JP3798130B2 - Processing method of superplastic ceramics - Google Patents
Processing method of superplastic ceramics Download PDFInfo
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- JP3798130B2 JP3798130B2 JP28027497A JP28027497A JP3798130B2 JP 3798130 B2 JP3798130 B2 JP 3798130B2 JP 28027497 A JP28027497 A JP 28027497A JP 28027497 A JP28027497 A JP 28027497A JP 3798130 B2 JP3798130 B2 JP 3798130B2
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- lithium aluminosilicate
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- wollastonite
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims description 26
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910000502 Li-aluminosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000174 eucryptite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004814 ceramic processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 25
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052644 β-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;hydroxy-[hydroxy(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane;lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Al].O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O.O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052670 petalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052643 α-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002077 partially stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MKTRXTLKNXLULX-UHFFFAOYSA-P pentacalcium;dioxido(oxo)silane;hydron;tetrahydrate Chemical compound [H+].[H+].O.O.O.O.[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O MKTRXTLKNXLULX-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、耐熱衝撃性を要求される各種低高温部品・治具・機器、低熱膨脹性を要求される各種精密型材・精密検査装置部品・高温計器部品、断熱性を要求される半導体用断熱材、精密加工を要求される各種精密部品等に好適な超塑性セラミックスの加工方法に関し、特に低温かつ高速度での加工が可能な超塑性セラミックスの加工方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
セラミックスは脆性な材料であるが、焼結体結晶組織を微細化することで金属と同様な塑性加工が可能であることが分かってきている。このような塑性加工が可能なセラミックスを超塑性セラミックスと称しており、その代表例としてはジルコニア、ジルコニアにアルミナが含有されたもの、窒化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素に炭化ケイ素が含有されたものなどが知られている(特開昭62-91480号公報,特開昭63-182279号公報,特開平4-103303号公報,特開平8-12443号公報)。
【0003】
しかし、これら従来の開示技術では、その塑性加工温度は、実際上1400℃前後という非常な高温を要し、それ以下の温度では超塑性を示さないという問題がある。例えば、特開昭62-91480号公報の実施例においては、塑性加工温度は1400〜1500℃であり、アルミ合金の550℃、チタン合金の850℃程度という金属での塑性加工温度に比べて著しく高温である。このような高温では、塑性加工を行うための型などの付帯設備を全てセラミックス製とするか、または真空系を有する装置でカーボン製の治工具を用いる必要があり、いずれにしろ高価な設備を必要とするものである。
【0004】
また、加工時の歪速度が小さいことも大きな問題である。一般に超塑性セラミックスの塑性加工時の歪速度は金属に比すと極端に小さいため、生産速度が金属よりも劣ることになる。従って、より歪速度の大きな生産性の良いセラミックスの塑性加工が望まれるのは言を俟たない。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
このように、従来の技術ではセラミックスの塑性加工温度は極めて高く、また加工速度も十分なものではなかった。従って、本発明は、従来よりもはるかに低い温度で、かつ従来と同等以上に大きい歪速度での加工が可能な超塑性セラミックスの加工方法を提供することを目的とするものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
かかる実情において本発明者らは鋭意研究を重ねた結果、一定比率のカルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートからなる結晶粒径が小さく高密度の複合焼結体においては、低温かつ十分に大きな速度での塑性加工が可能であることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
【0007】
