JP3942266B2 - Hemodialysis membrane having endotoxin adsorption ability and dialyzer using the same - Google Patents
Hemodialysis membrane having endotoxin adsorption ability and dialyzer using the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP3942266B2 JP3942266B2 JP10825798A JP10825798A JP3942266B2 JP 3942266 B2 JP3942266 B2 JP 3942266B2 JP 10825798 A JP10825798 A JP 10825798A JP 10825798 A JP10825798 A JP 10825798A JP 3942266 B2 JP3942266 B2 JP 3942266B2
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- endotoxin
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- dialysate
- hemodialysis
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 81
- 238000001631 haemodialysis Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
- 230000000322 hemodialysis Effects 0.000 title claims description 34
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 title description 44
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
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- 238000011013 endotoxin removal Methods 0.000 description 16
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は新規な血液透析膜及びそれを用いた透析器に関するものである。ここで、血液透析膜及びそれを用いた透析器とはHF、HD、及びHDF療法で用いられる多孔質膜及び透析器を示す。更に詳しくは、透析時に抗血液凝固剤の存在下においても透析液(及び血液)中のエンドトキシンを吸着し、血液中にエンドトキシンが混入することを防止することができる血液透析膜及びそれを用いた透析器に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
透析アミロイド症の主要な関連物質であるβ2ミクログロブリンなどの低分子蛋白の除去を行うために、従来より使用されている透析膜よりもポアサイズの大きい透析膜を採用して低分子蛋白を除去することが試みられている。
【0003】
しかし、ポアサイズを大きくすることにより、透析液中に存在するエンドトキシン(グラム陰性菌の細胞壁表面に存在するリポ多糖複合体で、溶菌により遊離し、発熱、血管内皮細胞障害、毛細血管透過性亢進などの症状を引き起こす)が、前記透析膜を通過して血液中に混入するという新たな問題が発生している。
【0004】
そこで、透析液をエンドトキシン除去用のフィルターを通すことにより、前記エンドトキシンが血液透析装置内へ流入することを防止する方法が用いられている。しかし、前記方法によると透析液供給ラインの消毒の際に、エンドトキシン除去用のフィルターが耐えうる消毒方法を選択する必要があり、簡易な消毒方法を採用することができないことがある。また、定期的にエンドトキシン除去用フィルターを交換する必要があるため、医療現場における負担となっていた。さらに、前記エンドトキシン除去用のフィルターの装置位置から血液透析装置の間や、透析液供給ラインと血液透析装置を装着する際にエンドトキシンが混入する可能性もある。このため、特開平7−213603号のように血液透析装置(透析器)の透析液流入路に、平均ポアサイズが50オングストローム以下である限外濾過膜をエンドトキシン除去フィルターとして設けることで、透析液中のエンドトキシンが透析膜に到達するのを防止する方法も提案されている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとしている課題】
本発明の目的は、血液透析時に簡便に透析液中のエンドトキシンが血液中に混入するのを防止するため、血液透析膜の少なくとも一方の外側表面と膜内部の細孔表面にエンドトキシン吸着性能を有するカチオン性高分子を吸着させた血液透析膜及びそれを用いた透析器を提供することである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記の問題点は、以下の本発明により解決される。すなわち、
