JP3852579B2 - Method and apparatus for producing metal element-doped silicon oxide powder - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for producing metal element-doped silicon oxide powder Download PDFInfo
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- JP3852579B2 JP3852579B2 JP2001393329A JP2001393329A JP3852579B2 JP 3852579 B2 JP3852579 B2 JP 3852579B2 JP 2001393329 A JP2001393329 A JP 2001393329A JP 2001393329 A JP2001393329 A JP 2001393329A JP 3852579 B2 JP3852579 B2 JP 3852579B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、各種機能性を有する金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末の製造方法及びその製造装置に関するもので、特にリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材に適した金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末の製造方法及びその製造装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、携帯型の電子機器、通信機器等の著しい発展に伴い、経済性と機器の小型化、軽量化の観点から、高エネルギー密度の二次電池が強く要望されている。従来、この種の二次電池の高容量化策として、例えば、負極材料にV、Si、B、Zr、Sn等の酸化物及びそれらの複合酸化物を用いる方法(特開平5−174818号公報、特開平6−60867号公報他)、溶湯急冷した金属酸化物を負極材として適用する方法(特開平10−294112号公報)、負極材料に酸化珪素を用いる方法(特許第2997741号公報)、負極材料にSi2N2O及びGe2N2Oを用いる方法(特開平11−102705号公報)等が知られている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記従来の方法では、充放電容量が上がり、エネルギー密度が高くなるものの、サイクル性が不十分であったり、市場の要求特性には未だ不十分であったりし、必ずしも満足でき得るものではなく、さらなるエネルギー密度の向上が望まれていた。
【0004】
その中でも、負極材料に酸化珪素を用いる方法(特許第2997741号公報)では、非常に高容量のリチウムイオン二次電池は得られるものの、サイクル性が不十分である。
【0005】
本発明は上記事情に鑑みなされたものであり、高容量でかつサイクル低下のなく、しかも初回充放電時における不可逆容量の少ないリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材として適した金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末の製造方法及びその製造装置を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段及び発明の実施の形態】
本発明者らは、上記目的を達成するために鋭意検討を行い、特に潜在的に高容量化が図れると考えられる酸化珪素について種々検討を行った結果、酸化珪素に他の金属元素を原子状に分散、ドープさせ、この金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末を負極材として用いることで、高容量を維持しつつサイクル劣化のない、しかも初回充放電時の不可逆容量の少ないリチウムイオン二次電池が製造できることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
【0007】
従って、本発明は
(1)二酸化珪素粉末を含む混合原料粉末を不活性ガスの存在下もしくは減圧下1100〜1600℃の温度範囲で加熱し、酸化珪素ガスを発生させる一方、珪素以外の金属もしくは金属化合物又はそれらの混合物を加熱し、金属蒸気ガスを発生させ、上記酸化珪素ガスと上記金属蒸気ガスとの混合ガスを100〜500℃に冷却した基体表面に析出させることを特徴とする金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末の製造方法、及び、
(2)二酸化珪素粉末を含む混合原料を反応させて酸化珪素ガスを発生させる反応室Aと、珪素以外の金属もしくは金属化合物又はそれらの混合物を加熱して金属蒸気ガスを発生させる反応室Bと、反応室Aと反応室Bを接続し、上記2種類のガスを混合、搬送させるガス搬送ラインと、搬送された混合ガスを冷却した基体表面に析出させる析出室とを有する金属元素ドープ酸化珪素の製造装置
を提供する。
【0008】
以下、本発明について更に詳しく説明する。
【0009】
本発明の金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末の製造方法において、酸化珪素ガスを発生させる原料としては、二酸化珪素粉末とこれを還元する粉末との混合物を用いる。具体的な還元粉末としては、金属珪素化合物、炭素含有粉末等が挙げられるが、特に金属珪素粉末を用いたものが、▲1▼反応性を高める、▲2▼収率を高めるといった点で効果的であり、好ましく用いられる。
【0010】
この場合、二酸化珪素とこれを還元する粉末との割合は適宜選定されるが、SiOx(x=0.9〜1.6、特に1.0〜1.2)で示される酸化珪素を形成し得るように選定される。
【0011】
本発明では、上記混合原料粉末を反応室A内において1100〜1600℃、好ましくは1200〜1500℃の温度に加熱、保持し、酸化珪素ガスを生成させる。反応温度が1100℃未満では、反応が進行し難く生産性が低下してしまうし、1600℃を超えると、混合原料粉末が溶融して逆に反応性が低下したり、炉材の選定が困難になる恐れがある。
