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JP3816838B2 - Dispersibility and orientation evaluation method - Google Patents
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JP3816838B2 - Dispersibility and orientation evaluation method - Google Patents

Dispersibility and orientation evaluation method Download PDF

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JP3816838B2
JP3816838B2 JP2002182738A JP2002182738A JP3816838B2 JP 3816838 B2 JP3816838 B2 JP 3816838B2 JP 2002182738 A JP2002182738 A JP 2002182738A JP 2002182738 A JP2002182738 A JP 2002182738A JP 3816838 B2 JP3816838 B2 JP 3816838B2
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orientation
dispersibility
fibers
fibrous material
fiber
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JP2004028669A (en
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信一 鳥越
修一 村上
健次 松本
哲也 原
哲郎 堀越
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Kuraray Co Ltd
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Kuraray Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、セメント系材料などの複合材料中における有機繊維の分散性および配向性の定量化が可能な評価方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、コンクリートやセメント、モルタルなどセメント系材料の高靭性化を目的に、これらに補強繊維などの繊維状物を配合し、これらを補強することが広く行われている。例えば、鋼繊維(スチールファイバー)をコンクリートに配合する繊維複合化技術は、トンネル内壁の剥落防止、高速道路のオーバーブリッジなど維持補修、トンネル覆工、水路の補修・補強、法面補強コンクリート、土間コンクリート、舗装オーバーレイ、吹付け補修、耐震壁の施工などに有効な技術として広く用いられている。更に近年になって、スチールファイバーに比べて、作業性、軽量性、安全性、防錆性に優れた新規材料として、ポリビニルアルコール系繊維、ポリプロピレン繊維、ポリエチレン繊維をはじめとする有機繊維が、繊維複合材料の補強物質として注目されているのが現状である。
【0003】
これら複合材料の繊維状物による補強を実施する際、繊維状物の複合材料中における分散性や配向性が、複合材料の力学性能確保の観点から重要であり、前記したスチールファイバーで補強したコンクリート材料の場合には、X線撮影によるスチールファイバーの投影面積から、該繊維の分散係数や配向係数を算出し、コンクリート複合材料中の繊維の分散性や配向性を管理する方法が提案されている[「繊維補強コンクリート 特性と応用」、オーム社、53−58(1981)]。
【0004】
しかしながら、本発明者等の検討によると、上記したような、X線撮影による繊維状物の投影面積から分散係数、配向係数を求めることは、繊維状物がスチールファイバーの場合は可能であるが、有機繊維の場合には困難であり、複合材料中における有機繊維の分散性や配向性を定量化するには、新たにその評価方法を開発することが求められていた。
【0005】
また、従来、複数の物質からなる混合物中において、対象物質の分散性を評価する方法は種々提案されており、▲1▼EPMA(電子プロープマイクロアナライザ、X線マイクロアナライザ)による元素分布像から所定の物質の分散性を定性的に評価する方法、▲2▼被評価試料の顕微鏡写真、SEM(走査型電子顕微鏡)によるSEM像または組成像などにより分散性を定性的に評価する方法、▲3▼EPMAにより測定した元素の検出強度の基本統計量から分散性を評価する方法、▲4▼特開平4−74924号公報に記載されているような、SEM、EPMAなどで撮像した画像を2値化し、画像上に任意の直線を設定してその直線に接触する粒子を抽出し、抽出した2粒子の重心間距離の標準偏差を求めて分散状態を評価する方法、▲5▼特開平8−271402号公報に記載されているような、複数の原料を所定の混合比(設定混合比)で混合してなる被評価試料をSEMで撮像した全体画像を複数の領域に分割し、各領域について被評価試料の表面における原料の分布を表す画像データを求めるとともに、この画像データから各領域における混合比の、上記の所定の混合比(設定混合比)からのずれの大きさに関するヒストグラムを作成し、各領域のヒストグラムから得た標準偏差により、混合分散性を評価する方法、▲6▼特開平6−160257号公報およびAdv. Polym. Technol., 10(2), 135(1990)に記載されているような、一方向に強化された繊維強化プラスチックにおいて、強化方向に対して5°以上60°以下の角度の断面が得られるように繊維強化プラスチックを加工し、その断面の研磨面を観察して該研磨面で観察された繊維断面の長径と短径から繊維の傾きを求め、配向角度を測定する方法、等が提案されている。
