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JP3921399B2 - Sintered magnet - Google Patents
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JP3921399B2 - Sintered magnet - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP3921399B2
JP3921399B2 JP2002056674A JP2002056674A JP3921399B2 JP 3921399 B2 JP3921399 B2 JP 3921399B2 JP 2002056674 A JP2002056674 A JP 2002056674A JP 2002056674 A JP2002056674 A JP 2002056674A JP 3921399 B2 JP3921399 B2 JP 3921399B2
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content
magnet
coercive force
mol
sintered magnet
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JP2002327255A (en
Inventor
篤司 坂本
力 石坂
徹也 日高
英治 加藤
誠 中根
信也 内田
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TDK Corp
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TDK Corp
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/047Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/053Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
    • H01F1/055Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
    • H01F1/057Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
    • H01F1/0571Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
    • H01F1/0575Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
    • H01F1/0577Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、Nd2Fe14B系組成をもつ希土類焼結磁石に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
高性能を有する希土類磁石としては、例えば特許第1431617号公報に記載されているNd2Fe14B系磁石が知られている。
【0003】
特許第2720040号公報では、Nd2Fe14B系磁石の最大エネルギー積を向上させ、高保磁力と優れた角形性を得るために、NdとPrとを合計で12〜17原子%(ただしNd、Prの一部をDy、Tbなどの重希土類元素で0.2〜3.0原子%置換できる)、Bを5〜14原子%、Coを20原子%以下、Cuを0.02〜0.5原子%それぞれ含有し、残部がFeおよび不可避的不純物からなる焼結永久磁石材料を提案している。同公報の実施例1では、原子比でFe−4Co−14.5Nd−7B−xCu(x=0.01〜0.4原子%)で表される組成の焼結磁石を、また、実施例3では、原子比でFe−2Co−13.5Nd−1.5Dy−7Bに0.1原子%Cuを含む組成の焼結磁石を、それぞれ作製している。実施例1で作製した焼結磁石の最大エネルギー積は、同公報の図1に記載されているように約40MGOe(約318kJ/m3)である。この値はCu含有量が約0.15原子%のときに得られており、また、この含有量において保磁力も最大値を示している。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、最大エネルギー積の高いNd2Fe14B系焼結磁石を提供することを目的とする。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
このような目的は、下記(1)〜(4)の本発明により達成される。
(1)R(Rは、希土類元素の少なくとも1種であり、Ndおよび/またはPrが必須元素として含まれる)、Cu、Fe、Feの一部を置換するCoおよび酸素を含有し、R含有量が11.7〜13.5モル%、Cu含有量が0.01〜0.1モル%、B含有量が5〜7モル%、Co含有量が0.8モル%以下、酸素含有量が3000ppm以下、残部が実質的にFeであり、最大エネルギー積が400kJ/m以上である焼結磁石。
(2)R含有量が12.2〜13.5モル%である上記(1)の焼結磁石。
)相対密度が99.0%以上である上記(1)又は)の焼結磁石。
)隣り合う2つの結晶粒の境界に存在する2結晶粒界と、隣り合う3以上の結晶粒の境界に存在する多結晶粒界とについて組成分析を行い、前記各結晶粒界において、元素R量に対するCu量の比Cu/Rを求め、2結晶粒界におけるCu/RをC2で表し、多結晶粒界におけるCu/RをCMで表したとき、
M/C2≦0.7
である上記(1)〜()のいずれかの焼結磁石。
【0006】
【作用および効果】
本発明者らは、Cuを含有するR214B系焼結磁石について、様々な実験を行い、以下に示す知見を得た。
【0007】
2Fe14B系焼結磁石にCuを添加した場合、上記特許第2720040号公報に記載されているように、最大エネルギー積および保磁力が向上した。しかし、本発明者らは、同公報の実施例よりもR含有量を少なくしたときに、残留磁束密度が著しく向上すると共に、Cu添加による保磁力の向上率が顕著に高くなり、その結果、同公報の実施例に比べて著しく高い400kJ/m3以上の最大エネルギー積が得られ、さらには410kJ/m3以上、最大で480kJ/m3にも達する最大エネルギー積を得ることもできることを見いだした。
【0008】
また、本発明者らは、上記特許第2720040号公報の実施例よりもR含有量を少なくした場合において、Cuを添加して磁石の密度を上記した所定値以上とすれば、R含有量を少なくしたことによる保磁力の急激な低下を著しく抑制でき、その結果、最大エネルギー積を著しく高くできることを見いだした。磁石密度が高くなると、通常、残留磁束密度は向上するが保磁力は低下する。例えば、本発明者らの実験によれば、Rを14.54モル%(Nd:Dy=78:22)含有するR2Fe14B系磁石における時効処理後の保磁力は、磁石の相対密度が99.3%のとき2170kA/mであり、磁石の相対密度が99.6%のとき2110kA/mであった。すなわち、相対密度が高くなると、保磁力が低くなってしまう。しかし、残留磁束密度の向上を最大エネルギー積に反映させるためには、一定の保磁力が必要とされる。そのため、R含有量を少なくし、かつ磁石密度を向上させることによって残留磁束密度を向上させても、保磁力が低下してしまっては最大エネルギー積は高くならない。しかし、R含有量の比較的少ないR2Fe14B系焼結磁石にCuを添加した場合、磁石密度の向上に伴って保磁力も向上し、結果として最大エネルギー積が顕著に向上することがわかった。