(1)外側表面および膜内部に細孔壁表面を有する血液透析膜において、前記外側表面及び前記細孔壁表面がN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートのみからなる重合体により被覆されたことを特徴とする血液透析膜。
【0007】
(2)外側表面および膜内部に細孔壁表面を有する血液透析膜において、前記外側表面及び前記細孔壁表面がN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートと疎水性単量体との共重合体により被覆され、該共重合体を構成するN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートの組成モル比を1とし、該疎水性単量体の組成モル比をaとした場合に、0<a≦0.5の関係を持つこと特徴とする血液透析膜。
【0008】
(3)前記疎水性単量体がアルキル(メタ)アクリレート又はスチレンである(2)の血液透析膜。
【0009】
(4)前記(1)から(3)のいずれかの血液透析膜を用いた透析装置。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
一般的に血液透析膜とは0.01〜0.1μm程度の細孔直径を有し、血液中の有害物質および水分の除去さらに電解質調整などを行うための膜で腎不全患者等に使用される。形状としては中空の糸(中空糸)となっており、血液透析器とは透析液の流入口および流出口を有する筒状ハウジング内に、血液透析用膜(中空糸)を収納したものである。
【0013】
本発明の血液透析膜および血液透析器は、エンドトキシンがアニオン性部位を持つことに着目し、カチオン性高分子を多孔質中空糸膜表面に吸着させることにより、エンドトキシンを電荷によって吸着させることで、透析液中のエンドトキシンが血液側に混入するのを簡便に防止することができる。
【0014】
また、エンドトキシンは両親媒性でもあるため、アルキル鎖等の疎水性部位を含むカチオン性高分子を用いることにより、さらに疎水性相互作用に起因した吸着除去効果を加えることができる。
【0015】
しかしながら、透析時には血液中の抗血液凝固剤(ヘパリンなど)や蛋白質などが透析液側に混入してくるため、該カチオン性高分子は抗血液凝固剤(ヘパリンなど)や蛋白質の共存下でもエンドトキシン吸着能に優れることが望ましい。4級アンモニウム塩などの強い陰イオン交換基を含むカチオン性高分子は、蛋白質やヘパリンなどが吸着しやすいため、実際の透析では選択的なエンドトキシン吸着力が低くなり適していない。
【0016】
従って、本発明で用いられるカチオン性高分子は、3級以下のアミンを含む重合体である。
【0017】
すなわち、本発明で用いられるカチオン性高分子は、例えば、下に示す一般式(1)で表せるN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又は一般式(2)で表せるN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートの単独重合体又は他の1種以上の疎水性単量体との共重合体が好ましい。
【0018】
【化1】
【0019】
【化2】
【0020】
(ただし、一般式(1)と(2)においてR1は水素原子又はメチル基を表し、R2、R3は互いに独立して、同一又は異なる水素原子又は低級アルキル基(メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、ブチル基等)を表し、nは1〜20の整数を表す。)
一般式(1)のN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミドとしては、例えば、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアクリルアミド(DMAPAA)、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルメタアクリルアミド(DMAPMAA)、N,N-ジメチルアミノエチルアクリルアミド(DMAEAA)などが挙げらる。
【0021】
一般式(2)のN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートとしては、例えば、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアクリレート(DMAPA)、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルメタアクリレート(DMAPMA)、N,N-ジメチルアミノエチルメタアクリレート(DMAEMA)などが挙げらる。
【0022】
カチオン性高分子は前述したアクリルアミド及び/又はアクリレート単独重合体が好ましいが、疎水性単量体との共重合体であることがより好ましい。
【0023】
なぜなら、疎水性単量体との共重合により、当該カチオン性高分子を水不溶性としコーティング処理により透析膜表面に保持させたり、疎水性相互作用を用いてよりエンドトキシンとの相互作用(吸着能力)を高めたりすることができるからである。
【0024】
そのような疎水性単量体としては、スチレン、アクリロニトリル、エチレン、プロピレン、ブタジエン、オクタデシルイソシアネートなどの長鎖アルキルイソシアネートや一般式(3)で表せるアルキル(メタ)アクリレートを例示できるが、簡便な合成方法で共重合が可能なアルキル(メタ)アクリレートが好ましい。