すなわち本発明は、カルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートが複合した結晶組織を主体とし、平均結晶粒径が2μm以下、最大結晶粒径が20μm以下、密度が理論密度の98%以上であり、カルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートの合量に対しリチウムアルミノシリケートが2〜98重量%含まれるセラミックスを、800〜1100℃の温度下、10-5〜5×10-3/secの歪速度で塑性加工することを特徴とする超塑性セラミックスの加工方法を提供するものである。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明で用いる超塑性セラミックスは、カルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートを主要構成相とする複合焼結体である。カルシウムシリケートあるいはリチウムアルミノシリケートのいずれか1種類のみでは、低温かつ高速での塑性加工ができないと共に、セラミックス材料としての特性も劣ることとなる。
【0009】
また、上記超塑性セラミックスの平均結晶粒径は2μm以下でなくてはならず、1μm以下であるのが好ましい。平均結晶粒径が2μmを超える場合、超塑性挙動自体は現出するが、塑性加工の限界歪量が低下するため好ましくない。
【0010】
更に、本超塑性セラミックスの結晶粒径は最大でも20μm以下でなくてはならず、10μm以下、特に5μm以下であるのが好ましい。平均結晶粒径に比べて著しく粗大な結晶が存在すると、その結晶粒子が欠陥として作用するため、塑性加工時にボイドの生成や破壊の原因となる。
【0011】
また、本超塑性セラミックスの密度は理論密度の98%以上でなくてはならず、99%以上に緻密化されていることがより好ましい。密度がこれに満たない場合、焼結体中に存在する空隙が塑性加工時に大きなボイドと化し限界の歪量が著しく低下するため好ましくない。なお、本焼結体中には原料に含まれる不純物、製造工程上の不可避の不純物が2重量%程度まで含まれていても構わない。従って、上記理論密度の98%以上とは、厳密にはこの2重量%以下の不純物を考慮したものであるべきであるが、ここではカルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートのみからなるものと考えて換算した数値をいう。
【0012】
本超塑性セラミックス中のカルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートの比率は、両者の合量に対するリチウムアルミノシリケートの比率として2〜98重量%でなければならず、5〜95重量%であるのがより好ましい。リチウムアルミノシリケートが2重量%未満の場合、及び98重量%を超える場合、焼結体は理論密度の98%まで緻密化せず気孔が多数残るため超塑性が損なわれる。
【0013】
本超塑性セラミックスを構成するカルシウムシリケートとしては、CaOをC、SiO2をSと略し、CS、C2S、C3S、C3S2等が挙げられるが、このうちCSのウォラストナイトが好ましく、更にウォラストナイトにはαとβの2種類があるが、β-ウォラストナイトが最も好ましい。C2S、C3S等が含まれても構わないが、量的に多いと超塑性現象が損なわれるため、2重量%までとするのが好ましい。
【0014】
本超塑性セラミックスを構成するリチウムアルミノシリケートとしては、Li2OをL、Al2O3をA、SiO2をSと略し、LAS2のユークリプタイト、LAS4のスポジューメン、スポジューメン固溶体が挙げられる。このうちスポジューメンがユークリプタイトに比べてコスト面などで好ましい。スポジューメンにはαとβの2種類あるが、β-スポジューメンが最も好ましい。
【0015】
またこれら以外に、本超塑性セラミックスには不可避の不純物成分としてFe2O3、TiO2、MgO、MnO、Na2O、K2O、P2O5等が2重量%まで含まれていても構わない。
【0016】
本超塑性セラミックスは、例えば平均粒径が1μm未満のウォラストナイト又は焼成によりウォラストナイトに転移するカルシウムシリケートの少なくとも1種と、平均粒径が1μm未満のリチウムアルミノシリケートの少なくとも1種を含む原料配合物を成形し、これを1000〜1150℃で焼成することにより製造することができる。
【0017】
出発原料であるカルシウムシリケートとしては、ウォラストナイトのほか、CSH(カルシウムシリケート結晶質水和物の前駆体であり、CaとSiのモル比Ca/Siが種々の比率を取り得る非晶質水和物の総称)、トバモライト、ゾノトライト、ジャイロライト、オーケナイト等が挙げられ、いずれかを単独で又は2種以上を組合せて使用することができる。このうち、CSH、ゾノトライト及びウォラストナイトが好ましく、CSHはCa/Siモル比が0.5〜1.5前後のCSHが、ウォラストナイトは天然のβ-ウォラストナイトが好ましい。
【0018】
もう一方の出発原料であるリチウムアルミノシリケートとしては、L:A:S=1:1:2、1:1:3、1:1:4、1:1:6、1:1:8、1:1:10、1:1:12、1:1:15等のものが挙げられ、いずれかを単独で又は2種以上を組合せて使用することができる。このうち、LAS2のユークリプタイト、LAS4のスポジューメン及びLAS8のペタライトが好ましく、特にコスト面等の点から天然に産するα-スポジューメンもしくはそれを焼成して転移させたβ-スポジューメン、又は天然のペタライトが好ましい。ペタライトは高温でβ-スポジューメン固溶体となる。
【0019】
これら出発原料の平均粒径は1μm未満、特に0.5μm以下が好ましい。本超塑性セラミックスは、平均結晶粒径が2μm以下、最大結晶粒径が20μm以下であることが必要であり、その焼結体中の結晶粒径の大きさは、用いる出発原料の粒径と焼成温度に依存するためである。すなわち、粒径の大きな原料を用いれば焼結体組織の結晶粒径が大きくなるのは当然のこと、小さな粒径の原料を用いても焼結時に粒成長が起きるため、焼成温度に応じた形で焼結体結晶粒径は原料粒径よりも大きくなる。従って、用いる原料粒径はより粒径の小さなものが望ましい。
【0020】
なお、これら出発原料の1μm未満の超微粒子を容易に得る方法としては、例えば、以下の方法が挙げられる。
【0021】
すなわち、ウォラストナイトの超微粒子は、Si原料とCa原料のCa/Siモル比を0.5〜1.5に調合したスラリーを水熱処理してケイ酸カルシウム水和物を合成した後、700〜1200℃で焼成し、必要に応じて粉砕することにより、また、スポジューメンの超微粒子は、α-スポジューメンを1000〜1300℃で焼成し相転移させて得られたβ-スポジューメンを粉砕することにより製造することができる。
【0022】
上記のごとく焼成することにより、前者はβ-ウォラストナイトの微粒子ないしその集合体が得られ、後者はβ-スポジューメンの微細な結晶粒界を有する多結晶体的構造が得られ、いずれもアトライター等の特殊な超微粉砕機を用いることなく、ボールミル等によって容易に超微粒子を得ることができる。
【0023】
原料配合物の組成としては、焼成後に焼結体結晶相中のカルシウムシリケートとリチウムアルミノシリケートの合量に対しリチウムアルミノシリケートが2〜98重量%となる比率で配合すればよいが、不純物成分の含量が2重量%以下であるような原料を用いた場合、カルシウムシリケート原料とリチウムアルミノシリケート原料の合量に対しリチウムアルミノシリケート原料が2〜98重量%となる比率で配合することができる。
【0024】
