JP3786759B2 - Gas generator - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a gas generator that generates a mixed gas of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from hydrocarbon and oxygen by a partial oxidation method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a hydrogen production method, hydrogen production by a steam reforming method has been performed along with a water electrolysis method and a coal gasification method. In the steam reforming method, a steam reforming reaction using a hydrocarbon such as natural gas, LPG, or naphtha as a raw material is performed. However, in the steam reforming method, a part of the raw material must be used as a heating fuel, and a device for removing NO _x , SO _x, etc. generated by this combustion must be installed. In addition, there is a problem in that desulfurization of the raw material is necessary in advance, heavy oil containing a large amount of sulfur cannot be used, and only relatively expensive naphtha grade light oil can be used.
[0003]
Therefore, as a method for using inexpensive heavy oil as a raw material, a hydrogen production method by a partial oxidation method has been performed. In the partial oxidation reaction, combustion is performed at a high temperature with an amount of oxygen corresponding to 30 to 40% of the amount of oxygen necessary for complete combustion, and a mixed gas of H ₂ and CO is generated by the reaction of the following formula (1). . In the case of producing the H ₂ gas, the mixed gas is subjected to a shift conversion reaction by a CO shift converter, and then hydrogen is produced through each purification process of CO ₂ absorption removal and impurity removal by the PSA method. .
[0004]
[Chemical 1]
C _n H _m + (n / 2) O ₂ → nCO + (m / 2) H ₂ (1)
[0005]
As shown in FIG. 7 , the gas generator that produces hydrogen or the like using the partial oxidation method includes a combustor 40, a CO shift converter 41, and a high-pressure boiler 42. Then, raw material hydrocarbons, steam, and oxygen are introduced into the combustor 40 from the introduction path 43, burned and reacted at a high temperature of 1100 to 1300 ° C., and the generated mixed gas is cooled by the high-pressure boiler 42. Next, the CO shift converter 41 causes the CO in the mixed gas to react with the steam introduced from the steam introduction path 44 and shift-convert it into H ₂ and CO ₂ . When the heat generated in the combustor 40 is produced as high-pressure steam by the high-pressure boiler 42 and recovered as power, the generator is driven by the steam turbine 45 and converted into electric power.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the partial oxidation method, since the partial oxidation reaction is an exothermic reaction, a large-scale high-pressure boiler 42 and a steam turbine 45 are required for cooling. In general, when the facility generates hydrogen of several tens of thousands m ³ / h, the high-pressure boiler 42 has a diameter of 4 to 5 m and a height of 20 to 30 m. For this reason, the apparatus itself becomes very large, initial costs such as equipment costs and construction costs become very high, and the frequency of troubles also increases. In addition, there has been a problem that it cannot cope with the relocation of equipment and the future increase in gas generation.
[0007]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a gas generator that can be easily downsized and reduced in initial cost, and can easily cope with the transfer of equipment and an increase in the amount of gas generated in the future. Is the purpose.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, a gas generator according to the present invention includes a combustor that reacts a raw material hydrocarbon and oxygen at a high temperature to generate a mixed gas mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gist of the present invention is to provide a turbine connected to the combustor and driven by the airflow exiting the combustor, and to use the power generated by the turbine as an effective output.
[0009]
That is, the gas generator of the present invention includes a turbine that is driven by the airflow that exits the combustor, and uses the power generated by the turbine as an effective output. Therefore, since the temperature of the mixed gas at the turbine outlet is lower than the temperature in the combustor, a large-sized high-pressure boiler or a large-capacity boiler that has conventionally been required to cool the generated gas and recover it as power. No steam turbine is required. As a result, not only can the equipment be downsized and the initial cost can be reduced, but also the equipment can be relocated and the amount of gas generated in the future can be increased. Then, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide gas and the like are extracted from the gas discharged from the turbine, and power generated in the turbine can be used as an effective output such as electric power. Further, effective use of the effective output obtained by the turbine as various powers is advantageous in terms of running costs such as power costs. In the present invention, the oxygen used for the partial oxidation reaction may be supplied as pure oxygen, or air may be supplied to cause partial oxidation reaction with oxygen in the air.
[0010]
In the present invention , since the combustor and the turbine are connected in series, the airflow from the combustor directly rotates the turbine, so that there is almost no airflow loss and the efficiency is high. In addition, facilities corner in small, easily ing also relocation and expansion, and the like.
