JP3874533B2 - Hot-worked steel materials and products excellent in free-cutting properties and methods for producing them - Google Patents
Hot-worked steel materials and products excellent in free-cutting properties and methods for producing them Download PDFInfo
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- JP3874533B2 JP3874533B2 JP09608098A JP9608098A JP3874533B2 JP 3874533 B2 JP3874533 B2 JP 3874533B2 JP 09608098 A JP09608098 A JP 09608098A JP 9608098 A JP9608098 A JP 9608098A JP 3874533 B2 JP3874533 B2 JP 3874533B2
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 165
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 165
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 75
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 86
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 48
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018557 Si O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018292 Cu2In Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、クランクシャフト、デファレンシャルギア等、自動車や産業機械の部品の素材として使用される棒鋼等鋼材、及び上記部品等製品に関するものであって、Cu、Ni等の不純物の多い低級なスクラップを利用して安価に製造することができ、黒鉛を析出させるための熱処理を行わなくても、熱間加工ままで微細な黒鉛を有し、Ca等との複合効果により被削性が極めて良好で、且つ、従来の球状黒鉛鋳鉄より高い強度と靱性とを有する、熱間加工鋼材及び製品、並びに、それらの製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年市中に出回っているスクラップは自動車、電気製品の廃材が多量に混入する。例えば電気モーターには多量の銅が使用されているし、排ガスのマフラー、触媒等にはNiを多量に含むステンレス鋼が使用されており、これらが必然的にスクラップの中に混入する。従って、これらスクラップの品位が低下する。このスクラップ品位の低級化に伴い、これを主原料として用いる電気炉溶製鋼においては、その鋼材製品に不純物が多量混じってくるのは避けられないものである。
【0003】
スクラップ品位の低級化により鋼材の延性低下も懸念されており、これら低品位スクラップが利用されず、不純物の少ない高級スクラップばかり利用されると、将来的に鉄源としての鋼スクラップの循環が悪くなって、低級スクラップが市場に放置される事態も招きかねない。したがってこうした低級スクラップの有効利用が強く求められている。
【0004】
ところで、スクラップを鉄源として製造された棒鋼は、自動車、建設機械、産業機械等の部品の素材として広く使われている。
例えば、建設機械のピストンロッドなどにおいては、圧延棒鋼の外周を直接切削してのち高周波焼入れを行って使用するが、棒鋼の内部組織は圧延ままである。従って、棒鋼は優れた被削性とともに、圧延ままで所望の強度、延性を有していることが必要である。また棒鋼から熱間鍛造により製造した部品を切削により機械加工する場合、例えば、自動車のエンジン廻り部品であるコネクチングロッド、クランクシャフト、カムシャフト、ハイポイドギア、ピニオンギアの加工においても、これら機械加工仕上げ前の鍛造品には優れた被削性が要求されるとともに、鍛造まま、あるいは熱処理後に所望の強度、延性を有することが必要である。
【0005】
このように多くの部品は機械加工により部品形状に仕上げられるが、鋼に求められる被削性としては、切削工具の寿命が長く、且つ切り屑の処理性が良いことが重要である。今日の切削は、生産性を高めるため、従来より極めて高速で行われるため、工具の摩耗が従来より大きくなって、工具寿命に優れた快削鋼が求められている。
【0006】
また最近は自動盤により無人で機械加工されることが多く、切り屑が長くつながって絡まってしまうと、機械の停止や切り屑を取り除くための余計な作業を行う必要が生じ、生産性を低下させることになる。このため切り屑が適当な大きさに細かく分断するような、処理性に優れた快削鋼が求められている。
【0007】
またコネクチングロッド、クランクシャフトにおいては潤滑油を供給するための、径の細い穴をいくつか有しているが、この穴は深いために、穴明け加工においては、切り屑が細かく分断して、ドリル穴から支障なく排出されることが必要である。即ち分断しにくい切り屑では穴から排出されず、切り屑が穴に詰まってドリル折損を引き起こすのである。
【0008】
従って、上記のような部品の機械加工に当たっては、工具寿命、切り屑処理性の改善のため、快削元素である鉛を0.05〜0.30wt.%添加した鉛快削鋼が広く用いられてきた。鉛は低融点であるため、切削加工の熱により容易に溶解して、鋼の延性を低下させ、これによって、工具寿命を延ばし、切り屑を適度な大きさに分断する。
【0009】
しかしながら、鉛快削鋼の切り屑は小さくカールして、切削応力が工具の刃先に集中する結果、すくい面の摩耗が大きくなり、切削工具の寿命は必ずしも長いとはいえない。
【0010】
また、鉛には毒性があるため、近年の地球環境保護の機運の高まりに伴って、無鉛の快削鋼が強く求められている。
切削性を向上させる元素としてはPbの他にS、Ca、Bi、Se、Te等の元素が知られているが、これら元素は単独では、▲1▼被削性改善効果が鉛に及ばない、▲2▼高価である、▲3▼毒性がある、といった欠点を少なくとも1つ有しているために、鉛代替の元素にはなり得ない。
【0011】
一方黒鉛は鋳鉄にみられる如く、被削性を極めて向上させる元素であるが、鋼に炭素を添加するとセメンタイトを析出するので、鋼材に黒鉛の析出を得るのは容易ではない。従来の発明における炭素0.10〜1.5wt.%を有する鋼の場合には、例えば特開平2−107742号公報、特開平3−140411号公報には、600〜800℃の温度で数時間〜200時間もの長い時間の焼鈍を行って黒鉛を析出させる鋼材または方法が開示されている。
【0012】
また特開昭49−67816号公報、特開昭49−67817号公報には750〜950℃で焼入れ、600〜750℃で焼戻して黒鉛を析出させた黒鉛快削鋼が開示されている。
【0013】
従って、従来の開示例においてはいずれも、黒鉛を得るための、黒鉛化熱処理を施す必要があり、このため極めてコスト高になってしまう。また黒鉛化熱処理により金属組織がフェライトになってしまい、このため強度の低い部品や冷間鍛造によって製造可能な小さな部品の製造に限定されてしまい、クランクシャフトやコネクチングロッドといった大型の鍛造部品の製造には適用することができなかった。
【0014】
一方炭素量が3.8wt.%前後の鋳鉄、鋳鋼はCa、Mg等の接種により鋳造ままで容易に球状黒鉛が得られ、被削性が良好であることは良く知られている。しかしながら、鋳鉄、鋳鋼は鋳込ままで使用するため、鋼材製品の形状の自由度はあるものの、伸び、絞り、衝撃値といった靱性が低いという欠点がある。
【0015】
近年はオーステンパー処理により基地組織をベイナイトにすることにより, その靱性が改善されてきてはいる。例えば特開昭61−243121号公報には球状黒鉛鋳鉄にオーステンパー処理を施すクランクシャフトの製造方法が、特開昭61−174332号公報には同じく球状黒鉛鋳鉄にオーステンパー処理を施すコネクチングロッドの製造方法が開示されている。しかしながらこれら鋳造品は、従来鋼のS48Cを基本成分にして0.10wt.%程度のVを添加した非調質鋼の鍛造品に較べるとヤング率が低く、疲労強度に劣る。また靱性もなお鍛造品には及ばない。またこれら鋳造品には0.1mm程度の鋳造巣が発生することがあり、これは疲労破壊の起点となるので材料の信頼性が劣るのが欠点であり、鋳造方法ならびに製品の超音波検査に厳重な注意を払う必要がある。
【0016】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述した各種先行技術には、下記問題点のいずれかが未解決となっている。
問題点1:使用されている快削元素には毒性があり、環境対策上問題がある。
問題点2:毒性のない快削元素として炭素を利用し、黒鉛の形態に析出させて快削効果を発揮させ得るが、黒鉛化熱処理を施さなければならないので、コストが嵩む。
問題点3:炭素含有率の高い鋳鉄や鋳鋼であれば接種による球状黒鉛の析出により快削性が確保されるが、靱性が劣っている。
【0017】
問題点4:快削鋳鉄や快削鋳鋼の熱処理により靱性改善を図っても、十分な靱性が得られず、また、鋳造巣欠陥により製品の信頼性に問題がある。
問題点5:将来、CuやNi等がトランプエレメントとして高濃度に混入した低品位スクラップを相当量、鉄源として使用した場合には、鋼材の延性低下が懸念されるが、これに対する有効な技術が見当たらない。この発明においては、この問題の解決が極めて重要であると位置づけしている。
【0018】
この発明では、上記諸問題点を解決して、自動車や産業機械の部品類の素材として用いられる熱間加工状態の棒鋼、及び、その棒鋼を熱間加工し、切削加工仕上げをして製品とし、熱処理を施さないで上記部品類を製造するために、▲1▼被削性が良好であり、▲2▼トランプエレメントを高濃度に含むスクラップを使用しても、強度及び靱性に優れており、表面疵発生が抑制され、しかも、▲3▼安価で且つ環境保護上問題なく製造し得る技術を開発することを目的とする。本発明者等は、上記目的を達成するために、特に、熱処理を行なわず熱間加工ままで微細で適切な黒鉛を析出させ、且つ、トランプエレメントのCu及びNi混入の製造上及び品質上の悪影響を回避することを主な課題とした。
【0019】
【課題を解決するための手段】
以上の従来技術を背景にして、本発明者等は、低級なスクラップを利用し、且つ鋳物に匹敵する被削性を有する無鉛の超快削鋼製品の開発を目的として、鋭意研究を重ねた結果、化学成分を適正に組み合わせることによって、良好な熱間延性を有し、熱間での棒圧延が可能で、焼鈍を行なわず熱間加工ままで直接微細な黒鉛を有する快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材及び製品を得ることができるとの知見を得た。
【0020】
請求項1記載の発明は、C:0.80〜1.70wt.%、Si:0.70〜2.50wt.%、 Cu:0.01〜2.0wt.%、Ni:0.01〜2.0wt.%、Ca:0.0005〜0.0100wt.%、Al:0.001〜0.009wt.%、P:0.050wt.%以下、S:0.050wt.%以下、O:0.0050wt.%以下、及び、N:0.015wt.%以下を含有し、残部鉄(Fe)および不可避的不純物からなり、且つ、Ni含有率とCu含有率とのwt.%比Ni/Cuが、下記(1)式:
Ni/Cu≧0.2 ------------------------------------(1)
を満たし、そして、下記(2)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9+Al/6 ------(2)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
で算出される黒鉛化指数CEが、下記(3)式:
CE≧1.30 ------------------------------(3)
を満たす化学成分組成を有し、且つ、平均粒径が0.5μm以上の黒鉛が100個/mm2 以上析出し、且つ金属組織がパーライトであることに特徴を有するものであり、請求項2記載の発明は、請求項1記載の発明において、黒鉛化指数CEの算出式として、下記(4)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9−Mo/9−B
------------------------------(4)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)を用い、そして、前記鋼材の化学成分組成にMn:0.01〜1.0wt.%、Cr:0.01〜1.0wt.%、Mo:0.01〜0.50wt.%、及び、B:0.0005〜0.010wt.%の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種が、更に付加されて含まれていることに特徴を有するものである。
【0021】
請求項3記載の発明は、請求項1または2記載の発明において、黒鉛化指数CEの算出式として、下記(5)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9
−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3
------------------------------(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
を用い、そして、前記鋼材の化学成分組成に、Ti:0.001〜0.10wt.%、Zr:0.001〜0.10wt.%、V:0.005〜0.30wt.%、及び、Nb:0.005〜0.30wt.%の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種が、更に付加されて含まれていることに特徴を有するものである。
【0022】
請求項4記載の発明は、請求項1から3の何れか1つに記載の発明において、黒鉛化指数CEの算出式として、下記(5)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9−Mo/9
−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3
--------------------------------(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
を用い、そして、前記鋼材の化学成分組成に、Mg:0.0010〜0.10wt.%、及び、REM:0.0010〜0.10wt.%の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種が、更に付加されて含まれていることに特徴を有するものである。
【0023】
請求項5記載の発明は、請求項1から4の何れか1つに記載の発明の熱間加工鋼材を素材としたことに特徴を有するものである。
【0024】
請求項6記載の発明は、C:0.80〜1.70wt.%、Si:0.70〜2.50wt.%、 Cu:0.01〜2.0wt.%、Ni:0.01〜2.0wt.%、Ca:0.0005〜0.0100wt.%、Al:0.001〜0.009wt.%、P:0.050wt.%以下、S:0.050wt.%以下、O:0.0050wt.%以下、及び、N:0.015wt.%以下を含有し、残部鉄(Fe)および不可避的不純物からなり、且つ、Ni含有率とCu含有率とのwt.%比Ni/Cuが、下記(1)式:
Ni/Cu≧0.2 ------------------------------------(1)
を満たし、そして、下記(2)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9+Al/6 ------(2)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
で算出される黒鉛化指数CEが、下記(3)式:
CE≧1.30 ----------------------------------------(3)
を満たす化学成分組成を有する鋼片を、前記Cu含有率と前記Ni含有率との比率に等しい組成のCuとNiとの合金の固相線温度未満の温度であって、且つ、前記鋼片の固相線温度より50℃低い温度を上限とし、800℃を下限とする温度範囲内に加熱した後、熱間加工し、そして室温まで冷却して、平均粒径が0.5μm以上の黒鉛を100個/mm2 以上析出させ、且つ、金属組織をパーライトとすることを特徴を有するものである。
【0025】
請求項7記載の発明は、請求項6記載の発明において、前記黒鉛化指数CEの算出式として、下記(4)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9−Mo/9−B
-------------------------------- (4)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率( wt.% )