【0009】
図2は、R含有量が12.79モル%、Cu含有量が0.01モル%である磁石のM−Hループであり、図3は、R含有量が同じでCu含有量が0.04モル%である磁石のM−Hループである。Mは磁化であり、Hは外部から印加された磁界の強度である。これらの図から、R含有量が少ない磁石においてCu含有量を増大させることにより、M−Hループにおける角形性が著しく向上することがわかる。ここで、本明細書における角形性の評価基準について説明する。磁石の残留磁化をMrとし、保磁力をHcJとし、第2象限におけるM−Hループの面積をSとしたとき、本明細書ではS/(Mr・HcJ)を面積角形比と呼び、この面積角形比が1に近いほど角形性が良好であると判定する。図2および図3から、Cu含有量を増大させることにより、面積角形比が1に近づくことがわかる。面積角形比が1に近ければ、R含有量を少なくしたことによって向上した残留磁束密度を、最大エネルギー積の向上に反映させることが可能となる。面積角形比が小さいと、HcJが同じであっても最大エネルギー積は高くならない。
【0010】
また、本発明者らは、上記特許第2720040号公報の実施例よりもR含有量を少なくした場合、保磁力のばらつきが臨界的に大きくなることを見いだした。そして、この保磁力のばらつきが、Cuの添加により顕著に減少し、その結果、保磁力の揃った焼結磁石の量産が可能になることを見いだした。R214B系焼結磁石では、主相であるR214B結晶粒をRリッチ相が被覆することによって高保磁力が得られると考えられている。したがって、R含有量が少ない場合に保磁力がばらつきやすいのは、焼結磁石内においてRリッチ相が均一に分布しにくくなる結果、R214B結晶粒の被覆が不均一になるためと考えられる。R含有量が少ない場合にこのような保磁力のばらつきが生じること、および、この保磁力ばらつきがCu添加により改善できることは、従来知られていない。
【0011】
元素Rは酸化されやすく、元素Rが酸化されると磁石特性が大きく低下する。本発明の焼結磁石はR含有量が比較的少ないので、元素Rの酸化に対するマージンが小さい。すなわち、R含有量が比較的多い場合と同等の酸素含有量であっても、元素Rの酸化率は高くなり、その結果、磁石密度が低下して、磁石特性が著しく低くなる。そのため本発明では、焼結磁石中の酸素含有量を上記所定値以下に抑える。これにより、R含有量を少なくし、かつ、Cuを添加したことによって得られる最大エネルギー積向上効果が、損なわれることがなくなる。
【0012】
本発明の磁石において、2結晶粒界におけるCu/R(C2)と、多結晶粒界におけるCu/R(CM)とが
M/C2≦0.7
で表される関係をもつ場合、保磁力はより高くなり、保磁力のばらつきはより小さくなる。すなわち、Cuが2結晶粒界に多く存在し、多結晶粒界にはほとんど存在しない場合、本発明の磁石はより優れた特性が得られる。一方、R含有量が多い従来の磁石では、添加したCuが2結晶粒界と多結晶粒界とにほぼ均一に存在する。
【0013】
結晶粒界におけるこのような元素分布と、本発明によって実現する保磁力向上効果および保磁力ばらつき低減効果との関係は明らかではないが、本発明者らは以下のように考察した。
【0014】
R含有量の少ない焼結磁石を製造する場合、三重点等の多結晶粒界には、R含有量の多い磁石と同様にRリッチ相が十分に形成されるが、薄い2結晶粒界にRリッチ相を均一に形成することは困難である。そのため、高い保磁力を得ることが難しい。しかし、Cuを添加した場合には、Cuに富む(R−Cu)リッチ相が形成され、この(R−Cu)リッチ相は、R2Fe14B結晶粒を濡らしやすいため、2結晶粒界に優先的に析出し、多結晶粒界には析出しにくいと考えられる。その結果、本発明の磁石では、2結晶粒界に均一に(R−Cu)リッチ相が形成され、これによってR2Fe14B結晶粒が被覆されるため、保磁力が顕著に向上し、かつ、保磁力のばらつきが減少すると考えられる。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の焼結磁石は、R(Rは、希土類元素の少なくとも1種であり、Ndおよび/またはPrが必須元素として含まれる)、Cu、FeおよびBを含有する。R含有量は、11.7〜13.5モル%である。
【0016】
R含有量が少なすぎると、高保磁力が得られなくなる結果、最大エネルギー積を高くできなくなる。一方、R含有量が多すぎると、前述した本発明の作用効果が実現しなくなり、最大エネルギー積が小さくなる。本発明の作用効果を十分に実現するためには、R含有量を12.2〜13.5モル%とすることが好ましい。元素Rには、Ndおよび/またはPrが必ず含まれる。NdとPrとの比率は特に限定されない。元素RとしてNdおよびPrだけを用いてもよいが、これら以外の希土類元素、すなわちY、Sc、La、Ce、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、YbおよびLuの少なくとも1種を用いてもよい。これらのうちでは、Dyおよび/またはTbが好ましい。磁石特性を低下させないためには、NdおよびPrの両者以外の元素の合計量は、元素R全体の10モル%以下とすることが好ましい。なお、元素Rとして2種以上の元素を用いる場合、原料としてミッシュメタル等の混合物を用いることもできる。
【0017】
Cu含有量は、0.01〜0.1モル%、好ましくは0.01モル%以上0.1モル%未満、より好ましくは0.01〜0.08モル%、さらに好ましくは0.02〜0.06モル%である。Cu含有量が少なすぎると、前述した本発明の作用効果が実現しなくなる。一方、Cu含有量が多すぎると、保磁力がかえって減少し、残留磁束密度も減少するため、最大エネルギー積が減少してしまう。
【0018】
B含有量は、5〜7モル%、好ましくは5.5〜6.5モル%である。B含有量が少なすぎると、菱面体組繊となるため保磁力が低くなる。一方、B含有量が多すぎると、Bリッチな非磁性相が多くなるため残留磁束密度が低くなる。
【0019】
残部は実質的にFeであるが、Feの一部をCoで置換する。Coを添加することにより、保磁力の温度依存性および耐食性を改善することができ、残留磁束密度も向上できる。ただし、Coの添加により保磁力が低下してしまい、元素R含有量が少ない本発明の磁石では保磁力の低下率が大きくなるため、Coの含有量は0.8モル%以下とする。
【0020】
本発明の焼結磁石中には、上記各元素のほか、微量添加物ないし不可避的不純物として例えばC、P、S、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Bi、Nb、Ta、Mo、W、Sb、Ge、Sn、Zr、Ni、Si、Hf、Ga、Znなどの少なくとも1種が含有されていてもよい。ただし、磁石特性低下を抑えるためには、これらの合計含有量を3モル%以下とすることが好ましい。
【0021】
前述したように本発明では、R含有量の比較的多い従来の磁石と異なり、磁石密度の向上に伴って保磁力が向上する。本発明において、焼結磁石の相対密度を好ましくは99.0%以上、より好ましくは99.2%以上、さらに好ましくは99.4%以上とすれば、高保磁力が得られ、最大エネルギー積が十分に高くなる。
【0022】
