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JP3880845B2 - Al-N light absorber - Google Patents
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JP3880845B2 - Al-N light absorber - Google Patents

Al-N light absorber Download PDF

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JP3880845B2
JP3880845B2 JP2001367081A JP2001367081A JP3880845B2 JP 3880845 B2 JP3880845 B2 JP 3880845B2 JP 2001367081 A JP2001367081 A JP 2001367081A JP 2001367081 A JP2001367081 A JP 2001367081A JP 3880845 B2 JP3880845 B2 JP 3880845B2
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film
fil
light absorber
film thickness
present
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JP2002277627A (en
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孝 石黒
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、Al−N系光吸収体に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、一般に光吸収膜には“金黒”で知られたAu原子の煤状体がある。
【0003】
また、この種の膜に類似する研究はDao−yuang et al.:J.Vac.Sci.Technol.A14(6),(1996)3092に見られるが、これは窒素ガス濃度のみに着目し、膜中窒素濃度のみが膜特性を決定すると結論付けている。また、光学特性評価も0.2〜1.1μmの範囲でしか成されていない。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記したAu原子の煤状体は、指でなぞれば直ぐ取れてしまうような固定性がよくないものであった。
【0005】
また、Dao−yuang et al.もいまだ技術的に満足のいくものではなかった。
【0006】
本発明は、上記状況に鑑みて、固定性がよく、材料のコストが低く、しかも広帯域の光の大きな吸収を示すことができる、Al−N系光吸収体を提供することを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、上記目的を達成するために、
〔1〕Alをターゲット材とする平行平板型スパッタリング装置を用いて、Ar,N2 の混合ガスをスパッタガスとし、形成されるAl−N系膜であって、AlとAlNの混合状態となし、成長に伴いAl−N系膜の表面の凹凸を増大させ、該Al−N系膜の表面の反射率を著しく低下させ、紫外・可視・近赤外波長領域の光の殆どを吸収する1μm以下の膜厚の膜からなる。
【0008】
〔2〕上記〔1〕記載のAl−N系光吸収体において、前記スパッタリング装置はRFスパッタリング装置であることを特徴とする。
【0009】
〔3〕上記〔1〕記載のAl−N系光吸収体において、前記スパッタリング装置はDCスパッタリング装置であることを特徴とする。
【0010】
〔4〕上記〔1〕記載のAl−N系光吸収体において、前記作製されたAl−N系光吸収体の膜は、基板側では金属光沢を有し、膜表面側では黒色となっており、前記膜表面で吸収しきれなかった光を再び前記膜基板側で反射し戻す傾斜機能膜であることを特徴とする。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態について図を参照しながら説明する。
【0012】
図1は本発明の実施例を示す平行平板型RFスパッタリング装置を用いたAl−N系光吸収体の製造方法を示す模式図である。
【0013】
この図において、1はAlターゲット、2はガラス基板、3はAr,N2 の混合ガスからなるスパッタガス、4はガラス基板2上に形成される紫外・可視・近赤外波長領域の光の殆どを吸収する1μm以下の膜厚の膜からなるAl−N系光吸収体である。
【0014】
AlNとAlは適当に混ざり合いながらガラス基板2上に堆積していく。堆積表面には膜厚の増加と共に凹凸が形成され、光を反射しなくなる(黒くなる)。この膜の特性は、スパッタガスのN2 濃度に左右される。
【0015】
なお、膜のガラス基板2側は、ガラス基板2が平滑なため当然平滑になり、この面が金属光沢を持つ。そのため表面で吸収しきれなかった光を再び膜基板側で反射し戻すことができる。つまり、スパッタガスのN2 濃度が一定であるにもかかわらず、傾斜機能膜となっている。
【0016】
このように、Alをターゲット材とする平行平板型RFスパッタリング装置を用いて、Ar,N2 の混合ガスをスパッタガスとし、その混合比及び堆積時間(膜厚)を制御することにより、紫外・可視・近赤外波長領域の光の殆どを吸収する1μm以下の膜厚の膜からなるAl−N系光吸収体を得ることができる。
【0017】
そのAl−N系光吸収体の膜は、AlとAlNの適度な混合状態にあり、成長に伴い膜表面の凹凸が増大し、膜表面側の反射率を著しく低下させることができる。
【0018】
また、作製されたAl−N系の光吸収体の膜は、基板側では金属光沢を有し、膜表面側で黒色となっており、膜表面で吸収しきれなかった光を再び膜基板側で反射し戻す傾斜機能膜である。
【0019】
このように構成したので、本発明により作製されたAl−N系光吸収体の膜は紫外・可視・近赤外波長領域で大きな光吸収率を有するため、例えば太陽光〔地上太陽光は波長0.25〜2.35μmに分布(AM=1)〕の95%を吸収できるため、光熱エネルギー変換膜として利用できる。
【0020】
また、光ファイバー通信(0.85,1.3,1.55μm帯など)におけるターミネータとして利用することができる。この他上記波長範囲の光を利用するデバイス、機器における散乱光処理に適応可能である。
【0021】
さらに、本膜はスパッタ膜成長過程において自己傾斜機能構造を獲得しており、一成膜条件で一様な膜が形成されるという従来の発想を打破するドライプロセス技術であるため、現在の半導体デバイス等の製造工程に容易にとり入れることができる。
【0022】
