, rotifers were collected from each experimental group at intervals of once every two days, and FF, MF, RF, and male rotifers were counted, and the rate of induction of both sex reproduction and population growth was calculated. The amount of water collected at one time was adjusted so that at least 100-200 rotifers could be collected.
The total number of durable eggs that had been carried by the parent rotifer and the durable eggs that had sunk on the bottom of the mayonnaise bottle on the last day of the culture was also calculated, and the total number of durable eggs formed during the culture period was determined. Normal and abnormal eggs were separated from the external form of the durable eggs. In addition, the number of durable eggs formed per chlorella cell was determined from the total number of durable eggs and the number of chlorella cells fed during the culture period, and was used as an index of durable egg formation efficiency.
[0042]
In each culture section, the average number of normal eggs, abnormal eggs, total durable eggs, and durable egg formation efficiency formed during the culture period were compared. For statistical tests, use StatView ver. 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc.). If significant difference (p <0.05) is detected by analysis of variance, multiple comparison test (Fisher's PLSD test) A comparison was made.
[0043]
2) Results
<Batch culture>
The daily variation of rotifer density is shown in FIG. FIG. 1 shows the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) under different seawater conditioning. ○ is artificial seawater NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2), ● indicates MgSO4Artificial seawater (NaCl + NaHCO3)Three+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2), □ indicates NaHCO3Artificial seawater (NaCl + MgSOFour+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2) And black squares are artificial seawater without NaCl (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree + MgCl2+ CaCl2), And △ is MgCl2Artificial seawater (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + CaCl2) And black triangles indicate CaCl2Artificial seawater (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2), ◇ indicates artificial seawater (MgSO) without NaClFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2). In the [w / o NaCl] group, rotifers decreased from the 3rd day and disappeared on the 8th day (Fig. 1a). [W / o CaCl2] And [w / o NaCl], all cultures continued to grow throughout the culture period. [W / o CaCl2In the ward, the maximum was 12.1 individuals / ml.
[0044]
FIG. 2 shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) monogenetic females (a) and non-fertilized bisexual females (b). Each plot shows the average of three times. The FF density showed a similar change (Fig. 2a). The daily change in MF density is shown in FIG. 2b. [Artificial seawater], [w / o MgSO4], [W / o MgCl2], [W / o NaHCOThree], [Natural seawater], continued to grow throughout the culture period. In the [w / o KCl] group, it grew rapidly from the 10th to the 13th day, reaching 48.3 individuals / ml, and stable thereafter. [W / o CaCl2In the [w / o NaCl] group, it did not reach 1 individual / ml during the culture period.
[0045]
FIG. 3 shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) infertile amphoteric female (a) and male (b). Each plot shows the average of three times. The daily change in RF density is shown in FIG. 3a. [W / o MgSO4], [W / o MgCl2], [Natural seawater], continued to grow throughout the culture period. In the [artificial seawater] ward, it was stable between 35.7 and 39.7 individuals / ml from the 11th day. [W / o NaHCOThreeIn the ward, it decreased after reaching 18.7 individuals / ml on the 11th day. In the [w / o KCl] group, it decreased after reaching 26.7 individuals / ml on the 12th day. [W / o CaCl2In the [w / o NaCl] group, it did not reach 2 individuals / ml throughout the culture period.
[0046]
The daily changes in male density are shown in FIG. 3b. [W / o KCl], [w / o NaHCO3In the group, the value was over 100 individuals / ml on the last day of culture, which was higher than other cultures.
[0047]
Fig. 4 shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) infertile amphoteric female (a) and male (b). Each plot shows the average of three times. The daily change in the rate of induction of bisexual reproduction is shown in FIG. 4a. [W / o CaCl2] And all the cultures except [w / o NaCl] showed fluctuations ranging from 0.0 to 63.5% until the 6th day. [W / o CaCl2] In the plots, the values were higher than those in other culture plots on
[0048]
The daily change in fertilization rate is shown in FIG. 4b. [Artificial seawater], [w / o MgSO4In the ward, it increased until the 8th day, and after that, it showed a stable and high rate between 44.4 and 91.1%. [W / o NaHCO3In the ward, it stabilized at a high rate between 44.1 and 58.1% from the 8th to the 12th day, but decreased after that. In the [w / o KCl] ward, it reached the highest level at 89.8% on the 9th day and decreased thereafter. [W / o MgSO4In the ward, it decreased after reaching 89.7% on the 11th. [W / o CaCl2In the ward, it decreased after reaching 80.0% on the 9th day. In [w / o NaCl], it was 0% after 5 days. In [Natural seawater], after reaching 91.0% on the 9th day, it stabilized between 71.9 and 90.1%.