【0012】
一方、酸化珪素にドープさせる金属元素は、上記混合粉末以外(珪素以外)の金属もしくは金属化合物又はそれら混合物を反応室B内で加熱、保持し、金属ガスを発生させる。この場合、加熱温度は酸化珪素にドープさせる金属の蒸気圧及びあらかじめ設定された金属ドープ量によって決定され、例えば、酸化珪素に同等量ドープさせたい場合には、ほぼ酸化珪素ガスと同じ蒸気圧となる温度に設定すれば良い。なお、ここで金属元素の蒸気圧が酸化珪素の蒸気圧に近い金属元素をドープさせる場合においては、酸化珪素ガス発生原料と金属元素発生原料とを混合し、1つの反応室で同時に行うこともできる。
【0013】
この場合、上記炉内雰囲気は不活性ガスもしくは減圧下であるが、熱力学的に減圧下の方が反応性が高く、低温反応が可能となるため、減圧下で行うことが望ましい。
【0014】
また、上記酸化珪素にドープさせる金属は、導電性を付与することが可能なこと、リチウムイオンのドープ、脱ドープに適した結晶構造(スピネル構造)の制御が可能なことを考慮すると、Al、B、Ca、K、Na、Li、Ge、Mg、Co及びSnの1種又は2種以上が好ましく用いられる。
【0015】
なお、上記酸化珪素にドープさせる金属のドープ量は、特に限定されず、目的、用途に応じて適宜選定されるが、一般的には、ドープ後の酸化珪素粉末の全体(重量)に対して3〜70重量%、好ましくは5〜50重量%程度とすることができる。この金属のドープ量が3%より少ないとその効果を有効に発現することができない場合があり、また70重量%より多いと、SiOの含有量が低下し、充放電容量が低下することとなり、結果的にSiOの能力を十分発揮させることができない場合がある。
【0016】
上記反応室A及びB内で生成した2種類のガスは、ガス搬送ライン内で混合され、この混合ガスはガス搬送ラインを介して析出室に供給する。
【0017】
この場合、搬送ラインは、1000℃を超え1300℃以下、より好ましくは1100〜1200℃に加熱、保持することが望ましい。ここで、搬送管を加熱する目的は、搬送管内壁への酸化珪素蒸気の析出防止であり、搬送管の温度が1000℃以下では、酸化珪素ガスを含む混合ガスが搬送管内壁に析出・付着し、運転上支障を生じ、安定的な連続運転ができなくなる恐れがある。逆に1300℃を超える温度に加熱しても、それ以上の効果は見られないばかりか、電力コストの上昇を招いてしまう。
【0018】
上記析出室には、冷媒により冷却された基体が配置され、この析出室内に導入された上記混合ガスがこの冷却基体に接触、冷却されることにより、この基体上に酸化珪素を含む生成物が析出する。ここで、基体表面の温度は100〜500℃に制御する必要がある。基体表面の温度が100℃未満では、生成物のBET比表面積が300m2/gより大きくなり、表面酸化により不活性な二酸化珪素の割合が大きくなり、リチウムイオン二次電池負極材として用いた場合、高容量の電池が得られない。逆に基体表面の温度が500℃より高いとBET比表面積が3m2/g未満となり、活性が低下し、高容量の電池が得られない。なお、基体表面温度によるBET比表面積の変化の原因については定かではないが、基体表面の温度を上げることにより、析出物表面の活性が高まり、その結果、融着により緻密化し、BET比表面積が低下するものと推測される。また、基体表面の温度については、析出室内温度(析出室ヒーターにより加熱)及び冷媒の種類、流量の組合せにより制御される。また、冷媒の種類については特に限定しないが、水、熱媒といった液体、空気、窒素といった気体がその目的によって使われる。また、基体の種類も特に限定しないが、加工性の点で、SUSやモリブデン、タングステンといった高融点金属が好適に用いられる。
【0019】
上記基体上に析出した金属元素ドープ酸化珪素は、掻き取り等の適宜な手段により回収する。また、回収した酸化珪素粉末は、必要により適宜手段で粉砕し、所望の粒径とすることができる。
【0020】
上記方法に用いる装置としては、例えば図1に示すような装置を用いることができる。ここで、図1において、1は反応炉Aであり、この反応炉A1内にマッフルA2が配設されている。このマッフルA2内は反応室A3となっており、この反応室A3内に二酸化珪素粉末を含む混合原料粉末4を収容する原料容器A5が配置されている。また、マッフルA2を取り囲むようにヒーター6が配設され、このヒーター6により上記混合原料4が加熱され、酸化珪素ガスが発生するようになっている。なお、7は断熱材である。
【0021】
一方、8は反応炉Bであり、上記と同様に、この反応炉B8内にマッフルB9が配設され、このマッフルB9内が反応室B10となっており、この反応室B10内に他の金属もしくは金属化合物又はそれらの混合物の粉末11を収容する原料容器B12が配置されている。また、マッフルB9を取り囲むようにヒーター13が配設され、このヒーター13により上記粉末11が加熱され、金属元素ガスが発生するようになっている。なお、14は断熱材である。
【0022】
また、15は、上記両反応室A3及びB10に連通し、これら反応室A3及びB10において生成した上記酸化珪素ガス及び金属元素ガスが流入、混合される搬送ラインで、ヒーター16が埋設されている。上記搬送ライン15は、更に内部に析出室17が形成された析出槽18の該析出室17に連通し、上記各反応室A3及びB10内で発生した2種類のガスは、搬送ライン15で混合し、搬送ライン15を通って上記析出槽18内の析出室17に導入される。この析出室17内にはヒーター19が配設されていると共に、基体20が配設されている。この基体20内には冷却通路が形成されており、冷媒導入管21より冷媒通路に供給された冷媒により上記基体20が冷却され、上記酸化珪素を含む混合ガスがこの冷却基体20に接触、冷却されることにより、基体20上に金属元素ドープ酸化珪素粉末が析出されるようになっている。なお、22は冷媒排出管である。また、冷却基体20には熱電対23が埋設され、冷却基体20表面温度を測定することができる。24は真空ポンプであり、この真空ポンプ24を作動させることにより、析出室17、搬送ライン15、更に両反応室A3及びB10内が減圧されるようになっている。
【0023】
次に、本発明で得られた金属元素ドープ酸化珪素は、これを負極材としてリチウムイオン二次電池を製造することができる。
【0024】