図2は本発明にかかる説明における記号及びそれらの意味を示す図である。
【0023】
図中の記号は以下の意味を有する。
【0024】
0 :垂直入射透過率
d :拡散透過率
T :総透過率(TT =T0 +Td
0 :垂直入射反射率〔=R12:鏡面反射率(入射角度=12°)〕
d :拡散反射率
T :総反射率(RT =R0 +Rd
A:試料による吸収率
ここで、R0 は垂直入射反射率であるが、入射角度=12°の鏡面反射率R12として実験的に求めた。これらの定義を前提として、エネルギー保存則は次式で与えられる。
【0025】
1=(T0 +Td )+(R0 +Rd )+A=TT +RT +A
また、以下の記述において入射方向が膜側の場合はfilの上付き添え字を、入射方向が基板側の場合はsubの上付き添え字を用いて区別する。
【0026】
図3は本発明にかかる膜側垂直入射透過率(T0 fil )のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す。図4は図3における部分拡大であり、横軸に波長(μm)、縦軸に膜側垂直入射透過率(T0 fil )を示している。
【0027】
Ar/N2 混合スパッタガス中のN2 濃度を0.0から16.1%N2 まで変化させた場合の#7059ガラス上の膜(Al−N及びAl)膜の透過率波長依存性を示している。11.5%N2 、16・1%N2 の膜は透明膜となり干渉効果が現れている。0.0%N2 から9・4%N2 の膜の透過率は0.24〜2.6μmの範囲ではほとんど0である。
【0028】
図5は本発明にかかる膜側入射総透過率(TT fil )のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す。図3と比較してTT fil =T0 fil であり、拡散透過率(Td fil =TT fil −T0 fil )は殆ど無視できることが分かる。
【0029】
図6は本発明にかかる膜側鏡面反射率(R0 fil =R12 fil :入射角12°)のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図であり、横軸に波長(μm)、縦軸に膜側鏡面反射率R0 fil を示している。
【0030】
ここでは、図3に対応する膜の膜側反射率〔R0 fil (λ)〕を示しており、2.6%N2 から7.3%N2 の膜は、紫外、可視領域でほとんど反射せず、近赤外領域の増加が見られる。
【0031】
図7は、本発明にかかる基板(#7059)側の鏡面反射率(R0 sub =R12 sub :入射角12°)N2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図であり、横軸に波長(μm)・縦軸に基板側鏡面反射率(R0 fil )を示している。
【0032】
ここでは、図3に対応する膜の基板側反射率〔R0 sub (λ)〕を示す。11.5%N2 、16.1%N2 の膜は透明膜となり干渉効果が現れている。図6の膜側鏡面反射率と比較して、ガラス基板の影響を考慮したとしても明らかな膜の表裏の差異が有る事が分かる。従って2.6%N2 から7.3%N2 の膜は膜表面側では光を吸収し、基板側では反射するという傾斜機能を有している事が分かる。
【0033】
図8は本発明にかかる膜側拡散反射率〔Rd fil (λ)〕のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す。図9は図8における部分拡大であり、横軸に波長(μm)、縦軸に膜側拡散反射率Rd fil を示している。N2 ガス濃度0%のAl膜から窒素ガス濃度増加とともに拡散反射率(鏡面反射を除く)は徐々に減少し、9.4%N2 以上では殆ど無視できる程度まで変化している。
【0034】
図10には本発明にかかる膜側総反射率〔RT fil (λ)=R0 fil +Rd fil 〕のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す。これは図6の膜側鏡面反射率〔R0 fil (λ)〕と図8及び図9に示した膜側拡散反射率〔Rd fil (λ)〕の和として計算されている。N2 ガス濃度増加とともに全波長領域で膜側総反射率〔RT fil (λ)〕は減少し、7.3%N2 で最小値を示し、9.4%N2 で一旦増加し、その後、透過に伴い減少している。
【0035】
図11には本発明にかかるエネルギー吸収率〔A(λ)〕のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す。ここで、〔TT fil (λ)〕を測定し、〔A(λ)=1−TT fil (λ)−RT fil (λ)〕により計算した。A(λ)は7.3%N2 で全波長領域にわたり最大のエネルギー吸収率を示している。
【0036】
図12は本発明にかかるAM=1太陽光に対する吸収率(α)のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図であり、横軸はN2 濃度(%)、縦軸は太陽光(AM=1)エネルギー吸収率αを示している。
【0037】
Al−N膜(400nm)と#7059ガラス基板全体による膜側吸収率はA(λ)=1−TT fil (λ)−RT fil (λ)で与えられる。これにAM=1の地上太陽スペクトル〔K.W.Boer,So1ar Energy 19,525(1977)〕を乗じて波長に対して積分することで太陽光エネルギー吸収率を算出した。この図によると、2.6%N2 から7.3%N2 においてαは0.8を越える高い吸収率を示している。
【0038】
図13は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜側垂直入射透過率〔T0 fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示し、図14は膜側入射総透過率〔TT fil (λ)〕を示している。横軸は波長(μm)、縦軸はそれぞれの透過率を示している。図13と図14には殆ど差異が見られない。これは〔TT fil (λ)−T0 fil (λ)=Td fil (λ)〕であるので拡散反射が殆ど無視できる事を意味している。
【0039】
図13及び図14では、7.3%N2 膜のそれぞれの透過率の膜厚依存性を示す。膜厚はAl−N膜成膜後に膜厚既知のMgOを被覆し、表面粗さ計にて測定した。膜厚増加とともに透過率は減少し、400nm以上の膜ではほとんど透過しない膜となっている。
【0040】
図15は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側鏡面反射率R0 fil (λ)〔=R12 fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図であり、横軸は波長(μm)、縦軸は反射率R0 fil を示している。