【0006】
しかしながら、上記の従来方法において、▲1▼および▲2▼の方法は、定性的な評価方法であり、客観的な評価を行うには適していない。また▲3▼の方法は、定量的な方法ではあるが、分散に偏りがある場合に分散性を正当に評価することができず、また、検出強度の標準偏差という相対的な指標による評価であることから、絶対的な比較を行うことができないという問題点があった。また、▲4▼の方法も定量的な方法ではあるが、画像上の任意の直線の設定方法により大きく結果が変動するため、正当な評価を行うことが困難であるという問題点があった。
【0007】
▲5▼の方法も定量的な方法ではあるが、混合比が未知の試料の評価を行うことができず、また、標準偏差という相対的な指標による評価であるため、混合比が既知であっても混合比の異なる試料間や異種物質(元素)間の比較を行うことができないという問題点があった。また、▲5▼の方法は、複数の物質からなる複合材料中の対象物質について、その分散性を評価する方法であり、対象物質が繊維状物の場合、対象物質の向きを表す配向性を評価することは困難であった。
さらに▲6▼の方法では、繊維の角度から配向度を求めているが、光学顕微鏡、実体電子顕微鏡観察では拡大して観察しなければ物質の識別が困難であり精度に問題がある。また被評価試料のサイズが大きくなると、操作が煩雑になる問題点があった。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、繊維状物を含む複数の物質から構成される被評価試料について、被評価試料中に含有される繊維状物の分散性と配向性を評価する方法を提供することであり、特に繊維状物が有機繊維であっても、また被評価試料のサイズが従来方法で測定する場合に採用される試料のサイズよりも大きくなっても、分散性や配向性を簡便に精度よく定量化しうる方法を提供することである。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は鋭意検討を重ねた結果、繊維状物を含む複数の物質から構成される被評価試料について、被評価試料中に含有される所定の繊維状物を、波長380〜600nmの電磁波により発光させて撮像、画像化し、それを画像解析して分散係数と配向係数を算出することによって、被評価試料中における繊維状物の分散性及び配向性を評価する方法を見出した。
【0010】
すなわち本発明は、繊維状物を含む複数の物質を所定混合比で混合して形成された複合材料中の繊維状物の分散性及び配向性を評価するにあたり、複合材料の断面に、波長が380〜600nmである電磁波を照射し、繊維状物を発光させて撮像し、画像化されたデータに基づき、画像解析して下記式(I)および式(II)より分散係数及び配向係数を算出することを特徴とする分散性及び配向性評価方法である。
【数3】

Figure 0003816838
【数4】
Figure 0003816838
そして本発明は、好ましくは繊維状物が有機繊維である上記の分散性及び配向性評価方法であり、より好ましくは繊維状物がポリビニルアルコール系繊維、あるいはポリオレフィン系繊維である上記の分散性および配向性評価方法である。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明でいう被評価試料とは、繊維状物を含む複数の物質から構成される。本発明では被評価試料中における繊維状物の存在形態を撮像するために電磁波を使用する。使用する電磁波としては、波長が380〜600nmであることが必要であり、さらに発光強度の観点からは、波長が400〜500nmの電磁波であることが好ましい。
【0012】
本発明では、上記波長範囲の電磁波を照射した照射面を、デジタルカメラなどを用いて撮像する。さらにこの撮像を、被評価試料中における繊維状物の存在形態がより明確化するように画像処理を施す。
このようにして得られた画像から、繊維状物の分散係数を下記式(I)により算出する。すなわち、被評価試料の一つの面の所定面積中に存在する繊維状物の数の分布から、分散係数(α)を次のように算出する。
一つの画像をn個のブロック(領域)に分け、それぞれのブロック中に存在する繊維数(Xi)と、ブロック中に存在する繊維数の平均値(λ;各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の総和をブロックの数nで除した値)より分散係数(α)を算出する。
【0013】
【数5】
Figure 0003816838
【0014】
また本発明では、上記によって得られた画像から、繊維状物の配向係数を下記の式(II)により算出する。すなわち、被評価試料の一つの面の所定面積中に存在する繊維状物の数および各繊維状物が観察面となす角度より配向度(β)を次のように算出する。
被評価試料の一つの面の所定面積中に存在する全ての繊維状物について、繊維状物の断面積(S)、角度(θ)、cosθの各々の平均値を求め、繊維状物の数(N)から配向係数(β)を算出する。なお、繊維状物の観察面となす角度(θ)は図1に示すとおりである。
【0015】
【数6】
Figure 0003816838
【0016】
本発明でいう被評価試料に含まれる繊維状物の種類は特に制限はないが、ポリビニルアルコール系繊維、ポリエチレン繊維、ポリプロピレン繊維などのポリオレフィン系繊維、アラミド繊維、ポリエステル繊維、ナイロン繊維などが挙げられるが、近紫外線による発光度などの観点から、ポリビニルアルコール系繊維、ポリエチレン繊維、ポリプロピレン繊維などのポリオレフィン系繊維が特に好ましい。なお本発明でいう繊維状物とは、好適には断面積が1.0×10−3mm〜1cm、長さが0.5mm〜100mm、繊維直径が0.04mm〜1cmのものをいい、断面形状に特に制限はない。
