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JP3906360B2 - Metal hydride - Google Patents
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JP3906360B2 - Metal hydride - Google Patents

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JP3906360B2
JP3906360B2 JP2002252480A JP2002252480A JP3906360B2 JP 3906360 B2 JP3906360 B2 JP 3906360B2 JP 2002252480 A JP2002252480 A JP 2002252480A JP 2002252480 A JP2002252480 A JP 2002252480A JP 3906360 B2 JP3906360 B2 JP 3906360B2
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hydrogen
metal
hydride
metal hydride
hydrogen storage
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JP2004091236A (en
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悦男 秋葉
慶安 張
優美子 中村
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、高い水素吸蔵特性を有する新規な金属水素化物に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
水素吸蔵合金は、燃料電池、ニッケル水素電池、水素貯蔵装置、水素自動車、水素精製装置、ヒートポンプ、動力変換システム、触媒などの多方面への応用が期待され、既に希土類を主成分とするAB型合金はニッケル水素電池用の電極材料として実用化されている。更に最近に至っては、燃料電池自動車の燃料である水素を車上に安全かつコンパクトに搭載する手段として注目されている。
しかしながら、従来提案されている合金のほとんどはその水素吸蔵量が1〜2重量%と低いため(最も一般的なAB型合金であるLaNiの水素吸蔵量は1.4質量%)、水素充填一回当たりの走行距離(燃費)が短く、ガソリン車のそれに到底及ばない。
【0003】
このため、我が国の水素に関する研究プロジェクトである、「WE−NET」計画では、水素充填一回当たりの走行距離(燃費)をガソリン車並に確保するにはその水素吸蔵量を5質量%程度とする必要があるとし、かかる目標値を達成すべく各機関を通して更なる精力的な研究・開発が盛んに行われているが、未だ満足すべきものが得られていないのが現状である。現状で、最も期待されているものの一つにNaAlH4に代表されるアルミニウムとアルカリ金属の水素化物であるアラネイトがある。しかし、アラネイトではアルミニウムと水素の結合が強く、水素が温和な条件で放出されない欠点があり、その解決のために触媒等の研究開発が進められているところである。また、アラネイトにおいても、従来の水素吸蔵合金同様に、最大の水素吸蔵量は、金属原子(M)に対する水素原子(H)の比(H/M)において2であることが、より高い吸蔵量が期待されない原因ともなっている。また、アラネイトの水素吸蔵は[AlH4-イオンによって行われるため、材料開発において、Alは固定され、アルカリ金属を変える程度の開発要素しかなく、研究開発が特定の二三の化合物に限定されているのが現状である。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、このような従来技術の実状に鑑みなされたものであって、水素吸蔵特性及び放出特性が著しく高められ、その吸蔵能が前記目標値である5質量%に肉薄し得る水素吸蔵材料を与える新規な金属水素化物を提供することを目的とする。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、上記課題を解決すべく、各種・多様の多数の合金の特性を綿密・仔細に鋭意検討した結果、従来の観念では全く予想だにしない、BaAlH なる組成を有する金属水素化物が意外にも優れた水素吸蔵特性をもつことを知見し、本発明を完成するに至ったものである。
即ち、本発明によれば、BaAlH なる組成を有する金属水素化物が提供される。
【0008】
本発明者等はBa7Al13からなる二元合金も水素と高温、加圧下で反応し、水素を吸蔵し、BaAlHを組成比とする新規金属水素化物およびBaAlHと組成比とする新規水素化物を与えることを見出した。この金属水素化物の水素吸蔵量を質量単位で換算すると、3.0質量%および2.3質量%となる。
従って、Ba7Al13からなる二元合金を用いて、上記金属水素化物(BaAlHを主体とするもの)となるまで水素を吸蔵すると、該合金には、なんとLaNiの水素吸蔵量(1.4質量%)のほぼ2倍の水素量(3.0質量%)が吸蔵されることとなる。また、水素原子と金属原子の比は5/2=2.5となり、従来の水素吸蔵合金やアラネイトを遙かにしのぐ値となっている。より軽量なCaやMgなどの金属でBaを置き換えることで、重量的にもより吸蔵量の多い材料が得られると予想される。
【0009】
本発明の水素化物は、現在、盛んに研究が進められているアラネイトに比べて、より低温、すなわち室温付近で水素を放出する事が期待できる。アラネイトそのものは、数百℃でなければ水素を放出しないが、最近の触媒開発によって200℃程度まで放出温度が下げられている。アラネイトのAlと水素の結合距離は表1にあるように、0.154〜0.158nmである。ところが、本発明の水素化物では、Alと水素の結合距離が0.154〜0.185nmとより長い。結合距離が長いことは、その結合がより容易に切断されることを意味している。したがって、アラネイトよりも低温で水素を放出することが可能である。今後の触媒開発によって、本発明の金属水素化物においては、アラネイトの200℃より低い、室温付近での水素放出が期待できる。
【0010】
【表1】

Figure 0003906360