【0041】
ここでは、7.3%N2 膜の膜側鏡面反射率の膜厚依存性を示しており、膜厚増加とともに反射率は減少している。
【0042】
図16は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側拡散反射率〔Rd fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図であり、横軸は波長(μm)、縦軸は反射率(Rd fil )を示している。膜厚増加とともに反射率の極大値は長波長側に移行しつつ増大し500nm以上では近赤外領域に広がっている。
【0043】
図17は本発明にかかる膜側総反射率〔RT fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図であり、横軸は波長(μm)、縦軸は反射率(RT fil =R0 fil +Rd fil )を示している。これは図15のR0 fil (λ)及び図16のRd fil (λ)より、RT fil (λ)=R0 fil (λ)+Rd fil (λ)より計算した。
【0044】
T fil (λ)の膜厚依存性はR0 fil (λ)と同様である。
【0045】
図18は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側エネルギー吸収率:A(λ)の膜厚依存性を、図14、図17の結果を基にA(λ)=1−TT fil (λ)−RT fil (λ)より求めたものである。膜厚の増加とともに長波長領域においてエネルギー吸収率は増大し、500nm以上では波長に対してほぼ一定の高い値を示している。
【0046】
図19は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の太陽光エネルギー吸収率(α)の膜厚依存性を示す。これは図18のA(λ)にAM=1のスペクトルを乗じ、積分して求めた7.3%N2 膜の太陽光吸収率の膜厚依存性を示しており、膜厚の増加とともに吸収率は増大し、飽和している。
【0047】
図20は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の表面AFM観察(膜厚50nm)結果を示す図であり、図20(a)はそのAFM像を示す図、図20(b)はその断面プロファイル〔ただし、図20(a)の白線部〕を示す図、図20(c)はその鳥瞰図である。
【0048】
この図から明らかなように、7.3%N2 膜(膜厚50nm)の表面は面内方向100nm程度、膜法線方向10nm程度の凹凸が観察されている。
【0049】
図21は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の表面AFM観察(膜厚150nm)結果を示す図であり、図21(a)はそのAFM像を示す図、図21(b)はその断面プロファイル〔ただし、図21(a)の白線部〕を示す図、図21(c)はその鳥瞰図である。
【0050】
この図から明らかなように、7.3%N2 膜(膜厚150nm)の表面は面内方向200nm程度、膜法線方向80nm程度の凹凸が観察されている。図20と比較すると、膜表面の凹凸は増幅されている。
【0051】
図22は本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の表面AFM観察(膜厚200nm)結果を示す図であり、図22(a)はそのAFM像を示す図、図22(b)はその断面プロファイル〔ただし、図22(a)の白線部〕を示す図、図22(c)はその鳥瞰図である。
【0052】
この図から明らかなように、7.3%N2 膜(膜厚200nm)の表面は面内方向400nm程度、膜法線方向100nm程度の凹凸が観察されている。
【0053】
図20、図21、図22と比較すると、膜表面の凹凸は膜厚の増加とともに増幅されており、この様な形態が膜厚増加とともに誘起される事が、広い波長範囲で高い吸収率を実現する一因となっていると考えられる。
【0054】
また、波長0.25〜2.35μmに分布する太陽光の照射に対し、その95%が吸収され、光熱エネルギー変換膜として有用である事が確かめられた。
【0055】
これらの機能は膜が成長する(膜厚増加)とともにAl−N物質の突起状ないしは壁状の凹凸が形成され、凹部(谷)には大気または真空(屈折率=1)領域が存在し、この大気または真空部を一部残しつつ膜が堆積することにより、膜側基板表面からの膜表面に向かっての標高を長さとしたときの単位長さあたりの平均屈折率が、基板から表面に向かって変化することを一因とする傾斜機能を有する構成であることに由来しており、一つの成膜プロセス中にこの傾斜構造膜を形成することができる。
【0056】
また、上記実施例では、平行平板型RFスパッタリング装置を用いたが、平行平板型DCスパッタリング装置を用いるようにしてもよい。
【0057】
例えば、Alをターゲット材とする平行平板型DCマグネトロンスパッタリング装置を用いてAr,N2 の混合ガスをスパッタガスとし、その混合比、堆積時間(膜厚)、基板温度を制御することにより、Al−N系光吸収膜を作製した。DCマグネトロンスパッタリング装置では混合比0%N2 から2%N2 まで安定した放電成膜が実現された。3%N2 以上では不安定な放電状態となった。また、RFに比較して、混合比の範囲は狭くなった。これは相対的にプラズマ密度が高くなり、窒化反応が促進されるためと考えられる。
【0058】
膜厚50nm/7059ガラスでは0%N2 ,1%N2 ,2%N2 ,3%N2 でそれぞれ太陽光エネルギー(AM1)吸収率(1が100%の吸収に対応)は、0.40,0.39,0.43,0.52であった。そこで、2%N2 で基板温度室温(25℃)とし、膜厚800nmで太陽光エネルギー(AM1)吸収率0.94を得た。また基板温度70℃とし、2%N2 において、膜厚400nmで0.95の太陽光エネルギー(AM1)吸収率を得た。
【0059】
このように、DCスパッタリングでもN2 ガス混合比を少なく抑えたり、基板温度を制御することにより、RFスパッタリング同様に波長0.25〜2.35μmに分布する太陽光でその95%が吸収されることが明らかになり、膜構成は表面から基板に向かって膜成分比が傾斜し、且つ表面側が突起状ないしは壁状の凹凸をなし、DCスパッタリングの場合と同様の特徴があることが確認された。
【0060】
また、用途としては、光熱変換装置、光通信分野、光電変換素子の電極層等の光熱吸収ないしは光吸収と電導とが要求される分野等にある。
【0061】
なお、本発明は上記実施例に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨に基づいて種々の変形が可能であり、これらを本発明の範囲から排除するものではない。