【0017】
また本発明でいう被評価試料に含まれる繊維状物以外の構成成分としては特に制限はないが、コンクリート、セメント、モルタル、ガラスなどの無機物質、エポキシ樹脂、ナイロン樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂などの有機物質などが挙げられる。
【0018】
本発明の分散性及び配向性の評価方法によれば、繊維状物を含む複数の物質からなる、幅広い用途に使用される複合材料における繊維状物の分散性、配向性を定量化することができる。例えばコンクリート中に配合されたポリビニルアルコール繊維、ポリプロピレン繊維、モルタル中に配合されたポリビニルアルコール繊維などの分散性、配向性評価に使用できる。
【0019】
【実施例】
以下実施例によって、本発明の分散性および配向性の評価方法を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例により何等限定されるものではない。
【0020】
[参考例1]
タケムラテック(株)製ポットミキサー、PM−4(90L用)を用いてセメントと細骨材を混合して10秒間空練りし、次に水と減水剤と消泡を投入後30秒間練り混ぜ、さらに細骨材と粗骨材を投入後90秒間練り混ぜた後、長さ40mm、直径0.66cmのポリビニルアルコール繊維〔(株)クラレ製「RF4000」〕をコンクリート中に0.5vol%添加し、60秒間練り混ぜた。混練後曲げ型枠(15cm×15cm×53cm)に流し込み、気泡が含まれないようにするため振動を与えながら成形した。成形後、養生室内(室温20℃、相対湿度90%以上)にて1日湿空養生を行い、その後脱型し、標準水中養生を行って供試体を作製した。なお、コンクリート配合は表1に示す。この供試体の曲げ靭性を島津製作所(株)製オートグラフで測定したところ、4.4N/mmであった。繊維状物の種類、添加量およびマトリックスは表2に示すとおりである。
【0021】
【表1】
Figure 0003816838
【0022】
[参考例2]
参考例1におけるコンクリート中へのポリビニルアルコール繊維〔(株)クラレ製「RF4000」〕の添加量を2.0vol%とした以外は、参考例1と同様の方法で供試体を作製した。この供試体の曲げ靭性を島津製作所(株)製オートグラフで測定したところ、5.5N/mmであった。繊維状物の種類、添加量およびマトリックスは表2に示すとおりである。
【0023】
[参考例3]
繊維投入後の混練時間を15秒間とした以外は参考例1と同じ処方で行い、供試体を作製した。この供試体の曲げ靭性を島津製作所(株)製オートグラフで測定したところ、2.8N/mmであった。繊維状物の種類、添加量およびマトリックスは表2に示すとおりである。
【0024】
[参考例4]
繊維の種類を長さ40mm、直径0.92cmのポリプロピレン繊維(萩原工業(株)製「バルチップ」)に変更した以外は参考例1と同じ処方で行い、供試体を作製した。この供試体の曲げ靭性を島津製作所(株)製オートグラフで測定したところ、4.1N/mmであった。繊維状物の種類、添加量およびマトリックスは表2に示すとおりである。
【0025】
【表2】
Figure 0003816838
【0026】
[実施例1]
参考例1で得た供試体より、5cm×5cm×5cmの立方体を切り出した。これを暗室に設置し、立方体の一つの面に電通産業(株)製リング蛍光ランプ「BLBシリーズ」を光源として波長400〜500nmの範囲である電磁波を照射した。この照射面をデジタルカメラ〔(株)ニコン製「COOLPIX9903. 3MEGAPIXELS」〕を用いて写真撮影すると、図2に示すような撮像が得られた。さらにこの撮像をMEDIA CYBRNETICS社製「Image−Pro PLUS」を用いて繊維断面がより明確化するよう図3に示すような画像とした。分散係数は図4に示すように、5cm×5cmの観察面を6×6=36ブロックに分けて実施した。
【0027】
参考例1で得た供試体の観察面の36ブロック中のそれぞれのブロック中に存在する繊維数(Xi)を観察により求めた。さらに各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の総和を観察より求めたところ44本であった。そして各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の総和と観察面のブロック数から各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の平均値(λ)を求め、前記式(I)により分散係数(α)を算出したところ、分散係数(α)は0.698であった。
【0028】
さらに、参考例1で得た供試体の5cm×5cmの観察面中に存在する繊維について観察したところ、繊維数は44本、断面積(S)、角度(θ)の平均値はそれぞれ0.34cm、34°であった。これらの値より、前記式(II)から求められた配向係数(β)は0.559であった。これらの結果は表3に纏めた。
【0029】
[実施例2]
参考例2で得た供試体を用いて、実施例1と同様に分散係数(α)と配向係数(β)を求めた。参考例2で得た供試体の5cm×5cmの観察面中に存在する繊維について観察したところ、各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の総和は126本、繊維の断面積(S)、角度(θ)の平均値はそれぞれ0.34cm、36°であり、これらより算出された分散係数(α)は0.623、配向係数(β)は0.588であった。これらの結果は表3に纏めた。
【0030】
[実施例3]