この場合、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記負極活物質を用いる点に特徴を有し、その他の正極、負極、電解質、セパレータ等の材料および電池形状等は限定されない。たとえば、正極活物質としてはLiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4、V2O6、MnO2、TiS2、MoS2等の遷移金属の酸化物およびカルコゲン化合物等が用いられる。電解質としては、たとえば、過塩素酸リチウム等のリチウム塩を含む非水溶液が用いられ、非水溶媒としてはプロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、ジメトキシエタン、γ−ブチロラクトン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン等の単体または2種類以上を組合せて用いられる。また、それ以外の種々の非水系電解質や固体電解質も使用できる。
【0025】
また、本発明の金属元素ドープ酸化珪素は、黒鉛等導電剤を添加することができ、この場合においても導電剤の種類は特に限定されず、構成された電池において、分解や変質を起こさない電子伝導性の材料であれば良く、具体的にはAl、Ti、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ag、Sn、Si等の金属粉末や金属繊維、又は天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、各種のコークス粉末、メソフェーズ炭素、気相成長炭素繊維、ピッチ系炭素繊維、PAN系炭素繊維、各種の樹脂焼成体等の黒鉛を用いることができる。
【0026】
【実施例】
以下、実施例及び比較例を挙げて本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明は下記実施例に限定されるものではない。なお、下記例でwt%は重量%を示す。
【0027】
[実施例1]
図1に示す製造装置を用いて、Tiドープ酸化珪素粉末を製造した。酸化珪素ガス発生原料は、二酸化珪素粉末(BET比表面積=約200m2/g)粉末と金属珪素粉末(BET比表面積=約3m2/g)を等量モルの割合で攪拌混合機を用いて混合した混合粉末であり、反応室A3の有効容積が15Lの反応炉A1内に200g仕込んだ。一方、Tiガス発生原料としてTiを用い、これを反応室B10の有効容積が15Lの反応炉B8内に200g仕込んだ。次に真空ポンプ24を用いて、炉内を0.1Torr以下に減圧した後、ヒーター6及びヒーター13を加熱し、反応炉Aを1350℃(SiO蒸気圧 3Torr)、反応炉Bを2100℃(Ti蒸気圧 3Torr)に加熱保持した。一方で、搬送ライン15を1100℃に、析出槽18を850℃に加熱保持し、冷媒導入管21に水を5NL/min流入し、SUS製の基体20を冷却した。なお、この時の基体20の表面温度は熱電対23により測定され、約180℃であった。この運転を5時間行った後、室温まで冷却し、観察を行った結果、基体20上に黒色物210gの生成が認められた。この黒色物を分析した結果、BET比表面積=35m2/g、Ti含有量=43wt%のTiドープ酸化珪素であった。
【0028】
次に、この中間体100gを2Lアルミナ製ボールミルにて粉砕、媒体としてφ5mmアルミナボール1000g、溶液としてヘキサン500gを用い、1rpmの回転条件にて湿式粉砕を行った。粉砕後のTiドープ酸化珪素粉末は、平均粒子径7.3μm、BET比表面積=40.2m2/g、Ti含有量=42.5wt%の粉末であった。
【0029】
電池評価
次に、以下の方法で、得られたTiドープ酸化珪素粉末を負極活物質として用いた電池評価を行った。
【0030】
まず、得られたTiドープ酸化珪素粉末に人造黒鉛(平均粒子径5μm)を炭素の割合が40wt%となるように加え、混合物を製造した。この混合物にポリフッ化ビニリデンを10wt%加え、更にN−メチルピロリドンを加え、スラリーとし、このスラリーを厚さ20μmの銅箔に塗布し、120℃で1時間乾燥後、ローラープレスにより電極を加圧成形し、最終的には20mmに打ち抜き、負極とした。
【0031】
ここで、得られた負極の充放電特性を評価するために、対極にリチウム箔を使用し、非水電解質として六フッ化リンリチウムをエチレンカーボネートと1,2−ジメトキシエタンの1/1(体積比)混合液に1モル/Lの濃度で溶解した非水電解質溶液を用い、セパレーターに厚さ30μmのポリエチレン製微多孔質フィルムを用いた評価用リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
【0032】
作製したリチウムイオン二次電池は、一晩室温で放置した後、二次電池充放電試験装置((株)ナガノ製)を用い、テストセルの電圧が0Vに達するまで1mAの定電流で充電を行い、0Vに達した後は、セル電圧を0Vに保つように電流を減少させて充電を行った。そして、電流値が20μAを下回った時点で充電を終了した。放電は1mAの定電流で行い、セル電圧が1.8Vを上回った時点で放電を終了し、放電容量を求めた。
【0033】
以上の充放電試験を繰り返し、評価用リチウムイオン二次電池の10サイクル後の充放電試験を行った。その結果、初回充電容量:920mAh/g、初回放電容量:850mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:92.4%、10サイクル目の放電容量:780mAh/g、10サイクル後のサイクル保持率:91.7%の高容量であり、かつ初回充放電効率及びサイクル性に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池であることが確認された。
【0034】
[実施例2]
実施例1と同様な方法でLiドープ酸化珪素を製造した。Liガス発生原料としてはLiを用い、グローブボックス内にてLi粉末200gをポリエチレン製袋に入れ、密封した状態を維持したまま、反応炉B内に仕込んだ。反応炉Bは770℃(Li蒸気圧 3Torr)に加熱保持した。その他は実施例1と同様である。その結果、基体20表面に黒色物220gの生成物を製造することができた。この黒色物を分析した結果、BET比表面積=28m2/g、Li含有量=51wt%のLiドープ酸化珪素であった。次に実施例1と同様な方法で粉砕を行い、平均粒子径7.1μm、BET比表面積=37.5m2/gの粉末を得た。