[0049]
FIG. 5 shows the durable egg production of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) in different seawater conditioning after 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05).
[0050]
The number of normal eggs formed during the culture period was different in the culture period (ANOVA, df = 7, F = 8.708, p = 0.0002). [W / o KCl], [w / o MgSO4], [Natural seawater], [artificial seawater], [w / o MgCl2], [W / o NaHCO3], [W / o CaCl2], [W / o NaCl] group, many normal eggs were formed (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, Fig. V-12-a). The number of abnormal eggs formed during the culture was also different in the culture interval (ANOVA, df = 7, F = 6.206, p = 0.0012). [Natural seawater], [w / o MgSO4], [W / o KCl], [w / o MgCl2], [Artificial seawater], [w / o NaHCO3], [W / o CaCl2], [W / o NaCl] group, many abnormal eggs were formed (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, FIG. 5b).
[0051]
Figure 6 shows the durable egg production of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) in different seawater conditioning after 14 days of culture. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05). Each column shows the average of 3 times. Durable eggs carried by parent rotifers counted on the last day of culture also differed in the culture interval (ANOVA, df = 7, F = 12.361, p = 0.0001). [W / o MgSO4], [Artificial seawater], [Natural seawater], [w / o MgCl2], [W / o KCl], [w / o NaHCO3], [W / o CaCl2], [W / o NaCl] group, many rotifers carried durable eggs (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, FIG. 6a).
[0052]
The total number of durable eggs formed during the culture period was different in each culture section (ANOVA, df = 7, F = 17.318, p = 0.0001). [W / o MgSO4], [Natural seawater], [w / o KCl], [artificial seawater], [w / o MgCl]2], [W / o NaHCO3], [W / o CaCl2], [W / o NaCl] were formed in the order of many durable eggs (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, FIG. 6b).
[0053]
Both population growth rate and induction rate of amphibian reproduction during the culture period [w / o CaCl2] And [w / o NaCl] groups showed lower values than other groups (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, Table 1). For fertilization rate, [w / o CaCl2] [W / o NaCl] [w / o MgSO]4] [W / o NaHCO3The plots showed lower values than other plots (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, Table 1).
[0054]
[Table 1]
Durable egg formation efficiency was also significantly different in each culture section (ANOVA, df = 7, F = 16.398, p = 0.0001).
[0055]
FIG. 7 shows B.plicatilis (Tokyo strain) durable egg production per cell of the C.vulgaris diet with different seawater conditioning during 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05). [W / o MgSO4], [Natural seawater], [w / o KCl], [artificial seawater], [w / o MgCl]2], [W / o NaHCO3], [W / o CaCl2], [W / o NaCl] in order of increasing the formation efficiency of durable eggs (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, FIG. 7).
[0056]
<Durable egg hatching experiment>
Fig. 8 shows the hatching rate of B. plicatilis (durable eggs formed by different seawater conditioning. Each column shows the average value of 5 times. The bar shows the average SD. Newly created [artificial seawater] When the durable eggs were hatched, there was no difference in the hatching rate depending on the culture conditions of the parent rotifer (Fig. 8a). Significant difference was detected (ANOVA, df = 6, F = 2.475, p = 0.0478), [w / o MgCl2] And [w / o CaCl2There was a difference between the wards. (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.0,5 Fig. Fig. 8b).
[0057]
<Examination of components of artificial seawater>
The pH of the last day of culture is 7.2 for [Artificial seawater], [NaCl + CaCl]2] PH 7.6, [NaH0COThree] Ward was pH 7.6.