上記の原料配合物を焼成することにより、本発明で用いる超塑性セラミックスが得られる。この焼成温度としては、1000〜1150℃が好ましい。焼成温度が1000℃未満の場合、焼結体が緻密化しにくく気孔が増大するため超塑性の性能が損なわれ易い。1150℃を超える場合、原料粒径にも依存するが粒成長が増大するため平均粒径が2μm以上となりやすい、焼結体中にわずかに発泡が生じる結果、破壊の起点となるボイドが生成する、などの理由で超塑性が損なわれる。焼成時間は、目的とする焼結体の寸法によっても異なるが、通常は60分程度で十分である。
【0025】
本発明では、以上のセラミックスの塑性加工を、800〜1100℃の温度、10-5〜5×10-3/secの歪速度で行うものである。温度が800℃に満たない場合でも塑性加工は可能であるが、歪速度が小さく10-5/secに満たなくなるため工業的に不利となる。また温度が1100℃を超える場合、焼結温度に近づき焼結体の粒成長が起きるため、結晶粒子が欠陥として作用してボイドの生成、破壊の原因となり、好ましくない。
【0026】
歪速度は、10-5/secに満たない場合でもさして不都合は無いが、効率の低さの点で工業的でない。一方、歪速度が5×10-3/secを超える場合、圧力が大きくなり大型装置が必要になること、焼結体中にボイドが形成されることなどの点で好ましくない。
【0027】
塑性加工の加工圧力(応力)は、ガス圧などある一定の圧力制御で行う場合と、ある一定の変位速度で加工する変位制御の場合で異なる。変位制御の場合、加工圧力は変形速度に依存する。すなわち、変形速度が小さい場合はより小さな加工圧力で飽和し、大変形速度の場合は飽和圧力はより大きくなる。好ましい加工圧力は1〜50MPaであり、この下限に満たない場合、塑性加工を行う温度にも依存するが、一般的には歪速度が小さくなりすぎ工業的でなく、また上限を超える場合、歪速度が大きくなり過ぎ、焼結体中にボイドが形成されることになり好ましくない。
【0028】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
【0029】
なお、各実施例において、β-ウォラストナイトとβ-スポジューメンの一方が少ない場合に焼結体の結晶相を完全に同定するのは難しいため、予備試験として、実施例1〜4で用いたβ-ウォラストナイトとβ-スポジューメンを50:50の割合として得られた焼結体の結晶相を確認したところ、結晶相はβ-ウォラストナイトとβ-スポジューメンであり、反応生成物は認められなかった。従って、個々の出発原料の高温における重量減(強熱減量)を考慮すれば、焼結体結晶相の割合は出発原料配合とほぼ同じ数値ということになるが、以下の実施例における結晶相の割合の数値は、この不純物を除いた純分としての値を示す。
【0030】
実施例1〜4
(1) 使用原料
リチウムアルミノシリケート原料として、天然のα-スポジューメン(Li2O:7.6重量%,Al2O3:26.5重量%,SiO2:64.5重量%,その他:1.2重量%,強熱減量0.2重量%)を、カルシウムシリケート原料として、天然のβ-ウォラストナイト(CaO:46.2重量%,SiO2:51.1重量%,その他:1.6重量%,強熱減量1.1重量%)を用いた。
【0031】
(2) 原料微粒子の製造
(a) 使用した天然のα-スポジューメンは平均粒径200μmであり、これを5℃/分で1100℃まで昇温し、この温度で1時間焼成した後、徐冷してβ-スポジューメンを得た。このβ-スポジューメン中には微細な亀裂が多数入っており、また0.5μm前後のサイズで一種の結晶粒界が現出していた。この粉末をボールミルにより72時間湿式粉砕しところ、平均粒径0.45μmの超微粒子が容易に得られた。
粉砕条件は、ミル容積:400リットル、ミル回転数:100rpm、メディア:φ5mmのアルミナボール400kg、上記β-スポジューメン粗粒100kgに水100kgを加えてスラリー濃度50%とした。
(b) 一方、使用した天然のβ-ウォラストナイトは平均粒径2.5μmであり、これを72時間粉砕し、平均粒径0.52μmの超微粒子を得た。粉砕条件は、粉砕時に固形分100重量%に対し外割で15重量%の分散剤を加えた以外はスポジューメンの場合と同様である。
【0032】
(3) 焼成・研削加工
それぞれのスラリーから、種々の比率でβ-ウォラストナイト原料とβ-スポジューメン原料を採取し、このスラリーに結合剤として3重量%のポリビニルアルコールを加えて混合し、スプレードライヤーにて造粒した。この顆粒を型に入れ1t/cm2で成形し、得られた成形体を表1に示す温度まで5℃/minで加熱し、1時間保持後、室温まで炉冷し直径50mm、板厚4mmの焼結体を得た。
この焼結体の両面を#400のダイヤモンド砥石で平面研削した(岡本工作機械社製,精密平面研削盤PSG-52DX)。
【0033】
(4) 各種測定法
密度:アルキメデス法により算出した。
曲げ強度:焼結体を3×4×40mmに加工し、JIS R 1601により測定した。
結晶粒径:焼結体組織の走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)観察により測定した。
【0034】
(5) 塑性加工
上記JIS R 0601試験片の三点曲げによる塑性加工を、大気中、表1に示す温度、変形速度で、負荷方向に5mm変形するまで行った。なお、引張りの歪速度は、6tδ/S2(t:試験片板厚,δ:試験片の変形速度,S:曲げの下部支点間距離)より算出した。
【0035】
(6) 結果
この結果を表1に示すように、いずれも従来よりもはるかに低い温度・低い圧力で超塑性を示し、歪速度も従来より大きかった。また曲げ加工後、試験片の引張り面を顕微鏡観察したところ、いずれも亀裂は認められなかった。
【0036】
実施例5〜8
珪藻土と工業用消石灰を、Ca/Siモル比1の割合で混合し、水/固体比(W/S)=10.0のスラリーを調製し、140℃で1時間水熱処理しCSHを合成した。このCSHを120℃で乾燥した後、1000℃で1時間焼成した。X線回折により結晶相を同定したところ、このものは不純物を含まない100%転移したβ-ウォラストナイトであった。このものは平均粒径0.25μmの超微粒子の集合体であった。なお、この際の重量減は13%である。
実施例1〜4と同様に相転移させた粉砕前のβ-スポジューメンと上記CSHから得たβ-ウォラストナイトを固形分換算で50:50となるように配合した。これを実施例1〜4と同様にボールミルにて粉砕し平均粒径0.15μmの原料を得た。
これを1050℃で実施例1と同様に焼成して焼結体を得、各種特性値を測定した。次いでこれを大気中、表1に示す条件で塑性加工を行った結果、表1に示すように、いずれも従来よりもはるかに低い温度・低い圧力で超塑性を示し、歪速度も従来より大きかった。曲げ加工後、試験片の引張り面を顕微鏡観察したところ、いずれも亀裂は認められなかった。
【0037】
実施例9〜11
実施例5〜8と同様のCSHを出発材にしたβ-ウォラストナイトと市販のβ-ユークリプタイト(強熱減量0.4重量%)を実施例1〜4と同様にボールミルで粉砕し、それぞれ平均粒径0.15μm及び0.21μmの原料を得た。これらを固形分換算で50:50となるように配合した。
これを1000℃で実施例1と同様に焼成して焼結体を得、各種特性値を測定した。次いでこれを大気中、表1に示す条件で塑性加工を行った結果、表1に示すように、いずれも従来よりもはるかに低い温度・低い圧力で超塑性を示し、歪速度も従来より大きかった。曲げ加工後、試験片の引張り面を顕微鏡観察したところ、いずれも亀裂は認められなかった。