【0035】
得られたLiドープ酸化珪素粉末を負極材とし、実施例1と同様な方法で電池評価を行った結果、初回充電容量:780mAh/g、初回放電容量:750mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:96.2%、10サイクル目の放電容量:730mAh/g、10サイクル後のサイクル保持率:97.3%のサイクル性の優れたリチウムイオン二次電池であることが確認された。
【0036】
[比較例]
反応炉Bに金属、金属化合物を仕込まず、反応炉Bを加熱しない他は実施例1と同様な方法で、金属元素をドープしない酸化珪素粉末を製造した。その結果、純度99.5%の酸化珪素を120g製造できた。次に実施例1と同様な方法で粉砕を行い、平均粒子径8.1μm、BET比表面積=35.2m2/gの金属元素を含まない高純度酸化珪素粉末を得た。
【0037】
得られた酸化珪素粉末を負極材とし、実施例1と同様に電池評価を行った。その結果、初回充電容量:900mAh/g、初回放電容量:650mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:72.2%、10サイクル目の放電容量:500mAh/g、10サイクル後のサイクル保持率:76.9%の高容量ではあるが、明らかに実施例に比べサイクル性の劣る二次電池であった。
【0038】
【発明の効果】
本発明の金属元素ドープ酸化珪素をリチウムイオン二次電池負極活物質として用いることで、高容量でかつ初回充放電効率及びサイクル特性の優れたリチウムイオン二次電池を得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の一実施例に係る製造装置の概略断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 反応炉A
2 マッフルA
3 反応室A
4 混合原料粉末
5 原料容器A
6 ヒーター
7 断熱材
8 反応炉B
9 マッフルB
10 反応室B
11 金属粉末
12 原料容器B
13 ヒーター
14 断熱材
15 搬送ライン
16 ヒーター
17 析出室
18 析出槽
19 ヒーター
20 基体
21 冷媒導入管
22 冷媒排出管
23 熱電対
24 真空ポンプ[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing metal element-doped silicon oxide powder having various functionalities and a production apparatus therefor, and in particular, a method for producing metal element-doped silicon oxide powder suitable for a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery and the production thereof. Relates to the device.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, with the remarkable development of portable electronic devices, communication devices, etc., secondary batteries with high energy density are strongly demanded from the viewpoints of economy and downsizing and weight reduction of devices. Conventionally, as a measure for increasing the capacity of this type of secondary battery, for example, a method of using an oxide such as V, Si, B, Zr, Sn, or a composite oxide thereof as a negative electrode material (JP-A-5-174818) , JP-A-6-60867, etc.), a method of applying a metal oxide quenched with a molten metal as a negative electrode material (JP-A-10-294112), a method of using silicon oxide as a negative electrode material (Japanese Patent No. 2997441), A method using Si 2 N 2 O and Ge 2 N 2 O as a negative electrode material (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-102705) is known.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above conventional method, although the charge / discharge capacity is increased and the energy density is increased, the cycleability is insufficient, or the required characteristics of the market are still insufficient, and are not always satisfactory. Therefore, further improvement in energy density has been desired.
[0004]
Among them, in the method using silicon oxide as the negative electrode material (Japanese Patent No. 2999741), a very high capacity lithium ion secondary battery is obtained, but the cycleability is insufficient.