[0058]
Figure 9 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo Stock; ○ NaCl + CaCl2, ● NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCOThree, Δ Artificial seawater) shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of all females (a) and all males (b). The initial stacking density was 10 individuals / ml. Each column shows the average of 3 times.
The daily variation of rotifer density is shown in FIG. 9a. Throughout the culture period, [NaCl + CaCl2] In ward, it became lower than other wards. In all cultures, the cells gradually grew until the last day of culture.
[0059]
The daily change in male density is shown in FIG. 9b. [NaCl + CaCl2], [NaHCOThreeThe plots grew gradually until the last day of culture. In the [artificial seawater] ward, it decreased on the 10th day, but it grew after that.
[0060]
FIG. 10 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo Stock; ○ NaCl + CaCl2, ● NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCOThree, △ Artificial seawater) shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the mixture of all females (a) and all males (b). Each plot shows the average of three times. FIG. 10 shows the daily changes in the rate of induction of bisexual reproduction. It was [artificial seawater] that showed the highest induction rate of bisexual reproduction throughout the culture period. In all cultures, the induction rate of bisexual reproduction reached the highest value on the 12th day and decreased thereafter.
[0061]
FIG. 11 shows B.plicatilis (Tokyo strain) durable egg production with different seawater conditioning after 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05). The number of normal eggs formed during the culture period was different in the culture period (ANOVA, df = 2, F = 19.487, p = 0.0024). Among the three culture groups, the number of normal eggs in the [artificial seawater] group was the highest (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, FIG. 11). In terms of the number of abnormal eggs and the total number of durable eggs, the [artificial seawater] group formed the most durable eggs (Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05).
[0062]
There was no difference in the population growth rate and the rate of induction of both sexes during the culture period in each culture section.
[0063]
Figure 12 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) durable egg production per cell of the C. vulgaris diet with different seawater conditioning during 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05). The formation efficiency of durable eggs was also different in the culture sections (ANOVA, df = 2, F = 25.137, p = 0.0012), and among the three culture sections, the formation efficiency of the durable eggs in the [Artificial seawater] section was the highest ( Fisher's PLSD, p <0.05, FIG. 12).
[0064]
As a result of the above, we investigated how the six components of artificial seawater are involved in the formation of rotifer eggs. It was clarified that durable egg formation occurs in artificial seawater as well as natural seawater. Therefore, we investigated which chemical components in artificial seawater are involved in the formation of rotifer's durable eggs, the induction rate of bisexual reproduction, and the growth of rotifer. First, CaCl2And found that NaCl is essential. There was no effect on the growth of rotifers in cultures without other chemicals. The culture group with the highest total number of durable eggs was [w / o MgSO].4It was a ward (Figs. 6 and 7). In addition, [artificial seawater] and [w / o MgCl2] Because there was no difference in the number of durable eggs formed between wards, SOFour 2-(Sulfate ion) seems to have inhibited the formation of durable eggs. There were few endurance eggs in [w / o NaCl] and [w / o CaCl].2], Then [w / o NaHCO3] (Figures 6 and 7). [W / o NaHCO3In the plot, the growth of the rotifer itself was no different from other culture plots (Fig. 1). NaHCO3Has a pH buffering action in solution. Therefore, the pH may have influenced the formation of rotifer eggs. Separately, Na+And Ca+Is related to calcium channels and HCO3 +Is an ion used to discharge ions from the cell membrane. For this reason, physiological effects such as calcium channels may also act on rotifers.
[0065]
In addition, even if the durable eggs were hatched with artificial seawater and natural seawater, no significant difference was observed in the hatching rate in the culture section (FIG. 8). From this, it was found that artificial seawater can be used to hatch eggs of durable eggs.
[0066]
NaCl and CaCl2When cultivated in, it showed the same growth as artificial seawater (FIG. 10). Therefore, NaCl, CaCl are used for normal rotifer culture.2It was found that it can be cultured only with this.
[0067]
However, the number of durable eggs formed is NaCl and CaCl.2NaHCOThreeHowever, it did not reach the [artificial seawater] section. Therefore, NaCl and CaCl are used for the formation of durable eggs in rotifers.2, NaHCOThreeIn addition to the above, another component is considered necessary. The component may be contained in the culture filtrate. In the future, if a substance that activates bisexual reproduction is identified and applied to the mass formation of durable eggs, the formation efficiency of durable eggs may increase.