【0038】
比較例1〜5
配合条件及び焼成条件を表1のようにした以外は、実施例1〜4と同様にして焼成体を得た。次いでそれぞれ表1に示す条件で塑性加工を行った。
この結果、比較例1、2及び5は加工試験後に亀裂が認められた。比較例3及び4で用いた焼結体は実施例2と同じであるが、比較例3では加工温度が低すぎ塑性変形が変形速度に追いつかず、試験中に破断し、また比較例で4は温度が高すぎ負荷を受け持てず、クリープ変形した。
【0039】
比較例6
出発原料の平均粒径を1.1μm、焼成温度を1100℃とした以外は、実施例2と同様にして焼成体を得た。このものは結晶粒径が粗いため、塑性加工試験中に破断した。
【0040】
比較例7
塑性加工速度を10mm/分とした以外は、実施例2と同様である。このものは、速度が速すぎて圧力が大きく増大し、試験途中で破断した。
【0041】
比較例8
平均結晶粒径0.3μmでほぼ100%緻密化した3モル%イットリア固溶の部分安定化ジルコニア焼結体について表1の条件で塑性加工を行ったが、このものは当該温度ではほとんど変形を示さず、脆性的に破断した。
【0042】
比較例9
3モル%イットリアを固溶するジルコニア粉末に20重量%アルミナ粉末を加えた平均結晶粒径0.4μmのアルミナ/ジルコニア複合焼結体について表1の条件で塑性加工を行ったが、このものは当該温度ではほとんど変形を示さず、脆性的に破断した。
【0043】
【表1】
【0044】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、従来よりもはるかに低い温度で、かつ従来と同等以上に大きい歪速度で超塑性セラミックスの加工が可能となる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to various low-temperature components / jigs / equipment requiring thermal shock resistance, various precision mold materials / precision inspection equipment / high-temperature instrument components requiring low thermal expansion, and heat insulation for semiconductors requiring heat insulation. The present invention relates to a processing method for superplastic ceramics suitable for materials, various precision parts that require precision processing, and more particularly to a processing method for superplastic ceramics that can be processed at low temperature and high speed.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Although ceramics is a brittle material, it has been found that plastic processing similar to metal is possible by refining the sintered crystal structure. Ceramics that can be plastically processed are called superplastic ceramics. Typical examples include zirconia, zirconia containing alumina, silicon nitride, silicon nitride containing silicon carbide, etc. (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 62-91480, 63-182279, 4-103303, and 8-12443).
[0003]
However, these conventional disclosed techniques have a problem that the plastic working temperature actually requires a very high temperature of about 1400 ° C., and superplasticity is not exhibited at a temperature lower than that. For example, in the examples of JP-A-62-91480, the plastic working temperature is 1400-1500 ° C., which is significantly higher than the metal working temperature of 550 ° C. for aluminum alloy and 850 ° C. for titanium alloy. It is hot. At such a high temperature, it is necessary to make all the incidental equipment such as a mold for performing plastic working made of ceramics, or use a jig made of carbon in an apparatus having a vacuum system. It is what you need.
[0004]
In addition, a low strain rate during processing is also a big problem. In general, the strain rate during plastic working of superplastic ceramics is extremely small compared to metal, so the production rate is inferior to that of metal. Therefore, it goes without saying that plastic working of ceramics with higher strain rate and good productivity is desired.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Thus, in the prior art, the plastic processing temperature of ceramics was extremely high, and the processing speed was not sufficient. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a processing method for superplastic ceramics that can be processed at a much lower temperature than that of the prior art and at a strain rate greater than or equal to that of the prior art.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In this situation, as a result of intensive research, the present inventors have found that a high-density composite sintered body composed of a fixed proportion of calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate has a small crystal grain size and has a low temperature and a sufficiently high rate of plasticity. The present invention has been completed by finding that it can be processed.
[0007]
That is, the present invention mainly comprises a crystal structure in which calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate are combined, the average crystal grain size is 2 μm or less, the maximum crystal grain size is 20 μm or less, and the density is 98% or more of the theoretical density. Ceramic processing that contains 2 to 98% by weight of lithium aluminosilicate with respect to the total amount of lithium aluminosilicate at a strain rate of 10 -5 to 5 x 10 -3 / sec at a temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C. The present invention provides a processing method for a superplastic ceramic.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The superplastic ceramic used in the present invention is a composite sintered body having calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate as main constituent phases. If only one of calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate is used, plastic processing at a low temperature and high speed cannot be performed, and characteristics as a ceramic material are inferior.
[0009]
Further, the average crystal grain size of the superplastic ceramic must be 2 μm or less, and preferably 1 μm or less. When the average crystal grain size exceeds 2 μm, the superplastic behavior itself appears, but it is not preferable because the critical strain amount of plastic working is reduced.
[0010]
Furthermore, the crystal grain size of the present superplastic ceramic must be at most 20 μm or less, preferably 10 μm or less, particularly preferably 5 μm or less. If crystals that are significantly coarser than the average crystal grain size are present, the crystal particles act as defects, which may cause voids to be generated or destroyed during plastic working.
[0011]
Further, the density of the superplastic ceramics should be 98% or more of the theoretical density, and more preferably 99% or more. If the density is less than this, the voids present in the sintered body become large voids during plastic working, which is not preferable because the limit strain amount is significantly reduced. The sintered body may contain up to about 2% by weight of impurities contained in the raw material and inevitable impurities in the manufacturing process. Therefore, strictly speaking, 98% or more of the theoretical density should be considered in consideration of impurities of 2% by weight or less. Here, however, the conversion is performed assuming that it consists only of calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate. This is a numerical value.