[0005]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and is a metal element-doped silicon oxide powder suitable as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity, no cycle reduction, and low irreversible capacity at the first charge / discharge. An object is to provide a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus thereof.
[0006]
Means for Solving the Problem and Embodiment of the Invention
The inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies to achieve the above-mentioned object, and as a result of various studies on silicon oxide, which is considered to be potentially capable of increasing the capacity, as a result, other metal elements are atomized into silicon oxide. By using this metal element-doped silicon oxide powder as a negative electrode material, it is possible to produce a lithium ion secondary battery that maintains a high capacity without causing cycle deterioration and that has a low irreversible capacity during the first charge / discharge. The present invention has been completed.
[0007]
Accordingly, the present invention (1) heats a mixed raw material powder containing silicon dioxide powder in the presence of an inert gas or under a reduced pressure in a temperature range of 1100 to 1600 ° C. to generate silicon oxide gas, while a metal other than silicon or A metal element characterized by heating a metal compound or a mixture thereof, generating a metal vapor gas, and depositing the mixed gas of the silicon oxide gas and the metal vapor gas on a substrate surface cooled to 100 to 500 ° C. Method for producing doped silicon oxide powder, and
(2) a reaction chamber A in which a mixed raw material containing silicon dioxide powder is reacted to generate a silicon oxide gas, and a reaction chamber B in which a metal or metal compound other than silicon or a mixture thereof is heated to generate a metal vapor gas; The metal element-doped silicon oxide having a gas transport line that connects the reaction chamber A and the reaction chamber B, mixes and transports the two kinds of gases, and a deposition chamber that deposits the transported mixed gas on the cooled substrate surface. A manufacturing apparatus is provided.
[0008]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
[0009]
In the method for producing a metal element-doped silicon oxide powder of the present invention, as a raw material for generating silicon oxide gas, a mixture of a silicon dioxide powder and a powder for reducing it is used. Specific reduction powders include metal silicon compounds, carbon-containing powders, etc., but those using metal silicon powders are particularly effective in terms of (1) increasing the reactivity and (2) increasing the yield. And is preferably used.