なお、磁石の相対密度は、磁石の実測密度をその理論密度で除した値である。本明細書における磁石の理論密度は、「固体物理Vol.21,No.1,37-45(1986)」(アグネ技術センター発行)のTable 1に記載されたR2Fe14Bの密度であり、例えば、Nd2Fe14Bは7.58Mg/m3、Dy2Fe14Bは8.07Mg/m3である。また、元素Rを2種以上用いる場合には、各元素の比率に応じ直線近似する。具体的には、元素RとしてNdおよびDyを用い、これらのモル比がNd:Dy=x:yである場合、理論密度は
(7.58x+8.07y)/(x+y)
とする。
【0023】
また、前述したように本発明では、酸化による磁石特性への影響が大きくなるため、磁石中の酸素含有量を好ましくは3000ppm以下、より好ましくは2500ppm以下とする。なお、酸素含有量は少ないほど好ましいが、製造工程における酸化は不可避であるため、酸素含有量をゼロにすることはできず、通常、500ppm以上は含有される。酸素含有量を抑えるためには、製造の際に粉砕、混合、成形などの各工程を、Ar、N2等の非酸化性雰囲気中で行い、かつ、雰囲気中の酸素分圧を厳密に管理することが好ましい。
【0024】
本発明の焼結磁石は、実質的に正方晶系の結晶構造の主相を有する。
【0025】
本発明の磁石は、結晶粒界における元素分布に特徴をもつ。本発明の磁石に対し、2結晶粒界と多結晶粒界とについて組成分析を行い、それぞれの結晶粒界において、元素R量に対するCu量の比Cu/Rを求め、2結晶粒界におけるCu/RをC2で表し、多結晶粒界におけるCu/RをCMで表したとき、好ましくは
M/C2≦0.7、より好ましくは
M/C2≦0.5、さらに好ましくは
M/C2≦0.35
である。本発明の磁石は、C2の値が大きく、かつCMの値が小さい場合に保磁力が高くなり、CM/C2が上記限定範囲内であるとき、より高い保磁力が得られ、かつ、保磁力のばらつきがより小さくなる。なお、CM/C2はゼロであってもよい。多結晶粒界に存在するCuが極微量である場合、後述するTEM−EDSによる測定の際に、Cu量がバックグラウンドノイズ以下となって、Cu量がゼロと算出されることがあるからである。すなわち、CM/C2がゼロであっても、多結晶粒界にCuが1原子も存在しないわけではない。ただし、CM/C2=0、すなわちCM=0となるのは、通常、Cu添加量がかなり少ない場合であり、保磁力が顕著に向上する程度までCuを添加した場合には、通常、0<CM/C2、特に0.01≦CM/C2となる。
【0026】
ここで、2結晶粒界および多結晶粒界について説明する。図4に、Nd2Fe14B系焼結磁石の透過型電子顕微鏡写真を示す。図4において2結晶粒界は、短いライン(Line 1)が横断している結晶粒界であり、Nd2Fe14B相(phase)からなる2つの結晶粒に挟まれた領域である。2結晶粒界の厚さは、通常、10nm以下である。一方、多結晶粒界は、長いライン(Line 2)が横断している結晶粒界であり、3つの結晶粒に挟まれた三重点である。ただし、三重点に限らず、4以上の結晶粒の間に存在する結晶粒界も、本明細書における多結晶粒界に包含される。
【0027】
結晶粒界におけるCu/Rは、TEM−EDS(Transmission Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)により測定することができる。ただし、2結晶粒界は薄いため、元素分布を測定することが困難である。そのため、測定試料表面における電子ビームのスポット径を小さくする必要がある。具体的には、ビーム径は5.0nm以下、特に1.0nm以下とすることが好ましい。このような微小なスポット径とするためには、電界放射型の電子銃を有するTEMを使うことが好ましい。
【0028】
Cu/Rは、以下のようにして求める。まず、TEM−EDSにより、結晶粒界付近を直線的に走査しながらR量(質量%)およびCu量(質量%)を測定する。このときの測定ステップ(隣り合う測定ポイントの間隔)は、5.0nm以下、特に2.0nm以下とすることが好ましい。この測定ステップが大きいと、高精度の元素分布測定が困難となる。図5(A)および図5(B)は、このようにして測定された2結晶粒界付近(図4のLine 1)および多結晶粒界付近(図4のLine 2)における元素分布を示すグラフである。これらの図において、横軸は測定ライン上の位置を示し、縦軸はFe、NdまたはCuの量を示している。
【0029】
次に、結晶粒界内においてR量が最も高い位置を特定し、その位置においてR量に対するCu量の比Cu/Rを求める。このとき、試料中に元素Rとして複数種の希土類元素が含まれる場合には、各希土類元素の量の和をR量とする。このような測定を、それぞれ複数箇所(好ましくはそれぞれ5箇所以上)の2結晶粒界および多結晶粒界について行い、複数の2結晶粒界でそれぞれ求めたCu/Rの平均をC2とし、複数の多結晶粒界でそれぞれ求めたCu/Rの平均をCMとして、CM/C2を算出する。
【0030】
なお、上記測定に際しては、結晶粒界内においてR量が最大となる位置を特定する必要があるため、図4のLine 1およびLine 2のように、粒界の両側に存在する結晶粒の一部にかかるように測定ラインを設定する必要がある。
【0031】
次に、本発明の焼結磁石の好ましい製造方法について説明する。
【0032】
まず、合金を鋳造し、インゴットを得る。得られたインゴットを、ディスクミル等により10〜100μm程度の粒径まで粗粉砕し、次いで、ジェットミル等により0.5〜5μm程度の粒径まで微粉砕する。得られた粉末を、好ましくは磁場中にて成形する。この場合、磁場強度は800kA/m以上、成形圧力は10〜500MPa程度であることが好ましい。成形には、一軸加圧またはCIPなどの等方加圧のいずれを用いてもよい。得られた成形体を、1000〜1200℃で0.1〜100時間焼結する。焼結は、複数回行ってもよい。焼結は、真空中またはArガス等の不活性ガス雰囲気中で行うことが好ましい。
【0033】
焼結後、好ましくは不活性ガス雰囲気中において、好ましくは500℃以上焼結温度以下の温度、より好ましくは500〜950℃の温度で、0.1〜100時間時効処理を行うことが好ましい。時効処理により保磁力がさらに向上する。なお、時効処理は、多段階の熱処理から構成してもよい。例えば2段の熱処理からなる時効処理では、1段目の熱処理を700℃以上焼結温度未満の温度で0.1〜50時間行い、2段目の熱処理を500〜700℃で0.1〜100時間行うことが好ましい。
【0034】
本発明の焼結磁石の用途は特に限定されず、例えばモータやスピーカなど各種機器に適用可能であるが、その中でも特に高い残留磁束密度が要求されるVCM(ボイスコイルモータ)に好適である。
【0035】
【実施例】
実施例1(組成による磁石特性の比較)
原料合金として、表1に示す組成の合金粉末を用いた。なお、表1に示す組成において、残部はFeである。これらの合金粉末は、鋳造した合金インゴットを窒素雰囲気中で粉砕することにより得た。
【0036】
次いで、合金粉末を強度11.1MA/mの磁場中で50MPaの圧力で成形した後、真空中において焼結した。焼結は下記条件で行った。
【0037】
焼結条件S1:1070℃で4時間熱処理、
焼結条件S2:1070℃で8時間熱処理、
焼結条件S3:1070℃で4時間熱処理後、1050℃で4時間熱処理、
焼結条件S4:1070℃で6時間熱処理、
焼結条件S5:1030℃で44時間熱処理
【0038】