[0011]
In the present invention, when at least one of water and water vapor is introduced into the combustor, the temperature of the airflow in the combustor is appropriate due to the water or water vapor introduced into the combustor. that it is controlled to.
[0012]
Further, when the present invention, at least one in the combustor and the turbine inlet, by introducing at least one of water and steam, so as to control the temperature of the airflow in the turbine inlet mouth The temperature of the airflow introduced into the turbine is appropriately controlled, the heat load applied to the turbine is reduced, and the life of the turbine is improved.
[0013]
In the present invention, when the temperature of the airflow at the turbine outlet is controlled by introducing at least one of water and water vapor into at least one of the combustor and the turbine inlet, is temperature controlled properly in the turbine, the heat load on the turbine is reduced, it increases turbine life.
[0014]
Further, in the present invention, the airflow that exits the combustor is provided with a shift converter that reacts carbon monoxide in the mixed gas generated in the combustor and discharged from the turbine with water vapor to shift the reaction to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. In the case where the water vapor contained therein is subjected to the shift conversion reaction, a part or all of the necessary water vapor can be provided to the shift conversion reaction by the water vapor in the airflow exiting the combustor, and an appropriate The temperature of the airflow at the turbine outlet can be lowered to the shift conversion reaction temperature .
[0015]
Further, in the present invention, when at least one of water and water vapor is introduced into the combustor so that the air flow at the turbine outlet contains saturated water vapor, the turbine is brought to a temperature required for the shift conversion reaction. The temperature of the outlet airflow can be lowered, and the water vapor for the CO shift conversion reaction can be covered by the water vapor in the airflow leaving the combustor .
[0016]
Further, in the present invention, when the amount of water and / or water vapor introduced into the combustor is adjusted by the composition of the airflow at the outlet of the shift converter, the CO shift converter is discharged from the CO shift converter. and Ru can be appropriately control the amount of steam to be subjected to the CO shift conversion reaction by the gas composition of the gas stream.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
[0018]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, reference numeral 3 denotes a combustor, which receives O ₂ gas produced by the oxygen production apparatus 1 through an oxygen supply path 12 and also receives raw material hydrocarbons from a fuel tank 8 through a fuel supply path 14. The combustor 3 includes a combustion unit 2 that injects and burns raw material hydrocarbons and O ₂ gas, and a rectifying unit 7 that rectifies high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated in the combustion unit 2. The combustor 3 is provided with a turbine 5 that is driven by the airflow discharged from the combustor 3.
[0019]
The rectifying unit 7 is provided with a water introduction pipe 15 for introducing water. The water introduction pipe 15 is branched into a plurality, and a plurality of nozzles 9 and 10 for injecting water are provided at the respective tip portions. A first nozzle 9 is disposed on the combustion section 2 side, and the combustion temperature is controlled to an appropriate temperature range by injecting water from the first nozzle 9 as necessary.
[0020]
Further, a second nozzle 10 is disposed on the turbine 5 side of the rectifying unit 7 and water is injected from the second nozzle 10 to control the temperature of the airflow at the inlet of the turbine 5 as necessary. The turbine (mainly blades) is cleaned. Then, within the combustor 3, and the raw material hydrocarbon and O ₂ gas is partial oxidation reaction at a high temperature, by the reaction of the above formula (1), to generate a mixed gas consisting of mainly CO and H ₂ Metropolitan. The first and second nozzles 9 and 10 may be provided as necessary, and may not be particularly necessary. 13a is a gas extraction path for extracting the mixed gas from the turbine 5 together with water vapor.
[0021]
A generator 6 driven by the rotation of the turbine 5 is connected to the turbine 5 so that the power generated in the turbine 5 is converted into electric power and used as an effective output.
[0022]
The gas generator is used as follows, for example.
[0023]
First, the O ₂ gas produced by the oxygen production apparatus 1 is supplied to the combustion unit 2 of the combustor 3 at a predetermined pressure, and the raw material hydrocarbons are supplied from the fuel tank 8 to the combustion unit 2. In the combustor 3, the raw material hydrocarbon and O ₂ cause the reaction of the above formula (1) to generate a mixed gas mainly composed of CO and H ₂ . At this time, water vapor is generated from the water injected from the first nozzle 9, whereby the inside of the rectifying unit 7 of the combustor 3 is cooled to some extent, adjusted to a temperature range suitable for the partial oxidation reaction, and water and hydrocarbons. React to increase the production of CO and H ₂ .