[0012]
The ratio of calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate in the superplastic ceramic must be 2 to 98% by weight as the ratio of lithium aluminosilicate to the total amount of both, and more preferably 5 to 95% by weight. When the lithium aluminosilicate is less than 2% by weight or more than 98% by weight, the sintered body is not densified to 98% of the theoretical density, and many pores remain, so that superplasticity is impaired.
[0013]
The calcium silicate constituting this superplastic ceramic is abbreviated as C, SiO 2 as S, and CS, C 2 S, C 3 S, C 3 S 2 and so on. Among these, CS wollastonite Furthermore, there are two types of wollastonite, α and β, and β-wollastonite is most preferable. C 2 S, C 3 S, and the like may be included, but if the amount is large, the superplastic phenomenon is impaired, and therefore it is preferably up to 2% by weight.
[0014]
Lithium aluminosilicate constituting this superplastic ceramic is abbreviated as Li 2 O for L, Al 2 O 3 for A, and SiO 2 for S. LAS 2 eucryptite, LAS 4 spodumene, spodumen solid solution. . Of these, spodumene is preferable in terms of cost and the like compared to eucryptite. There are two types of spojumen, α and β, with β-spodumene being most preferred.
[0015]
In addition to these, the superplastic ceramic contains up to 2% by weight of Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, K 2 O, P 2 O 5, etc. as inevitable impurity components. It doesn't matter.
[0016]
The superplastic ceramic includes, for example, at least one of wollastonite having an average particle diameter of less than 1 μm or calcium silicate that is transformed into wollastonite by firing and at least one of lithium aluminosilicate having an average particle diameter of less than 1 μm. It can be produced by molding a raw material blend and firing it at 1000 to 1150 ° C.
[0017]
Calcium silicate, which is the starting material, includes wollastonite, amorphous water that is a precursor of CSH (calcium silicate crystalline hydrate, and the Ca / Si molar ratio Ca / Si can take various ratios. Generic name of Japanese products), tobermorite, zonotlite, gyrolite, orkenite, etc., any of which can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, CSH, zonotolite and wollastonite are preferable, CSH is preferably CSH having a Ca / Si molar ratio of around 0.5 to 1.5, and wollastonite is preferably natural β-wollastonite.
[0018]
The other starting material, lithium aluminosilicate, is L: A: S = 1: 1: 2, 1: 1: 3, 1: 1: 4, 1: 1: 6, 1: 1: 8, 1 : 1: 10, 1: 1: 12, 1: 1: 15, etc., and any of them can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, LAS 2 eucryptite, LAS 4 spodumene and LAS 8 petalite are preferred, α-spodumen produced naturally from the viewpoint of cost, etc., or β-spodumen that has been transferred by firing it, or Natural petalite is preferred. Petalite becomes a β-spodumene solid solution at high temperatures.
[0019]
The average particle size of these starting materials is preferably less than 1 μm, particularly preferably 0.5 μm or less. This superplastic ceramic must have an average crystal grain size of 2 μm or less and a maximum crystal grain size of 20 μm or less. The size of the crystal grain size in the sintered body is the same as that of the starting raw material used. This is because it depends on the firing temperature. In other words, if a raw material with a large particle size is used, the crystal grain size of the sintered body structure will naturally increase, and even if a raw material with a small particle size is used, grain growth occurs during sintering. The sintered body crystal grain size is larger than the raw material grain size. Therefore, it is desirable that the raw material particle size used is smaller.
[0020]
Examples of a method for easily obtaining ultrafine particles of less than 1 μm of these starting materials include the following methods.
[0021]
That is, ultrafine particles of wollastonite were synthesized from calcium silicate hydrate by hydrothermal treatment of a slurry prepared by adjusting the Ca / Si molar ratio of Si raw material and Ca raw material to 0.5 to 1.5, and then at 700 to 1200 ° C. The fine particles of spodumene can be produced by calcining α-spodumene at 1000-1300 ° C. and phase transition to grind β-spodumene obtained by firing and grinding as required. it can.
[0022]
By baking as described above, β-wollastonite fine particles or aggregates thereof are obtained in the former, and a polycrystalline structure having fine grain boundaries of β-spodumene is obtained in the latter. Ultrafine particles can be easily obtained by a ball mill or the like without using a special ultrafine grinder such as a lighter.
[0023]
As the composition of the raw material mixture, lithium aluminosilicate may be added at a ratio of 2 to 98% by weight with respect to the total amount of calcium silicate and lithium aluminosilicate in the sintered crystal phase after firing. When a raw material having a content of 2% by weight or less is used, the lithium aluminosilicate raw material can be blended at a ratio of 2 to 98% by weight with respect to the total amount of the calcium silicate raw material and the lithium aluminosilicate raw material.