を用い、そして、前記鋼片として、Mn:0.01〜1.0 wt.% 、Cr:0.01〜1.0 wt.% 、Mo:0.01〜0.50 wt.% 、及び、B:0.0005〜0.010 wt.% の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を、更に付加されて含まれているものを用いることに特徴を有するものである。
【0026】
請求項8記載の発明は、請求項6または7記載の発明において、黒鉛化指数CEの算出式として、下記(5)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9
−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/
-------------------------------- (5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率( wt.% )
を用い、そして、前記鋼片として、Ti:0.001〜0.10 wt.% 、Zr:0.001〜0.10 wt.% 、V:0.005〜0.30 wt.% 、及び、Nb:0.005〜0.30 wt.% Ti:0.001〜0.10 wt.% 、Zr:0.001〜0.10 wt.% 、V:0.005〜0.30 wt.% 、及び、Nb:0.005〜0.30 wt.% の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を、更に付加されて含まれているものを用いることに特徴を有するものであり、請求項9記載の発明は、請求項6から8の何れか1つに記載の発明において、黒鉛化指数CEの算出式として、下記(5)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9
−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3
-------------------------------- (5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率( wt.% )
を用い、そして、前記鋼片として、Mg:0.0010〜0.10 wt.% 、及び、REM:0.0010〜0.10 wt.% の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を、更に付加されて含まれているものを用いることに特徴を有するものであり、請求項10記載の発明は、請求項6から9の何れか1つに記載の鋼片を鋼材として、熱間加工製品を製造することに特徴を有するものである。
【0027】
【発明の実施の形態】
次に、この発明における鋼片、鋼材及びこの鋼材から製造された部品類等製品の、化学成分組成、黒鉛の析出状態及び金属組織、並びに、鋼片及び鋼材の加熱条件を上記の通り限定した理由について説明する。
【0028】
(1)炭素(C)
炭素は、黒鉛を析出させ、強度を確保するのに重要な元素である。熱間加工ままで黒鉛を析出させるためには0.80wt.%以上を必要とする。しかしながら炭素含有量が1.70wt.%を超えると熱間延性の低下が大きく、棒圧延に際して表面疵の発生が増大する。また熱間加工後に析出する黒鉛粒が粗大になり、靱性を低下させる。従って、炭素含有率は0.80〜1.70wt.%の間とする。
【0029】
(2)シリコン(Si)
Siは本発明において重要な役目を果たす元素である。即ちSiはセメンタイトの黒鉛化を促進する元素であり、0.70wt.%未満ではその効果は小さい。しかし、Siが2.50wt.%を超えると非金属介在物が増大して靱性の低下を招くのみならず、熱間加工時の加熱において脱炭を大きくする。従って、Si含有率は、0.70〜2.50wt.%の間とする。
【0030】
(3)銅(Cu)
Cuの含有量は今日、スクラップ中に徐々に増加しつつある。一方、鋼の高温加熱に際して、はじめにFeが選択的に酸化され、鋼中Cuは材料表面に濃化する。Cuは融点が低いので溶融して、Cuの融体が隙間の多い結晶粒界に侵入する。これが熱間延性を低下させ、表面疵、割れ発生の原因となるため、自動車や産業機械用部品等には、Cuが積極的に利用されることは少なかった。しかし、Cuの融点は約1083℃であるため、この融点未満で熱間加工すれば、Cuが粒界に侵入して熱間延性を低下させることは防止できる。
【0031】
しかし、1083℃未満という低温での熱間加工では、材料の変形抵抗の増大を伴い、圧延機や工具に過大な負荷がかかるため、従来の鋼では実用化されるに至っておらず、変形抵抗の小さい鋼を開発する必要がある。
【0032】
さて一方、CuはCu2 S、CuSを形成してSの悪影響を無害化するため、Mnの代替になる有用な元素であるとともに、黒鉛の析出を促進し、且つ焼入れ性を向上させる元素である。従って、この目的でCuを利用するするときには0.01wt.%以上の添加を必要とする。しかしCuは2.0wt.%を超えると、鋼中への固溶限を超えてしまうため、未溶解Cuが残存して熱間延性を低下させ、表面疵の発生を助長するので、Cu含有率は0.01〜2.0wt.%の間とする。
【0033】
(4)ニッケル(Ni)
Niもスクラップ中に少なからず混入しているが、NiはCuと全率固溶体をつくるため、よく混じり合う。Niの融点は約1453℃であり、Cu(融点:1083℃)に混じることによって、その溶けはじめる温度(固相線温度)を上昇させる。即ち、Cu中のNi濃度が高くなるにつれてCuとNiとの合金(Cu−Ni合金)の固相線温度TS は高くなる。従って、Ni添加により鋼材表層部のCuはCuとNiとの合金になり、溶融しにくくなるので、結晶粒界への侵入が抑止され、表面疵の発生が抑制される。
【0034】
更にまた、NiもCuと同様に黒鉛の析出を促進させるとともに、焼入れ性を向上させる有用な元素である。これらの目的で添加するときにはNiは0.01wt.%以上の添加を必要とする。しかし、Niを2.0wt.%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和するのみならず、変形抵抗を増大させることになる。
従って、Ni含有率は0.01〜2.0wt.%の間とする。
【0035】
ここで、CuとNiを併用する場合、Ni/Cuの重量wt.%比は0.2以上とする理由は次の通りである。
上述した通り、CuがNiと合金化すると、固相線温度が上昇する。鋼材の加熱温度が、このCu−Ni合金の固相線温度よりも高いと、熱間延性が低下し、表面疵や割れが発生するので、加熱温度の上限は、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度未満にする必要がある。一方、本発明の鋼材の加熱温度は、後で説明するように、最適加工温度を、鋼材の固相線温度から定める約1165℃までさげることができ、従来の機械構造用鋼の加工温度より約200℃低下することができる。そこで、鋼材加熱中のCu融体の生成を防止して、上記最適加工温度の低下を実施することができるようにするために、Cu(融点:1083℃)をCu−Ni合金化してこの固相線温度を高める必要がある。
【0036】
本発明者等は実験を重ねた結果、表面疵発生を防止するためには、Ni/Cuのwt.%比を、0.2以上にすることが必要であると判断した。Ni/Cuのwt.%比が0.2のとき、この合金の融点は約1145℃となり、Cuの融点を約60℃高めることができることがわかった。
【0037】
(5)燐(P)
Pは黒鉛化を促進する元素であるが、粒界に偏析して熱間延性を低下させ、表面疵の発生を助長する。従って、P含有率は0.050wt.%以下に限定する。
【0038】
(6)硫黄(S)
Sは黒鉛化を大きく阻害する元素であり、Sの含有率が0.050wt.%を超えると、Si等の黒鉛化促進元素を多量に添加する必要があり、熱間延性の低下を招く。従って、S含有率は上記弊害を抑えるために0.050wt.%以下に限定する。望ましくは0.030wt.%以下とする。
【0039】
(7)カルシウム(Ca)
Caは、Si−Al−O系介在物に混じって、Ca−Si−Al−O系の融点約1200℃の低融点介在物を形成する。この低融点介在物は高速切削時の温度上昇に伴って溶融し、工具の逃げ面、すくい面に薄く付着する、いわゆるベラーグを形成して、工具の摩耗の進行を抑え、工具寿命を延長する。
【0040】
またCaは鋳鉄において接種材として使用され黒鉛化を促進させる。これはCaの蒸気圧が高く鋳造中にCaの蒸気が鉄内に微小な空洞を形成し、これが黒鉛析出の核となって、球状黒鉛を析出と考えられるが、鋳鉄と同様に鋼においても熱間加工後の黒鉛析出を容易にする。こうした目的のためにはCaは0.0005%以上添加する必要があるが、0.010%を超えて添加しても効果は飽和する。従って、Ca含有率の範囲は0.0005〜0.010wt.%の間とする。
【0041】
(8)アルミニウム(Al)
Alは、Ca、SiともとにCa−Si−Al−O系の介在物を形成する。またSiと同様に黒鉛化を促進する元素である。これらの目的のためにはAlは少なくとも0.001%以上添加する必要がある。しかし0.009%を超えると、Ca−Si−Al−O系介在物中のAlの割合が高くなって融点が上昇し、ベラーグを形成するのが困難になる。従って、Al含有率の範囲は0.001〜0.009wt.%の間とする。
【0042】
(9)酸素(O)
Oは、鋼中のSi、Al、Caとの間にCa−Si−O系の酸化物系介在物を生成する。しかし、Oは黒鉛化を阻害する元素であり、その含有量が0.0050wt.%を超えると、黒鉛化を促進する元素を多量に添加する必要がある。従って、O含有率は0.0050wt.%以下に限定する。
【0043】
(10)窒素(N)
Nは単独で鋼中に存在すると黒鉛化を阻害する。N含有率が0.015wt.%を超えると、黒鉛の析出が困難になるほか、窒素ガスによるブローホ─ルが多数形成されて、圧延後の表面疵の原因になる。従って、N含有率は0.015wt.%以下に限定する。
【0044】
(11)マンガン(Mn)
Mnは、焼入れ性を高め、パーライトを微細にして、鋼を強靱化する元素である。この目的で用いる場合には0.01wt.%以上の添加を必要とするが、Mnは黒鉛の析出を大きく阻害する元素でもある。従って、Mnを1.0wt.%以下の範囲で含有させることが望ましい。
【0045】
(12)クロム(Cr)
Crは、Mnと同様に焼入れ性を大きく向上させ、パーライトを微細にする元素である。Crをこの目的で用いる場合には0.01wt.%以上の添加を必要とする。しかしCrもMnと同様に黒鉛化を阻害する作用が強いので、1.0wt.%を超えると、黒鉛化促進元素を多量に必要とし、コスト高になる。従って、Crを0.01〜1.0wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0046】
(13)モリブデン(Mo)
Moも鋼の焼入れ性を高め、パーライトを微細にする元素である。この目的で用いる場合には0.01wt.%以上の添加を必要とする。しかしMoもMn、Crと同様に黒鉛化を阻害する元素であり、0.50wt.%を超えると、黒鉛化促進元素を多量に必要とする。従って、Moを0.01〜0.50wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0047】
(14)ボロン(B)
Bは、微量で焼入れ性を高める元素である。また鋼中のNをBNとして固定し、Nの黒鉛化阻害作用を軽減する。Bをこの目的で用いる場合には0.0005wt.%以上の添加を必要とする。しかし、Bを0.010wt.%を超えて添加してもその効果は飽和するのみならず、熱間延性を低下させる。従って、B含有率を0.0005〜0.010wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0048】
(15)チタン(Ti)
Tiは、TiN、TiCを析出させ、結晶粒を微細化する。またこれら析出物は黒鉛析出の核として作用し、黒鉛の析出を促進する。Ti添加量が0.001wt.%未満ではその効果は小さく、一方、0.10wt.%を超えて添加すると、硬いTiN、TiCが多量に生成して、工具の摩耗を促進する。従って、Tiを0.001〜0.10wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0049】
(16)ジルコニウム(Zr)
ZrもTiと同様に窒化物、炭化物を析出させ、結晶粒を微細化すると共に、黒鉛の析出を促進させる。Zr添加量が0.001wt.%未満ではその効果は小さく、一方0.10wt.%を超えて添加すると、工具の摩耗を促進する。従って、Zrを0.001〜0.10wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0050】
(17)バナジウム(V)
Vも窒化物、炭化物を析出させ、結晶粒を微細化する。また、Vの析出物は微細であるので鋼の降伏応力を高め、疲労限応力を向上させる。しかし、V添加量が0.005wt.%未満ではその効果は小さい。一方、Vは黒鉛の析出を阻害する元素であり、0.30wt.%を超えて添加すると、黒鉛化促進元素を多量に必要とする。従って、Vを0.005〜0.30wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0051】
(18)ニオブ(Nb)
Nbも窒化物、炭化物を析出させ、結晶粒を微細化するとともに、降伏応力を高める。Nbの炭窒化物は1150℃の高温でも鋼中に固溶せず、オーステナイト粒の粗大化を阻止し、鍛造後の粒を微細にして、靱性を向上させる。Nb添加量が0.005wt.%未満ではその効果は小さく、一方、0.30wt.%を超えて添加すると、黒鉛の析出を阻害して、黒鉛化促進元素を多量に必要とする。従って、Nbを0.005〜0.30wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0052】
(19)マグネシウム(Mg)
MgもCaと同じく鋳鉄において接種材として使用され黒鉛化を促進させ、鋼においても加工後の黒鉛析出を容易にする。その添加量が0.0010wt.%未満では効果は小さく、一方、0.10wt.%を超えて添加しても効果は飽和する。従って、Mgを0.0010〜0.10wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
(20)REM(希土類元素)
Ce、La等のREMも鍛造後の黒鉛析出を促進する。その添加量が0.0010wt.%未満では効果は小さく、一方、0.10wt.%を超えて添加しても効果は飽和する。従って、REMを0.0010〜0.10wt.%の間で含有させることが望ましい。
【0053】
鋼材には通常以上の他に、Sn、As等の不可避的に混入する元素を含む。
【0054】
(21)黒鉛化指数
黒鉛の析出を促進するには黒鉛化指数CEが重要である。このCEは主要元素については下記(5)式で表わされる。即ち、
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9
−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3
--------------------------------(5)
但し、各元素記号は各元素の含有率(wt.%)を表わす。そして、他の条件が一定の場合には、黒鉛化指数CEが大きいほど黒鉛の析出は促進される。黒鉛の析出は加熱温度、加工度、冷却速度により左右されるので、CEによって一義的に決定されるものではないが、CEは1.30以上でないと、焼鈍等の黒鉛を析出させる熱処理を行なわない限り、実用的な条件で黒鉛を析出させることが困難になる。従って、CEは1.30以上とする。
【0055】
(22)加工品の組織
熱間圧延した棒鋼、熱間鍛造したクランクシャフト等の製品には快削性を確保するために、微細な黒鉛を含むほか、金属組織の主体は、靱性を確保するためパーライトであることが必要である。パーライトの他には一部、粒界フェライト、黒鉛粒のまわりに発生するフェライト、ベイナイトが単独で又は複合で存在していても差し支えない。
【0056】
(23)加熱温度
黒鉛の析出を促進するために熱間加工温度は重要な因子である。これは加工時の加熱温度が適正ならば、鋼が高温に保持されている間に微細な黒鉛を析出する。また加工によって導入された格子欠陥を多量残存させることによってその後の冷却中における黒鉛の析出を容易ならしめる。しかし過度の高温に長時間保持すると、高温保持中に一旦析出した黒鉛は再固溶して、加工後に得られる黒鉛粒の数が少なくなる。
【0057】
この発明においては、鋼材の加熱温度の上限を、当該鋼材中のCuとNiとの含有率(wt.%)の比率に等しい組成のCuとNiとの合金(「Cu−Ni合金」)の固相線温度と、当該鋼材の固相線温度より50℃だけ低い温度とを比較し、低い方の温度を採用する。但し、前者のCu−Ni合金の固相線温度の方が低い場合には、加熱温度の上限としては、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度未満の温度としている。上記限定理由は、次の通りである。
【0058】
先ず、鋼材の加熱温度が、鋼材の固相線温度TS より50℃だけ低い温度、即ち、(TS −50)℃を超えると、鋼材の熱間延性が急激に低下して、熱間圧延棒鋼には表面疵が発生したり、また、熱間鍛造品には割れが発生したりする。よって、加熱温度は、(TS −50)℃以下でなければならない。
【0059】