[0010]
In this case, the ratio of silicon dioxide and the powder for reducing it is appropriately selected, but silicon oxide represented by SiO x (x = 0.9 to 1.6, particularly 1.0 to 1.2) is formed. Is selected.
[0011]
In the present invention, the mixed raw material powder is heated and held in the reaction chamber A at a temperature of 1100 to 1600 ° C., preferably 1200 to 1500 ° C., to generate silicon oxide gas. If the reaction temperature is less than 1100 ° C., the reaction is difficult to proceed and the productivity is reduced. If the reaction temperature exceeds 1600 ° C., the mixed raw material powder is melted to reduce the reactivity, and it is difficult to select a furnace material. There is a risk of becoming.
[0012]
On the other hand, the metal element doped into silicon oxide heats and holds a metal other than the above mixed powder (other than silicon), a metal compound, or a mixture thereof in the reaction chamber B to generate a metal gas. In this case, the heating temperature is determined by the vapor pressure of the metal to be doped into silicon oxide and a preset metal doping amount. For example, when it is desired to dope an equivalent amount of silicon oxide, the heating pressure is almost the same as that of silicon oxide gas. The temperature may be set to Here, in the case where the metal element is doped with a metal element whose vapor pressure is close to the vapor pressure of silicon oxide, the silicon oxide gas generating raw material and the metal element generating raw material may be mixed and performed simultaneously in one reaction chamber. it can.
[0013]
In this case, the atmosphere in the furnace is an inert gas or under reduced pressure. However, it is desirable to perform under reduced pressure because thermoreactive under reduced pressure has higher reactivity and enables low-temperature reaction.
[0014]
Further, considering that the metal to be doped into the silicon oxide can impart conductivity, and can control the crystal structure (spinel structure) suitable for doping and dedoping of lithium ions, Al, One or more of B, Ca, K, Na, Li, Ge, Mg, Co and Sn are preferably used.
[0015]
The doping amount of the metal to be doped into the silicon oxide is not particularly limited and is appropriately selected according to the purpose and application. In general, however, the total amount (weight) of the silicon oxide powder after doping. It can be 3 to 70% by weight, preferably about 5 to 50% by weight. If the metal doping amount is less than 3%, the effect may not be expressed effectively. If the metal doping amount is more than 70% by weight, the SiO content decreases, and the charge / discharge capacity decreases. As a result, the ability of SiO cannot be fully exhibited.
[0016]
The two types of gases generated in the reaction chambers A and B are mixed in the gas transfer line, and the mixed gas is supplied to the deposition chamber via the gas transfer line.
[0017]
In this case, it is desirable that the conveying line is heated and held at a temperature exceeding 1000 ° C. and not exceeding 1300 ° C., more preferably 1100 to 1200 ° C. Here, the purpose of heating the transfer pipe is to prevent deposition of silicon oxide vapor on the inner wall of the transfer pipe. When the temperature of the transfer pipe is 1000 ° C. or lower, a mixed gas containing silicon oxide gas is deposited and adhered to the inner wall of the transfer pipe. However, this may cause trouble in operation and prevent stable continuous operation. Conversely, heating to a temperature exceeding 1300 ° C. not only shows no further effect, but also increases the power cost.
[0018]
A substrate cooled by a refrigerant is disposed in the deposition chamber, and the mixed gas introduced into the deposition chamber contacts and cools the cooling substrate, whereby a product containing silicon oxide is formed on the substrate. Precipitate. Here, it is necessary to control the temperature of the substrate surface to 100 to 500 ° C. When the temperature of the substrate surface is less than 100 ° C., the BET specific surface area of the product is larger than 300 m 2 / g, the ratio of inactive silicon dioxide is increased by surface oxidation, and used as a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material High capacity batteries cannot be obtained. On the contrary, if the temperature of the substrate surface is higher than 500 ° C., the BET specific surface area becomes less than 3 m 2 / g, the activity is lowered, and a high-capacity battery cannot be obtained. The cause of the change in the BET specific surface area due to the substrate surface temperature is not clear, but by increasing the temperature of the substrate surface, the activity of the precipitate surface increases, resulting in densification by fusing, and the BET specific surface area is increased. Presumed to be reduced. The temperature of the substrate surface is controlled by a combination of the temperature in the deposition chamber (heated by the deposition chamber heater), the type of refrigerant, and the flow rate. Further, the kind of the refrigerant is not particularly limited, but a liquid such as water or a heat medium, a gas such as air or nitrogen is used depending on the purpose. The type of the substrate is not particularly limited, but a high melting point metal such as SUS, molybdenum, or tungsten is preferably used in terms of workability.