【0025】
【化3】
【0026】
(ただし、一般式(3)においてR1は水素原子又は低級アルキル基(メチル基等)を表し、nは1〜20の整数を表す。)
一般式(3)のアルキル(メタ)アクリレートとしては、例えば、メチルメタクリレート(MMA)、ブチルアクリレート(BA)、ブチルメタクリレート(BMA)、ステアリルアクリレート(SA)などが挙げられる。
【0027】
この時、N,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートの組成モル比を1とし、疎水性単量体の組成モル比をaとした場合に、0<a≦1の関係を持つことが好ましく、0<a≦0.5の関係を持つ持つことが更に好ましい。
【0028】
なぜなら、aが1を越えると親水性が低く疎水性が高くなるため、エンドトキシン以外の物質(例えば蛋白など)を吸着し、N,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートによるエンドトキシン吸着能が損なわれるからである。
【0029】
前記共重合体はランダム共重合体、ブロック共重合体のいずれでもよく、重合反応それ自体には特別の制限はなく、ラジカル重合やイオン重合などの公知の方法で容易に重合できる。
【0030】
これらのカチオン性高分子は多孔質中空糸膜の機能を損なわない程度の量で使用される。
【0031】
カチオン性高分子と共に本発明で用いられる血液透析用多孔質中空糸膜は、カチオン性高分子が吸着するものであれば使用可能であり、セルロース、セルロース誘導体、ポリスルホン、ポリアミド等が挙げられる。
【0032】
なお、本発明のカチオン性高分子は血液透析用多孔質中空糸膜のみならず、血液透析器の透析液流入路に設置されたエンドトキシン除去フィルターに利用することも可能であるし、透析液供給ライン中に設置されたエンドトキシン除去フィルターに利用することも可能である。
【0033】
前記カチオン性高分子を血液透析膜に吸着させる方法は、多孔質膜を侵さない溶媒に該カチオン性高分子を血液透析膜の機能を損なわない程度の量で溶解もしくは分散させて多孔質膜を直接浸漬して吸着させる方法、該カチオン性高分子溶液を血液透析膜に噴霧して吸着させる方法等がある。
【0034】
また、透析器を組み立てた後に血液透析膜および透析器を侵さない溶媒で調製した該カチオン性高分子溶液を透析器に充填することによって血液透析膜に吸着する方法なども可能である。
【0035】
このようにして得られる膜は後述の実施例にも示すように、抗血液凝固剤存在下でも透析液中のエンドトキシンを効率よく吸着するため、透析時に透析液中のエンドトキシンが血液中に混入することを防止することができる血液透析膜として有用である。
【0036】
次に、本発明を実施例に基づいて更に詳細に説明する。
【0037】
【実施例】
(実施例1および比較例1、2)
透析液中でのエンドトキシン除去試験(エンドトキシン除去効果を確認するために、透析膜よりも孔径の大きい膜で試験を行った。)
カチオン性高分子として、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルメタアクリルアミドとステアリルアクリレートの共重合体(DMAPMAA−SA)を以下の方法で合成した。
【0038】
三つ口フラスコ中にジオキサン200gを入れ、80℃で攪拌しながら窒素で溶存酸素を置換した後、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルメタアクリルアミド(DMAPMAA)25.6g、ステアリルアクリレート(SA)24.4g、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(AIBN)50mgを加え、80℃で6時間重合反応を行った。1H−NMRで共重合体の組成モル比がDMAPMAA:SA=1:0.5であることを確認した。ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィーで分子量が6万であることを確認した。
【0039】
合成した重合体をテトラヒドロフラン(THF)に1.0wt%の濃度で溶解し、このポリマー溶液にポリプロピレン(PP)多孔質膜(特公平5−55471号に従って製造した細孔直径が0.45μmの平膜)を浸漬させた後、2時間60℃の温水で洗浄し、60℃で乾燥した。このカチオン性高分子を被覆した膜を実施例1とした。
【0040】
また、PP多孔質膜にアルゴンプラズマ(100W、0.1Torr、15秒間)を照射した後、メトキシエチルアクリレート(MEA)ガス(1.0Torr)に3分間接触させて表面グラフト重合を行った。このMEAをグラフトした膜を比較例1とした。
【0041】
また、ポリエチレンイミン(PEI、分子量7万)の0.3wt%水溶液(ピリジン0.01wt%含有)を調製し、このPEI水溶液にPP多孔質膜を浸漬させた後、2時間60度温水で洗浄し、60℃で乾燥した。このPEIを被覆した膜を比較例2とした。
【0042】
これらの膜を直径25mmにカットしてエンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水で洗浄した後、γ線滅菌した濾過器に固定しオートクレーブ滅菌を行った。
【0043】
エンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水で調製した透析液(扶桑薬品工業株式会社製、製品名:キンダリー液2号)およびエンドトキシンフリーの0.1M Tris-HCl緩衝液(pH7.3)に0.5ng/mlになるようにエンドトキシン(SIGMA社製、Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111:B4のリポ多糖体)をそれぞれ添加し、試験液とした。実施例1及び比較例1、2の膜に試験液を0.1ml/minで10分間濾過し、濾過前後の試験液中のエンドトキシン量をエンドスペシーとDIA−MPセット(生化学工業株式会社製)により測定し、数1に従いエンドトキシン除去率を求めた(表1)。
【0044】
【数1】
【0045】
【表1】
【0046】
表1から実施例1は緩衝液及び種々のイオンが入っている透析液中のエンドトキシンを高い除去率で除去していることが判った。比較例1のMEAはアクリレートであるが、アクリレートのみでは除去効率が低いことが判った。比較例2のPEIはカチオン性の重合体であるが、種々のイオンが入った透析液では実施例1よりも除去率がかなり低かった。
【0047】
(実施例2および比較例3、4)
ヘパリン存在下での透析液中のエンドトキシン除去試験(エンドトキシン除去効果を確認するために、透析膜よりも孔径の大きい膜で試験)
実施例1と同様の方法でN,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルメタアクリルアミドとステアリルアクリレートの共重合体(DMAPMAA−SA、組成モル比=1:0.5、分子量6万)を合成し、ヘキサンとメタノールの混合溶媒(1:9体積比)に1.0wt%の濃度で溶解した。このポリマー溶液にポリスルホン(PS)多孔質膜(日本MEMTEC株式会社製、製品名:メンブレン・ディスク・フィルターSD200、細孔直径が0.20μmの平膜)を浸漬させた後、2時間60℃の温水で洗浄し、60℃で乾燥した。このカチオン性高分子を被覆した膜を実施例2とした。
【0048】
一方、処理を施さないPS多孔質膜を比較例3とし、第4級アンモニウム塩を含むカチオン性高分子(一方社油脂工業社製、UX101)をメタノールと水の混合溶媒(2:1体積比)に0.3wt%の濃度で溶解し、この溶液に上述の未処理PS多孔質膜を浸漬した後、4時間60度温水で洗浄し、60℃で乾燥した。このカチオン性高分子を吸着させたPS多孔質膜を比較例4とした。
【0049】
これらの膜を直径25mmにカットして、γ線滅菌した濾過器に固定し、エンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水を充填してオートクレーブ滅菌を行った。
【0050】
エンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水で調製した透析液(扶桑薬品工業株式会社製、製品名:キンダリー液2号)、および、これに2U/mlになるように局方ヘパリンを添加した透析液に1.0ng/mlになるようにエンドトキシン(SIGMA社製、Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111:B4のリポ多糖体)をそれぞれ添加し、試験液とした。
【0051】
実施例2及び比較例3、4の膜に試験液を0.1ml/minで60分間濾過し、10分ごとに回収した。濾過後の試験液(50〜60分の回収液)中のエンドトキシン量をエンドスペシー、DIA−MPセット(生化学工業株式会社製)により測定し、数1に従いエンドトキシン除去率を求めた(表2)。
【0052】
【表2】
【0053】
表2からカチオン性高分子を吸着させた実施例2及び比較例4は比較例3の未処理のPS多孔質膜よりも透析液中のエンドトキシンを吸着することが判る。しかし、ヘパリン共存下では、イオン性基を保有しない実施例2はイオン性基(第4級アンモニウム塩)を有する比較例4よりも効率よくエンドトキシンを吸着除去することが判った。
【0054】
(実施例3および比較例5)
血液透析器を用いた透析液中のエンドトキシン除去試験
ジオキサン200g、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアクリルアミド(DMAPAA)42.8g、ブチルメタクリレート(BMA)7.2g、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(AIBN)50mgを用い、実施例1と同様にしてカチオン性高分子(DMAPAA−BMA、組成モル比=1:0.2、分子量6万)を合成した。
【0055】
ポリスルホン(PS)製透析膜が入った透析器(テルモ株式会社製、製品名:クリランスPS、膜面積1.5m2)に、上記カチオン性高分子のアルコール溶液(0.1wt%)を透析液流入口から充填して、DMAPAA−BMAを被覆させた透析器を実施例3とした。
【0056】
また、処理を施さない透析器を比較例5とした。
【0057】