【0062】
【発明の効果】
以上、詳細に説明したように、本発明によれば以上のような効果を奏することができる。
(A)固定性がよく、材料のコストが低く、しかも紫外、可視、近赤波長におよぶ広帯域の光の吸収を示すことができる。
(B)膜表面の凹凸は増幅されており、この様な形態が膜厚増加とともに誘起されることで、広い波長範囲で高い吸収率を実現することができる。
(C)波長0.25〜2.35μmに分布する太陽光の照射に対し、その95%が吸収され、光熱エネルギー変換膜として有用である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の実施例を示す平行平板型RFスパッタリング装置を用いたAl−N系光吸収体の製造方法を示す模式図である。
【図2】 本発明にかかる説明における記号及びそれらの意味を示す図である。
【図3】 本発明にかかる膜側垂直入射透過率(T0 fil )のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である
【図4】 図3における部分拡大図である。
【図5】 本発明にかかる膜側入射総透過率(TT fil )のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図6】 本発明にかかる膜側鏡面反射率(R0 fil =R12 fil :入射角12°)のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図7】 本発明にかかる基板(#7059)側の鏡面反射率(R0 sub =R12 sub :入射角12°)N2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図8】 本発明にかかる膜側拡散反射率〔Rd fil (λ)〕のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図9】 図8における部分拡大図である。
【図10】 本発明にかかる膜側総反射率〔RT fil (λ)=R0 fil +Rd fil 〕のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図11】 本発明にかかるエネルギー吸収率〔A(λ)〕のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図12】 本発明にかかるAM=1太陽光に対する吸収率(α)のN2 ガス濃度依存性(膜厚400nm/#7059)を示す図である。
【図13】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側垂直入射透過率〔T0 fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図である。
【図14】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側入射総透過率〔TT fil (λ)〕を示す図である。
【図15】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側鏡面反射率R0 fil (λ)〔=R12 fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図である。
【図16】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側拡散反射率〔Rd fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図である。
【図17】 本発明にかかる膜側総反射率〔RT fil (λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図である。
【図18】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の膜側エネルギー吸収率〔A(λ)〕の膜厚依存性を示す図である。
【図19】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の太陽光エネルギー吸収率(α)の膜厚依存性を示す図である。
【図20】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の表面AFM観察(膜厚50nm)結果を示す図である。
【図21】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の表面AFM観察(膜厚150nm)結果を示す図である。
【図22】 本発明にかかる7.3%N2 膜の表面AFM観察(膜厚200nm)結果を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1 Alターゲット
2 ガラス基板
3 Ar,N2 の混合ガスからなるスパッタガス
4 Al−N系光吸収体
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to Al-N-based light absorber.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, a light-absorbing film generally has a Au atom rod known as “golden black”.
[0003]
A study similar to this type of membrane is also described in Dao-yang et al. : J. Vac. Sci. Technol. As seen in A14 (6), (1996) 3092, focusing on only the nitrogen gas concentration, it is concluded that only the nitrogen concentration in the film determines the film characteristics. Also, optical property evaluation is performed only in the range of 0.2 to 1.1 μm.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the above-mentioned Au-atom cage is not so fixed that it can be removed immediately with a finger.
[0005]
Also, Dao-yuang et al. It was still not technically satisfactory.