[0024]
The mixed gas and water vapor generated in the combustor 3 are sent to the turbine 5 to drive the turbine 5. The generator 6 is driven by the rotation of the turbine 5 and the effective output of the turbine 5 is extracted and used as electric power. At this time, water vapor is generated from the water injected from the second nozzle 10, the temperature of the airflow exiting the combustor 3 is lowered, and the life of the turbine 5 is improved. Further, since the turbine 5 is connected to the combustor 3, there is almost no loss of airflow and the efficiency is good.
[0025]
According to the gas generator, an effective output obtained by the turbine 5 can be taken out as electric power or the like without requiring a large high-pressure boiler or the like.
[0026]
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of the gas generator according to the second embodiment of the present invention. This apparatus includes a CO shift converter 4 that performs CO shift conversion reaction of the mixed gas and water vapor discharged from the turbine 5. The CO shift converter 4 is provided with a steam supply path 11 for introducing adjustment steam as required. And, within this CO shift conversion unit 4, in contact with the catalyst stream exiting the turbine 5 is filled, CO and of H ₂ O said gas stream occurs a reaction of the following formula (2), and CO ₂ It is shifted converted to H _2. 13a is a gas extraction path for extracting the mixed gas from the turbine 5 together with water vapor, and 13 is a gas extraction path for extracting the hydrogen-enriched gas subjected to CO shift conversion. In this device, the water introduced into the combustor 3 from the water introduction pipe 15 is heat-exchanged and heated in pipes through which high-temperature gas flows (for example, gas extraction paths 13 and 13a and turbine 5 outlet pipe 13b). May be supplied. Other parts are the same as those of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, and the same reference numerals are given to the same parts.
[0027]
[Chemical formula 2]
CO + H ₂ O⇔CO ₂ + H ₂ (2)
[0028]
The above apparatus is used as follows, for example. That is, an air stream containing the mixed gas and water vapor exiting the turbine 5 is introduced into the CO shift converter 4 and brought into contact with the catalyst. Then, CO and water vapor in the air stream are shift-converted to CO ₂ and H ₂ by the reaction of the above formula (2). Here, conversion is performed until the CO concentration in the mixed gas reaches several percent. Then, the hydrogen-enriched gas taken out from the gas take-out path 13 is sent to a purification step such as CO ₂ absorption step, impurity removal by PSA method, methanation, etc. as necessary.
[0029]
According to the above apparatus, high purity hydrogen gas can be obtained by CO shift conversion. Further, since the water vapor generated from the water supplied from the first and second nozzles 9 and 10 into the combustor 3 is used for the shift conversion reaction, the above-described increase in generated power and partial oxidation reaction efficiency are achieved. In addition to the effect of improving the life of the turbine 5 and the like, the steam for the shift conversion reaction introduced into the CO shift converter 4 can be reduced, and the facility utility cost is reduced. Here, when water is injected into the combustor 3 from the first and second nozzles 9 and 10 so that the airflow at the outlet of the turbine 5 includes saturated steam, the steam for CO shift conversion reaction is converted into the combustor. It becomes possible to cover with water vapor in the airflow that has left 3. Other than that, there exists an effect similar to the apparatus shown in FIG.
[0030]
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of the gas generator according to the third embodiment of the present invention. This apparatus introduces the cooler 20 that cools the airflow emitted from the turbine 5, the compressor 21 that compresses the airflow cooled by the cooler 20, the heat of the airflow compressed by the compressor 21, and the cooler 20. A heat exchanger 22 for exchanging heat with the airflow to be generated, and the airflow emitted from the turbine 5 is increased to a predetermined pressure before being introduced into the CO shift converter 4. In the figure, 11a is a steam supply path for introducing steam for adjustment into the CO shift converter 4, and the steam is introduced after being heated by the heat exchanger 23 provided in the gas extraction path 13. Yes. Other parts are the same as those of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, and the same reference numerals are given to the same parts.