[0019]
The metal element-doped silicon oxide deposited on the substrate is recovered by an appropriate means such as scraping. Moreover, the recovered silicon oxide powder can be pulverized by an appropriate means if necessary to obtain a desired particle size.
[0020]
As an apparatus used for the above method, for example, an apparatus as shown in FIG. 1 can be used. Here, in FIG. 1, 1 is a reaction furnace A, and a muffle A2 is disposed in the reaction furnace A1. The muffle A2 serves as a reaction chamber A3, and a raw material container A5 that accommodates the mixed raw material powder 4 containing silicon dioxide powder is disposed in the reaction chamber A3. Further, a
[0021]
On the other hand, 8 is a reaction furnace B. Similarly to the above, a muffle B9 is disposed in the reaction furnace B8, and the inside of the muffle B9 is a reaction chamber B10, and another metal is contained in the reaction chamber B10. Or the raw material container B12 which accommodates the powder 11 of a metal compound or those mixtures is arrange | positioned. A
[0022]
[0023]
Next, the metal element-doped silicon oxide obtained in the present invention can be used as a negative electrode material to produce a lithium ion secondary battery.
[0024]
In this case, the obtained lithium ion secondary battery is characterized in that the negative electrode active material is used, and other materials such as positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, separator, and battery shape are not limited. For example, as the positive electrode active material, oxides of transition metals such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , V 2 O 6 , MnO 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , chalcogen compounds, and the like are used. As the electrolyte, for example, a non-aqueous solution containing a lithium salt such as lithium perchlorate is used, and as the non-aqueous solvent, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, γ-butyrolactone, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or the like alone or in two types The above is used in combination. Various other non-aqueous electrolytes and solid electrolytes can also be used.
[0025]
Further, the metal element-doped silicon oxide of the present invention can be added with a conductive agent such as graphite, and even in this case, the kind of the conductive agent is not particularly limited, and an electron that does not cause decomposition or alteration in the constructed battery. Any conductive material may be used. Specifically, metal powder and metal fiber such as Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sn, Si, or natural graphite, artificial graphite, various coke powders, Graphite such as mesophase carbon, vapor-grown carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, PAN-based carbon fiber, and various resin fired bodies can be used.
[0026]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example and a comparative example are given and this invention is demonstrated concretely, this invention is not limited to the following Example. In the following examples, wt% represents wt%.
[0027]
[Example 1]
Ti-doped silicon oxide powder was produced using the production apparatus shown in FIG. The raw material for generating silicon oxide gas is a silicon dioxide powder (BET specific surface area = about 200 m 2 / g) powder and a metal silicon powder (BET specific surface area = about 3 m 2 / g) in an equimolar ratio using a stirring mixer. The mixed powder was mixed, and 200 g was charged into a reaction furnace A1 having an effective volume of the reaction chamber A3 of 15L. On the other hand, Ti was used as a Ti gas generating raw material, and 200 g of this was charged into a reaction furnace B8 having an effective volume of the reaction chamber B10 of 15L. Next, after reducing the pressure in the furnace to 0.1 Torr or less using the
[0028]
Next, 100 g of this intermediate was pulverized by a 2 L alumina ball mill, 1000 g of φ5 mm alumina balls were used as a medium, and 500 g of hexane was used as a solution, and wet pulverization was performed under a rotation condition of 1 rpm. The Ti-doped silicon oxide powder after pulverization was a powder having an average particle size of 7.3 μm, a BET specific surface area = 40.2 m 2 / g, and a Ti content = 42.5 wt%.
[0029]
Battery evaluation Next, a battery evaluation was performed using the obtained Ti-doped silicon oxide powder as a negative electrode active material by the following method.
[0030]
First, artificial graphite (average particle diameter of 5 μm) was added to the obtained Ti-doped silicon oxide powder so that the proportion of carbon was 40 wt% to produce a mixture. To this mixture, 10% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride is added, and N-methylpyrrolidone is further added to form a slurry. This slurry is applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 20 μm, dried at 120 ° C. for 1 hour, and then pressed with a roller press. Molded and finally punched out to 20 mm to form a negative electrode.