他方、鋼材の加熱温度が上記(TS −50)℃以下であっても、表層部のFeが選択的に酸化され、残存して濃化したCuとNiとが合金化し、こうして生成したCu−Ni合金の融体がオーステナイト粒界に侵入して、熱間延性を低下させたり、表面疵や割れを発生させるのを防止しなければならない。よって、鋼材加熱温度は、当該鋼材中のCuとNiとの含有率(wt.%)の比率に等しい組成のCu−Ni合金の固相線温度よりも、低くしなければならない。
【0060】
以上より、鋼材加熱温度の上限値は、鋼材中の(Cu含有率(wt.%))/(Ni含有率(wt.%))の比率に等しい組成のCu−Ni合金の固相線温度未満であって、且つ、鋼材の固相線温度より50℃低い温度とすべきである。なお、鋼片の加熱温度の上限値も、鋼材の場合と全く同じ理由により、鋼材の加熱温度の上限値と同じである。
【0061】
上記において、鋼材の加熱温度の上限が、当該鋼材の固相線温度(鋼を加熱したときに、液相が生成し始める温度)より50℃だけ低い温度(TS −50)℃まで許容された場合の作用・効果について説明する。
例えば1.2wt.%C−1.5wt.%Si鋼について、加熱温度の上限値を考えると、次の通りである。
まず、固相線温度(加熱したときに液相が出始める温度)TS は、鋼材の成分組成に依存し、例えば下記近似式:
TS (℃) =1420−250(C−0.5)−20Si
但し、
C、Si:炭素、シリコン含有率(wt.%)を表わす、
により、1215℃と算出される。よって、加熱上限温度は、(固相線温度TS −50)℃=1215−50=1165℃となる。
なお、この鋼材の共晶温度は約1140℃であり、固相線温度TS が共晶温度を下回ることはない。一般に、固相線温度TS が共晶温度を下回ることはないので、上記式でTS の計算値が1140℃を下回った場合でも、現実の固相線温度は1140℃以上となる。
【0062】
ここで、本発明にかかる鋼材の成分例として、例えば上記1.2wt.%C−1.5wt.%Si鋼についてみると、固相線温度TS は1215℃であるから、従来の通常の機械構造用鋼である0.5wt.%Cの中炭素鋼の固相線温度(TS =1420℃程度)よりも、約200℃低いことになる。このことは、本発明鋼材を用いれば、従来鋼材よりも200℃程度低い加熱温度で熱間加工を行なっても、従来鋼材と同等の変形抵抗と変形能を有することが示唆され、省エネルギーの面からも好ましい鋼材ということができる。
【0063】
なお、図1に、2wt.%Siを含有する場合のFe−C系状態図を示す。同図中、S点の温度はA1 温度、E点の温度は共晶温度、HE線は固相線温度を示す。同図はFe−C二元系状態図であるため、本発明鋼の、Si含有率2.0wt.%のときの固相線温度を厳密に推定することはできない。従って、本発明鋼材の固相線温度を正確に求めることはできないが、鋼材の固相線温度の低下に及ぼすC含有率の影響、及び、本発明における鋼片又は鋼材の固相線温度TS より50℃だけ低い温度((TS −50)℃)を、実用的に推定するために役立つ。同図中に、C=0.80〜1.70wt.%における800℃以上、(TS −50)℃以下の温度領域を斜線部で示した。
【0064】
例えば、上記1.2wt.%C−1.5wt.%Si鋼の場合で、(固相線温度TS −50)℃が1165℃という温度水準は、Cuの融点1083℃にかなり近く、更に、この発明においては、CuにNiが合金化することにより、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度は上昇するので、鋼材の(TS −50)℃=1165℃は、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度に一層近づき、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度近傍での低温加工を可能ならしめる。従って、1.2wt.%C−1.5wt.%Si鋼は、低変形抵抗の鋼であるということができる。
【0065】
図2に、Cu−Ni2元系平衡状態図を例示し、この発明における鋼材のCuとNiとの含有率(wt.%)の比率の範囲である、下記(6)、(7)及び(1)式:
Cu:0.01〜2.0wt.% ------------(6)
Ni:0.01〜2.0wt.% ------------(7)
Ni/Cu≧0.2 ------------(1)
を満たす条件下において、Cu−Ni合金中のNiの含有率(wt.%)(これを、「CNi」で表記する):
CNi=〔Ni(wt.%)/{Cu(wt.%)+Ni(wt.%)}〕×100(wt.%)に換算すると、
16.7wt.%≦CNi≦99.5wt.%--------(8)
が得られる。CNiのとり得る範囲を、同図に矢印範囲で記入した。なお、NiとCuの含有率比率が、Ni/Cu=0.2を満たす限り、Cu、Niの含有率のいかんにかかわらず常に、Cu−Ni合金中のNiの含有率CNiは、
CNi=16.7wt.%となる。
これからわかるように、この発明の鋼材を加熱中に生成するCu−Ni合金の固相線温度は、おおよそ、1145〜1451℃の範囲内にある。上記により、当該鋼材の(TS −50)℃とCu−Ni合金の固相線温度との差が容易に算出され、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度の方が低くても、その差が縮小されることがよくわかる。また、Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度の方が鋼材の(TS −50)℃よりも高い場合には、当然ながらCu−Ni合金は加熱保持中に溶融しないので、オーステナイト粒界に侵入することはない。
【0066】
次に、鋼材加工時の材料温度は800℃以上でないと変形抵抗が増大し、鍛造工具の寿命が短くなる。また変形能が不足して鍛造割れの原因となるので、800℃以上に確保する必要がある。
【0067】
以上により、鋼材の加熱温度は、Cu−Ni合金の融点未満であって、且つ鋼材の固相線温度−50℃以下、800℃以上の間の温度とする。
(24)黒鉛の粒径
粒状に析出した黒鉛の平均粒径が0.5μm未満では、切削時に切り屑を小さく破砕する効果が小さく、切削性への寄与は小さい。したがって黒鉛の平均粒径は0.5μm以上とする。上限は特に限定しないが、30μmを超える黒鉛が多数析出すると靱性低下の原因となるので、黒鉛の粒径は30μm以下が望ましい。
【0068】
なお本発明における黒鉛の形状は、一般的に塊状と表現されるものであるが、球状でも粒状でもよく、厚さ/長さ比が5以下ならば特に差し支えはない。
(25)黒鉛の数
単位面積当たりの黒鉛の数を多くすることは、切り屑を小さく分断させるのに重要である。その数が100個/mm2 未満では切り屑処理性の改善効果が小さいので、黒鉛の数は100個/mm2 以上とする。黒鉛の数は黒鉛の大きさに左右され、粒が大きくなれば少なくなり、小さくなれば多くなる。本発明では、10〜25μmの径の黒鉛が析出するとき、その数はおおよそ100〜1000個の間であるが、0.5〜5μmの径の黒鉛の場合には、おおよそ3000〜50000個に達する。
【0069】
【実施例】
次に、この発明を、実施例によって更に詳細に説明する。ここでは、試験1から試験3を行なった。
【0070】
〔試験1〕
表1及び表2に、試験に用いた供試材の化学成分組成、並びに、後述する黒鉛化指数CE及び固相線温度TS を示す。また表3及び表4には、主な製造条件及びその試験結果を示す。
【0071】
【表1】
【0072】
【表2】
【0073】
【表3】
【0074】
【表4】
【0075】
鋼種N o. 1、4、6、8、14、17、18は、本発明範囲内の鋼であり、実施例N o. 1〜20とした。鋼種N o. 21〜23は、比較例である。
【0076】
鋼種No.24〜49は、化学成分組成が本発明の範囲外にあり、この内、鋼種No.24〜45は比較成分例であり、鋼種No.46は従来の球状黒鉛鋳鉄、鋼種No.47はS48CにV:0.10wt.%、Pb:0.22wt.%を添加した従来の非調質鋼、鋼種No.48は従来のS50Cの硫黄添加鋼、そして鋼種No.49は従来のSCM822である、従来成分例である。そして、鋼種No.24〜49を用いた試験の製造条件は、本発明の範囲内・外の各種のものを含むが、いずれも試験としては本発明の範囲外の試験例である比較例に該当する。そこで、これらをそれぞれ比較例No.24〜49とよぶ。
【0077】
ここで、鋼材の製造過程で黒鉛の析出を促進するには、黒鉛化指数CEが重要であり、他の条件が同じ場合には、CEが大きい方が黒鉛の析出が促進される。このCEは、下記(5)式: CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9 −Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3 ------------------(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)で表わされる。黒鉛の析出は、加熱温度、加工度、冷却速度により左右されるので、CEによって一義的に決定されるものではないが、表1の鋼種においてはすべて、1.30以上となるように成分を調整した。
【0078】
表1及び表2の化学成分組成の供試材を130トン電気炉により溶製後、連続鋳造又は造塊法により鋳片とした。鋳片は160mm角の鋼片に分塊圧延後、鋼片加熱炉にて820〜1160℃の間の温度に加熱して、26mm又は93mmの直径の棒鋼に熱間圧延した。
【0079】
熱間圧延後棒鋼は放冷、又はカバー徐冷して黒鉛を析出させた。26mmφ棒鋼の放冷ままの800℃〜600℃までの平均冷却速度は、約1.5℃/sec、カバー徐冷におけるそれは0.4℃/sec、93mmφ棒鋼の放冷時の冷却速度は0.25℃/sec、カバー徐冷のそれは0.08℃/secであった。
【0080】
棒鋼の表面は目視で疵を判定し、黒鉛の状態、金属組織を光学顕微鏡により調査した。更に、26mmφの棒鋼はショックアブソーバ─のピストンロッドに、93mmφの棒鋼は、建設機械のピストンロッドに切削により機械加工して、切り屑処理性を判定した。
【0081】
切り屑処理性の判定は、図3に示す如く、切り屑が巻き以下で分断しているものを良好としてランク1、3〜6巻で分断しているものを普通としてランク2、8巻以上につながっているものを劣るとしてランク3と位置づけた。切削は、超硬P20の切削工具を用い、切削速度200m/minで20min切削した。
【0082】
また棒鋼からJIS4号引張試験片を採取して、引張試験を行い、引張強さ、及び伸びを求めた。なお、比較例No.46の球状黒鉛鋳鉄のみは、93mmφの砂型に直接鋳造したインゴットを比較材として用いた。
本発明の実施例である実施例No.1〜20は化学成分組成、圧延加熱温度とも適正であり、圧延品に割れの発生はない。また、黒鉛粒の大きさは0.5〜25μmの間となっており、黒鉛粒の数は100個/mm2 以上で十分に多い。またCa−Al−Si−O系の低融点酸化物も適量生成していた。このため、すくい面にはベラーグが付着し、これが摩耗の進行を抑制したため、すくい面の摩耗深さはいずれも5μm以下であった。また切り屑は黒鉛の切り屑分断効果により、全て2巻以下に小さく分断した良好な形状を呈していた。また、金属組織はパーライト単相、ないしパーライト主体のフェライト+パーライトの組織になっていた。
【0083】
図4には、実施例No.1のナイタールエッチングした検鏡面の顕微鏡による金属組織を示す。その組織は、黒鉛が析出したパーライトである。
【0084】
また、実施例では引張強さもすべて800N/mm2 以上と高く、伸びも15%以上とピストンロッドとして十分な、強度、延性を有していた。
以上の実施例に対して、比較例No.21は加熱温度がCu−Ni合金の融点よりは低いが、鋼材のTS −50℃より高かったために、熱間延性が不足して、棒鋼に割れを生じた。
【0085】
比較例No.22は、加熱温度がTS −50℃よりは低いが、Cu−Ni合金の融点よりは高かったためCu−Ni合金の融液が粒界に侵入して、熱間延性を低下させたため、棒鋼に割れを生じた。
【0086】
また比較例No.23、は加熱温度が800℃未満で低すぎたため、やはり熱間延性が不足して、棒鋼に割れを生じた。
比較例No.24は、C含有率が本発明を外れて低く、このため黒鉛化指数CEが本発明の範囲を外れて低くなり、黒鉛の析出は見られず、切り屑が長くつながってしまった。このため機械を停止して切り屑を除去する必要があった。
【0087】
比較例No.25は、逆にC含有率が本発明の範囲を外れて高く、熱間延性が不足して、棒鋼に割れが発生した。
比較例No.26は、Si含有率が本発明の範囲を外れて低く、このため黒鉛化指数CEが小さくなり、黒鉛の析出は見られず、切り屑処理性が悪かった。
【0088】
比較例No.27は、Si含有率が本発明範囲を外れて高く、このため熱間延性が不足して、棒鋼に割れが発生した。
比較例No.28は、Cu含有率が本発明の範囲より高く、熱間延性不足して、棒鋼に割れが発生した。
【0089】
比較例No.29は、Ni含有率が本発明のはんいより高く、延性不足で、棒鋼に割れが発生した。
比較例No.30は、Ni/Cu含有率比が本発明の範囲より低く、加熱温度がCu−Ni合金の固相線温度より高かったために、加熱中にCu−Ni合金が鋼材の表面に濃化して融液となり粒界に侵入し、圧延棒鋼に割れが発生した。
【0090】
比較例No.31は、P含有率が本発明の範囲より高く、延性不足で割れが発生した。
比較例No.32は、Mn及びS含有率が本発明の範囲より高く、延性不足で割れが発生した。
【0091】
比較例No.33は、Cr含有率が本発明の範囲より高く、このため熱間延性が不足して、棒鋼に割れが発生した。
比較例No.34は、Mo含有率が本発明の範囲より高く、やはり棒鋼に割れが発生した。
【0092】
比較例No.35は、B及びN含有率が本発明の範囲より高く、多量のBNが析出して、延性不足のために割れが発生した。
比較例No.36はTi及びNb含有率が、比較例No.37はZr含有率が、比較例No.38はV含有率が、いずれも本発明の範囲より高く、このため延性不足で棒鋼に割れが発生した。
【0093】
比較例No.39は、Al含有率が本発明の範囲より高いため、酸化物系介在物中のAlの含有率が多くなって、介在物の融点が高くなり、切削時に溶融しなかったため、すくい面の摩耗深さが88μmと深くなった。
【0094】
比較例No.40は、Ca含有率が本発明の範囲を外れて低く、このため低融点酸化物を形成することができず、やはりすくい面の摩耗深さが深くなった。
また比較例No.41は、Ca含有率が本発明の範囲より高かったために、多量の酸化物に起因する割れが発生した。
【0095】
比較例No.42はMg含有率が、比較例No.43はREM含有率が、それぞれ本発明の範囲より高く、このため酸化物系介在物を多量に巻き込み、これが圧延疵の原因となり、棒鋼に割れを発生してしまった。
【0096】
比較例No.44及び比較例No.45は、化学成分組成の個々の値は本発明の範囲内にあるが、黒鉛化指数CEが本発明の範囲を外れて低いため、黒鉛の析出は起こらなかった。そのため、切り屑処理性が悪かった。
【0097】
比較例No.46は、従来の球状黒鉛鋳鉄の例であり、接種材としてのMgを含んでいる。本鋳造品の表面には、0.10mm程度の小穴がいくつか存在し、機械部品としては好ましい状態ではなかった。すくい面摩耗深さは、本発明の実施例の結果である5μmより大幅に深い。また引張強さは適当であるが、伸びが4%と延性に劣るものであった。
【0098】
比較例No.47は、従来の非調質の例であるが、切り屑のカール半径が小さいため、工具刃先が集中的摩耗を受けて、すくい面摩耗が大きいものであった。また、Pbを含有しているため、切り屑処理性は良好であった。しかし、環境保護の観点から、今後、このPbは使用しない方向で部品を製造することが求められる。
【0099】
比較例No.48は、従来のS50Cの例である。Pbを含まないため、切り屑処理性は劣るが、すくい面摩耗深さはPb添加鋼よりは浅い。また引張強さが700N/mm2 程度とやや不足しており、焼入れ焼戻しを施して、引張強さを高める必要があった。
比較例No.49は、歯車用のSCM822の例であり、これについては後述する試験3の比較例No.49Dで説明する。
【0100】
図5に、切削工具のすくい面摩耗深さを説明する縦断面図示す。同図において、2が摩耗深さであり、1は切削工具、3は切り屑、4は被削材である。図6に、実施例1、比較例No.40、従来鋼による比較例No.47及び48のすくい面摩耗深さの進行曲線を示す。実施例1では、摩耗の進行が遅いことがわかる。
【0101】
以上述べたように、本発明の範囲内の実施例によれば、従来の非調質棒鋼に匹敵する強度、延性を有する無鉛の超快削非調質棒鋼を製造することができる。
〔試験2〕
表1に示した成分が本発明の範囲内にある鋼種No.17のAグループ、並びに、本発明の範囲外にある鋼種No.47、48、及び46のBグループの鋼について下記の通りの試験を行なった。Aグループの試験は本発明の範囲内のものであり、それぞれ実施例No.17Aとよび、Bグループの試験は本発明の範囲外のものであり、それぞれ比較例No.47B、48B、46Bとよぶ。
【0102】
実施例No.17Aでは、93mmφ棒鋼を用いて、1000℃に加熱後、クランクシャフトに熱間鍛造し、扇風機により空冷した。また、従来の非調質鋼である比較例No.47B、及び従来SC材である比較例No.48Bの93mmφ棒鋼を試験1と同じ工程で製造し、この場合は変形抵抗が大きいので、より高温の1250℃に加熱して同一形状のクランクシャフトに熱間鍛造し、同じく扇風機により空冷した。また更に、比較のために比較例No.46Bの従来球状黒鉛鋳鉄を同じ形状のクランクシャフトに直接鋳造して、凝固させた。