[0024]
The superplastic ceramic used in the present invention is obtained by firing the above raw material blend. As this baking temperature, 1000-1150 degreeC is preferable. When the firing temperature is lower than 1000 ° C., the sintered body is difficult to be densified and the pores are increased, so that the superplastic performance is easily impaired. If it exceeds 1150 ° C, it depends on the particle size of the raw material, but the grain growth increases, so the average particle size tends to be 2 µm or more. As a result of the slight foaming in the sintered body, a void that becomes the starting point of fracture is generated. Superplasticity is impaired for reasons such as. The firing time varies depending on the size of the intended sintered body, but about 60 minutes is usually sufficient.
[0025]
In the present invention, the above-described plastic processing of the ceramic is performed at a temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C. and a strain rate of 10 −5 to 5 × 10 −3 / sec. Even if the temperature is less than 800 ° C., plastic working is possible, but since the strain rate is small and less than 10 −5 / sec, it is industrially disadvantageous. On the other hand, when the temperature exceeds 1100 ° C., grain growth of the sintered body occurs near the sintering temperature, so that the crystal grains act as defects and cause void formation and destruction, which is not preferable.
[0026]
The strain rate is not inconvenient even when it is less than 10 −5 / sec, but it is not industrial in terms of low efficiency. On the other hand, when the strain rate exceeds 5 × 10 −3 / sec, it is not preferable in that the pressure increases and a large apparatus is required, and voids are formed in the sintered body.
[0027]
The processing pressure (stress) of the plastic processing differs depending on whether the pressure is controlled by a certain pressure such as a gas pressure or the case of displacement control where the processing is performed at a certain displacement speed. In the case of displacement control, the processing pressure depends on the deformation speed. That is, when the deformation speed is low, the saturation is performed at a lower processing pressure, and when the deformation speed is large, the saturation pressure is increased. The preferred processing pressure is 1 to 50 MPa, and if it is less than this lower limit, it depends on the temperature at which plastic working is performed, but generally the strain rate becomes too small to be industrial and when the upper limit is exceeded, The speed becomes too high, and voids are formed in the sintered body, which is not preferable.
[0028]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated further in detail, this invention is not limited to these.
[0029]
In each example, when one of β-wollastonite and β-spodumene is small, it is difficult to completely identify the crystal phase of the sintered body, and therefore, used as a preliminary test in Examples 1 to 4. When the crystal phase of the sintered body obtained with a 50:50 ratio of β-wollastonite and β-spodumene was confirmed, the crystal phase was β-wollastonite and β-spodumene, and the reaction product was observed. I couldn't. Therefore, considering the weight loss (ignition loss) of each starting material at a high temperature, the ratio of the sintered body crystal phase is almost the same as that of the starting material composition. The numerical value of the ratio indicates a value as a pure component excluding this impurity.
[0030]
Examples 1-4
(1) As the raw materials used lithium aluminosilicate material, natural α- spodumene (Li 2 O: 7.6 wt%, Al 2 O 3: 26.5 wt%, SiO 2: 64.5 wt%, Other: 1.2 wt%, ignition loss 0.2 wt%) was used as a calcium silicate raw material, and natural β-wollastonite (CaO: 46.2 wt%, SiO 2 : 51.1 wt%, other: 1.6 wt%, loss on ignition 1.1 wt%) was used.
[0031]
(2) Production of raw material fine particles
(a) The natural α-spodumene used had an average particle size of 200 μm, and this was heated to 1100 ° C. at 5 ° C./minute, baked at this temperature for 1 hour, and then slowly cooled to obtain β-spodumene. It was. This β-spodumene contained many fine cracks, and a kind of grain boundary appeared with a size of about 0.5 μm. When this powder was wet pulverized for 72 hours by a ball mill, ultrafine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.45 μm were easily obtained.
The pulverization conditions were as follows: mill volume: 400 liters, mill rotation speed: 100 rpm, media: 400 kg of alumina balls of 400 mm, 100 kg of the above β-spodumene coarse particles and 100 kg of water to give a slurry concentration of 50%.
(b) On the other hand, the natural β-wollastonite used had an average particle size of 2.5 μm and was pulverized for 72 hours to obtain ultrafine particles having an average particle size of 0.52 μm. The pulverization conditions are the same as in the case of spodumen, except that an additional 15% by weight of dispersant is added to the solid content of 100% by weight during pulverization.
[0032]
(3) β-wollastonite raw material and β-spodumene raw material are collected at various ratios from the respective slurries of firing and grinding, and 3% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol as a binder is added to the slurry, mixed, and sprayed. Granulated with a dryer. This granule is put into a mold and molded at 1 t / cm 2. The obtained molded body is heated at a temperature of 5 ° C./min to the temperature shown in Table 1, held for 1 hour, and then cooled to room temperature and cooled to room temperature with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 4 mm A sintered body was obtained.