参考例3で得た供試体を用いて、実施例1と同様にして分散係数(α)と配向係数(β)を求めた。参考例3で得た供試体の5cm×5cmの観察面中に存在する繊維について観察したところ、各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の総和は24本、繊維の断面積(S)、角度(θ)の平均値はそれぞれ0.34cm、63°であり、これらより算出された分散係数(α)は0.523、配向係数(β)は0.891であった。これらの結果は表3に纏めた。
【0031】
[実施例4]
参考例4で得た供試体を用いて、実施例1と同様にして分散係数(α)と配向係数(β)を求めた。参考例4で得た供試体の5cm×5cmの観察面中に存在する繊維について観察したところ、各ブロック中に存在する繊維数の総和は47本、繊維の断面積(S)、角度(θ)の平均値はそれぞれ0.65cm、39°であり、これらより算出された分散係数(α)は0.689、配向係数(β)は0.629であった。これらの結果は表3に纏めた。
【0032】
[比較例1]
参考例1で得た供試体より、5cm×5cm×5cmの立方体を切り出し、従来のスチールファイバーのコンクリート組成物における配向性を評価する方法にて、配向性の測定を試みた。この供試体のX線撮影を、FDD800mm、管電圧100kV、照射時間0.3minの撮影条件で行ったが、有機繊維の場合にはX線が通過するため、投影面積を求めることは不可能であった。これらの結果は表3に纏めた。
【0033】
【表3】
Figure 0003816838
【0034】
実施例1〜4に示したように、本発明の分散性及び配向性評価方法によれば、複数の物質からなるコンクリートなどのセメント複合材料中の有機繊維の配向度を定量化することが可能となり、特に実施例1、2に示したように有機繊維の配向度を定量化することが可能となった。さらに実施例3と実施例1との比較において、有機繊維の配向度の相違により、複合材料の性能が異なることがわかり、したがって、このような性能差異を解明する評価方法として有用であった。一方、比較例1に示したように、従来のスチールファイバーの配向度を定量化する方法、すなわちX線解析による方法では、有機繊維の解析は困難であった。
【0035】
【発明の効果】
本発明の分散性および配向性評価方法によれば、例えば繊維状物を含む複数の物質からなる複合材料中における繊維状物の分散性、配向性を定量化することができ、コンクリート中に配合されたポリビニルアルコール繊維、ポリプロピレン繊維、モルタル中に配合されたポリビニルアルコール繊維などの分散性、配向性評価など、幅広い用途に使用される複合材料の評価に使用することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】被評価試料の一つの観察面に存在する繊維状物の断面の一例を示す概略図。
【図2】電磁波を照射して照射面を写真撮影したときの撮像の一例を示す図。
【図3】図2で撮像した繊維断面をより明確化した画像を示す図。
【図4】図3の画像の観察面を6×6=36ブロックに分けて撮像した図。
【符号の説明】
θ:観察面と繊維状物とがなす角度(θ)
d:繊維状物の断面における長径
d/cosθ:繊維状物の断面における短径[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an evaluation method capable of quantifying the dispersibility and orientation of organic fibers in a composite material such as a cement-based material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, for the purpose of increasing the toughness of cement-based materials such as concrete, cement, and mortar, it has been widely practiced to mix them with fibrous materials such as reinforcing fibers. For example, fiber compounding technology that mixes steel fiber (concrete) with concrete prevents tunnel inner wall peeling, maintenance repairs such as overbridges on highways, tunnel lining, repair and reinforcement of waterways, slope-reinforced concrete, soil-to-soil Widely used as an effective technology for concrete, pavement overlay, spray repair, construction of seismic walls. In recent years, organic fibers such as polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polypropylene fibers, and polyethylene fibers have been developed as new materials that are superior in workability, lightness, safety, and rust resistance compared to steel fibers. At present, it is attracting attention as a reinforcing material for composite materials.