【0103】
被削性試験として、これらの鍛造品、あるいは鋳造品を外周切削したのち、油穴を小径深穴ドリルにより、3mm径の穴を明けた。その時の切り屑の形態は、実施例No.17A並びに比較例No.46B及び47Bは、2巻き以下の細かく分断した良好な切り屑であったが、Pbを含有しない比較例No.48Bのみは切り屑が10巻き以上に長くつながり、ドリル折損が多発した。また、外周切削時の工具の摩耗は、実施例No.17Aでは殆んど見られなかったが、比較例No.46B、47B及び48Bでは、50〜150μm深さの摩耗発生した。
【0104】
疲労試験として、製造されたクランクシャフトを曲げ疲労試験に供した。実施例No.17Aの疲労強度は530N/mm2 、比較例No.47Bの疲労強度は500N/mm2 と良好な強度を有していた。これに対して比較例No.46Bの球状黒鉛鋳鉄は420N/mm2 の疲労強度しかなかった。これは鋳鉄ではヤング率が低いこと、および小さい気泡が疲労の起点となり、疲労限を低下させたためと考えられる。また比較例No.48BのS50Cの疲労強度も430N/mm2 程度しかなかった。そこで870℃焼入れ後580℃焼戻しを施したところ、疲労強度は520N/mm2 まで向上させることができた。
【0105】
なお、実施例No.17Aのクランクシャフトについて、黒鉛の平均粒径及び黒鉛粒の数を測定した結果、いずれも、本発明の要件を満たしていた。以上の通り、実施例17Aによれば、無鉛で被削性に優れた非調質の超快削鋼部品の製造が可能であり、被削性は鉛快削鋼や球状黒鉛鋳鉄を凌ぎ、またその特性は従来の球状黒鉛鋳鉄を上回り、焼入れ焼戻し材相当の高い疲労強度を有している。
【0106】
〔試験3〕
表1に示した成分が本発明の範囲内にある鋼種No.1のCグループ、並びに、本発明の範囲外にある鋼種No.49及び46のDグループの鋼について下記の通りの試験を行なった。Cグループの試験は本発明の範囲内のものであり、それぞれ実施例No.1Cとよび、Dグループの試験は本発明の範囲外のものであり、それぞれ比較例No.49D、46Dとよぶ。
【0107】
実施例No.1C、並びに、従来SCM822による比較例49Dでは、鋼片を130mm棒鋼に圧延し、外径320mmのデファレンシャルドライブギアに熱間鍛造し、そのまま放冷した。また比較例No.46Dでは、従来球状黒鉛鋳鉄を同一形状のギア砂型に直接鋳込んだ。
【0108】
実施例No.1Cのギア素材はそのままホブ盤にて歯車に切削加工し、その後570℃、5時間のガス軟窒化を施して表面を硬化させた。SCM822による比較例No.49Dでは、鍛造ままの組織がベイナイトであり、硬いのでそのまま切削加工することは困難であった。そこで920℃×2.5時間→650℃×1時間のサイクル焼鈍をして軟化させたのち、切削加工した。その後表面を硬化せさるため、920℃×5時間→840℃×40分の浸炭焼入れ処理を行って表面を硬化させた。
【0109】
また、比較例No.47Dでは、球状黒鉛鋳鉄を型から取り出して、直接切削加工したのち、900℃×1時間→240℃×2時間ソルト浴浸漬のオーステンパー処理を施した。
【0110】
ホブ切り加工においてはいずれも良好な切り屑処理性を示し、また工具の摩耗も少なく、切削面のむしれもなく、良好な切削状態であった。また、各熱処理を施したギアを疲労試験に供した。本発明鋼を使用した実施例No.1Cのガス軟窒化ギアの歯元曲げ疲労強度は440N/mm2 であり、比較例No.49DのSCM822の浸炭焼入れギアの疲労強度も440N/mm2 であった。しかしながら、比較例No.46Dの球状黒鉛鋳鉄のオーステンパー処理材の疲労強度は320N/mm2 と低いものであった。
【0111】
熱処理後のギアの変形は、歯車かみ合い時の騒音の原因となるため、各ギアのドライヴ側のプレッシャ−アングルの変形量を測定した。
図7に、歯車の歪みを説明する図を示す。同図において、5はアングルの角度変位(ずれ)、6は歯車の歯先を示す。浸炭焼入れ材のアングルのずれは、14分(1分は1°の60分の1)であったが、軟窒化材は1分と殆ど変形のないものであった。また、オーステンパー材は熱処理直後の変形は3分と比較的変形の小さいものであったが、1000回の疲労回数を超えると21分と変形の大きいものであった。これはオーステンパー処理によって、組織内に留められた残留オーステナイトがマルテンサイトに変態したために、変形量が大きくなったものと考えられる。
【0112】
なお、実施例No.1Cの上記ギア素材について、黒鉛の平均粒径及び黒鉛粒の数を測定した結果、いずれも、本発明の要件を満たしていた。以上の通り、実施例No.1Cによれば、ギアに軟化焼鈍を施さなくても、被削性は良好であり、疲労強度も球状黒鉛鋳鉄より高く、従来SCM鋼の浸炭焼入れギアに匹敵する高い強度を有し、且つ歪みが小さく、騒音の発生の小さいものであることが確認された。
【0113】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、この発明によれば、原料として、Cu、Ni等の不純物の多い低級なスクラップを使用し、且つ、有毒なPbを用いることなく、被削性に優れ、また疲労強度、伸び特性に優れた熱間加工製品の製造が可能であり、非調質の快削鋼部品や低歪みで高い疲労強度を有する歯車を製造することが可能となる。このような、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材及び製品並びにそれらの製造方法を提供することができ、工業上有用な効果がもたらされる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 2.0wt.%Siを含有する時のFe−C系状態図である。
【図2】 この発明の鋼材の加熱工程で表層部に生成するCu−Ni合金の組成範囲と、当該Cu−Ni合金の固相線温度範囲を示す図である。
【図3】 切削加工における切り屑の形態分類を示す図である。
【図4】 実施例No.1のナイタールエッチングした検鏡面の顕微鏡による金属組織を示す図である。
【図5】 切削工具のすくい面摩耗深さを説明する概略縦断面図である。
【図6】 実施例及び比較例における切削工具のすくい面摩耗深さの進行曲線の例を示すグラフである。
【図7】 歯車の歪みを説明する概略縦断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 切削工具
2 摩耗深さ
3 切り屑
4 被削材
5 プレッシャーアングルの角度変位
6 歯車の歯先[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to steel products such as steel bars used as materials for parts of automobiles and industrial machines, such as crankshafts and differential gears, and products such as the above-mentioned parts, and low-grade scraps containing a large amount of impurities such as Cu and Ni. It can be manufactured at low cost and has fine graphite as it is hot-worked without the heat treatment for precipitating the graphite, and the machinability is extremely good due to the combined effect with Ca and the like. In addition, the present invention relates to hot-worked steel materials and products having higher strength and toughness than conventional spheroidal graphite cast iron, and methods for producing them.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, scraps in the city are mixed with a large amount of scrap materials from automobiles and electrical products. For example, a large amount of copper is used for an electric motor, and a stainless steel containing a large amount of Ni is used for an exhaust muffler, a catalyst, and the like, which are inevitably mixed in scrap. Therefore, the quality of these scraps decreases. In accordance with the lowering of the scrap quality, it is inevitable that a large amount of impurities are mixed in the steel product in the electric furnace molten steel using this as the main raw material.
[0003]
There is a concern about the lowering of the quality of the scrap, and the ductility of the steel material is concerned. If these low-grade scraps are not used and only high-grade scraps with few impurities are used, the circulation of steel scrap as an iron source will worsen in the future. This may lead to the situation where low-grade scrap is left on the market. Therefore, effective use of such low-grade scrap is strongly demanded.
[0004]
By the way, steel bars manufactured using scrap as an iron source are widely used as materials for parts of automobiles, construction machines, industrial machines and the like.
For example, a piston rod of a construction machine is used by directly cutting the outer circumference of a rolled steel bar and then performing induction hardening, but the internal structure of the steel bar remains rolled. Therefore, it is necessary that the steel bar has a desired strength and ductility as it is rolled, as well as excellent machinability. In addition, when machining parts manufactured from steel bars by hot forging by cutting, for example, machining of connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, hypoid gears, and pinion gears, which are parts around automobile engines, before these machining finishes. These forged products are required to have excellent machinability and to have desired strength and ductility as they are forged or after heat treatment.
[0005]
As described above, many parts are finished into a part shape by machining. However, as the machinability required for steel, it is important that the cutting tool has a long life and has good chip disposal. Today's cutting is performed at a much higher speed than before in order to increase productivity, and therefore, there is a demand for free-cutting steel having an increased tool wear and superior tool life.
[0006]
Recently, it is often machined unattended by an automatic board, and if the chips are connected for a long time, it becomes necessary to stop the machine or perform extra work to remove the chips, reducing productivity. I will let you. For this reason, there is a demand for free-cutting steel with excellent processability, in which chips are finely divided into suitable sizes.
[0007]
In addition, the connecting rod and crankshaft have several holes with small diameters for supplying lubricating oil, but since these holes are deep, in the drilling process, chips are finely divided, It is necessary to discharge from the drill hole without any problem. That is, chips that are difficult to cut are not discharged from the hole, and the chips are clogged into the hole and cause breakage of the drill.
[0008]
Therefore, when machining the above parts, lead free-cutting steel with 0.05 to 0.30 wt.% Of lead, a free-cutting element, is widely used to improve tool life and chip disposal. Has been. Since lead has a low melting point, it is easily melted by the heat of cutting, thereby reducing the ductility of the steel, thereby extending the tool life and dividing the chips into an appropriate size.
[0009]
However, the chips of lead free cutting steel curl small and the cutting stress concentrates on the cutting edge of the tool. As a result, the wear of the rake face increases and the life of the cutting tool is not necessarily long.
[0010]
Moreover, since lead is toxic, lead-free free-cutting steel is strongly demanded with the recent increase in global environmental protection.