焼結後、Ar雰囲気中において時効処理を施して、焼結磁石サンプルとした。時効処理は下記条件で行った。
【0039】
時効条件A1:800℃で1時間熱処理後、650℃で1時間熱処理、
時効条件A2:700℃で1時間熱処理後、600℃で10時間熱処理、
時効条件A3:600℃で10時間熱処理、
時効条件A4:900℃で1時間熱処理後、550℃で20時間熱処理、
時効条件A5:900℃で1時間熱処理後、550℃で1時間熱処理
【0040】
各サンプルについて、焼結条件、時効条件、相対密度、酸素含有量、保磁力(HcJ)、残留磁束密度(Br)および最大エネルギー積((BH)max)を、表1に示す。
【0041】
【表1】

Figure 0003921399
【0042】
表1から、R含有量が少ない組成においてCuを添加することにより、保磁力が向上し、その結果、400kJ/m3以上の著しく大きな最大エネルギー積が得られることが明らかである。また、大きな最大エネルギー積を得るためには、磁石中の酸素含有量を3000ppm以下に抑える必要があることがわかる。また、Co含有量が1.6モル%以下、特に0.8モル%以下であると、高保磁力が得られ、その結果、最大エネルギー積が高くなることがわかる。なお、酸素含有量は、製造工程において雰囲気中の酸素分圧を制御することにより変更した。
【0043】
実施例2(Cu添加が保磁力のばらつきに与える影響)
原料合金中の組成(モル百分率)を
Nd:12.79、
Co:0.15、
B:5.95、
Cu:図1に示す値、
Fe:残部
とし、焼結条件を前記条件S4とし、時効処理を行わなかったほかは実施例1と同様にして、Cu含有量の異なる焼結磁石サンプルを作製した。各サンプルはそれぞれ18個ずつ作製し、この18個の磁石について保磁力を測定し、その最大値HcJmaxおよび最小値HcJminを調べた。また、保磁力の平均値(HcJave)を
HcJave=(HcJmax+HcJmin)/2
により算出し、保磁力のばらつき(Error)を
Error=(HcJmax−HcJmin)/HcJave
により算出した。各サンプルについて、HcJmax、HcJminおよびErrorを図1に示す。
【0044】
図1から、Cu添加により保磁力のばらつきが著しく小さくなることが明らかである。
【0045】
なお、これらのサンプルにおいて、酸素含有量は1500〜2000ppmであり、相対密度は99.0%以上であった。
【0046】
また、図1のサンプルは時効処理を施していないので、最大エネルギー積が400kJ/m3未満であるが、時効処理を施すことにより400kJ/m3以上となった。時効処理を行っても、図1に示すものと同傾向の保磁力ばらつきが残った。
【0047】
実施例3(磁石密度が保磁力に与える影響)
原料合金中の組成(モル百分率)を
Nd:12.79、
Co:0.15、
B:5.95、
Cu:0.04、
Fe:残部
とし、焼結条件を前記条件S4とし、時効処理条件を前記A4で行ったほかは実施例1と同様にして、焼結磁石サンプルを作製した。これらのサンプルについて、相対密度、保磁力および最大エネルギー積を表2に示す。
【0048】
【表2】
Figure 0003921399
【0049】
表2から、本発明の磁石においては、相対密度が高いほど保磁力が高くなることがわかる。
【0050】
実施例4(結晶粒界における元素分布)
表1のサンプルNo.127の透過型電子顕微鏡写真の一例を、図4に示す。このサンプルについて、2結晶粒界および多結晶粒界における元素分布を測定した。測定には電界放射型分析電子顕微鏡(FE−TEM)によるTEM−EDSを利用し、電子ビームのスポット径を1nmとし、加速電圧を200kVとし、約1nmステップで分析点を直線的に移動させながら組成分析を行った。2結晶粒界における測定範囲は図4のLine 1(長さ40nm)上であり、多結晶粒界における測定範囲は図4のLine 2(長さ100nm)上である。
【0051】
図5(A)に、図4のLine 1上で測定した2結晶粒界の組成分布を、図5(B)に、図4のLine 2上で測定した多結晶粒界の組成分布を、それぞれ示す。同様にして、サンプル中の他の4箇所の2結晶粒界および他の4箇所の多結晶粒界についても元素分布を測定した。次いで、各測定箇所におけるCu/Rを前述した手順により求め、5箇所の2結晶粒界でそれぞれ求めたCu/Rの平均をC2とし、5箇所の多結晶粒界でそれぞれ求めたCu/Rの平均をCMとして、CM/C2を算出した。表1のサンプルNo.117およびNo.129についても、同様な手順によりCM/C2を算出した。これらの結果を表3に示す。
【0052】
また、比較のために、前記特許第2720040号公報の実施例3に記載された組成(13.50Nd-1.50Dy-0.15Cu-4.00Co-7.00B-Fe)をもつ焼結磁石(比較サンプルNo.301)を作製し、これについても、サンプルNo.127と同様な手順で結晶粒界における元素分布を測定してCM/C2を求めた。結果を表3に併記する。また、この比較サンプルにおける2結晶粒界の元素分布を図6(A)に、多結晶粒界(三重点)における元素分布を図6(B)にそれぞれ示す。なお、図6(A)および図6(B)にはNdの分布を表示してあるが、CM/C2を求めるに際して用いたR量は、Nd量とDy量との合計である。
【0053】
【表3】
Figure 0003921399
【0054】
図5(A)、図5(B)および表3から、R含有量の少ない本発明の磁石では、CM/C2が前記した限定範囲内に収まること、すなわち、Cuが多結晶粒界にはほとんど存在せず2結晶粒界に偏在していることがわかる。一方、図6(A)、図6(B)および表3から、R含有量の多い従来の磁石では、Cuは多結晶粒界および2結晶粒界にほぼ均一に存在することがわかる。
【0055】
なお、表1に示す本発明サンプルについて、同様にして結晶粒界の元素分布を調べたところ、すべてのサンプルでCM/C2が0.7以下に収まっていた。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】Cu含有量と保磁力との関係を表すグラフである。
【図2】磁石のM−Hループを示すグラフである。
【図3】磁石のM−Hループを示すグラフである。
【図4】結晶構造を示す図面代用写真であって、R2Fe14B系焼結磁石断面の透過型電子顕微鏡写真である。
【図5】(A)は、本発明の磁石の2結晶粒界(図4に示すLine 1)における元素分布を示すグラフであり、(B)は、本発明の磁石の多結晶粒界(図4に示すLine 2)における元素分布を示すグラフである。
【図6】(A)は、従来の磁石の2結晶粒界における元素分布を示すグラフであり、(B)は、従来の磁石の多結晶粒界における元素分布を示すグラフである。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides Nd2Fe14The present invention relates to a rare earth sintered magnet having a B-based composition.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As a rare earth magnet having high performance, for example, Nd described in Japanese Patent No. 14316172Fe14B-type magnets are known.