[0006]
In view of the above situation, an object of the present invention is to provide an Al—N-based light absorber that has good fixability, low material cost, and can exhibit large absorption of broadband light.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides
[1 ] An Al—N-based film formed by using a parallel plate sputtering apparatus with Al as a target material and using a mixed gas of Ar and N 2 as a sputtering gas, and a mixed state of Al and AlN None, increases the surface roughness of the Al-N film as it grows, significantly reduces the reflectivity of the Al-N film surface, and absorbs most of the light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength regions It consists of a film having a thickness of 1 μm or less.
[0008]
[2] The Al—N-based light absorber according to [1], wherein the sputtering apparatus is an RF sputtering apparatus.
[0009]
[3] The Al—N light absorber according to [1] above, wherein the sputtering apparatus is a DC sputtering apparatus.
[0010]
[4] In the Al—N light absorber described in [1] above, the film of the produced Al—N light absorber has a metallic luster on the substrate side and is black on the film surface side. And a functionally graded film that reflects light that could not be absorbed by the film surface back to the film substrate side again.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0012]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a method for producing an Al—N light absorber using a parallel plate RF sputtering apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0013]
In this figure, 1 is an Al target, 2 is a glass substrate, 3 is a sputtering gas composed of a mixed gas of Ar and N 2 , and 4 is an ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelength region light formed on the glass substrate 2. It is an Al—N light absorber composed of a film having a thickness of 1 μm or less that absorbs most of the film.
[0014]
AlN and Al are deposited on the glass substrate 2 while being appropriately mixed. Concavities and convexities are formed on the deposition surface as the film thickness increases, and light is not reflected (becomes black). The characteristics of this film depend on the N 2 concentration of the sputtering gas.
[0015]
The glass substrate 2 side of the film is naturally smooth because the glass substrate 2 is smooth, and this surface has a metallic luster. Therefore, the light that could not be absorbed by the surface can be reflected again on the film substrate side. That is, although the N 2 concentration of the sputtering gas is constant, the functionally gradient film is formed.
[0016]
In this way, by using a parallel plate type RF sputtering apparatus using Al as a target material, a mixed gas of Ar and N 2 is used as a sputtering gas, and the mixing ratio and deposition time (film thickness) are controlled, so that ultraviolet / An Al—N light absorber composed of a film having a thickness of 1 μm or less that absorbs most of light in the visible / near infrared wavelength region can be obtained.
[0017]
The Al—N-based light absorber film is in a proper mixed state of Al and AlN, and the film surface unevenness increases with growth, and the reflectance on the film surface side can be significantly reduced.
[0018]
The produced Al-N-based light absorber film has a metallic luster on the substrate side and is black on the film surface side, and again absorbs light that could not be absorbed on the film surface side. It is a functionally graded film that is reflected back by.
[0019]
Since it is configured in this manner, the Al-N-based light absorber film prepared according to the present invention has a large light absorption rate in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength regions. 95% of the distribution (AM = 1) in 0.25 to 2.35 μm] can be absorbed, so that it can be used as a photothermal energy conversion film.
[0020]
Further, it can be used as a terminator in optical fiber communication (0.85, 1.3, 1.55 μm band, etc.). In addition, the present invention can be applied to scattered light processing in devices and devices that use light in the above wavelength range.
[0021]
In addition, this film has acquired a self-gradient functional structure during the sputter film growth process, and is a dry process technology that breaks the conventional idea that a uniform film is formed under a single film formation condition. It can be easily incorporated into the manufacturing process of devices and the like.
[0022]
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing symbols and their meanings in the description according to the present invention.
[0023]
The symbols in the figure have the following meanings.
[0024]
T 0 : Normal incident transmittance T d : Diffuse transmittance T T : Total transmittance (T T = T 0 + T d )
R 0 : normal incidence reflectance [= R 12 : specular reflectance (incident angle = 12 °)]
R d : Diffuse reflectance R T : Total reflectance (R T = R 0 + R d )
A: Absorption rate by sample Here, R 0 is a normal incidence reflectance, and was experimentally obtained as a specular reflectance R 12 at an incident angle = 12 °. Given these definitions, the energy conservation law is given by
[0025]
1 = (T 0 + T d ) + (R 0 + R d ) + A = T T + R T + A
Further, in the following description, when the incident direction is the film side, a superscript of “fil” is used, and when the incident direction is the substrate side, a subscript of “sub” is used.
[0026]
FIG. 3 shows the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film-side normal incident transmittance (T 0 fil ) according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a partial enlargement in FIG. 3, where the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (μm) and the vertical axis indicates the film side perpendicular incident transmittance (T 0 fil ).
[0027]
The transmittance wavelength dependence of the film (Al—N and Al) on # 7059 glass when the N 2 concentration in the Ar / N 2 mixed sputtering gas is changed from 0.0 to 16.1% N 2. Show. 11.5% N 2, 16 · 1 % N 2 of the film has appeared interference effect becomes transparent film. The transmittance of the membrane of 0.0% N 2 to 9.4% N 2 is almost 0 in the range of 0.24 to 2.6 μm.