[0068]
Example 2
Based on the results of Example 1, culturing was carried out using only artificial seawater components judged to be necessary for the growth of rotifers and the formation of durable eggs. The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 13 shows the average durable egg formation rate and the maximum density during the culture period when batch culture was performed in different seawater.
[0069]
As a result, NaCl +CaCl 2 +NaHCO Three It was found that the artificial seawater composed of the cultivated seawater had good rotifer, although the formation of durable eggs was suppressed as compared with the artificial seawater composed of 6 kinds of chemicals.
[0070]
NaCl +CaCl 2 +NaHCO Three And MgSOFour, KCl, MgCl2When any one of these was added, rotifers grew as well as artificial seawater, and it was found that the formation of durable eggs was equivalent.
As a result, when rotifers were cultured in artificial seawater, it became clear that rotifers proliferated and the formation of durable eggs was exactly the same as natural seawater.2Rotifer growth and durable eggs even if other ingredients are removedThe production ofIt turned out not to.
[0071]
【The invention's effect】
According to the method for producing a rotifer durable egg of the present invention, there is an advantageous effect that the variation in the number of formed durable eggs is small and mass production of durable eggs is possible.
[0072]
Moreover, according to the manufacturing method of the rotifer durable egg of this invention, there exists an advantageous effect that it is cheaper than commercially available artificial seawater and can also promote the formation of rotifer durable eggs.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) in different seawater adjustments. ○ is artificial seawater NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2), ● indicates MgSO4Artificial seawater (NaCl + NaHCO3)Three+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2), □ indicates NaHCO3Artificial seawater (NaCl + MgSOFour+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2) And black squares are artificial seawater without NaCl (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree + MgCl2+ CaCl2), And △ is MgCl2Artificial seawater (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + CaCl2) And black triangles indicate CaCl2Artificial seawater (NaCl + MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2), ◇ indicates artificial seawater without MgSO (MgSOFour+ NaHCOThree+ KCl + MgCl2+ CaCl2).
FIG. 2 shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) monogenetic females (a) and infertile amphoteric females (b). Each plot shows the average of three times.
FIG. 3 shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) infertile amphoteric reproductive females (a) and males (b). Each plot shows the average of three times.
FIG. 4 shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) infertile amphoteric reproductive females (a) and males (b). Each plot shows the average of three times.
FIG. 5 shows durable egg production of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) in different seawater conditioning after 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. Different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher ’s PLSD test, p <0.05)
FIG. 6 shows the durable egg production of B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) in different seawater conditioning after 14 days of culture. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05). Each column shows the average of 3 times.
FIG. 7 shows B.plicatilis (Tokyo strain) durable egg production per cell of C. vulgaris diet with different seawater conditioning during 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05).
FIG. 8 shows the hatching rate of B. plicatilis (durable eggs formed by different seawater conditioning. Each column shows the average value of 5 times. The bar shows the average S.D.
FIG. 9 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo Stock; ○ NaCl + CaCl2, ● NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCOThree, Δ Artificial seawater) shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the growth rate of all females (a) and all males (b). The initial stacking density was 10 individuals / ml. Each column shows the average of 3 times.
FIG. 10 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain; ○ NaCl + CaCl2, ● NaCl + CaCl2+ NaHCOThree, △ Artificial seawater) shows the effect of seawater adjustment on the mixture of all females (a) and all males (b). Each plot shows the average of three times.
FIG. 11 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) durable egg production with different seawater conditioning after 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05).
FIG. 12 shows B. plicatilis (Tokyo strain) durable egg production per cell of the C. vulgaris diet with different seawater conditioning during 14 days of culture. Each column shows the average of 3 times. The different characters in each column are distinctly different (a> b> c> d, Fisher's PLSD test, p <0.05).
FIG. 13 shows the average durable egg formation rate and the maximum density during the culture period when batch culture is performed in different seawater.
Claims (10)
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