[0003]
In Japanese Patent No. 272040, Nd2Fe14In order to improve the maximum energy product of the B magnet and to obtain a high coercive force and excellent squareness, Nd and Pr are combined in a total amount of 12 to 17 atomic% (however, a part of Nd and Pr is a heavy component such as Dy and Tb). 0.2 to 3.0 atomic% can be substituted with rare earth elements), B is contained in 5 to 14 atomic%, Co is contained in 20 atomic% or less, Cu is contained in 0.02 to 0.5 atomic%, and the balance is Fe and We have proposed sintered permanent magnet materials consisting of inevitable impurities. In Example 1 of the publication, a sintered magnet having a composition represented by Fe-4Co-14.5Nd-7B-xCu (x = 0.01 to 0.4 atomic%) in atomic ratio is used. 3, sintered magnets each having a composition containing 0.1 atomic% Cu in Fe-2Co-13.5Nd-1.5Dy-7B by atomic ratio are produced. The maximum energy product of the sintered magnet produced in Example 1 is about 40 MGOe (about 318 kJ / m as described in FIG. 1 of the same publication).Three). This value is obtained when the Cu content is about 0.15 atomic%, and the coercive force also shows the maximum value at this content.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention provides Nd with a high maximum energy product.2Fe14An object is to provide a B-based sintered magnet.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
  Such an object is achieved by the present inventions (1) to (4) below.
(1) R (R is at least one rare earth element, and Nd and / or Pr are included as essential elements), Cu, Fe,BCo and oxygen replacing a part of FeR content is 11.7 to 13.5 mol%, Cu content is 0.01 to 0.1 mol%, B content is 5 to 7 mol%,Co content is 0.8 mol% or less, oxygen content is 3000 ppm or lessThe balance is substantially Fe and the maximum energy product is 400 kJ / m.3This is a sintered magnet.
(2) The sintered magnet of (1) above, wherein the R content is 12.2 to 13.5 mol%.
(3(1) The relative density is 99.0% or more.Or(2) Sintered magnet.
(4) Composition analysis is performed on two crystal grain boundaries existing at the boundary between two adjacent crystal grains and a polycrystalline grain boundary existing at the boundary between three or more adjacent crystal grains. At each crystal grain boundary, element R The ratio Cu / R of the amount of Cu with respect to the amount is obtained, and Cu / R at the two grain boundaries is represented by C2Cu / R at the polycrystalline grain boundary is represented by CMWhen expressed in
  CM/ C2≦ 0.7
The above (1) to (3) Any sintered magnet.
[0006]
[Action and effect]
We have R containing Cu2T14Various experiments were conducted on the B-based sintered magnet, and the following knowledge was obtained.
[0007]
R2Fe14When Cu was added to the B-based sintered magnet, the maximum energy product and the coercive force were improved as described in Japanese Patent No. 27200040. However, the present inventors, when the R content is less than the examples of the publication, the residual magnetic flux density is remarkably improved, and the improvement rate of the coercive force due to the addition of Cu is remarkably increased. 400 kJ / m, which is significantly higher than the embodiment of the publicationThreeThe above maximum energy product is obtained, and further 410 kJ / mThreeUp to 480kJ / mThreeWe found that we can get the maximum energy product that reaches
[0008]
In addition, when the R content is less than the example of the above-mentioned Japanese Patent No. 27200040, the present inventors can reduce the R content by adding Cu to make the density of the magnet equal to or higher than the predetermined value described above. It has been found that the sudden decrease in coercive force due to the reduction can be remarkably suppressed, and as a result, the maximum energy product can be remarkably increased. As the magnet density increases, the residual magnetic flux density usually improves, but the coercive force decreases. For example, according to the experiments by the present inventors, R containing 14.54 mol% (Nd: Dy = 78: 22).2Fe14The coercive force after aging treatment in the B-based magnet was 2170 kA / m when the relative density of the magnet was 99.3%, and 2110 kA / m when the relative density of the magnet was 99.6%. That is, as the relative density increases, the coercive force decreases. However, a constant coercive force is required to reflect the improvement in residual magnetic flux density in the maximum energy product. Therefore, even if the residual magnetic flux density is improved by reducing the R content and improving the magnet density, the maximum energy product does not increase if the coercive force decreases. However, R with relatively low R content2Fe14It was found that when Cu was added to the B-based sintered magnet, the coercive force was improved as the magnet density was increased, and as a result, the maximum energy product was significantly improved.
[0009]
FIG. 2 is a MH loop of a magnet having an R content of 12.79 mol% and a Cu content of 0.01 mol%, and FIG. 3 shows the same R content and a Cu content of 0.00. It is the MH loop of the magnet which is 04 mol%. M is the magnetization, and H is the strength of the magnetic field applied from the outside. From these figures, it can be seen that the squareness in the MH loop is remarkably improved by increasing the Cu content in a magnet having a small R content. Here, the evaluation criteria for the squareness in this specification will be described. When the remanent magnetization of the magnet is Mr, the coercive force is HcJ, and the area of the MH loop in the second quadrant is S, in this specification, S / (Mr · HcJ) is called the area squareness ratio. It is determined that the squareness is better as the squareness ratio is closer to 1. 2 and 3 that the area squareness ratio approaches 1 by increasing the Cu content. If the area squareness ratio is close to 1, the residual magnetic flux density improved by reducing the R content can be reflected in the improvement of the maximum energy product. If the area squareness ratio is small, the maximum energy product does not increase even if HcJ is the same.
[0010]
In addition, the present inventors have found that the variation in coercive force becomes critically large when the R content is reduced as compared with the example of the above-mentioned Japanese Patent No. 272040. Then, it has been found that the variation in coercive force is remarkably reduced by the addition of Cu, and as a result, mass production of sintered magnets with uniform coercive force becomes possible. R2T14For B-based sintered magnets, the main phase is R2T14It is considered that a high coercive force can be obtained by coating the B crystal grains with the R-rich phase. Therefore, the coercive force tends to vary when the R content is small because the R-rich phase is difficult to be uniformly distributed in the sintered magnet.2T14This is probably because the coating of the B crystal grains becomes non-uniform. It has not been conventionally known that such a variation in coercive force occurs when the R content is small, and that this coercive force variation can be improved by adding Cu.
[0011]
The element R is easily oxidized, and when the element R is oxidized, the magnet characteristics are greatly deteriorated. Since the sintered magnet of the present invention has a relatively small R content, the margin for oxidation of the element R is small. That is, even if the oxygen content is the same as when the R content is relatively high, the oxidation rate of the element R is high, and as a result, the magnet density is lowered and the magnet characteristics are remarkably lowered. Therefore, in the present invention, the oxygen content in the sintered magnet is suppressed to the predetermined value or less. Thereby, the maximum energy product improvement effect obtained by reducing R content and adding Cu will not be spoiled.
[0012]
In the magnet of the present invention, Cu / R (C2) And Cu / R (CM)
CM/ C2≦ 0.7
The coercive force is higher and the coercive force variation is smaller. That is, when Cu is present in a large amount at two crystal grain boundaries and hardly exists at a polycrystal grain boundary, the magnet of the present invention can obtain more excellent characteristics. On the other hand, in the conventional magnet having a large R content, the added Cu exists almost uniformly at the two crystal grain boundaries and the polycrystalline grain boundary.