[0031]
According to this apparatus, the gas whose pressure has been increased to a predetermined pressure can be taken out from the gas take-out passage 13. Since the airflow from the turbine 5 is increased before being introduced into the CO shift converter 4, less power is required to operate the compressor 21 than when the air pressure is increased at the outlet of the CO shift converter 4. This is because the amount of the mixed gas is greatly increased by the CO shift conversion reaction. In this case, the steam in the air stream is cooled and condensed, and the steam required for the CO shift conversion reaction is insufficient, so that steam for the CO shift conversion reaction is supplied. Other than that, there exists an effect similar to the apparatus shown in FIG.
[0032]
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of the gas generator according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. In this apparatus, control valves 16a and 16b are provided in first and second water introduction pipes 15a and 15b, respectively, for introducing water into the first nozzle 9 and the second nozzle 10, respectively. Further, the rectifying unit 7 of the combustor 3 is provided with a first temperature detector 17 a that detects the reaction temperature in the rectifying unit 7 and a second temperature detector 17 b that detects the temperature of the airflow at the inlet of the turbine 5. Yes. Then, the partial oxidation reaction temperature is detected by the first temperature detector 17a, the control valve 16a is adjusted by the detection signal, and the amount of water injected from the first nozzle 9 is adjusted, whereby the inside of the rectifier 7 The temperature of the partial oxidation reaction is controlled. Further, the temperature of the airflow at the inlet of the turbine 5 is detected by the second temperature detector 17b, the adjustment valve 16b is adjusted by the detection signal, and the amount of water injected from the second nozzle 10 is adjusted, thereby adjusting the turbine. The temperature of the airflow at the 5 inlets is controlled. Other parts are the same as those of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, and the same reference numerals are given to the same parts, and the same operational effects as the apparatus shown in FIG.
[0033]
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of the gas generator according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention. In this apparatus, a control valve 16b is provided in the second water introduction pipe 15b for introducing water into the second nozzle 10, and the gas composition of the airflow emitted from the CO shift converter 4 is detected in the gas extraction path 13. A composition detector 18 is provided. Then, the composition detector 18 detects the gas composition of the airflow output from the CO shift converter 4, adjusts the control valve 16 b by the detection signal, and adjusts the amount of water injected from the second nozzle 10. It has become. Thus, the amount of water vapor generated in the combustor 3 and used for the CO shift conversion reaction is controlled. Other parts are the same as those of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, and the same reference numerals are given to the same parts, and the same operational effects as those of the apparatus shown in FIG.
[0034]
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing the configuration of the gas generator according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention. In this apparatus, a control valve 16b is provided in the second water introduction pipe 15b for introducing water into the second nozzle 10, and the temperature of the airflow at the outlet of the turbine 5 is detected at the outlet of the turbine 5. A temperature detector 19 is provided. And by detecting the temperature of the airflow at the turbine 5 outlet by the third temperature detector 19, adjusting the adjustment valve 16b by the detection signal, and adjusting the amount of water injected from the second nozzle 10, The temperature of the airflow at the turbine 5 outlet is controlled. By doing in this way, the temperature in the turbine 5 is appropriately controlled, the heat load applied to the turbine 5 is reduced, and the life of the turbine 5 is improved. In addition, in order to control the temperature of the airflow at the turbine 5 outlet, it is also possible to control the temperature of the airflow output from the turbine 5 to an appropriate temperature range of the CO shift conversion reaction performed thereafter. Other parts are the same as those of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, and the same reference numerals are given to the same parts, and the same operational effects as those of the apparatus shown in FIG.
[0035]
In each of the above embodiments , liquid oxygen may be supplied to those in which O ₂ gas is supplied to the combustor 3 . Further, although water is injected into the combustor 3, water vapor may be injected. In each of the above embodiments, the effective output of the turbine 5 is used as electric power. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and may be used in the form of kinetic energy such as shaft rotation or jet flow.
[0036]
In addition, the hydrogen-enriched gas obtained by CO shift conversion of the mixed gas of H ₂ and CO obtained by partial oxidation is not limited to this, and H ₂ and CO are separated from the mixed gas. Alternatively, it may be taken out as a mixed gas.
[0037]
Et al is, as the combustor 3, is not particularly limited, may be any of various ones. For example, a jet engine or a rocket combustor can also be used. When the combustor 3 is composed of a rocket combustor, the turbine 5 is driven by the airflow injected at a high discharge speed from the rocket combustor, and the power generated in the turbine 5 increases. In addition, the equipment is extremely small compared to the large generated power, making relocation and expansion even easier.