[0028]
FIG. 5 shows the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film side incident total transmittance (T T fil ) according to the present invention. Compared with FIG. 3, T T fil = T 0 fil , and it can be seen that the diffuse transmittance (T d fil = T T fil −T 0 fil ) is almost negligible.
[0029]
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the N 2 gas concentration dependence (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film-side specular reflectance (R 0 fil = R 12 fil : incident angle 12 °) according to the present invention. The wavelength (μm) is shown on the vertical axis and the film side specular reflectance R 0 fil is shown on the vertical axis.
[0030]
Here, the film side reflectance [R 0 fil (λ)] of the film corresponding to FIG. 3 is shown, and the film of 2.6% N 2 to 7.3% N 2 is almost in the ultraviolet and visible regions. There is no reflection, and an increase in the near infrared region is observed.
[0031]
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the specular reflectance (R 0 sub = R 12 sub : incident angle 12 °) N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) on the substrate (# 7059) side according to the present invention. Yes, the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (μm), and the vertical axis indicates the substrate-side specular reflectance (R 0 fil ).
[0032]
Here, the substrate side reflectance [R 0 sub (λ)] of the film corresponding to FIG. 3 is shown. The films of 11.5% N 2 and 16.1% N 2 are transparent films and have an interference effect. Compared with the film-side specular reflectance of FIG. 6, it can be seen that there is a clear difference between the front and back of the film even when the influence of the glass substrate is taken into consideration. Accordingly, it can be seen that the film of 2.6% N 2 to 7.3% N 2 has a tilt function of absorbing light on the film surface side and reflecting on the substrate side.
[0033]
FIG. 8 shows the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film side diffuse reflectance [R d fil (λ)] according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is a partial enlargement in FIG. 8, where the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (μm) and the vertical axis indicates the film-side diffuse reflectance R d fil . The diffuse reflectance (excluding specular reflection) gradually decreases with an increase in nitrogen gas concentration from an Al film having an N 2 gas concentration of 0%, and changes to a negligible level at 9.4% N 2 or more.
[0034]
FIG. 10 shows the N 2 gas concentration dependence (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film-side total reflectance [R T fil (λ) = R 0 fil + R d fil ] according to the present invention. This is calculated as the sum of the film side specular reflectance [R 0 fil (λ)] of FIG. 6 and the film side diffuse reflectance [R d fil (λ)] shown in FIGS. As the N 2 gas concentration increases, the film side total reflectance [R T fil (λ)] decreases in the entire wavelength region, shows a minimum value at 7.3% N 2 , and once increases at 9.4% N 2 , After that, it decreases with permeation.
[0035]
FIG. 11 shows the N 2 gas concentration dependence of the energy absorption rate [A (λ)] according to the present invention (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059). Here, [T T fil (λ)] was measured and calculated by [A (λ) = 1−T T fil (λ) −R T fil (λ)]. A (λ) is 7.3% N 2 and shows the maximum energy absorption rate over the entire wavelength region.
[0036]
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the absorption rate (α) with respect to AM = 1 sunlight according to the present invention, where the horizontal axis represents the N 2 concentration (%) and the vertical axis. The axis indicates sunlight (AM = 1) energy absorption rate α.
[0037]
The film side absorptance of the Al—N film (400 nm) and the entire # 7059 glass substrate is given by A (λ) = 1−T T fil (λ) −R T fil (λ). In addition, AM = 1 ground solar spectrum [K. W. Boer, So1ar Energy 19, 525 (1977)] and integrated with respect to the wavelength to calculate the solar energy absorption rate. According to this figure, from 2.6% N 2 to 7.3% N 2 , α shows a high absorption rate exceeding 0.8.
[0038]
FIG. 13 shows the film thickness dependence of 7.3% N 2 film side perpendicular incident transmittance [T 0 fil (λ)] according to the present invention, and FIG. 14 shows film side incident total transmittance [T T fil (λ )]. The horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (μm), and the vertical axis indicates the respective transmittance. There is almost no difference between FIG. 13 and FIG. This means that the diffuse reflection is almost negligible because it is [T T fil (λ) -T 0 fil (λ) = T d fil (λ) ].
[0039]
13 and 14 show the film thickness dependence of the transmittance of each of the 7.3% N 2 film. The film thickness was measured with a surface roughness meter after coating the MgO with a known film thickness after forming the Al-N film. As the film thickness increases, the transmittance decreases, and a film of 400 nm or more is a film that hardly transmits.
[0040]
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the film thickness dependence of the film side specular reflectance R 0 fil (λ) [= R 12 fil (λ)] of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention, and the horizontal axis represents the wavelength. (Μm), the vertical axis represents the reflectance R 0 fil .
[0041]
Here, the film thickness dependence of the film side specular reflectance of the 7.3% N 2 film is shown, and the reflectance decreases as the film thickness increases.
[0042]
FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the film thickness dependence of the film side diffuse reflectance [R d fil (λ)] of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention, where the horizontal axis represents wavelength (μm) and the vertical axis represents The reflectance (R d fil ) is shown. As the film thickness increases, the maximum value of the reflectance increases while shifting to the longer wavelength side, and spreads to the near infrared region above 500 nm.