[0013]
Although the relationship between such an element distribution at the grain boundary and the coercive force improving effect and coercive force variation reducing effect realized by the present invention is not clear, the present inventors have considered as follows.
[0014]
When manufacturing a sintered magnet having a small R content, a R-rich phase is sufficiently formed in a polycrystalline grain boundary such as a triple point as in a magnet having a large R content. It is difficult to form an R-rich phase uniformly. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain a high coercive force. However, when Cu is added, a (R—Cu) rich phase rich in Cu is formed, and this (R—Cu) rich phase is R2Fe14Since the B crystal grains are easily wetted, it preferentially precipitates at the two crystal grain boundaries and is unlikely to precipitate at the polycrystalline grain boundaries. As a result, in the magnet of the present invention, a (R—Cu) rich phase is uniformly formed at the two crystal grain boundaries, and thereby R2Fe14Since the B crystal grains are covered, it is considered that the coercive force is remarkably improved and the variation in coercive force is reduced.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The sintered magnet of the present invention contains R (R is at least one rare earth element, and Nd and / or Pr are included as essential elements), Cu, Fe and B. R content is 11.7-13.5 mol%.
[0016]
If the R content is too small, a high coercive force cannot be obtained, so that the maximum energy product cannot be increased. On the other hand, when there is too much R content, the effect of this invention mentioned above will not be realized and a maximum energy product will become small. In order to fully realize the effects of the present invention, the R content is preferably 12.2 to 13.5 mol%. The element R necessarily contains Nd and / or Pr. The ratio between Nd and Pr is not particularly limited. Only Nd and Pr may be used as the element R, but rare earth elements other than these, that is, Y, Sc, La, Ce, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu At least one of these may be used. Of these, Dy and / or Tb are preferred. In order not to deteriorate the magnet characteristics, the total amount of elements other than both Nd and Pr is preferably 10 mol% or less of the entire element R. In addition, when using 2 or more types of elements as the element R, mixtures, such as a misch metal, can also be used as a raw material.
[0017]
The Cu content is 0.01 to 0.1 mol%, preferably 0.01 mol% or more and less than 0.1 mol%, more preferably 0.01 to 0.08 mol%, still more preferably 0.02 to 0.02 mol%. 0.06 mol%. When there is too little Cu content, the effect of this invention mentioned above will not be realized. On the other hand, if the Cu content is too large, the coercive force is reduced and the residual magnetic flux density is also reduced, so that the maximum energy product is reduced.
[0018]
B content is 5-7 mol%, Preferably it is 5.5-6.5 mol%. If the B content is too small, the coercive force becomes low because rhombohedral fabric is formed. On the other hand, if the B content is too large, the B-rich non-magnetic phase increases and the residual magnetic flux density decreases.
[0019]
  The balance is substantially Fe, but a part of Fe is replaced with CoDo. By adding Co, the temperature dependency of the coercive force and the corrosion resistance can be improved, and the residual magnetic flux density can also be improved. However, since the coercive force is decreased by the addition of Co, and the magnet R of the present invention having a small element R content increases the rate of decrease of the coercive force, the Co contentIs 0. 8 mol% or less.
[0020]
In the sintered magnet of the present invention, in addition to the above-mentioned elements, as trace additives or unavoidable impurities, for example, C, P, S, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Bi, Nb, Ta, Mo, W , Sb, Ge, Sn, Zr, Ni, Si, Hf, Ga, Zn and the like may be contained. However, in order to suppress deterioration in magnet characteristics, the total content of these is preferably 3 mol% or less.
[0021]
As described above, in the present invention, unlike a conventional magnet having a relatively large R content, the coercive force is improved as the magnet density is increased. In the present invention, if the relative density of the sintered magnet is preferably 99.0% or more, more preferably 99.2% or more, and even more preferably 99.4% or more, a high coercive force can be obtained and the maximum energy product can be increased. High enough.
[0022]
The relative density of the magnet is a value obtained by dividing the measured density of the magnet by its theoretical density. The theoretical density of the magnets in this specification is described in Table 1 of “Solid Physics Vol.21, No.1, 37-45 (1986)” (published by Agne Technical Center).2Fe14B density, for example, Nd2Fe14B is 7.58Mg / mThree, Dy2Fe14B is 8.07 Mg / mThreeIt is. When two or more elements R are used, linear approximation is performed according to the ratio of each element. Specifically, when Nd and Dy are used as the element R and the molar ratio is Nd: Dy = x: y, the theoretical density is
(7.58x + 8.07y) / (x + y)
And
[0023]
In addition, as described above, in the present invention, since the influence of the oxidation on the magnet characteristics is increased, the oxygen content in the magnet is preferably 3000 ppm or less, more preferably 2500 ppm or less. In addition, although oxygen content is so preferable that there is little, since oxidation in a manufacturing process is inevitable, oxygen content cannot be made into zero and 500 ppm or more is contained normally. In order to suppress the oxygen content, each process such as pulverization, mixing, and molding is performed in the production process by using Ar, N2It is preferable to carry out in a non-oxidizing atmosphere such as, and to strictly control the oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere.
[0024]
The sintered magnet of the present invention has a main phase having a substantially tetragonal crystal structure.
[0025]
The magnet of the present invention is characterized by the element distribution at the grain boundaries. The magnet of the present invention was subjected to composition analysis for the two crystal grain boundaries and the polycrystalline grain boundary, and at each crystal grain boundary, the ratio Cu / R of the Cu amount to the element R amount was determined. / R to C2Cu / R at the polycrystalline grain boundary is represented by CMIs preferably
CM/ C2≦ 0.7, more preferably
CM/ C2≦ 0.5, more preferably
CM/ C2≦ 0.35
It is. The magnet of the present invention is C2Is large and CMThe coercive force increases when the value of C is small, and CM/ C2Is within the above-mentioned limited range, a higher coercive force can be obtained, and the variation in coercive force becomes smaller. CM/ C2May be zero. This is because when the amount of Cu present in the polycrystalline grain boundary is extremely small, the amount of Cu may be calculated to be zero because the amount of Cu becomes lower than the background noise in the measurement by TEM-EDS described later. is there. That is, CM/ C2Even if is zero, it does not mean that no single atom of Cu exists in the polycrystalline grain boundary. However, CM/ C2= 0, ie CM= 0 generally when the amount of Cu added is very small. When Cu is added to such an extent that the coercive force is remarkably improved, usually 0 <CM/ C2, Especially 0.01 ≦ CM/ C2It becomes.
[0026]
Here, the two crystal grain boundaries and the polycrystalline grain boundaries will be described. In FIG. 4, Nd2Fe14The transmission electron micrograph of a B system sintered magnet is shown. In FIG. 4, two crystal grain boundaries are crystal grain boundaries where a short line (Line 1) crosses, and Nd2Fe14This is a region sandwiched between two crystal grains composed of a B phase. The thickness of the two grain boundaries is usually 10 nm or less. On the other hand, the polycrystalline grain boundary is a grain boundary where a long line (Line 2) crosses, and is a triple point sandwiched between three crystal grains. However, not only a triple point but also a crystal grain boundary existing between four or more crystal grains is included in the polycrystalline grain boundary in this specification.