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the gas generator of the present invention, the temperature of the mixed gas at the turbine outlet is lower than the temperature in the combustor. Therefore, conventionally, it is necessary to cool the generated gas and recover it as power. Large-sized high-pressure boilers and large-capacity steam turbines that have been used are no longer necessary. As a result, not only can the equipment be downsized and the initial cost can be reduced, but also the equipment can be relocated and the amount of gas generated in the future can be increased. Then, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide gas and the like are extracted from the gas discharged from the turbine, and power generated in the turbine can be used as an effective output such as electric power. Further, effective use of the effective output obtained by the turbine as various powers is advantageous in terms of running costs such as power costs.
[0039]
In the present invention , since the combustor and the turbine are connected in series, the airflow emitted from the combustor directly rotates the turbine, and there is almost no airflow loss, and the efficiency is high. In addition, facilities corner in small, easily ing also relocation and expansion, and the like.
[0040]
In the present invention, when at least one of water and water vapor is introduced into the combustor, the temperature of the airflow in the combustor is appropriate due to the water or water vapor introduced into the combustor. that it is controlled to.
[0041]
Further, when the present invention, at least one in the combustor and the turbine inlet, by introducing at least one of water and steam, so as to control the temperature of the airflow in the turbine inlet mouth The temperature of the airflow introduced into the turbine is appropriately controlled, the heat load applied to the turbine is reduced, and the life of the turbine is improved.
[0042]
In the present invention, when the temperature of the airflow at the turbine outlet is controlled by introducing at least one of water and water vapor into at least one of the combustor and the turbine inlet, is temperature controlled properly in the turbine, the heat load on the turbine is reduced, it increases turbine life.
[0043]
Further, in the present invention, the airflow that exits the combustor is provided with a shift converter that reacts carbon monoxide in the mixed gas generated in the combustor and discharged from the turbine with water vapor to shift the reaction to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. In the case where the water vapor contained therein is subjected to the shift conversion reaction, a part or all of the necessary water vapor can be subjected to the shift conversion reaction by the water vapor in the airflow exiting the combustor. The temperature of the airflow at the turbine outlet can be lowered to the shift conversion reaction temperature .
[0044]
Further, in the present invention, when at least one of water and water vapor is introduced into the combustor so that the air flow at the turbine outlet contains saturated water vapor, the turbine is brought to a temperature required for the shift conversion reaction. The temperature of the outlet airflow can be lowered, and the water vapor for the CO shift conversion reaction can be covered by the water vapor in the airflow leaving the combustor .
[0045]
Further, in the present invention, when the amount of water and / or water vapor introduced into the combustor is adjusted by the composition of the airflow at the outlet of the shift converter, the CO shift converter is discharged from the CO shift converter. and Ru can be appropriately control the amount of steam to be subjected to the CO shift conversion reaction by the gas composition of the gas stream.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing a configuration of a gas generator according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing a conventional example .
[Explanation of symbols]
3 Combustor 5 Turbine

Claims (7)

A gas generator comprising a combustor that reacts a raw material hydrocarbon and oxygen at a high temperature to generate a mixed gas mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and is connected to the combustor and exits the combustor. A gas generator characterized by comprising a turbine driven by an air flow and utilizing the power generated by the turbine as an effective output.   The gas generator according to claim 1, wherein at least one of water and water vapor is introduced into the combustor.   The gas generator according to claim 2, wherein the temperature of the airflow at the turbine inlet is controlled by introducing at least one of water and water vapor into at least one of the combustor and the turbine inlet.   The gas generator according to claim 2, wherein the temperature of the airflow at the turbine outlet is controlled by introducing at least one of water and water vapor into at least one of the combustor and the turbine inlet.   It is equipped with a shift converter that reacts carbon monoxide in the mixed gas generated in the combustor and exits the turbine with water vapor to convert it into hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and shifts the water vapor in the airflow exiting the combustor. The gas generating device according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the gas generating device is provided for use.   The gas generator according to claim 5, wherein the airflow at the turbine outlet contains saturated water vapor by introducing at least one of water and water vapor into the combustor.   The gas generator according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the amount of at least one of water and water vapor introduced into the combustor is adjusted by a composition of an air flow at an outlet of the shift converter.

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