Both sides of this sintered body were surface ground with a # 400 diamond grindstone (Okamoto Machine Tool Co., Ltd., precision surface grinder PSG-52DX).
[0033]
(4) Density of various measuring methods: Calculated by Archimedes method.
Bending strength: The sintered body was processed to 3 × 4 × 40 mm and measured according to JIS R 1601.
Crystal grain size: Measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the sintered body structure.
[0034]
(5) Plastic working Plastic working by three-point bending of the above JIS R 0601 test piece was performed in the atmosphere at the temperature and deformation rate shown in Table 1 until it was deformed by 5 mm in the load direction. The tensile strain rate was calculated from 6 tδ / S 2 (t: thickness of test piece plate, δ: deformation rate of test piece, S: distance between lower fulcrum of bending).
[0035]
(6) Results As shown in Table 1, all of these results showed superplasticity at a much lower temperature and lower pressure than before, and the strain rate was higher than before. Moreover, when the tensile surface of the test piece was observed with a microscope after bending, no cracks were observed.
[0036]
Examples 5-8
Diatomaceous earth and industrial slaked lime were mixed at a Ca / Si molar ratio of 1 to prepare a slurry having a water / solid ratio (W / S) = 10.0, and hydrothermally treated at 140 ° C. for 1 hour to synthesize CSH. The CSH was dried at 120 ° C. and then calcined at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour. When the crystal phase was identified by X-ray diffraction, it was 100% transitioned β-wollastonite containing no impurities. This was an aggregate of ultrafine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.25 μm. In this case, the weight loss is 13%.
In the same manner as in Examples 1 to 4, β-spodumene before pulverization and β-wollastonite obtained from CSH were blended so as to be 50:50 in terms of solid content. This was pulverized by a ball mill in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 4 to obtain a raw material having an average particle size of 0.15 μm.
This was fired at 1050 ° C. in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a sintered body, and various characteristic values were measured. Next, as a result of plastic processing in the atmosphere under the conditions shown in Table 1, as shown in Table 1, all showed superplasticity at a much lower temperature and lower pressure than before, and the strain rate was higher than before. It was. After bending, when the tensile surface of the test piece was observed with a microscope, no cracks were observed.
[0037]
Examples 9-11
Β-wollastonite starting from CSH as in Examples 5 to 8 and commercially available β-eucryptite (loss on ignition of 0.4% by weight) were ground in a ball mill in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 4, Raw materials having an average particle size of 0.15 μm and 0.21 μm were obtained. These were blended so as to be 50:50 in terms of solid content.
This was fired at 1000 ° C. in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a sintered body, and various characteristic values were measured. Next, as a result of plastic processing in the atmosphere under the conditions shown in Table 1, as shown in Table 1, all showed superplasticity at a much lower temperature and lower pressure than before, and the strain rate was higher than before. It was. After bending, when the tensile surface of the test piece was observed with a microscope, no cracks were observed.
[0038]
Comparative Examples 1-5
A fired body was obtained in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 4, except that the blending conditions and firing conditions were as shown in Table 1. Next, plastic working was performed under the conditions shown in Table 1, respectively.
As a result, in Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 5, cracks were observed after the processing test. The sintered bodies used in Comparative Examples 3 and 4 are the same as those in Example 2. However, in Comparative Example 3, the processing temperature was too low, and plastic deformation did not catch up with the deformation rate, and fractured during the test. The temperature was too high to carry the load and creep deformed.
[0039]
Comparative Example 6
A fired body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the starting material had an average particle size of 1.1 μm and a firing temperature of 1100 ° C. Since this crystal grain was coarse, it broke during the plastic working test.
[0040]
Comparative Example 7
The same as Example 2 except that the plastic working speed was 10 mm / min. This was too fast and greatly increased in pressure and broke during the test.
[0041]
Comparative Example 8
A 3 mol% yttria solid-stabilized partially stabilized zirconia sintered body with an average crystal grain size of 0.3 μm and almost 100% densified was subjected to plastic working under the conditions shown in Table 1, but this showed almost no deformation at that temperature. It broke brittlely.
[0042]
Comparative Example 9
An alumina / zirconia composite sintered body having an average crystal grain size of 0.4 μm, in which 20 wt% alumina powder was added to zirconia powder in which 3 mol% yttria was dissolved, was subjected to plastic working under the conditions shown in Table 1. At temperature, there was almost no deformation and it broke brittlely.
[0043]
[Table 1]
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, it becomes possible to process superplastic ceramics at a temperature much lower than that of the prior art and at a strain rate greater than or equal to that of the prior art.
Claims (2)
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| JP28027497A JP3798130B2 (en) | 1997-10-14 | 1997-10-14 | Processing method of superplastic ceramics |
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| JP28027497A JP3798130B2 (en) | 1997-10-14 | 1997-10-14 | Processing method of superplastic ceramics |
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