[0027]
Cu / R at the grain boundaries can be measured by TEM-EDS (Transmission Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). However, since the two crystal grain boundaries are thin, it is difficult to measure the element distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the spot diameter of the electron beam on the measurement sample surface. Specifically, the beam diameter is preferably 5.0 nm or less, particularly 1.0 nm or less. In order to obtain such a small spot diameter, it is preferable to use a TEM having a field emission electron gun.
[0028]
Cu / R is obtained as follows. First, R amount (mass%) and Cu amount (mass%) are measured by TEM-EDS while linearly scanning the vicinity of the crystal grain boundary. The measurement step (interval between adjacent measurement points) at this time is preferably 5.0 nm or less, particularly 2.0 nm or less. If this measurement step is large, highly accurate element distribution measurement becomes difficult. FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show the element distributions in the vicinity of the two crystal grain boundaries (Line 1 in FIG. 4) and the polycrystalline grain boundaries (Line 2 in FIG. 4) measured in this way. It is a graph. In these drawings, the horizontal axis indicates the position on the measurement line, and the vertical axis indicates the amount of Fe, Nd, or Cu.
[0029]
Next, the position where the R amount is the highest in the crystal grain boundary is specified, and the ratio Cu / R of the Cu amount to the R amount is obtained at that position. At this time, when the sample contains a plurality of types of rare earth elements as the element R, the sum of the amounts of the respective rare earth elements is defined as the R amount. Such a measurement is performed for two crystal grain boundaries and polycrystalline grain boundaries at a plurality of locations (preferably 5 or more each), and the average of Cu / R determined at each of the plurality of two crystal grain boundaries is C2And the average of Cu / R obtained at each of the plurality of polycrystalline grain boundaries is CMAs CM/ C2Is calculated.
[0030]
In the above measurement, since it is necessary to specify the position where the R amount is maximum in the crystal grain boundary, one of the crystal grains existing on both sides of the grain boundary, such as Line 1 and Line 2 in FIG. It is necessary to set the measurement line to cover the part.
[0031]
Next, the preferable manufacturing method of the sintered magnet of this invention is demonstrated.
[0032]
First, an alloy is cast to obtain an ingot. The obtained ingot is coarsely pulverized to a particle size of about 10 to 100 μm by a disk mill or the like, and then finely pulverized to a particle size of about 0.5 to 5 μm by a jet mill or the like. The obtained powder is preferably shaped in a magnetic field. In this case, the magnetic field strength is preferably 800 kA / m or more, and the molding pressure is preferably about 10 to 500 MPa. For molding, either uniaxial pressing or isotropic pressing such as CIP may be used. The obtained molded body is sintered at 1000 to 1200 ° C. for 0.1 to 100 hours. Sintering may be performed a plurality of times. Sintering is preferably performed in a vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar gas.
[0033]
It is preferable to perform aging treatment for 0.1 to 100 hours after sintering, preferably in an inert gas atmosphere, preferably at a temperature of 500 ° C. or more and a sintering temperature or less, more preferably at a temperature of 500 to 950 ° C. The coercive force is further improved by the aging treatment. In addition, you may comprise an aging treatment from multistep heat processing. For example, in the aging treatment including two-stage heat treatment, the first-stage heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 700 ° C. or higher and lower than the sintering temperature for 0.1 to 50 hours, and the second-stage heat treatment is performed at 500 to 700 ° C. for 0.1 to 50 hours. It is preferable to carry out for 100 hours.
[0034]
The application of the sintered magnet of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be applied to various devices such as a motor and a speaker. Among them, it is suitable for a VCM (voice coil motor) that requires a particularly high residual magnetic flux density.
[0035]
【Example】
Example 1 (comparison of magnet characteristics by composition)
As a raw material alloy, an alloy powder having the composition shown in Table 1 was used. In the composition shown in Table 1, the balance is Fe. These alloy powders were obtained by pulverizing a cast alloy ingot in a nitrogen atmosphere.
[0036]
Next, the alloy powder was molded in a magnetic field having a strength of 11.1 MA / m at a pressure of 50 MPa, and then sintered in a vacuum. Sintering was performed under the following conditions.
[0037]
Sintering condition S1: heat treatment at 1070 ° C. for 4 hours,
Sintering condition S2: heat treatment at 1070 ° C. for 8 hours,
Sintering condition S3: heat treatment at 1070 ° C. for 4 hours, heat treatment at 1050 ° C. for 4 hours,
Sintering condition S4: heat treatment at 1070 ° C. for 6 hours,
Sintering condition S5: heat treatment at 1030 ° C. for 44 hours
[0038]
After sintering, an aging treatment was performed in an Ar atmosphere to obtain a sintered magnet sample. The aging treatment was performed under the following conditions.
[0039]
Aging condition A1: after heat treatment at 800 ° C. for 1 hour, heat treatment at 650 ° C. for 1 hour,
Aging condition A2: heat treatment at 700 ° C. for 1 hour, heat treatment at 600 ° C. for 10 hours,
Aging condition A3: heat treatment at 600 ° C. for 10 hours,
Aging condition A4: heat treatment at 900 ° C. for 1 hour, heat treatment at 550 ° C. for 20 hours,
Aging condition A5: heat treatment at 900 ° C for 1 hour, heat treatment at 550 ° C for 1 hour
[0040]
Table 1 shows the sintering conditions, aging conditions, relative density, oxygen content, coercive force (HcJ), residual magnetic flux density (Br), and maximum energy product ((BH) max) for each sample.
[0041]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003921399
[0042]
From Table 1, the coercive force is improved by adding Cu in a composition having a small R content. As a result, 400 kJ / mThreeIt is clear that a remarkably large maximum energy product can be obtained. It can also be seen that in order to obtain a large maximum energy product, the oxygen content in the magnet must be suppressed to 3000 ppm or less. Further, it can be seen that when the Co content is 1.6 mol% or less, particularly 0.8 mol% or less, a high coercive force is obtained, and as a result, the maximum energy product is increased. The oxygen content was changed by controlling the oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere in the manufacturing process.
[0043]
Example 2 (Effect of Cu addition on variation in coercive force)
The composition (mol percentage) in the raw alloy
Nd: 12.79
Co: 0.15,
B: 5.95,
Cu: value shown in FIG.
Fe: remainder
Sintered magnet samples having different Cu contents were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sintering condition was the condition S4 and the aging treatment was not performed. Eighteen samples were prepared for each sample, the coercive force was measured for the 18 magnets, and the maximum value HcJmax and the minimum value HcJmin were examined. Also, the average value of coercive force (HcJave)
HcJave = (HcJmax + HcJmin) / 2
To calculate the coercivity variation (Error)
Error = (HcJmax-HcJmin) / HcJave
Calculated by FIG. 1 shows HcJmax, HcJmin, and Error for each sample.