In addition to Pb, elements such as S, Ca, Bi, Se, and Te are known as elements that improve machinability. However, these elements alone are not effective in improving the machinability. Since it has at least one defect such as (2) expensive and (3) toxic, it cannot be a substitute element for lead.
[0011]
On the other hand, graphite is an element that greatly improves machinability as seen in cast iron. However, when carbon is added to steel, cementite is precipitated, so it is not easy to obtain graphite on steel. In the case of steel having carbon of 0.10 to 1.5 wt.% In the conventional invention, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-107742 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-140411, the temperature is 600 to 800 ° C. for several hours. Steel materials or methods are disclosed in which graphite is deposited by annealing for as long as ˜200 hours.
[0012]
JP-A-49-67816 and JP-A-49-67817 disclose graphite free-cutting steel in which graphite is precipitated by quenching at 750 to 950 ° C. and tempering at 600 to 750 ° C.
[0013]
Therefore, in all of the conventional disclosed examples, it is necessary to perform a graphitization heat treatment for obtaining graphite, which results in extremely high cost. Also, the graphitized heat treatment turns the metal structure into ferrite, which limits the production of low-strength parts and small parts that can be produced by cold forging, and the production of large forged parts such as crankshafts and connecting rods. Could not be applied.
[0014]
On the other hand, it is well known that cast iron and cast steel having a carbon content of around 3.8 wt.% Can easily obtain spheroidal graphite as cast by inoculation with Ca, Mg, etc., and have good machinability. However, since cast iron and cast steel are used until casting, there is a drawback that the toughness such as elongation, drawing and impact value is low, although the shape of the steel product is flexible.
[0015]
In recent years, the toughness has been improved by making the base structure bainite by austempering. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-243121 discloses a manufacturing method of a crankshaft in which spheroidal graphite cast iron is subjected to austemper treatment. A manufacturing method is disclosed. However, these cast products have a lower Young's modulus and inferior fatigue strength compared to forged products of non-tempered steel to which about 0.10 wt.% V is added with S48C as a basic component. Also, toughness is still not as good as forged products. In addition, these castings may have a casting cavity of about 0.1 mm. This is the starting point of fatigue failure, so that the reliability of the material is inferior. For casting methods and ultrasonic inspection of products. It is necessary to pay close attention.
[0016]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In the various prior arts described above, any of the following problems has not been solved.
Problem 1: The free-cutting elements used are toxic and have problems in terms of environmental measures.
Problem 2: Carbon can be used as a non-toxic free-cutting element and can be precipitated in the form of graphite to exert a free-cutting effect. However, since graphitization heat treatment must be performed, the cost increases.
Problem 3: If cast iron or cast steel has a high carbon content, free-cutting properties are ensured by precipitation of spheroidal graphite by inoculation, but the toughness is poor.
[0017]
Problem 4: Even if the toughness is improved by heat treatment of free-cutting cast iron or free-cutting cast steel, sufficient toughness cannot be obtained, and there is a problem in product reliability due to casting defects.
Problem 5: In the future, when a considerable amount of low-grade scrap mixed with high concentrations of Cu or Ni as a playing element is used as an iron source, there is a concern that the ductility of the steel material will be reduced, but this is an effective technology for this. Is not found. In the present invention, the solution of this problem is extremely important.
[0018]
In the present invention, the above-mentioned problems are solved, and a hot-worked steel bar used as a material for parts of automobiles and industrial machines, and the steel bar are hot-worked and finished by cutting to obtain a product. In order to produce the above parts without heat treatment, (1) good machinability, and (2) excellent strength and toughness even when scrap containing a high concentration of trump elements is used. The object of the present invention is to develop a technique that can suppress the generation of surface flaws and that can be manufactured without any problem in terms of environmental protection. In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present inventors, in particular, precipitate fine and appropriate graphite as it is while hot working without performing heat treatment, and in terms of manufacturing and quality of inclusion of Cu and Ni in the playing element. The main challenge was to avoid adverse effects.
[0019]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Against the background of the above prior art, the present inventors have conducted extensive research for the purpose of developing a lead-free super free-cutting steel product that uses low-grade scrap and has machinability comparable to castings. As a result, by combining the chemical components appropriately, it has good hot ductility, hot bar rolling is possible, and excellent free machinability with fine graphite directly in hot work without annealing We have obtained knowledge that hot-worked steel materials and products can be obtained.
[0020]
The invention according to
Ni / Cu ≧ 0.2 (1)
And the following formula (2):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9 + Al / 6 ------ (2)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
The graphitization index CE calculated by the following equation (3):
CE ≧ 1.30 ------------------------------ (3)
100 graphite / mm having a chemical composition satisfying the above and an average particle size of 0.5 μm or more2 It is characterized in that it is deposited as described above and the metal structure is pearlite, and the invention according to
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9-B
------------------------------ (4)
However, each element symbol: the content (wt.%) Of each element is used, and the chemical composition of the steel material is Mn: 0.01 to 1.0 wt.%, Cr: 0.01 to 1.0 wt. %, Mo: 0.01 to 0.50 wt.%, And B: 0.0005 to 0.010 wt.%, And at least one selected from the group consisting of chemical component compositions is further added. It has a feature in being.
[0021]
Claim 3In the invention of
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3
------------------------------ (5)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
And the chemical composition of the steel material is Ti: 0.001-0.10 wt.%, Zr: 0.001-0.10 wt.%, V: 0.005-0.30 wt.%, And , Nb: at least one selected from the group consisting of chemical component compositions of 0.005 to 0.30 wt.% Is further added and contained.
[0022]
Claim 4The invention according to
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9
-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3
-------------------------------- (5)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
And the chemical component composition of the steel material is at least selected from the group consisting of chemical component compositions of Mg: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.% And REM: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.%. One type is characterized in that it is further added and included.
[0023]
The invention according to
[0024]
Invention of Claim 6 is C: 0.80-1.70 wt.%, Si: 0.70-2.50 wt.%, Cu: 0.01-2.0 wt.%, Ni: 0.01- 2.0 wt.%, Ca: 0.0005-0.0100 wt.%, Al: 0.001-0.009wt.%, P: 0.050 wt.% or less, S: 0.050 wt.% or less, O: 0.0050 wt.% or less, and N: 0.015 wt.% or less, and the balance iron (Fe) And the wt.% Ratio Ni / Cu between the Ni content and the Cu content is the following formula (1):
Ni / Cu ≧ 0.2 (1)
And the following formula (2):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9 + Al / 6 ------ (2)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
The graphitization index CE calculated by the following equation (3):
CE ≧ 1.30 ---------------------------------------- (3)
A steel slab having a chemical composition that satisfies the following conditions: a temperature less than the solidus temperature of an alloy of Cu and Ni having a composition equal to the ratio of the Cu content and the Ni content, and the steel slab Graphite having an average particle size of 0.5 μm or more after heating to a temperature range of 50 ° C. lower than the solidus temperature and heating to a temperature range of 800 ° C., followed by hot working and cooling to
[0025]
Claim 7The invention according to claim 6 is the following formula (4) as a formula for calculating the graphitization index CE:
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9-B
-------------------------------- (4)
However, each element symbol: content of each element ( wt.% )
And as the steel slab, Mn: 0.01 to 1.0 wt.% , Cr: 0.01 to 1.0 wt.% , Mo: 0.01 to 0.50 wt.% And B: 0.0005 to 0.010 wt.% It is characterized in that at least one selected from the group consisting of chemical component compositions is further added and contained.
[0026]
Claim 8In the invention according to claim 6 or 7, the following formula (5) is used as a calculation formula for the graphitization index CE:
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb /
-------------------------------- (5)
However, each element symbol: content of each element ( wt.% )
And as the steel slab, Ti: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.% , Zr: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.% , V: 0.005 to 0.30 wt.% And Nb: 0.005 to 0.30 wt.% Ti: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.% , Zr: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.% , V: 0.005 to 0.30 wt.% And Nb: 0.005 to 0.30 wt.% The invention according to claim 9 is characterized in that at least one selected from the group consisting of the chemical component compositions is further added and contained. In the invention described in any one of the following formulas (5):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3
-------------------------------- (5)
However, each element symbol: content of each element ( wt.% )
And as the steel slab, Mg: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.% And REM: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.% The invention according to
[0027]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, the chemical composition of the steel slab, the steel material and the parts manufactured from this steel material in this invention, the chemical composition, the precipitation state and metal structure of graphite, and the heating conditions of the steel slab and steel material were limited as described above. The reason will be explained.
[0028]
(1) Carbon (C)
Carbon is an important element for precipitating graphite and ensuring strength. In order to precipitate graphite while hot working, 0.80 wt.% Or more is required. However, when the carbon content exceeds 1.70 wt.%, The hot ductility is greatly reduced, and the generation of surface defects increases during bar rolling. Moreover, the graphite grain which precipitates after hot processing becomes coarse and reduces toughness. Therefore, the carbon content is between 0.80 and 1.70 wt.%.
[0029]
(2) Silicon (Si)
Si is an element that plays an important role in the present invention. That is, Si is an element that promotes graphitization of cementite, and its effect is small when it is less than 0.70 wt.%. However, when Si exceeds 2.50 wt.%, Non-metallic inclusions increase, leading to a decrease in toughness, and decarburization is increased during heating during hot working. Therefore, the Si content is between 0.70 and 2.50 wt.%.
[0030]
(3) Copper (Cu)
The Cu content is gradually increasing in scrap today. On the other hand, when steel is heated at a high temperature, first, Fe is selectively oxidized, and Cu in the steel is concentrated on the surface of the material. Since Cu has a low melting point, it melts, and the Cu melt enters the crystal grain boundaries with many gaps. Since this reduces hot ductility and causes surface flaws and cracks, Cu is rarely used actively in automobiles and industrial machine parts. However, since the melting point of Cu is about 1083 ° C., hot working below this melting point can prevent Cu from entering the grain boundary and reducing the hot ductility.
[0031]
However, in hot working at a low temperature of less than 1083 ° C., the deformation resistance of the material is increased and an excessive load is applied to the rolling mill and the tool. Need to develop small steel.
[0032]
Now, Cu is Cu2In order to form S and CuS and to detoxify the adverse effects of S, it is a useful element that can substitute for Mn, and it is an element that promotes precipitation of graphite and improves hardenability. Therefore, when using Cu for this purpose, addition of 0.01 wt.% Or more is required. However, if Cu exceeds 2.0 wt.%, It will exceed the solid solubility limit in the steel, so undissolved Cu remains, lowers hot ductility, and promotes the generation of surface defects. The rate is between 0.01 and 2.0 wt.%.
[0033]
(4) Nickel (Ni)
Ni is also mixed in the scrap, but it mixes well with Ni because it forms a solid solution with Cu. The melting point of Ni is about 1453 ° C., and when mixed with Cu (melting point: 1083 ° C.), the temperature at which the melting starts (solidus temperature) is raised. That is, as the Ni concentration in Cu increases, the solidus temperature T of an alloy of Cu and Ni (Cu—Ni alloy)SBecomes higher. Accordingly, Cu in the steel surface layer portion becomes an alloy of Cu and Ni due to the addition of Ni, and is difficult to melt, so that penetration into the crystal grain boundary is suppressed and generation of surface defects is suppressed.
[0034]
Furthermore, Ni is also a useful element that promotes the precipitation of graphite and improves the hardenability like Cu. When added for these purposes, Ni needs to be added in an amount of 0.01 wt.% Or more. However, adding Ni in excess of 2.0 wt.% Not only saturates the effect, but also increases deformation resistance.
Therefore, the Ni content is between 0.01 and 2.0 wt.%.
[0035]
Here, when Cu and Ni are used in combination, the reason why the Ni / Cu weight wt.% Ratio is 0.2 or more is as follows.
As described above, when Cu is alloyed with Ni, the solidus temperature rises. If the heating temperature of the steel material is higher than the solidus temperature of the Cu-Ni alloy, the hot ductility is reduced and surface flaws and cracks occur, so the upper limit of the heating temperature is the solid phase of the Cu-Ni alloy. Must be below line temperature. On the other hand, the heating temperature of the steel material of the present invention can reduce the optimum processing temperature to about 1165 ° C. determined from the solidus temperature of the steel material, as will be described later. The temperature can be lowered by about 200 ° C. Therefore, in order to prevent the formation of a Cu melt during heating of the steel material and to reduce the optimum processing temperature, Cu (melting point: 1083 ° C.) is formed into a Cu—Ni alloy to form this solid. It is necessary to increase the phase line temperature.
[0036]
As a result of repeated experiments, the present inventors have determined that it is necessary to make the Ni / Cu wt.% Ratio 0.2 or more in order to prevent the occurrence of surface defects. When the Ni / Cu wt.% Ratio was 0.2, the melting point of this alloy was about 1145 ° C., and it was found that the melting point of Cu could be increased by about 60 ° C.
[0037]
(5) Phosphorus (P)
P is an element that promotes graphitization, but segregates at the grain boundaries to reduce hot ductility and promote the generation of surface defects. Therefore, the P content is limited to 0.050 wt.% Or less.
[0038]
(6) Sulfur (S)
S is an element that greatly inhibits graphitization. When the S content exceeds 0.050 wt.%, It is necessary to add a large amount of a graphitization accelerating element such as Si, resulting in a decrease in hot ductility. Accordingly, the S content is limited to 0.050 wt.% Or less in order to suppress the above-described adverse effects. Desirably, it is 0.030 wt.% Or less.
[0039]
(7) Calcium (Ca)
Ca is mixed with Si-Al-O-based inclusions to form Ca-Si-Al-O-based low-melting inclusions having a melting point of about 1200 ° C. This low melting point inclusion melts as the temperature rises during high-speed cutting, forms a so-called belag that adheres thinly to the flank and rake face of the tool, suppresses the progress of tool wear, and extends the tool life. .
[0040]
Ca is also used as an inoculum in cast iron to promote graphitization. This is because the vapor pressure of Ca is high and Ca vapor forms minute cavities in the iron during casting, which is considered to be the core of graphite precipitation, which is thought to precipitate spherical graphite. Facilitates graphite precipitation after hot working. For this purpose, Ca needs to be added in an amount of 0.0005% or more, but the effect is saturated even if Ca is added over 0.010%. Therefore, the range of the Ca content is between 0.0005 and 0.010 wt.%.