[0003]
When reinforcing these composite materials with fibrous materials, the dispersibility and orientation of the fibrous materials in the composite materials are important from the viewpoint of securing the mechanical performance of the composite materials, and the concrete reinforced with the steel fibers described above. In the case of materials, a method has been proposed in which the dispersion coefficient and orientation coefficient of the fiber are calculated from the projected area of the steel fiber by X-ray photography, and the dispersibility and orientation of the fiber in the concrete composite material are managed. [“Properties and Applications of Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, Ohmsha, 53-58 (1981)].
[0004]
However, according to the study by the present inventors, it is possible to obtain the dispersion coefficient and the orientation coefficient from the projected area of the fibrous material by X-ray imaging as described above, when the fibrous material is steel fiber. In the case of organic fibers, it is difficult, and in order to quantify the dispersibility and orientation of organic fibers in a composite material, it has been required to develop a new evaluation method.
[0005]
Conventionally, various methods for evaluating the dispersibility of a target substance in a mixture of a plurality of substances have been proposed. (1) Predetermined from element distribution images by EPMA (Electronic Probe Microanalyzer, X-ray Microanalyzer) (2) A method for qualitatively evaluating the dispersibility by using a micrograph of the sample to be evaluated, a SEM image or a composition image by SEM (scanning electron microscope), (3) ▼ Method for evaluating dispersibility from basic statistics of detected intensity of elements measured by EPMA, ④4 binary images taken by SEM, EPMA, etc. as described in JP-A-4-74924 To set an arbitrary straight line on the image, extract particles that contact the straight line, and calculate the standard deviation of the distance between the centers of gravity of the two extracted particles, and evaluate the dispersion state, 5 ▼ As shown in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-271402, an entire image obtained by imaging a sample to be evaluated formed by mixing a plurality of raw materials at a predetermined mixing ratio (set mixing ratio) with a SEM is displayed in a plurality of regions. The image data is divided and image data representing the distribution of the raw material on the surface of the sample to be evaluated is obtained for each area, and the deviation of the mixing ratio in each area from the predetermined mixing ratio (set mixing ratio) is determined from this image data. A method for evaluating the mixing and dispersibility based on the standard deviation obtained from the histogram of each region, (6) JP-A-6-160257 and Adv. Polym. Technol., 10 (2), 135 In fiber reinforced plastics reinforced in one direction as described in (1990), fiber reinforced plastics are processed so that a cross section of an angle of 5 ° or more and 60 ° or less with respect to the reinforcing direction can be obtained. Its by observing the polished surface of the section obtains the inclination of the fibers from the major and minor axis of the fiber cross-section observed with the polishing surface, a method of measuring the orientation angle, and the like have been proposed.
[0006]
However, in the above conventional methods, the methods (1) and (2) are qualitative evaluation methods and are not suitable for objective evaluation. The method (3) is a quantitative method, but when the dispersion is biased, the dispersibility cannot be properly evaluated, and the evaluation based on the relative indicator of the standard deviation of the detection intensity is used. For this reason, there is a problem that an absolute comparison cannot be performed. Although the method (4) is also a quantitative method, there is a problem that it is difficult to perform a valid evaluation because the result greatly varies depending on the method of setting an arbitrary straight line on the image.
[0007]
Although the method (5) is also a quantitative method, a sample with an unknown mixing ratio cannot be evaluated, and since the evaluation is based on a relative index called standard deviation, the mixing ratio is known. However, there is a problem that comparison between samples having different mixing ratios or between different substances (elements) cannot be performed. The method (5) is a method for evaluating the dispersibility of a target substance in a composite material composed of a plurality of substances. When the target substance is a fibrous substance, the orientation indicating the direction of the target substance is set. It was difficult to evaluate.