[0043]
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the film thickness dependence of the film-side total reflectance [R T fil (λ)] according to the present invention, where the horizontal axis represents wavelength (μm) and the vertical axis represents reflectance (R T fil = R 0 fil + R d fil ). This was calculated from R 0 fil (λ) in FIG. 15 and R d fil (λ) in FIG. 16 by R T fil (λ) = R 0 fil (λ) + R d fil (λ).
[0044]
The film thickness dependence of R T fil (λ) is the same as that of R 0 fil (λ).
[0045]
FIG. 18 shows the film thickness dependence of the film-side energy absorption rate: A (λ) of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention. A (λ) = 1−T based on the results of FIGS. T fil (λ) −R T fil (λ) As the film thickness increases, the energy absorption rate increases in the long wavelength region, and shows a substantially constant high value with respect to the wavelength above 500 nm.
[0046]
FIG. 19 shows the film thickness dependence of the solar energy absorption rate (α) of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention. This shows the film thickness dependence of the solar absorptivity of the 7.3% N 2 film obtained by multiplying A (λ) in FIG. 18 by the spectrum of AM = 1 and integrating, and the film thickness increases. The absorption rate increases and is saturated.
[0047]
FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the results of surface AFM observation (film thickness 50 nm) of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention, FIG. 20 (a) is a diagram showing the AFM image, and FIG. FIG. 20C is a bird's eye view showing a cross-sectional profile (however, the white line portion in FIG. 20A).
[0048]
As is apparent from this figure, the surface of the 7.3% N 2 film (film thickness 50 nm) has unevenness of about 100 nm in the in-plane direction and about 10 nm in the film normal direction.
[0049]
FIG. 21 is a diagram showing the results of surface AFM observation (film thickness 150 nm) of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention, FIG. 21 (a) is a diagram showing the AFM image, and FIG. FIG. 21C is a view showing a cross-sectional profile (however, the white line portion in FIG. 21A), and FIG.
[0050]
As is apparent from this figure, the surface of the 7.3% N 2 film (film thickness 150 nm) is observed to have irregularities of about 200 nm in the in-plane direction and about 80 nm in the film normal direction. Compared with FIG. 20, the unevenness of the film surface is amplified.
[0051]
FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the results of surface AFM observation (film thickness 200 nm) of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention, FIG. 22 (a) is a diagram showing the AFM image, and FIG. The figure which shows a cross-sectional profile [however, the white line part of Fig.22 (a)], FIG.22 (c) is the bird's-eye view.
[0052]
As is apparent from this figure, the surface of the 7.3% N 2 film (thickness: 200 nm) has unevenness of about 400 nm in the in-plane direction and about 100 nm in the film normal direction.
[0053]
Compared with FIG. 20, FIG. 21, and FIG. 22, the unevenness on the film surface is amplified as the film thickness increases, and this form is induced as the film thickness increases. This is considered to be one of the reasons for realizing this.
[0054]
Further, it was confirmed that 95% of the solar light irradiation distributed in the wavelength range of 0.25 to 2.35 μm was absorbed and useful as a photothermal energy conversion film.
[0055]
With these functions, as the film grows (thickness increase), projections or wall-like irregularities of the Al-N substance are formed, and there are atmospheric or vacuum (refractive index = 1) regions in the depressions (valleys). By depositing the film while leaving a part of this air or vacuum, the average refractive index per unit length when the elevation from the film side substrate surface toward the film surface is the length is from the substrate to the surface. The gradient structure film is formed in one film formation process because the structure has a gradient function due to the fact that it changes toward the surface.
[0056]
Moreover, in the said Example, although the parallel plate type RF sputtering device was used, you may make it use a parallel plate type DC sputtering device.
[0057]
For example, by using a parallel plate type DC magnetron sputtering apparatus using Al as a target material, a mixed gas of Ar and N 2 is used as a sputtering gas, and the mixing ratio, deposition time (film thickness), and substrate temperature are controlled, whereby Al A -N-based light absorption film was produced. In the DC magnetron sputtering apparatus, stable discharge film formation was realized from a mixing ratio of 0% N 2 to 2% N 2 . At 3% N 2 or more, an unstable discharge state occurred. In addition, the range of the mixing ratio was narrower than that of RF. This is presumably because the plasma density becomes relatively high and the nitriding reaction is promoted.
[0058]
When the film thickness is 50 nm / 7059 glass, the solar energy (AM1) absorption rate (1 corresponds to 100% absorption) at 0% N 2 , 1% N 2 , 2% N 2 , and 3% N 2 is 0. 40, 0.39, 0.43, 0.52. Therefore, the substrate temperature was room temperature (25 ° C.) with 2% N 2 , and the solar energy (AM1) absorption rate 0.94 was obtained with a film thickness of 800 nm. The substrate temperature was 70 ° C., and a solar energy (AM1) absorption rate of 0.95 was obtained at a film thickness of 400 nm at 2% N 2 .