[0041]
(8) Aluminum (Al)
Al forms Ca-Si-Al-O-based inclusions together with Ca and Si. Further, like Si, it is an element that promotes graphitization. For these purposes, Al must be added at least 0.001% or more. However0.009If it exceeds%, the proportion of Al in the Ca-Si-Al-O-based inclusions will increase, the melting point will rise, and it will be difficult to form a bellag. Therefore, the range of Al content is 0.001 to 0.001.0.009Between wt.%.
[0042]
(9) Oxygen (O)
O generates Ca—Si—O-based oxide inclusions between Si, Al, and Ca in the steel. However, O is an element that inhibits graphitization. When the content exceeds 0.0050 wt.%, It is necessary to add a large amount of an element that promotes graphitization. Therefore, the O content is limited to 0.0050 wt.
[0043]
(10) Nitrogen (N)
When N is present alone in steel, it inhibits graphitization. When the N content exceeds 0.015 wt.%, It becomes difficult to precipitate graphite, and a large number of blow holes are formed by nitrogen gas, which causes surface defects after rolling. Therefore, the N content is limited to 0.015 wt.% Or less.
[0044]
(11) Manganese (Mn)
Mn is an element that enhances hardenability, refines pearlite, and strengthens steel. When used for this purpose, addition of 0.01 wt.% Or more is required, but Mn is also an element that greatly inhibits the precipitation of graphite. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Mn in the range of 1.0 wt.% Or less.
[0045]
(12) Chrome (Cr)
Cr, like Mn, is an element that greatly improves hardenability and makes pearlite fine. When Cr is used for this purpose, addition of 0.01 wt.% Or more is required. However, Cr, as well as Mn, has a strong effect of inhibiting graphitization, and if it exceeds 1.0 wt.%, A large amount of graphitization accelerating elements are required and the cost is increased. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Cr between 0.01 and 1.0 wt.%.
[0046]
(13) Molybdenum (Mo)
Mo is also an element that enhances the hardenability of steel and makes pearlite fine. When used for this purpose, addition of 0.01 wt.% Or more is required. However, Mo is an element that inhibits graphitization like Mn and Cr. If it exceeds 0.50 wt.%, A large amount of graphitization promoting elements is required. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Mo between 0.01 and 0.50 wt.%.
[0047]
(14) Boron (B)
B is an element that enhances hardenability in a small amount. Moreover, N in steel is fixed as BN, and the graphitization inhibitory action of N is reduced. When B is used for this purpose, addition of 0.0005 wt.% Or more is required. However, even if B is added in excess of 0.010 wt.%, The effect is not only saturated but also hot ductility is reduced. Therefore, it is desirable to contain B content between 0.0005-0.010 wt.%.
[0048]
(15) Titanium (Ti)
Ti precipitates TiN and TiC to refine crystal grains. These precipitates act as graphite precipitation nuclei and promote graphite precipitation. If the amount of Ti added is less than 0.001 wt.%, The effect is small. On the other hand, if the amount added exceeds 0.10 wt.%, A large amount of hard TiN and TiC are generated, and the wear of the tool is promoted. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Ti between 0.001 and 0.10 wt.%.
[0049]
(16) Zirconium (Zr)
Zr, like Ti, precipitates nitrides and carbides, refines crystal grains, and promotes precipitation of graphite. If the amount of Zr added is less than 0.001 wt.%, The effect is small, while if it exceeds 0.10 wt.%, Wear of the tool is promoted. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Zr between 0.001 and 0.10 wt.%.
[0050]
(17) Vanadium (V)
V also precipitates nitrides and carbides to refine crystal grains. Further, since the precipitate of V is fine, the yield stress of the steel is increased and the fatigue limit stress is improved. However, the effect is small when the V addition amount is less than 0.005 wt. On the other hand, V is an element that inhibits the precipitation of graphite, and if added over 0.30 wt.%, A large amount of graphitization promoting element is required. Therefore, it is desirable to contain V between 0.005 and 0.30 wt.%.
[0051]
(18) Niobium (Nb)
Nb also precipitates nitrides and carbides, refines crystal grains, and increases yield stress. Nb carbonitride does not dissolve in steel even at a high temperature of 1150 ° C., prevents coarsening of austenite grains, refines grains after forging, and improves toughness. If the Nb addition amount is less than 0.005 wt.%, The effect is small. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.30 wt.%, The precipitation of graphite is inhibited, and a large amount of graphitization promoting elements is required. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Nb between 0.005 and 0.30 wt.%.
[0052]
(19) Magnesium (Mg)
Mg, like Ca, is used as an inoculum in cast iron to promote graphitization, and also facilitates precipitation of graphite after processing in steel. If the addition amount is less than 0.0010 wt.%, The effect is small, while if it exceeds 0.10 wt.%, The effect is saturated. Therefore, it is desirable to contain Mg between 0.0010 and 0.10 wt.%.
(20) REM (rare earth element)
REMs such as Ce and La also promote the precipitation of graphite after forging. If the addition amount is less than 0.0010 wt.%, The effect is small, while if it exceeds 0.10 wt.%, The effect is saturated. Therefore, it is desirable to contain REM between 0.0010 and 0.10 wt.%.
[0053]
The steel material contains elements inevitably mixed such as Sn and As, in addition to the above.
[0054]
(21) Graphitization index
The graphitization index CE is important for promoting the precipitation of graphite. This CE is represented by the following formula (5) for the main elements. That is,
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3
-------------------------------- (5)
However, each element symbol represents the content (wt.%) Of each element. And when other conditions are constant, precipitation of graphite is accelerated as the graphitization index CE increases. Since the precipitation of graphite depends on the heating temperature, the degree of processing, and the cooling rate, it is not uniquely determined by CE. However, if CE is not 1.30 or more, a heat treatment for precipitating graphite such as annealing is performed. Unless it is, it becomes difficult to deposit graphite under practical conditions. Therefore, CE is 1.30 or more.
[0055]
(22) Processed product organization
Hot rolled steel bars, hot forged crankshafts, etc. contain fine graphite to ensure free-cutting properties, and the main metal structure must be pearlite to ensure toughness. It is. In addition to pearlite, grain boundary ferrite, ferrite generated around graphite grains, and bainite may be present alone or in combination.
[0056]
(23) Heating temperature
Hot working temperature is an important factor for promoting the precipitation of graphite. If the heating temperature at the time of processing is appropriate, fine graphite precipitates while the steel is kept at a high temperature. In addition, a large amount of lattice defects introduced by processing remains, thereby facilitating the precipitation of graphite during the subsequent cooling. However, if held at an excessively high temperature for a long time, the graphite once precipitated during the high temperature holding is re-dissolved, and the number of graphite grains obtained after processing decreases.
[0057]
In this invention, the upper limit of the heating temperature of the steel material is an alloy of Cu and Ni (“Cu—Ni alloy”) having a composition equal to the ratio of the content of Cu and Ni (wt.%) In the steel material. The solidus temperature is compared with a temperature lower by 50 ° C. than the solidus temperature of the steel material, and the lower temperature is adopted. However, when the solidus temperature of the former Cu—Ni alloy is lower, the upper limit of the heating temperature is set to a temperature lower than the solidus temperature of the Cu—Ni alloy. The reason for the limitation is as follows.
[0058]
First, the heating temperature of the steel material is the solidus temperature T of the steel material.SA temperature lower by 50 ° C., ie (TSWhen the temperature exceeds −50) ° C., the hot ductility of the steel material is abruptly reduced, surface flaws are generated in the hot rolled steel bar, and cracks are generated in the hot forged product. Therefore, the heating temperature is (TS−50) Must be below ℃.
[0059]
On the other hand, the heating temperature of the steel material is the above (TSEven at -50 ° C. or lower, Fe in the surface layer portion is selectively oxidized, and the remaining concentrated Cu and Ni are alloyed, so that the Cu—Ni alloy melt thus formed becomes austenite grain boundaries. It must be prevented from penetrating and reducing hot ductility and generating surface flaws and cracks. Therefore, the steel material heating temperature must be lower than the solidus temperature of a Cu—Ni alloy having a composition equal to the ratio of the content ratio (wt.%) Of Cu and Ni in the steel material.
[0060]
From the above, the upper limit of the steel material heating temperature is the solidus temperature of the Cu—Ni alloy having a composition equal to the ratio of (Cu content (wt.%)) / (Ni content (wt.%)) In the steel. The temperature should be less than 50 ° C. and lower than the solidus temperature of the steel material. Note that the upper limit value of the heating temperature of the steel slab is also the same as the upper limit value of the heating temperature of the steel material for the same reason as in the case of the steel material.
[0061]
In the above, the upper limit of the heating temperature of the steel material is 50 ° C. lower than the solidus temperature of the steel material (the temperature at which the liquid phase starts to be generated when the steel is heated) (TS-50) Actions and effects when allowed up to ° C will be described.
For example, regarding 1.2 wt.% C-1.5 wt.% Si steel, the upper limit of the heating temperature is considered as follows.
First, the solidus temperature (the temperature at which the liquid phase begins to appear when heated) TSDepends on the component composition of the steel material, for example, the following approximate expression:
TS(° C.) = 1420−250 (C−0.5) −20Si
However,
C, Si: represents carbon, silicon content (wt.%),
Is calculated to be 1215 ° C. Therefore, the heating upper limit temperature is (solidus temperature TS−50) ° C. = 1215-15 = 1165 ° C.
The eutectic temperature of this steel is about 1140 ° C., and the solidus temperature TSDoes not fall below the eutectic temperature. In general, the solidus temperature TSDoes not fall below the eutectic temperature, TSEven if the calculated value is less than 1140 ° C., the actual solidus temperature is 1140 ° C. or higher.
[0062]
Here, as an example of the components of the steel material according to the present invention, for example, the 1.2 wt.% C-1.5 wt.% Si steel, the solidus temperature TSIs 1215 ° C., so the solidus temperature (T) of a medium carbon steel of 0.5 wt.S= About 1420 ° C). This suggests that if the steel material of the present invention is used, even if hot working is performed at a heating temperature lower by about 200 ° C. than the conventional steel material, it has the same deformation resistance and deformability as the conventional steel material. Therefore, it can be said that it is a preferable steel material.
[0063]
FIG. 1 shows an Fe—C phase diagram when 2 wt.% Si is contained. In the figure, the temperature at point S is A1The temperature and the temperature at the point E indicate the eutectic temperature, and the HE line indicates the solidus temperature. Since this figure is a Fe—C binary phase diagram, the solidus temperature of the steel of the present invention when the Si content is 2.0 wt.% Cannot be estimated precisely. Therefore, although the solidus temperature of the steel of the present invention cannot be accurately determined, the influence of the C content on the decrease of the solidus temperature of the steel, and the solidus temperature T of the steel slab or steel in the present invention.STemperature lower by 50 ° C ((TS−50) ° C.) is useful for practical estimation. In the figure, 800 ° C. or higher at C = 0.80 to 1.70 wt.%, (TSThe temperature range of −50) ° C. or lower is indicated by hatching.
[0064]
For example, in the case of the 1.2 wt.% C-1.5 wt.% Si steel, (solidus temperature TSThe temperature level of −50) ° C. is 1165 ° C. is very close to the melting point of
[0065]
FIG. 2 illustrates a Cu—Ni binary equilibrium diagram, and the following ranges (6), (7) and (7) are the range of the ratio of Cu and Ni content (wt.%) In the present invention. 1) Formula:
Cu: 0.01 to 2.0 wt.% ------------ (6)
Ni: 0.01 to 2.0 wt.% ------------ (7)
Ni / Cu ≧ 0.2 ------------ (1)
Under the conditions satisfying the above, the Ni content (wt.%) In the Cu—Ni alloy (this is expressed as “CNi”):
CNi= [Ni (wt.%) / {Cu (wt.%) + Ni (wt.%)}] × 100 (wt.%)
16.7 wt.% ≦ CNi≦ 99.5wt.% -------- (8)
Is obtained. CNiThe range that can be taken is indicated by the range of arrows in the figure. In addition, as long as the content ratio of Ni and Cu satisfies Ni / Cu = 0.2, the content ratio C of Ni in the Cu—Ni alloy is always obtained regardless of the content ratio of Cu and Ni.NiIs
CNi= 16.7 wt.%.
As can be seen, the solidus temperature of the Cu—Ni alloy produced during heating of the steel material of the present invention is approximately in the range of 1145 to 1451 ° C. According to the above, (TSIt is well understood that the difference between −50) ° C. and the solidus temperature of the Cu—Ni alloy is easily calculated, and that the difference is reduced even if the solidus temperature of the Cu—Ni alloy is lower. Also, the solidus temperature of the Cu-Ni alloy is (TSWhen the temperature is higher than −50) ° C., naturally, the Cu—Ni alloy does not melt during the heating and holding, and therefore does not enter the austenite grain boundary.
[0066]
Next, when the material temperature at the time of processing the steel material is not 800 ° C. or more, the deformation resistance increases, and the life of the forging tool is shortened. Further, since the deformability is insufficient and causes forging cracks, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature is 800 ° C. or higher.
[0067]
As described above, the heating temperature of the steel material is lower than the melting point of the Cu—Ni alloy and is set to a temperature between the solidus temperature of the steel material of −50 ° C. or lower and 800 ° C. or higher.
(24) Graphite particle size
If the average particle size of graphite precipitated in a granular form is less than 0.5 μm, the effect of crushing chips small during cutting is small, and the contribution to machinability is small. Therefore, the average particle size of graphite is 0.5 μm or more. The upper limit is not particularly limited, but if a large number of graphite exceeding 30 μm precipitates, it causes a decrease in toughness. Therefore, the particle size of graphite is preferably 30 μm or less.
[0068]
The shape of graphite in the present invention is generally expressed as a lump, but it may be spherical or granular, and there is no particular problem as long as the thickness / length ratio is 5 or less.
(25) Number of graphite
Increasing the number of graphite per unit area is important to divide the chips into small pieces. The number is 100 / mm2If it is less than 1, the effect of improving chip disposal is small, so the number of graphite is 100 pieces / mm.2That's it. The number of graphite depends on the size of the graphite, and it decreases as the grain size increases and increases as it decreases. In the present invention, when graphite having a diameter of 10 to 25 μm is precipitated, the number thereof is approximately between 100 and 1000. In the case of graphite having a diameter of 0.5 to 5 μm, the number is approximately 3000 to 50000. Reach.