Further, in the method (6), the degree of orientation is obtained from the angle of the fiber. However, it is difficult to identify the substance unless it is enlarged and observed with an optical microscope or a solid electron microscope, and there is a problem in accuracy. Further, when the size of the sample to be evaluated increases, there is a problem that the operation becomes complicated.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for evaluating the dispersibility and orientation of a fibrous material contained in an evaluated sample for an evaluated sample composed of a plurality of substances including a fibrous material. In particular, even if the fibrous material is an organic fiber, and even if the size of the sample to be evaluated is larger than the sample size used when measuring by a conventional method, the dispersibility and orientation can be easily and accurately It is to provide a method that can be quantified.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have determined that a predetermined fibrous material contained in the sample to be evaluated is an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength of 380 to 600 nm. The method of evaluating the dispersibility and the orientation of the fibrous material in the sample to be evaluated was found by calculating the dispersion coefficient and the orientation coefficient by emitting light by imaging and imaging the image.
[0010]
That is, in the present invention, when evaluating the dispersibility and orientation of a fibrous material in a composite material formed by mixing a plurality of substances including a fibrous material at a predetermined mixing ratio, a wavelength is applied to the cross section of the composite material. Irradiate an electromagnetic wave of 380 to 600 nm, illuminate and image the fibrous material, analyze the image based on the imaged data, and calculate the dispersion coefficient and orientation coefficient from the following formulas (I) and (II) This is a method for evaluating dispersibility and orientation.
[Equation 3]
Figure 0003816838
[Expression 4]
Figure 0003816838
The present invention is preferably the above dispersibility and orientation evaluation method wherein the fibrous material is an organic fiber, more preferably the dispersibility and the above-described dispersibility and the fibrous material is a polyvinyl alcohol fiber or a polyolefin fiber. This is an orientation evaluation method.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The sample to be evaluated in the present invention is composed of a plurality of substances including fibrous materials. In the present invention, electromagnetic waves are used to image the presence of the fibrous material in the sample to be evaluated. The electromagnetic wave to be used needs to have a wavelength of 380 to 600 nm, and is preferably an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength of 400 to 500 nm from the viewpoint of emission intensity.
[0012]
In the present invention, the irradiated surface irradiated with the electromagnetic wave in the above wavelength range is imaged using a digital camera or the like. Furthermore, this imaging is subjected to image processing so that the existence form of the fibrous material in the sample to be evaluated becomes clearer.
From the image thus obtained, the dispersion coefficient of the fibrous material is calculated by the following formula (I). That is, the dispersion coefficient (α) is calculated as follows from the distribution of the number of fibrous materials existing in a predetermined area of one surface of the sample to be evaluated.
An image is divided into n blocks (regions), the number of fibers existing in each block (Xi), and the average number of fibers present in each block (λ: the number of fibers present in each block) The dispersion coefficient (α) is calculated from the value obtained by dividing the sum by the number n of blocks.
[0013]
[Equation 5]
Figure 0003816838
[0014]
In the present invention, the orientation coefficient of the fibrous material is calculated from the image obtained as described above by the following formula (II). That is, the degree of orientation (β) is calculated as follows from the number of fibrous objects existing in a predetermined area of one surface of the sample to be evaluated and the angle formed by each fibrous object with the observation surface.
For all the fibrous materials existing in a predetermined area of one surface of the sample to be evaluated, the average values of the cross-sectional area (S), angle (θ), and cos θ of the fibrous materials are obtained, and the number of fibrous materials (N ) To calculate the orientation coefficient (β). The angle (θ) formed with the observation surface of the fibrous material is as shown in FIG.
[0015]
[Formula 6]
Figure 0003816838
[0016]
The type of fibrous material contained in the sample to be evaluated in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include polyolefin fibers such as polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyethylene fibers, and polypropylene fibers, aramid fibers, polyester fibers, and nylon fibers. However, polyolefin fibers such as polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyethylene fibers, and polypropylene fibers are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of light emission by near ultraviolet rays. The fibrous material referred to in the present invention preferably has a cross-sectional area of 1.0 × 10 −3 mm 2 to 1 cm 2 , a length of 0.5 mm to 100 mm, and a fiber diameter of 0.04 mm to 1 cm. There is no particular limitation on the cross-sectional shape.
[0017]
In addition, there are no particular limitations on the components other than the fibrous material contained in the sample to be evaluated as used in the present invention, but inorganic materials such as concrete, cement, mortar, and glass, epoxy resins, nylon resins, polycarbonate resins, polyester resins, etc. Organic materials.
[0018]
According to the evaluation method for dispersibility and orientation of the present invention, the dispersibility and orientation of a fibrous material in a composite material used for a wide range of applications composed of a plurality of substances including a fibrous material can be quantified. it can. For example, it can be used for evaluating dispersibility and orientation of polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polypropylene fibers blended in concrete, polyvinyl alcohol fibers blended in mortar, and the like.