【0011】
ここで特筆すべきは、これらの水素化物は前述したWE−NET国家プロジェクトの目標値である5質量%を目指す事のできる材料であることである。また、これらの改善特性に加えて、本発明の合金の更なる特長はその水素吸蔵速度が実用に耐えるに十分な水素吸蔵速度を有する点を挙げることができる。
このようなBa 7 Al 13 特異的な水素吸蔵特性は、従来全く知られておらず、本発明者の長年に亘る地道な研究と数多くの経験によって初めて解明された、画期的な事柄といえよう。
【0012】
本発明に係る、BaAlH なる組成を有する金属水素化物はたとえばオートグレーブ中での水素化などなどによって簡単に合成することができる。
【0013】
また、本発明で得られる前記金属水素化物は文献未載の新規物質であり、また従来の水素吸蔵合金に見られない、Alと水素で作る結合を有するという特異的な結晶構造をもつものである。
従って、これらの金属水素化物は、その特異な構造と高い水素吸蔵特性をもつことから、軽量で水素吸蔵時の体積変化の少ない優れた水素輸送・貯蔵用の水素吸蔵合金としての用途・応用が期待される。
【0014】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例により説明する。
【0015】
参考例1(SrAlH の合成)
Sr金属とAl金属を原子比で1:2となるように秤量し、溶解法によって、SrAl合金を製造した。この合金をオートクレーブ中に入れ、3MPaの水素圧力をかけながら温度を徐々に上昇させると、まず第一の水素化物SrAlが生成した。更に温度を上げると第二の水素化物SrAlHが得られた。
このSrAlが水素を吸蔵する過程を水素雰囲気下のX線回折で観測すると図1のようになる。なお、この観測は一つの温度ステップ当たり5分加熱し3時間保持することにより行ったものであるが、このような短時間で水素化反応が進行することから、この水素吸蔵材料の水素吸蔵速度は充分に実用に耐えるものと結論される。
また、この図1を更に詳細に分析すると、190℃で上記第一の水素化物が240℃で上記第二の水素化物が生成していることが判った。
また、第二の水素化物であるSr2AlH7の結晶構造を中性子回折法で解析した結果を図2に示す。
【0016】
図2からこの金属水素化物Sr2AlH7は、Alに対して6個の水素が回りを取り囲んで結合した(Al−H)ユニットとSrが水素と一次元的に結合した(Sr−H)ユニットからなる構造を取っている。アラネイトではAlに対して4個の水素が回りを取り囲む他、アルカリ金属と水素間の一次元的結合は存在していない。この金属水素化物の水素吸蔵量がアラネイトより多いのは、このようにより多くの水素を吸蔵するための金属水素結合を形成する能力があることによっている。
【0017】
実施例1(BaAlHおよびBaAlH の合成)
BaとAlが2対1および1対1の合金は存在しないので、最も安定かつ合成が容易なBaAl13合金をBa金属とAl金属を原子比で7:13となるように秤量し、溶解法によって製造した。この合金をオートクレーブ中に入れ、7MPaの水素圧力をかけながら温度を徐々に上昇させると、まず第一の水素化物BaAlH5が140℃において生成した。更に温度を上げると第二の水素化物Ba2AlH7が280℃において得られた。
また、第一の水素化物であるBaAlH5の結晶構造を中性子回折法で解析した結果を図3に示す。なお、第二の水素化物BaAlHの結晶構造は図2に示したSrAlHと同じである。
BaAlH5が140℃において生成したことは、この水素化物が燃料電池の出熱温度である100℃付近で容易に生成分解することを意味している。触媒の添加により、更なる反応温度の低下がもたらされれば、実用に供することが可能となろう。
【0018】
図3からこの金属水素化物BaAlH5は、Alに対して6個の水素が回りを取り囲んで結合した(Al−H)ユニットが頂点を共有して一次元的に結合した構造を取っている。一方、アラネイトではAlに対してより少ない4個の水素が回りを取り囲んでいる。本発明の金属水素化物の水素吸蔵量がアラネイトより多いのは、このようにより多くの水素を吸蔵するための金属水素結合を形成する能力があることによっている。
【0019】
【発明の効果】
本発明の前記した金属水素化物は、文献未載の新規物質であり、水素:金属比が2.33〜2.5と従来の金属水素化物(水素:金属比が1〜2)比しその水素:金属比が著しく高いことから、水素吸蔵特性が著しく高められたもの(その水素吸蔵能がほぼ3質量%に達する)である。また、AIと水素の結合距離がアラネイトに比し長く、その結合が容易に切断されるので、アラネイトよりも低温で水素を放出することが可能である。
また従来の水素吸蔵合金に見られない、Alと水素で作る結合を有するという特異的な結晶構造をもつものである。
従って、これらの金属水素化物は軽量で水素吸蔵時の体積変化の少ない優れた水素輸送・貯蔵用の水素吸蔵合金としての用途・応用が期待され、特に、実用に耐える十分な水素吸収速度をもつことから、燃料電池、ニッケル水素電池、水素貯蔵装置、水素自動車、水素精製装置、ヒートポンプ、動力変換システム、触媒などの多方面への応用が期待される。特に水素充填一回当たりの走行距離(燃費)をほぼガソリン車並にできる可能性を秘めていることから、自動車用燃料電池などとしての用途の拡大が見込まれる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】X線回折法による、本発明の金属水素化物SrAlH の生成の確認図。
【図2】中性子回折法による、本発明の金属水素化物SrAlH の結晶構造の解析図。