[0031]
Here, in order to evaluate the charge / discharge characteristics of the obtained negative electrode, a lithium foil was used as a counter electrode, and lithium hexafluorophosphate was used as a non-aqueous electrolyte with 1/1 (volume) of ethylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane. Ratio) A lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation using a non-aqueous electrolyte solution dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a mixed solution and a polyethylene microporous film having a thickness of 30 μm as a separator was prepared.
[0032]
The prepared lithium ion secondary battery is left overnight at room temperature, and then charged with a constant current of 1 mA until the voltage of the test cell reaches 0 V using a secondary battery charge / discharge test device (manufactured by Nagano Co., Ltd.). After reaching 0V, charging was performed by reducing the current so as to keep the cell voltage at 0V. Then, the charging was terminated when the current value fell below 20 μA. Discharging was performed at a constant current of 1 mA. When the cell voltage exceeded 1.8 V, the discharging was terminated and the discharge capacity was determined.
[0033]
The above charge / discharge test was repeated, and a charge / discharge test after 10 cycles of the evaluation lithium ion secondary battery was performed. As a result, initial charge capacity: 920 mAh / g, initial discharge capacity: 850 mAh / g, efficiency during initial charge / discharge: 92.4%, 10th cycle discharge capacity: 780 mAh / g, cycle retention after 10 cycles: It was confirmed that the lithium ion secondary battery had a high capacity of 91.7% and excellent initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycleability.
[0034]
[Example 2]
Li-doped silicon oxide was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Li was used as a Li gas generation raw material, and 200 g of Li powder was put in a polyethylene bag in a glove box, and charged in the reactor B while maintaining a sealed state. The reactor B was heated and maintained at 770 ° C. (
[0035]
The obtained Li-doped silicon oxide powder was used as a negative electrode material, and battery evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, initial charge capacity: 780 mAh / g, initial discharge capacity: 750 mAh / g, efficiency during initial charge / discharge : 96.2%, 10th cycle discharge capacity: 730 mAh / g, cycle retention after 10 cycles: 97.3% It was confirmed that the lithium ion secondary battery had excellent cycleability.
[0036]
[Comparative example]
A silicon oxide powder not doped with a metal element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no metal or metal compound was charged into the reactor B and the reactor B was not heated. As a result, 120 g of silicon oxide having a purity of 99.5% could be produced. Next, it grind | pulverized by the method similar to Example 1, and obtained the high purity silicon oxide powder which does not contain the metal element of an average particle diameter of 8.1 micrometers and a BET specific surface area = 35.2m < 2 > / g.
[0037]
The obtained silicon oxide powder was used as a negative electrode material, and the battery was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, initial charge capacity: 900 mAh / g, initial discharge capacity: 650 mAh / g, efficiency during initial charge / discharge: 72.2%, 10th cycle discharge capacity: 500 mAh / g, cycle retention after 10 cycles: Although it had a high capacity of 76.9%, it was clearly a secondary battery with inferior cycle performance compared to the examples.
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
By using the metal element-doped silicon oxide of the present invention as a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Reactor A
2 Muffle A
3 Reaction chamber A
4 Mixed raw material powder 5 Raw material container A
6 Heater 7
9 Muffle B
10 Reaction chamber B
13
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| JP2001393329A JP3852579B2 (en) | 2001-12-26 | 2001-12-26 | Method and apparatus for producing metal element-doped silicon oxide powder |
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| JP2001393329A JP3852579B2 (en) | 2001-12-26 | 2001-12-26 | Method and apparatus for producing metal element-doped silicon oxide powder |
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| KR20190029711A (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2019-03-20 | 오사카 티타늄 테크놀로지스 캄파니 리미티드 | Silicon oxide-based anode material and manufacturing method thereof |
| US11031592B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2021-06-08 | Osaka Titanium Technologies Co., Ltd. | Lithium doped silicon oxide-based negative electrode material and method of manufacturing the same |
| US11728479B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2023-08-15 | Osaka Titanium Technologies Co., Ltd. | Lithium doped silicon oxide-based negative electrode material and method of manufacturing the same |
| US11417886B2 (en) | 2018-03-30 | 2022-08-16 | Osaka Titanium Technologies Co., Ltd. | Method for producing silicon oxide powder and negative electrode material |
| US11817581B2 (en) | 2018-03-30 | 2023-11-14 | Osaka Titanium Technologies Co., Ltd. | Method for producing silicon oxide powder and negative electrode material |
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