[0069]
【Example】
Next, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. Here,
[0070]
[Test 1]
Tables 1 and 2 show the chemical composition of the test materials used in the test, and the graphitization index CE and the solidus temperature T described later.SIndicates. Tables 3 and 4 show main production conditions and test results.
[0071]
[Table 1]
[0072]
[Table 2]
[0073]
[Table 3]
[0074]
[Table 4]
[0075]
Steel grade N o. 1, 4, 6, 8, 14, 17, and 18 are steels within the scope of the present invention. o. 1-20. Steel grade N o. 21 to 23 are comparative examples.
[0076]
Steel types No. 24-49 have a chemical composition outside the scope of the present invention. Among these, steel types No. 24-45 are examples of comparative components, and steel type No. 46 is a conventional spheroidal graphite cast iron, steel type No. 47 is a conventional non-tempered steel in which V: 0.10 wt.% And Pb: 0.22 wt.% Are added to S48C, steel grade No. 48 is a conventional sulfur-added steel of S50C, and steel grade No. 49 is a conventional steel grade. It is an example of a conventional component which is SCM822. And the manufacturing conditions of the test using the steel types No. 24 to 49 include various types within and outside the scope of the present invention, but all the tests are comparative examples which are test examples outside the scope of the present invention. Applicable. Therefore, these are referred to as Comparative Examples No. 24-49, respectively.
[0077]
Here, in order to promote the precipitation of graphite in the manufacturing process of the steel material, the graphitization index CE is important. When the other conditions are the same, the larger the CE, the more the precipitation of graphite is promoted. The CE is represented by the following formula (5): CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3 --- --------------- (5)
However, each element symbol: represented by the content (wt.%) Of each element. Since the precipitation of graphite depends on the heating temperature, the degree of processing, and the cooling rate, it is not uniquely determined by the CE. However, in the steel types shown in Table 1, the components are all set to 1.30 or more. It was adjusted.
[0078]
Test materials having the chemical composition shown in Tables 1 and 2 were melted in a 130-ton electric furnace, and then cast into slabs by continuous casting or ingot forming. The slab was rolled into 160 mm square steel slabs, heated to a temperature between 820 and 1160 ° C. in a steel slab heating furnace, and hot rolled to a steel bar having a diameter of 26 mm or 93 mm.
[0079]
After hot rolling, the steel bar was allowed to cool or the cover was gradually cooled to precipitate graphite. The average cooling rate from 800 ° C. to 600 ° C. of the 26 mmφ steel bar as it is allowed to cool is about 1.5 ° C./sec. In the case of slow cooling of the cover, the cooling rate is 0.4 ° C./sec. .25 ° C./sec and that of cover slow cooling was 0.08 ° C./sec.
[0080]
The surface of the steel bar was visually checked for wrinkles, and the graphite state and metal structure were examined with an optical microscope. Further, the 26 mmφ steel bar was machined by a shock absorber piston rod, and the 93 mmφ steel bar was machined by a construction machine piston rod to determine the chip disposal.
[0081]
As shown in FIG. 3, the chip disposability is judged as good when the chips are divided by winding or less, and when divided by
[0082]
Further, a JIS No. 4 tensile test piece was collected from the steel bar and subjected to a tensile test to determine the tensile strength and elongation. In addition, only the spheroidal graphite cast iron of Comparative Example No. 46 used an ingot directly cast into a 93 mmφ sand mold as a comparative material.
In Examples No. 1 to 20 which are examples of the present invention, both the chemical composition and the rolling heating temperature are appropriate, and there is no cracking in the rolled product. The size of the graphite grains is between 0.5 and 25 μm, and the number of graphite grains is 100 / mm.2 That's enough. Also, an appropriate amount of Ca-Al-Si-O-based low melting point oxide was produced. For this reason, berags adhered to the rake face, which suppressed the progress of wear, and thus the wear depth of the rake face was 5 μm or less. Further, the chips had a good shape that was divided into two or less volumes due to the chip cutting effect of graphite. The metal structure was a pearlite single phase or a pearlite-based ferrite + pearlite structure.
[0083]
4 shows a microscopic metallographic structure of the specular surface of Example No. 1 subjected to nital etching. Its structure is pearlite on which graphite is deposited.
[0084]
In the examples, the tensile strength is also 800 N / mm.2It was as high as above, and the elongation was 15% or more, and it had sufficient strength and ductility as a piston rod.
In contrast to the above examples, Comparative Example No. 21 has a heating temperature lower than the melting point of the Cu-Ni alloy, but the TSSince it was higher than −50 ° C., the hot ductility was insufficient, and the steel bar was cracked.
[0085]
In Comparative Example No. 22, the heating temperature is TSAlthough it was lower than −50 ° C., but higher than the melting point of the Cu—Ni alloy, the melt of the Cu—Ni alloy penetrated into the grain boundaries to reduce the hot ductility, and cracked the steel bar.
[0086]
In Comparative Example No. 23, the heating temperature was less than 800 ° C., which was too low, so that the hot ductility was still insufficient and the steel bar was cracked.
In Comparative Example No. 24, the C content is low outside the scope of the present invention, so that the graphitization index CE is low outside the scope of the present invention, no graphite deposition is observed, and chips are connected for a long time. It was. For this reason, it was necessary to stop the machine and remove the chips.
[0087]
In Comparative Example No. 25, the C content was high outside the range of the present invention, the hot ductility was insufficient, and cracking occurred in the steel bar.
In Comparative Example No. 26, the Si content was low outside the range of the present invention, so that the graphitization index CE was small, no graphite was deposited, and the chip disposal was poor.
[0088]
In Comparative Example No. 27, the Si content was high outside the range of the present invention, so that the hot ductility was insufficient and cracking occurred in the steel bar.
In Comparative Example No. 28, the Cu content was higher than the range of the present invention, the hot ductility was insufficient, and cracking occurred in the steel bar.
[0089]
In Comparative Example No. 29, the Ni content was higher than that of the present invention, the ductility was insufficient, and cracking occurred in the steel bar.
In Comparative Example No. 30, the Ni / Cu content ratio was lower than the range of the present invention, and the heating temperature was higher than the solidus temperature of the Cu—Ni alloy. Thickened to become a melt and entered the grain boundary, and cracks occurred in the rolled steel bar.
[0090]
In Comparative Example No. 31, the P content was higher than the range of the present invention, and cracking occurred due to insufficient ductility.
Comparative Example No. 32 had Mn and S contents higher than the range of the present invention, and cracking occurred due to insufficient ductility.
[0091]
In Comparative Example No. 33, the Cr content was higher than the range of the present invention, so that the hot ductility was insufficient and cracking occurred in the steel bar.
In Comparative Example No. 34, the Mo content was higher than the range of the present invention, and cracking occurred in the steel bar.
[0092]
In Comparative Example No. 35, the B and N contents were higher than the range of the present invention, and a large amount of BN precipitated and cracking occurred due to insufficient ductility.
Comparative Example No. 36 has a Ti and Nb content, Comparative Example No. 37 has a Zr content, and Comparative Example No. 38 has a V content that is higher than the range of the present invention. Cracks occurred.
[0093]
In Comparative Example No. 39, since the Al content is higher than the range of the present invention, the content of Al in the oxide inclusions is increased, the melting point of the inclusions is increased, and it did not melt during cutting. The wear depth of the rake face was as deep as 88 μm.
[0094]
In Comparative Example No. 40, the Ca content was low outside the range of the present invention, so that a low melting point oxide could not be formed, and the wear depth of the rake face was also deep.
In Comparative Example No. 41, since the Ca content was higher than the range of the present invention, cracks caused by a large amount of oxide occurred.
[0095]
Comparative Example No. 42 has a Mg content, and Comparative Example No. 43 has a REM content higher than the range of the present invention, so that a large amount of oxide inclusions are involved, which causes a rolling bar. Has cracked.
[0096]
In Comparative Example No. 44 and Comparative Example No. 45, the individual values of the chemical composition are within the range of the present invention, but because the graphitization index CE is low outside the range of the present invention, the precipitation of graphite does not occur. There wasn't. Therefore, chip disposal was poor.
[0097]
Comparative example No. 46 is an example of conventional spheroidal graphite cast iron and contains Mg as an inoculum. Some small holes of about 0.10 mm exist on the surface of the cast product, which is not a preferable state as a machine part. The rake face wear depth is significantly deeper than 5 μm, which is the result of the example of the present invention. Moreover, although tensile strength was suitable, elongation was 4% and it was inferior to ductility.
[0098]
Comparative Example No. 47 is an example of conventional non-tempering, but since the curl radius of the chips was small, the tool edge was subjected to intensive wear and rake face wear was large. Moreover, since Pb was contained, the chip disposal property was favorable. However, from the viewpoint of environmental protection, it is required in the future to manufacture parts in a direction in which this Pb is not used.
[0099]
Comparative example No. 48 is an example of conventional S50C. Since Pb is not included, chip disposal is inferior, but the rake face wear depth is shallower than Pb-added steel. Also, the tensile strength is 700N / mm2The degree was somewhat insufficient, and it was necessary to increase the tensile strength by quenching and tempering.
Comparative example No. 49 is an example of SCM 822 for gears, and this will be described in comparative example No. 49D of
[0100]
Figure5The longitudinal cross-sectional view explaining the rake face wear depth of a cutting tool is shown. In the figure, 2 is the wear depth, 1 is a cutting tool, 3 is chips, and 4 is a work material. Figure6The progress curve of the rake face wear depth of Example 1, Comparative Example No. 40, and Comparative Examples No. 47 and 48 using conventional steel is shown. In Example 1, it turns out that progress of wear is slow.
[0101]
As described above, according to the embodiment within the scope of the present invention, it is possible to produce a lead-free super free-cutting non-tempered steel bar having strength and ductility comparable to that of a conventional non-tempered steel bar.
[Test 2]
Steel group No. 17 Group A in which the components shown in Table 1 are within the scope of the present invention and Steel Group Nos. 47, 48 and 46 Group B steels that are outside the scope of the present invention are as follows. A test was conducted. Group A tests are within the scope of the present invention and are referred to as Example No. 17A, respectively, and Group B tests are outside the scope of the present invention, and Comparative Examples No. 47B, 48B, and 46B, respectively. Call it.
[0102]
In Example No. 17A, a 93 mmφ bar was used, heated to 1000 ° C., hot forged on the crankshaft, and air-cooled with a fan. Further, a 93 mmφ bar steel of Comparative Example No. 47B, which is a conventional non-tempered steel, and Comparative Example No. 48B, which is a conventional SC material, is manufactured in the same process as in
[0103]
As a machinability test, these forged products or cast products were peripherally cut, and then a 3 mm diameter hole was drilled with a small-diameter deep hole drill. As for the shape of the chips at that time, Example No. 17A and Comparative Examples No. 46B and 47B were fine chips finely divided into two or less turns, but only Comparative Example No. 48B containing no Pb was used. Chips were connected for more than 10 turns and drill breakage occurred frequently. In addition, almost no tool wear during peripheral cutting was found in Example No. 17A, but in Comparative Examples No. 46B, 47B, and 48B, wear occurred at a depth of 50 to 150 μm.
[0104]
As a fatigue test, the manufactured crankshaft was subjected to a bending fatigue test. The fatigue strength of Example No. 17A is 530 N / mm.2The fatigue strength of Comparative Example No. 47B is 500 N / mm.2And had good strength. In contrast, the spheroidal graphite cast iron of Comparative Example No. 46B is 420 N / mm.2There was only fatigue strength. This is probably because cast iron has a low Young's modulus, and small bubbles have become the starting point of fatigue, reducing the fatigue limit. The fatigue strength of S50C of Comparative Example No. 48B is also 430 N / mm.2It was only about. Therefore, after tempering at 870 ° C. and tempering at 580 ° C., the fatigue strength is 520 N / mm.2Was able to improve.
[0105]
As a result of measuring the average particle diameter of graphite and the number of graphite grains for the crankshaft of Example No. 17A, both satisfied the requirements of the present invention. As described above, according to Example 17A, it is possible to produce a non-tempered super free-cutting steel part that is lead-free and excellent in machinability, and the machinability surpasses that of lead free-cutting steel and spheroidal graphite cast iron, In addition, its characteristics are superior to those of conventional spheroidal graphite cast iron, and it has a high fatigue strength equivalent to a quenched and tempered material.
[0106]
[Test 3]
The following tests were conducted on steels of Group C of steel grade No. 1 whose components shown in Table 1 are within the scope of the present invention, and steels of Group D of steel grades No. 49 and 46 outside the scope of the present invention. It was. Group C tests are within the scope of the present invention and are referred to as Example No. 1C, respectively, while Group D tests are outside the scope of the present invention and are referred to as Comparative Examples No. 49D and 46D, respectively.
[0107]
In Example No. 1C and Comparative Example 49D using the conventional SCM822, the steel piece was rolled into a 130 mm bar, hot forged into a differential drive gear with an outer diameter of 320 mm, and allowed to cool as it was. In Comparative Example No. 46D, conventional spheroidal graphite cast iron was directly cast into a gear sand mold having the same shape.
[0108]
The gear material of Example No. 1C was directly cut into a gear with a hobbing machine, and then subjected to gas soft nitriding at 570 ° C. for 5 hours to cure the surface. In Comparative Example No. 49D using SCM822, the as-forged structure was bainite and it was hard, so it was difficult to cut as it was. Therefore, after 920 ° C. × 2.5 hours → 650 ° C. × 1 hour cycle annealing and softening, cutting was performed. Thereafter, in order to cure the surface, carburizing and quenching treatment was performed at 920 ° C. × 5 hours → 840 ° C. × 40 minutes to cure the surface.
[0109]
In Comparative Example No. 47D, the spheroidal graphite cast iron was taken out of the mold and directly cut, and then subjected to an austemper treatment of 900 ° C. × 1 hour → 240 ° C. × 2 hours immersion in a salt bath.