【図3】中性子回折法による、本発明の金属水素化物BaAlHの結晶構造の解析図。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel metal hydride having high hydrogen storage properties.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Hydrogen storage alloy, a fuel cell, a nickel hydrogen battery, a hydrogen storage device, hydrogen vehicles, hydrogen purifier, a heat pump, power conversion system, application to various fields such as catalyst is expected, AB 5 already composed mainly of rare earth Type alloys have been put to practical use as electrode materials for nickel metal hydride batteries. More recently, it has been attracting attention as a means for safely and compactly mounting hydrogen, which is fuel for fuel cell vehicles, on the vehicle.
However, since the hydrogen storage capacity most prior proposed alloy and low 1-2% by weight (most common hydrogen storage capacity of LaNi 5 is AB 5 type alloy 1.4 wt%), hydrogen The mileage (fuel consumption) per filling is short, which is not as good as that of a gasoline vehicle.
[0003]
For this reason, in the “WE-NET” project, which is a research project on hydrogen in Japan, the hydrogen storage amount is about 5% by mass in order to secure the mileage (fuel consumption) per hydrogen filling equivalent to that of a gasoline vehicle. In order to achieve this target value, more energetic research and development is being actively conducted through each organization, but the current situation is that satisfactory results have not yet been obtained. At present, one of the most promising is alanate, which is a hydride of aluminum and alkali metal, represented by NaAlH 4 . However, Alanate has a drawback in that the bond between aluminum and hydrogen is strong and hydrogen is not released under mild conditions, and research and development of catalysts and the like are underway to solve this. Also in Alanate, the maximum hydrogen storage amount is 2 in the ratio of hydrogen atom (H) to metal atom (M) (H / M), as in the case of conventional hydrogen storage alloys. It is also a cause that is not expected. In addition, since Aranete's hydrogen occlusion is carried out by [AlH 4 ] ions, in the material development, Al is fixed and there are only development elements that change the alkali metal, and research and development is limited to a few specific compounds. This is the current situation.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in view of the actual state of the prior art as described above, and has a hydrogen storage characteristic and a release characteristic that are remarkably enhanced, and the storage capacity thereof can be reduced to 5% by mass, which is the target value. It aims at providing the novel metal hydride which gives this.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventor has intensively and carefully studied the characteristics of various types and various alloys, and as a result, the metal hydride having a composition of BaAlH 5 which is not expected at all in the conventional concept. Has surprisingly been found to have excellent hydrogen storage properties, and has led to the completion of the present invention.