[0044]
From FIG. 1, it is clear that the variation in coercive force is remarkably reduced by adding Cu.
[0045]
In these samples, the oxygen content was 1500 to 2000 ppm, and the relative density was 99.0% or more.
[0046]
Moreover, since the sample of FIG. 1 is not subjected to aging treatment, the maximum energy product is 400 kJ / m.ThreeLess than 400kJ / m by applying aging treatmentThreeThat's it. Even when the aging treatment was performed, the coercive force variation having the same tendency as that shown in FIG. 1 remained.
[0047]
Example 3 (Influence of magnet density on coercivity)
The composition (mol percentage) in the raw alloy
Nd: 12.79
Co: 0.15,
B: 5.95,
Cu: 0.04,
Fe: balance
A sintered magnet sample was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sintering condition was the condition S4 and the aging treatment condition was A4. Table 2 shows the relative density, coercivity and maximum energy product for these samples.
[0048]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003921399
[0049]
From Table 2, it can be seen that in the magnet of the present invention, the higher the relative density, the higher the coercive force.
[0050]
Example 4 (Element distribution at grain boundaries)
An example of a transmission electron micrograph of sample No. 127 in Table 1 is shown in FIG. With respect to this sample, element distributions at two crystal grain boundaries and polycrystalline grain boundaries were measured. TEM-EDS using a field emission analytical electron microscope (FE-TEM) is used for the measurement, the spot diameter of the electron beam is set to 1 nm, the acceleration voltage is set to 200 kV, and the analysis point is moved linearly in about 1 nm steps. A compositional analysis was performed. The measurement range at the two crystal grain boundaries is on Line 1 (length 40 nm) in FIG. 4, and the measurement range at the polycrystalline grain boundaries is on Line 2 (length 100 nm) in FIG.
[0051]
FIG. 5A shows the composition distribution of the two crystal grain boundaries measured on Line 1 of FIG. 4, and FIG. 5B shows the composition distribution of the polycrystalline grain boundary measured on Line 2 of FIG. Each is shown. Similarly, the element distribution was measured for the other two crystal grain boundaries and the other four polycrystalline grain boundaries in the sample. Next, Cu / R at each measurement location was determined by the above-described procedure, and the average of Cu / R determined at each of the two crystal grain boundaries at 5 locations was C.2And the average Cu / R obtained at each of the five polycrystalline grain boundaries is CMAs CM/ C2Was calculated. For samples No. 117 and No. 129 in Table 1, CM/ C2Was calculated. These results are shown in Table 3.
[0052]
For comparison, a sintered magnet having a composition (13.50Nd-1.50Dy-0.15Cu-4.00Co-7.00B-Fe) described in Example 3 of the above-mentioned Japanese Patent No. 2720040 (Comparative Sample No. 301) was prepared, and the element distribution at the grain boundary was measured by the same procedure as in Sample No. 127 to obtain C.M/ C2Asked. The results are also shown in Table 3. In addition, FIG. 6A shows the element distribution at the two crystal grain boundaries in this comparative sample, and FIG. 6B shows the element distribution at the polycrystalline grain boundary (triple point). 6 (A) and 6 (B) show the distribution of Nd, CM/ C2The R amount used in determining the value is the sum of the Nd amount and the Dy amount.
[0053]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003921399
[0054]
From FIG. 5 (A), FIG. 5 (B) and Table 3, in the magnet of the present invention with a small R content, CM/ C2Is within the above-mentioned limited range, that is, Cu is hardly present at the polycrystalline grain boundary and is unevenly distributed at the two crystal grain boundaries. On the other hand, FIG. 6 (A), FIG. 6 (B) and Table 3 show that Cu is present almost uniformly at the polycrystalline grain boundary and the two grain boundary in the conventional magnet having a large R content.
[0055]
For the samples of the present invention shown in Table 1, the element distribution at the grain boundaries was examined in the same manner.M/ C2Was within 0.7.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between Cu content and coercive force.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing an MH loop of a magnet.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing an MH loop of a magnet.
FIG. 4 is a drawing-substituting photograph showing a crystal structure, wherein R2Fe14It is a transmission electron micrograph of a B system sintered magnet cross section.
FIG. 5A is a graph showing the element distribution at the two crystal grain boundaries (Line 1 shown in FIG. 4) of the magnet of the present invention, and FIG. It is a graph which shows element distribution in Line2) shown in FIG.
6A is a graph showing an element distribution at a two-crystal grain boundary of a conventional magnet, and FIG. 6B is a graph showing an element distribution at a polycrystalline grain boundary of a conventional magnet.

Claims (4)

R(Rは、希土類元素の少なくとも1種であり、Ndおよび/またはPrが必須元素として含まれる)、Cu、Fe、Feの一部を置換するCoおよび酸素を含有し、R含有量が11.7〜13.5モル%、Cu含有量が0.01〜0.1モル%、B含有量が5〜7モル%、Co含有量が0.8モル%以下、酸素含有量が3000ppm以下、残部が実質的にFeであり、最大エネルギー積が400kJ/m以上である焼結磁石。R (R is at least one kind of rare earth element, Nd and / or Pr are included as essential elements), Cu, Fe 2 , B 2 , Co which substitutes a part of Fe, and oxygen , R content Is 11.7 to 13.5 mol%, Cu content is 0.01 to 0.1 mol%, B content is 5 to 7 mol%, Co content is 0.8 mol% or less, and oxygen content is A sintered magnet having 3000 ppm or less , the balance being substantially Fe, and a maximum energy product of 400 kJ / m 3 or more. R含有量が12.2〜13.5モル%である請求項1の焼結磁石。  The sintered magnet according to claim 1, wherein the R content is 12.2 to 13.5 mol%. 相対密度が99.0%以上である請求項1又2の焼結磁石。The sintered magnet according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the relative density is 99.0% or more. 隣り合う2つの結晶粒の境界に存在する2結晶粒界と、隣り合う3以上の結晶粒の境界に存在する多結晶粒界とについて組成分析を行い、前記各結晶粒界において、元素R量に対するCu量の比Cu/Rを求め、2結晶粒界におけるCu/RをCで表し、多結晶粒界におけるCu/RをCで表したとき、
/C≦0.7
である請求項1〜のいずれかの焼結磁石。
Composition analysis is performed on two crystal grain boundaries present at the boundary between two adjacent crystal grains and a polycrystalline grain boundary present at the boundary between three or more adjacent crystal grains. At each crystal grain boundary, the amount of element R When the ratio Cu / R of the amount of Cu with respect to Cu is determined by C 2 and the Cu / R at the polycrystalline grain boundary is expressed by C M ,
C M / C 2 ≦ 0.7
The sintered magnet according to any one of claims 1 to 3 .
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