[0019]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the method for evaluating dispersibility and orientation according to the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0020]
[Reference Example 1]
Cement and fine aggregate are mixed using Takemura Tech Co., Ltd. pot mixer, PM-4 (for 90L), kneaded for 10 seconds, and then mixed with water, water reducing agent and antifoam for 30 seconds. Furthermore, after adding fine and coarse aggregates, after mixing for 90 seconds, polyvinyl alcohol fiber ("RF4000" manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) having a length of 40 mm and a diameter of 0.66 cm was added to the concrete at 0.5 vol%. And kneaded for 60 seconds. After kneading, it was poured into a bending form (15 cm × 15 cm × 53 cm) and molded while applying vibrations so as not to contain bubbles. After molding, wet air curing was performed for one day in a curing room (room temperature 20 ° C., relative humidity 90% or more), then demolded, and standard water curing was performed to prepare a specimen. The concrete composition is shown in Table 1. The bending toughness of this specimen was measured with an autograph manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation and found to be 4.4 N / mm 2 . Table 2 shows the type, amount of addition, and matrix of the fibrous material.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003816838
[0022]
[Reference Example 2]
A specimen was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the amount of polyvinyl alcohol fiber (“RF4000” manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) added to the concrete in Reference Example 1 was 2.0 vol%. The bending toughness of this specimen was measured with an autograph manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation and found to be 5.5 N / mm 2 . Table 2 shows the type, amount of addition, and matrix of the fibrous material.
[0023]
[Reference Example 3]
A specimen was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the kneading time after the fiber was added was 15 seconds. It was 2.8 N / mm < 2 > when the bending toughness of this test body was measured with Shimadzu Corporation autograph. Table 2 shows the type, amount of addition, and matrix of the fibrous material.
[0024]
[Reference Example 4]
A specimen was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the fiber type was changed to polypropylene fiber having a length of 40 mm and a diameter of 0.92 cm (“Valchip” manufactured by Ebara Industries Co., Ltd.). It was 4.1 N / mm < 2 > when the bending toughness of this test body was measured with the Shimadzu Corporation autograph. Table 2 shows the type, amount of addition, and matrix of the fibrous material.
[0025]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003816838
[0026]
[Example 1]
A 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm cube was cut out from the specimen obtained in Reference Example 1. This was installed in a dark room, and an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength in the range of 400 to 500 nm was irradiated on one surface of a cube using a ring fluorescent lamp “BLB series” manufactured by Dentsu Sangyo Co., Ltd. as a light source. When this irradiated surface was photographed using a digital camera (“COOLPIX9903. 3MEGAPIXELS” manufactured by Nikon Corporation), an image as shown in FIG. 2 was obtained. Further, this image was obtained by using “Image-Pro PLUS” manufactured by MEDIA CYBRNETICS to obtain an image as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, the dispersion coefficient was obtained by dividing an observation surface of 5 cm × 5 cm into 6 × 6 = 36 blocks.
[0027]
The number of fibers (Xi) present in each of the 36 blocks of the observation surface of the specimen obtained in Reference Example 1 was determined by observation. Furthermore, when the total number of fibers present in each block was determined by observation, it was 44. Then, the average value (λ) of the number of fibers existing in each block was determined from the total number of fibers present in each block and the number of blocks on the observation surface, and the dispersion coefficient (α) was calculated by the above formula (I). The dispersion coefficient (α) was 0.698.
[0028]
Furthermore, when the fibers present in the 5 cm × 5 cm observation surface of the specimen obtained in Reference Example 1 were observed, the number of fibers was 44, and the average values of the cross-sectional area (S) and angle (θ) were each 0.00. It was 34 cm 2 and 34 °. From these values, the orientation coefficient (β) obtained from the formula (II) was 0.559. These results are summarized in Table 3.
[0029]
[Example 2]
Using the specimen obtained in Reference Example 2, the dispersion coefficient (α) and the orientation coefficient (β) were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. When the fibers present in the 5 cm × 5 cm observation surface of the specimen obtained in Reference Example 2 were observed, the total number of fibers present in each block was 126, the cross-sectional area (S) of the fibers, the angle (θ ) Were 0.34 cm 2 and 36 °, respectively, the dispersion coefficient (α) calculated from them was 0.623, and the orientation coefficient (β) was 0.588. These results are summarized in Table 3.