That is, according to the present invention, a metal hydride having a composition of BaAlH 5 is provided.
[0008]
The inventors of the present invention have also proposed that a binary alloy composed of Ba 7 Al 13 reacts with hydrogen under high temperature and pressure, occludes hydrogen, and a new metal hydride having a composition ratio of BaAlH 5 and a composition ratio of Ba 2 AlH 7. Has been found to give new hydrides. When the hydrogen storage amount of this metal hydride is converted in terms of mass unit, they are 3.0 mass% and 2.3 mass%.
Therefore, when a binary alloy composed of Ba 7 Al 13 is used to store hydrogen until the metal hydride (mainly composed of BaAlH 5 ) is obtained, the alloy has a hydrogen storage amount of LaNi 5 (1 The amount of hydrogen (3.0 mass%) is occluded almost twice as much as (.4 mass%). Further, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to metal atoms is 5/2 = 2.5, which is far greater than conventional hydrogen storage alloys and alanates. By replacing Ba with a lighter metal such as Ca or Mg, it is expected that a material with a larger amount of occlusion can be obtained in terms of weight.
[0009]
The hydride of the present invention can be expected to release hydrogen at a lower temperature, that is, near room temperature, compared to Alanate, which is currently being actively researched. Alanate itself does not release hydrogen unless it is several hundred degrees Celsius, but the release temperature has been lowered to about 200 degrees Celsius due to recent catalyst development. As shown in Table 1, the bond distance between Alanate Al and hydrogen is 0.154 to 0.158 nm. However, in the hydride of the present invention, the bond distance between Al and hydrogen is longer than 0.154 to 0.185 nm. A long bond distance means that the bond is more easily broken. Therefore, it is possible to release hydrogen at a lower temperature than Alanate. With future catalyst development, the metal hydride of the present invention can be expected to release hydrogen near room temperature lower than 200 ° C. of Alanate.
[0010]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003906360
[0011]
What should be noted here is that these hydrides are materials that can aim at 5% by mass, which is the target value of the aforementioned WE-NET national project. In addition to these improved characteristics, a further feature of the alloy of the present invention is that the hydrogen storage rate has a hydrogen storage rate sufficient to withstand practical use.
Specific hydrogen storage properties of such Ba 7 Al 13 is completely not known conventionally, it was first elucidated by a number of experience and steady research over the years by the present inventors, a breakthrough matter No.
[0012]
The metal hydride having the composition BaAlH 5 according to the present invention can be easily synthesized by, for example, hydrogenation in an autograve .
[0013]
In addition, the metal hydride obtained in the present invention is a novel substance not described in the literature, and has a specific crystal structure that is not found in conventional hydrogen storage alloys and has a bond formed by Al and hydrogen. is there.
Therefore, these metal hydrides have a unique structure and high hydrogen storage characteristics, so they can be used as hydrogen storage alloys for hydrogen transport and storage that are lightweight and have little volume change during hydrogen storage. Be expected.
[0014]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described by way of examples.
[0015]
Reference Example 1 (Synthesis of Sr 2 AlH 7 )
Sr metal and Al metal were weighed so as to have an atomic ratio of 1: 2, and an SrAl 2 alloy was produced by a melting method. When this alloy was put in an autoclave and the temperature was gradually increased while applying a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa, first hydride SrAl 2 H 2 was produced. When the temperature was further raised, a second hydride Sr 2 AlH 7 was obtained.
When the process in which this SrAl 2 occludes hydrogen is observed by X-ray diffraction under a hydrogen atmosphere, it is as shown in FIG. Although this observation is that implemented by keeping the heated 5 minutes per one temperature step 3 hours, since progresses such a short time in the hydrogenation reaction, the hydrogen storage rate of the hydrogen-absorbing material It is concluded that is sufficiently practical.