[0059]
In this way, 95% is absorbed by sunlight distributed in the wavelength range of 0.25 to 2.35 μm, as in RF sputtering, by reducing the N 2 gas mixture ratio even in DC sputtering or controlling the substrate temperature. As a result, it was confirmed that the film composition had the same characteristics as in the case of DC sputtering, with the film component ratio being inclined from the surface toward the substrate, and the surface side being uneven or convex. .
[0060]
Applications include photothermal conversion devices, optical communication fields, photothermal absorption of electrode layers of photoelectric conversion elements, or fields where light absorption and conduction are required.
[0061]
In addition, this invention is not limited to the said Example, A various deformation | transformation is possible based on the meaning of this invention, and these are not excluded from the scope of the present invention.
[0062]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the present invention, the above effects can be achieved.
(A) Fixability is good, the cost of the material is low, and absorption of light in a wide band extending to ultraviolet, visible, and near-red wavelengths can be shown.
(B) The irregularities on the film surface are amplified, and such a form is induced as the film thickness increases, so that a high absorption rate can be realized in a wide wavelength range.
(C) 95% is absorbed with respect to the irradiation of sunlight distributed in a wavelength of 0.25 to 2.35 μm, and it is useful as a photothermal energy conversion film.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a method for producing an Al—N light absorber using a parallel plate RF sputtering apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing symbols and their meanings in the description according to the present invention.
3 is a diagram showing the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film-side vertical incident transmittance (T 0 fil ) according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. is there.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of film side incident total transmittance (T T fil ) according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film-side specular reflectance (R 0 fil = R 12 fil : incident angle 12 °) according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the specular reflectance (R 0 sub = R 12 sub : incident angle 12 °) N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) on the substrate (# 7059) side according to the present invention. is there.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness: 400 nm / # 7059) of film side diffuse reflectance [R d fil (λ)] according to the present invention.
9 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 8. FIG.
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the film side total reflectance [R T fil (λ) = R 0 fil + R d fil ] according to the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a graph showing N 2 gas concentration dependency (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of energy absorption rate [A (λ)] according to the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the N 2 gas concentration dependence (film thickness 400 nm / # 7059) of the absorption rate (α) with respect to AM = 1 sunlight according to the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the film thickness dependence of the film side perpendicular incident transmittance [T 0 fil (λ)] of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a film side incident total transmittance [T T fil (λ)] of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the film thickness dependence of film side specular reflectance R 0 fil (λ) [= R 12 fil (λ)] of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the film thickness dependence of film side diffuse reflectance [R d fil (λ)] of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the film thickness dependence of the film side total reflectance [R T fil (λ)] according to the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a diagram showing the film thickness dependence of the film-side energy absorption rate [A (λ)] of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a graph showing the film thickness dependence of the solar energy absorption rate (α) of the 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a surface AFM observation (film thickness: 50 nm) result of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a view showing a result of surface AFM observation (film thickness 150 nm) of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a surface AFM observation (film thickness: 200 nm) result of a 7.3% N 2 film according to the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Al target 2 Glass substrate 3 Sputtering gas consisting of mixed gas of Ar and N 2 4 Al-N light absorber

Claims (4)

Alをターゲット材とする平行平板型スパッタリング装置を用いて、Ar,N2 の混合ガスをスパッタガスとし、形成されるAl−N系膜であって、AlとAlNの混合状態となし、成長に伴いAl−N系膜の表面の凹凸を増大させ、該Al−N系膜の表面の反射率を著しく低下させ、紫外・可視・近赤外波長領域の光の殆どを吸収する1μm以下の膜厚の膜からなるAl−N系光吸収体。Using a parallel plate type sputtering apparatus for the Al as a target material, Ar, and a mixed gas of N 2 and the sputtering gas, a AlN-based film formed, Al and AlN mixed state and pear, the growth Along with this, the unevenness of the surface of the Al—N film is increased, the reflectance of the surface of the Al—N film is remarkably lowered, and a film of 1 μm or less that absorbs most of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared wavelength regions. An Al-N light absorber made of a thick film. 請求項1記載のAl−N系光吸収体において、前記スパッタリング装置はRFスパッタリング装置であることを特徴とするAl−N系光吸収体。  2. The Al—N light absorber according to claim 1, wherein the sputtering device is an RF sputtering device. 請求項1記載のAl−N系光吸収体において、前記スパッタリング装置はDCスパッタリング装置であることを特徴とするAl−N系光吸収体。  2. The Al—N light absorber according to claim 1, wherein the sputtering apparatus is a DC sputtering apparatus. 請求項1記載のAl−N系光吸収体において、前記作製されたAl−N系光吸収体の膜は、基板側では金属光沢を有し、膜表面側では黒色となっており、前記膜表面で吸収しきれなかった光を再び前記膜基板側で反射し戻す傾斜機能膜であることを特徴とするAl−N系光吸収体。  2. The Al—N light absorber according to claim 1, wherein the produced Al—N light absorber film has a metallic luster on the substrate side and is black on the film surface side. An Al—N light absorber, which is a functionally graded film that reflects light that could not be absorbed on the surface back to the film substrate.
JP2001367081A 2000-12-05 2001-11-30 Al-N light absorber Expired - Fee Related JP3880845B2 (en)

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