[0110]
In the hobbing process, all showed good chip disposal, little tool wear, no cutting surface, and good cutting conditions. Moreover, the gear which performed each heat processing was used for the fatigue test. Root bending fatigue strength of gas soft nitriding gear of Example No. 1C using steel of the present invention is 440 N / mm2The fatigue strength of the SCM822 carburized and quenched gear of Comparative Example No. 49D is also 440 N / mm.2Met. However, the fatigue strength of the austempered material of the spheroidal graphite cast iron of Comparative Example No. 46D is 320 N / mm.2It was low.
[0111]
Since the deformation of the gear after the heat treatment causes noise at the time of gear meshing, the deformation amount of the pressure angle on the drive side of each gear was measured.
Figure7The figure explaining the distortion of a gearwheel is shown. In the same figure, 5 is the angular displacement (deviation) of the angle, and 6 is the tooth tip of the gear. The deviation of the angle of the carburized and quenched material was 14 minutes (1 minute is 1 / 60th of 1 °), but the soft nitrided material was hardly deformed at 1 minute. The austempering material had a relatively small deformation of 3 minutes immediately after the heat treatment, but the deformation was as large as 21 minutes after exceeding 1000 fatigue times. This is presumably because the retained austenite retained in the structure was transformed into martensite by the austemper treatment, and the amount of deformation increased.
[0112]
In addition, about the said gear raw material of Example No.1C, as a result of measuring the average particle diameter of graphite and the number of graphite grains, all satisfy | filled the requirements of this invention. As described above, according to Example No. 1C, the machinability is good and the fatigue strength is higher than that of spheroidal graphite cast iron even if the gear is not softened and annealed, which is comparable to the conventional carburized and quenched gear of SCM steel. It was confirmed to have high strength, small distortion, and low noise generation.
[0113]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, as a raw material, low-grade scraps with a large amount of impurities such as Cu and Ni are used, and without using toxic Pb, the machinability is excellent, and the fatigue strength, It is possible to manufacture hot-worked products having excellent elongation characteristics, and it is possible to manufacture non-tempered free-cutting steel parts and gears having low fatigue and high fatigue strength. Such hot-worked steel materials and products excellent in free-cutting properties and methods for producing them can be provided, and industrially useful effects are brought about.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a Fe—C phase diagram when 2.0 wt.% Si is contained.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a composition range of a Cu—Ni alloy generated in a surface layer portion in a heating process of a steel material of the present invention and a solidus temperature range of the Cu—Ni alloy.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing chip shape classification in cutting.
4 is a view showing a metallographic structure of a microscopic surface of Example No. 1 which has been subjected to nital etching.
[Figure 5]It is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view explaining the rake face wear depth of a cutting tool.
[Fig. 6]It is a graph which shows the example of the progress curve of the rake face wear depth of the cutting tool in an Example and a comparative example.
[Fig. 7]It is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view explaining the distortion of a gearwheel.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Cutting tool
2 Wear depth
3 Chips
4 Work material
5 Angular displacement of pressure angle
6 Gear teeth
Claims (10)
Si:0.70〜2.50wt.%、
Cu:0.01〜2.0wt.%、
Ni:0.01〜2.0wt.%、
Ca:0.0005〜0.0100wt.%、
Al:0.001〜0.009wt.%、
P :0.050wt.%以下、
S :0.050wt.%以下、
O :0.0050wt.%以下、及び、
N :0.015wt.%以下
を含有し、残部鉄(Fe)および不可避的不純物からなり、且つ、Ni含有率とCu含有率とのwt.%比Ni/Cuが、下記(1)式:
Ni/Cu≧0.2 ------------------------------------(1)
を満たし、そして、下記(2)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9+Al/6 ------(2)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
で算出される黒鉛化指数CEが、下記(3)式:
CE≧1.30 ----------------------------------------(3)
を満たす化学成分組成を有し、且つ、平均粒径が0.5μm以上の黒鉛が100個/mm2 以上析出し、且つ金属組織がパーライトであることを特徴とする、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材。C: 0.80 to 1.70 wt.%,
Si: 0.70 to 2.50 wt.%,
Cu: 0.01 to 2.0 wt.%,
Ni: 0.01-2.0 wt.%,
Ca: 0.0005 to 0.0100 wt.%,
Al: 0.001 to 0.009 wt.%,
P: 0.050 wt.% Or less,
S: 0.050 wt.% Or less,
O: 0.0050 wt.% Or less, and
N: 0.015 wt.% Or less, consisting of the balance iron (Fe) and inevitable impurities, and the wt.% Ratio Ni / Cu between the Ni content and the Cu content is expressed by the following formula (1):
Ni / Cu ≧ 0.2 (1)
And the following formula (2):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9 + Al / 6 ------ (2)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
The graphitization index CE calculated by the following equation (3):
CE ≧ 1.30 ---------------------------------------- (3)
Excellent free machinability, characterized in that it has a chemical composition that satisfies the requirements, graphite with an average particle size of 0.5 μm or more is precipitated at 100 pieces / mm 2 or more, and the metal structure is pearlite. Hot-worked steel.
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9
−Mo/9−B --------------------------------(4)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)を用い、そして、前記鋼材の化学成分組成に、下記4種の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種が、更に付加されて含まれていることを特徴とする、請求項1記載の、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材。
Mn:0.01〜1.0wt.%、
Cr:0.01〜1.0wt.%、
Mo:0.01〜0.50wt.%、及び、
B :0.0005〜0.010wt.%。As a calculation formula of the graphitization index CE, the following formula (4):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
-Mo / 9-B -------------------------------- (4)
However, each element symbol: the content (wt.%) Of each element is used, and at least one selected from the group consisting of the following four chemical component compositions is further added to the chemical component composition of the steel material. The hot-worked steel material excellent in free-cutting property according to claim 1 , characterized in that it is contained.
Mn: 0.01 to 1.0 wt.%,
Cr: 0.01 to 1.0 wt.%,
Mo: 0.01 to 0.50 wt.%, And
B: 0.0005 to 0.010 wt.%.
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3--------------(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
を用い、そして、前記鋼材の化学成分組成に、下記4種の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種が、更に付加されて含まれていることを特徴とする、請求項1または2記載の、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材。
Ti:0.001〜0.10wt.%、
Zr:0.001〜0.10wt.%、
V :0.005〜0.30wt.%、及び、
Nb:0.005〜0.30wt.%。As a formula for calculating the graphitization index CE, the following formula (5):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3 ------------- -(5)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
Used, and, in the chemical composition of the steel, at least one selected from the group consisting of chemical compositions of the four following, characterized in that it contains are further added, claim 1 or 2. Hot-worked steel material having excellent free-cutting properties according to 2 .
Ti: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.%,
Zr: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.%,
V: 0.005-0.30 wt.%, And
Nb: 0.005 to 0.30 wt.%.
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3-----------------(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
を用い、そして、前記鋼材の化学成分組成に、下記2種の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種が、更に付加されて含まれていることを特徴とする、請求項1から 3の何れか1つに記載の、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材。
Mg :0.0010〜0.10wt.%、及び、
REM:0.0010〜0.10wt.%。As a formula for calculating the graphitization index CE, the following formula (5):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3 ------------- ---- (5)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
Used, and, in the chemical composition of the steel, at least one selected from the group consisting of chemical compositions of the two following, characterized in that it contains are further added, claim 1 The hot-worked steel material excellent in free-cutting property as described in any one of 3 .
Mg: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.%, And
REM: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.%.
Si:0.70〜2.50wt.%、
Cu:0.01〜2.0wt.%、
Ni:0.01〜2.0wt.%、
Ca:0.0005〜0.0100wt.%、
Al:0.001〜0.009wt.%、
P :0.050wt.%以下、
S :0.050wt.%以下、
O :0.0050wt.%以下、及び、
N :0.015wt.%以下
を含有し、残部鉄(Fe)および不可避的不純物からなり、且つ、Ni含有率とCu含有率とのwt.%比Ni/Cuが、下記(1)式:
Ni/Cu≧0.2 ------------------------------------(1)
を満たし、そして、下記(2)式:
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9+Al/6 ------(2)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(wt.%)
で算出される黒鉛化指数CEが、下記(3)式:
CE≧1.30 ----------------------------------------(3)
を満たす化学成分組成を有する鋼片を、前記Cu含有率と前記Ni含有率との比率に等しい組成のCuとNiとの合金の固相線温度未満の温度であって、且つ、前記鋼片の固相線温度より50℃低い温度を上限とし、800℃を下限とする温度範囲内に加熱した後、熱間加工し、そして室温まで冷却して、平均粒径が0.5μm以上の黒鉛を100個/mm2 以上析出させ、且つ、金属組織をパーライトとすることを特徴とする、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材の製造方法。C: 0.80 to 1.70 wt.%,
Si: 0.70 to 2.50 wt.%,
Cu: 0.01 to 2.0 wt.%,
Ni: 0.01-2.0 wt.%,
Ca: 0.0005 to 0.0100 wt.%,
Al: 0.001 to 0.009 wt.%,
P: 0.050 wt.% Or less,
S: 0.050 wt.% Or less,
O: 0.0050 wt.% Or less, and
N: 0.015 wt.% Or less, consisting of the balance iron (Fe) and inevitable impurities, and the wt.% Ratio Ni / Cu between the Ni content and the Cu content is expressed by the following formula (1):
Ni / Cu ≧ 0.2 (1)
And the following formula (2):
CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9 + Al / 6 ------ (2)
However, each element symbol: Content of each element (wt.%)
The graphitization index CE calculated by the following equation (3):
CE ≧ 1.30 ---------------------------------------- (3)
A steel slab having a chemical composition that satisfies the following conditions: a temperature less than the solidus temperature of an alloy of Cu and Ni having a composition equal to the ratio of the Cu content and the Ni content, and the steel slab Graphite having an average particle size of 0.5 μm or more after heating to a temperature range of 50 ° C. lower than the solidus temperature and heating to a temperature range of 800 ° C., followed by hot working and cooling to room temperature Is produced by depositing 100 pieces / mm 2 or more and having a metal structure of pearlite.
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9−Mo/9−BCE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9-Mo / 9-B - -
-------------------------------------------------------------- (4)(4)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(However, each element symbol: content of each element ( wt.%wt.% ))
を用い、そして、前記鋼片として、下記4種の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を、更に付加されて含まれているものを用いることを特徴とする、請求項6記載の、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材の製造方法。And at least one selected from the group consisting of the following four types of chemical composition is further added and used as the steel slab: A method for producing hot-worked steel with excellent free-cutting properties.
Mn:0.01〜1.0Mn: 0.01 to 1.0 wt.%wt.% 、,
Cr:0.01〜1.0Cr: 0.01-1.0 wt.%wt.% 、,
Mo:0.01〜0.50Mo: 0.01-0.50 wt.%wt.% 、及び、,as well as,
B :0.0005〜0.010B: 0.0005 to 0.010 wt.%wt.% 。.
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3
---------------------------------------------------------- (5)(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(However, each element symbol: content of each element ( wt.%wt.% ))
を用い、そして、前記鋼片として、下記4種の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を、更に付加されて含まれているものを用いることを特徴とする、請求項6または7記載の、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材の製造方法。And at least one selected from the group consisting of the following four kinds of chemical composition is further added and used as the steel slab: 8. A method for producing a hot-worked steel material having excellent free-cutting properties according to item 7.
Ti:0.001〜0.10Ti: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.%wt.% 、,
Zr:0.001〜0.10Zr: 0.001 to 0.10 wt.%wt.% 、,
V :0.005〜0.30V: 0.005-0.30 wt.%wt.% 、及び、,as well as,
Nb:0.005〜0.30Nb: 0.005 to 0.30 wt.%wt.% 。.
CE=C+Si/3+Cu/9+Ni/9−Mn/12−Cr/9CE = C + Si / 3 + Cu / 9 + Ni / 9-Mn / 12-Cr / 9
−Mo/9−B+Al/6+Ti/3+Zr/3−V/3−Nb/3-Mo / 9-B + Al / 6 + Ti / 3 + Zr / 3-V / 3-Nb / 3
---------------------------------------------------------- (5)(5)
但し、各元素記号:各元素の含有率(However, each element symbol: content of each element ( wt.%wt.% ))
を用い、そして、前記鋼片として、下記2種の化学成分組成からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を、更に付加されて含まれているものを用いることを特徴とする、請求項6から8の何れか1つに記載の、快削性に優れた熱間加工鋼材の製造方法。And the steel slab is further added with at least one selected from the group consisting of the following two chemical component compositions: The manufacturing method of the hot-worked steel materials excellent in free-cutting property as described in any one of 8.
Mg :0.0010〜0.10Mg: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.%wt.% 、及び、,as well as,
REM:0.0010〜0.10REM: 0.0010 to 0.10 wt.%wt.% 。.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP09608098A JP3874533B2 (en) | 1998-04-08 | 1998-04-08 | Hot-worked steel materials and products excellent in free-cutting properties and methods for producing them |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP09608098A JP3874533B2 (en) | 1998-04-08 | 1998-04-08 | Hot-worked steel materials and products excellent in free-cutting properties and methods for producing them |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11293389A JPH11293389A (en) | 1999-10-26 |
| JP3874533B2 true JP3874533B2 (en) | 2007-01-31 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP09608098A Expired - Fee Related JP3874533B2 (en) | 1998-04-08 | 1998-04-08 | Hot-worked steel materials and products excellent in free-cutting properties and methods for producing them |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3874533B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3255612B2 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2002-02-12 | エヌケーケー条鋼株式会社 | Method of manufacturing super-cuttable steel rod and wire and super-cuttable steel rod and wire thereby |
| JP3256184B2 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2002-02-12 | エヌケーケー条鋼株式会社 | Method for producing ultra-free-cutting steel rods and parts, and ultra-free-cutting steel rods and parts using them |
| JP3255611B2 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2002-02-12 | エヌケーケー条鋼株式会社 | Free-cutting steel rod and wire excellent in drilling workability and method for producing the same |
| CN116694980B (en) * | 2023-05-24 | 2024-07-30 | 广州广钢新材料股份有限公司 | Preparation method of spiral shell steel with high tensile strength and bending strength |
-
1998
- 1998-04-08 JP JP09608098A patent/JP3874533B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11293389A (en) | 1999-10-26 |
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