Further, when FIG. 1 was analyzed in more detail, it was found that the first hydride was produced at 190 ° C. and the second hydride was produced at 240 ° C.
Moreover, the results of the crystal structure of Sr 2 AlH 7 is a second hydride were analyzed by neutron diffraction in FIG.
[0016]
From FIG. 2, this metal hydride Sr 2 AlH 7 has an (Al—H) unit in which 6 hydrogens surround and are bonded to Al, and Sr is one-dimensionally bonded to hydrogen (Sr—H). It has a unit structure. In Alanate, four hydrogens surround Al and there is no one-dimensional bond between alkali metal and hydrogen. This metal hydride has a larger amount of hydrogen storage than Alanate because of its ability to form metal hydrogen bonds for storing more hydrogen.
[0017]
Example 1 ( Synthesis of Ba 2 AlH 7 and BaAlH 5 )
Since there is no alloy of Ba and Al of 2: 1 and 1: 1, the most stable and easily synthesized Ba 7 Al 13 alloy is weighed so that the atomic ratio of Ba metal to Al metal is 7:13, Manufactured by the dissolution method. When this alloy was put in an autoclave and the temperature was gradually increased while applying a hydrogen pressure of 7 MPa, a first hydride BaAlH 5 was first produced at 140 ° C. When the temperature was further raised, a second hydride Ba 2 AlH 7 was obtained at 280 ° C.
Moreover, the results of the crystal structure of BaAlH 5 is a first hydride were analyzed by neutron diffraction in FIG. The crystal structure of the second hydride Ba 2 AlH 7 is the same as Sr 2 AlH 7 shown in FIG.
The fact that BaAlH 5 was produced at 140 ° C. means that this hydride is easily produced and decomposed at around 100 ° C., which is the heat output temperature of the fuel cell. If the addition of the catalyst brings about a further decrease in the reaction temperature, it will be possible to put it into practical use.
[0018]
From FIG. 3, this metal hydride BaAlH 5 has a structure in which (Al—H) units, in which six hydrogen atoms surround and are bonded to Al, share one vertex and are bonded one-dimensionally. On the other hand, in Alanate, less hydrogen than Al surrounds four. The reason why the metal hydride of the present invention has a larger amount of hydrogen storage than Alanate is that it has the ability to form metal hydrogen bonds for storing more hydrogen.
[0019]
【The invention's effect】
The above-described metal hydride of the present invention is a novel substance not described in the literature, and the hydrogen: metal ratio is 2.33-2.5 compared with conventional metal hydrides (hydrogen: metal ratio is 1-2). Since the hydrogen: metal ratio is remarkably high, the hydrogen storage characteristics are remarkably improved (the hydrogen storage capacity reaches approximately 3% by mass). In addition, since the bond distance between AI and hydrogen is longer than that of alanate and the bond is easily broken, hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature than that of alanate.
In addition, it has a specific crystal structure that is not found in conventional hydrogen storage alloys and has a bond made of Al and hydrogen.
Therefore, these metal hydrides are expected to be used and applied as hydrogen storage alloys that are lightweight and have little volume change when storing hydrogen, and in particular, have a sufficient hydrogen absorption rate to withstand practical use. Therefore, it is expected to be applied to various fields such as fuel cells, nickel-metal hydride batteries, hydrogen storage devices, hydrogen automobiles, hydrogen purification devices, heat pumps, power conversion systems, and catalysts. In particular, it has the potential to make the mileage (fuel consumption) per hydrogen filling almost the same as that of a gasoline vehicle, so the use as a fuel cell for automobiles is expected to expand.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a confirmation diagram of the formation of the metal hydride Sr 2 AlH 7 of the present invention by X-ray diffraction.
FIG. 2 is an analysis diagram of the crystal structure of the metal hydride Sr 2 AlH 7 of the present invention by neutron diffraction.
FIG. 3 is an analysis diagram of the crystal structure of the metal hydride BaAlH 5 of the present invention by neutron diffraction.

Claims (1)

BaAlHBaAlH 5 なる組成を有する金属水素化物。A metal hydride having the composition:
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