[0030]
[Example 3]
Using the specimen obtained in Reference Example 3, the dispersion coefficient (α) and the orientation coefficient (β) were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. When the fibers present in the 5 cm × 5 cm observation surface of the specimen obtained in Reference Example 3 were observed, the total number of fibers present in each block was 24, the cross-sectional area (S) of the fibers, the angle (θ ) Were 0.34 cm 2 and 63 °, respectively, the dispersion coefficient (α) calculated from them was 0.523, and the orientation coefficient (β) was 0.891. These results are summarized in Table 3.
[0031]
[Example 4]
Using the specimen obtained in Reference Example 4, the dispersion coefficient (α) and the orientation coefficient (β) were determined in the same manner as in Example 1. When the fibers present in the 5 cm × 5 cm observation surface of the specimen obtained in Reference Example 4 were observed, the total number of fibers present in each block was 47, the cross-sectional area (S) of the fibers, the angle (θ ) Were 0.65 cm 2 and 39 °, respectively, the dispersion coefficient (α) calculated from them was 0.689, and the orientation coefficient (β) was 0.629. These results are summarized in Table 3.
[0032]
[Comparative Example 1]
A 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm cube was cut out from the specimen obtained in Reference Example 1, and the orientation was measured by a method for evaluating the orientation of a conventional steel fiber concrete composition. X-ray imaging of this specimen was performed under the imaging conditions of FDD 800 mm, tube voltage 100 kV, and irradiation time 0.3 min. However, in the case of organic fibers, X-rays pass, so it is impossible to determine the projected area. there were. These results are summarized in Table 3.
[0033]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003816838
[0034]
As shown in Examples 1 to 4, according to the dispersibility and orientation evaluation method of the present invention, it is possible to quantify the degree of orientation of organic fibers in a cement composite material such as concrete made of a plurality of substances. Thus, as shown in Examples 1 and 2, the degree of orientation of the organic fibers can be quantified. Further, in comparison between Example 3 and Example 1, it was found that the performance of the composite material was different due to the difference in the degree of orientation of the organic fibers, and therefore, it was useful as an evaluation method for elucidating such a performance difference. On the other hand, as shown in Comparative Example 1, organic fiber analysis was difficult by the conventional method of quantifying the orientation degree of steel fibers, that is, the method by X-ray analysis.
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
According to the dispersibility and orientation evaluation method of the present invention, for example, the dispersibility and orientation of a fibrous material in a composite material composed of a plurality of substances including a fibrous material can be quantified, and blended in concrete. It can be used for evaluation of composite materials used in a wide range of applications, such as evaluation of dispersibility and orientation, of polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polypropylene fibers, and polyvinyl alcohol fibers blended in mortar.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a cross section of a fibrous material existing on one observation surface of a sample to be evaluated.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of imaging when an irradiation surface is photographed by irradiating electromagnetic waves.
3 is a view showing an image in which the fiber cross section imaged in FIG. 2 is further clarified.
4 is a diagram obtained by dividing the observation surface of the image of FIG. 3 into 6 × 6 = 36 blocks. FIG.
[Explanation of symbols]
θ: Angle between the observation surface and the fibrous material (θ)
d: major axis in the cross section of the fibrous material d / cos θ: minor axis in the cross section of the fibrous material

Claims (3)

繊維状物を含む複数の物質を所定混合比で混合して形成された複合材料中の繊維状物の分散性及び配向性を評価するにあたり、複合材料の断面に、波長が380〜600nmである電磁波を照射し、繊維状物を発光させて撮像し、画像化されたデータに基づき、画像解析して下記式(I)および式(II)より分散係数及び配向係数を算出することを特徴とする分散性及び配向性評価方法。
Figure 0003816838
Figure 0003816838
In evaluating the dispersibility and orientation of the fibrous material in the composite material formed by mixing a plurality of substances including the fibrous material at a predetermined mixing ratio, the wavelength of the composite material is 380 to 600 nm. It is characterized by irradiating an electromagnetic wave, causing a fibrous material to emit light, taking an image, analyzing the image based on the imaged data, and calculating a dispersion coefficient and an orientation coefficient from the following formulas (I) and (II): Dispersibility and orientation evaluation method.
Figure 0003816838
Figure 0003816838
繊維状物が有機繊維である請求項1記載の分散性及び配向性評価方法。The dispersibility and orientation evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous material is an organic fiber. 繊維状物がポリビニルアルコール系繊維、あるいはポリオレフィン系繊維である請求項1または2に記載の分散性および配向性評価方法。The dispersibility and orientation evaluation method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fibrous material is a polyvinyl alcohol fiber or a polyolefin fiber.
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