これらの透析器にエンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水を充填してオートクレーブ滅菌を行った。滅菌後、透析器内部の水を取り除き、代わりに0.5ng/mlになるようにエンドトキシン(SIGMA社製、Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111:B4のリポ多糖体)を添加したエンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水で調製した透析液(扶桑薬品工業株式会社製、製品名:キンダリー液2号)を充填し、30分振とうさせた。充填後の試験液中のエンドトキシン量をエンドスペシー、DIA−MPセット(生化学工業株式会社製)により測定し、数1に従いエンドトキシン除去率を求めた(表3)。
【0058】
【表3】
【0059】
表3からカチオン性高分子を吸着させた実施例3は比較例5の未処理の透析器よりも効率よく透析液中のエンドトキシンを吸着することが判った。
【0060】
(実施例4−8)
カチオン性高分子の疎水性単量体の割合が透析液中でのエンドトキシン吸着に及ぼす影響(エンドトキシン除去効果を確認するために、透析膜よりも孔径の大きい膜で試験)
ジオキサン200g、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(AIBN)50mgを用い、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアクリルアミド(DMAPAA)とブチルメタアクリレート(BMA)の割合を以下のように変えて、実施例1と同様にして、疎水性単量体の割合の異なるカチオン性高分子▲1▼〜▲4▼を合成した。
【0061】
【表4】
【0062】
上記カチオン性高分子1〜4(丸付き数字)をそれぞれエタノールと水の混合溶媒(2:1体積比)に1.0%wtの濃度で溶解した。このポリマー溶液にポリスルホン(PS)多孔質膜(細孔直径0.20μmの平膜)を浸漬させた後、2時間60℃の温水で洗浄し、60℃で乾燥した。これらのカチオン性高分子で被覆した膜をそれぞれ実施例4〜6及び比較例6とした。
【0063】
次に、ジオキサン200g、N,N-ジメチルアミノエチルメタアクリレート(DMAEMA)28.2g、メチルメタクリレート(MMA)9.0g、ブチルメタクリレート(BMA)12.2g、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(AIBN)50mgを用い、実施例1と同様にしてカチオン性高分子▲5▼(DMAEMA−MMA−BMA、組成モル比=1:0.5:0.5、分子量15万)を合成した。
【0064】
得られたカチオン性高分子5(丸付き数字)をエタノールと水の混合溶媒(3.5:1体積比)に1.0%wtの濃度で溶解した。このポリマー溶液に上記PS多孔質膜を浸漬させた後、60℃で乾燥した。このカチオン性高分子で被覆した膜を比較例7とした。
【0065】
これらの膜を直径25mmにカットして、γ線滅菌した濾過器に固定し、エンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水を充填してオートクレーブ滅菌を行った。
【0066】
エンドトキシンフリーの注射用蒸留水で調製した透析液(扶桑薬品工業株式会社製、製品名:キンダリー液2号)に0.7ng/mlになるようにエンドトキシン(SIGMA社製、Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111:B4のリポ多糖体)を添加し、試験液とした。
【0067】
実施例及び比較例の膜に試験液を0.1ml/minで60分間濾過し、10分ごとに回収した。濾過後の試験液(50-60分の回収液)中のエンドトキシン量をエンドスペシー、DIA−MPセット(生化学工業株式会社製)により測定し、数1に従いエンドトキシン除去率を求めた(表4)。
【0068】
【表5】
【0069】
表5からいずれのカチオン性高分子でも透析液中のエンドトキシンを効率よく除去することが判った。
【0070】
実施例1から6から、N,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートの組成モル比を1としたとき、疎水性単量体の組成モル比が0.5以下であるとエンドトキシンの除去率が高くなることが判った。
【0071】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、本発明はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド及び/又はN,N-ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレートからなる重合体を被覆させた血液透析膜であるので、抗血液凝固剤の存在下においても透析液中のエンドトキシンを効率よく吸着することが可能となる。
【0072】
従って、上記カチオン性高分子が血液透析膜に被覆された透析器を使用することによって、透析液時に透析液中のエンドトキシンが血液中に混入することを防止することが可能となる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel hemodialysis membrane and a dialyzer using the same. Here, a hemodialysis membrane and a dialyzer using the same refer to a porous membrane and a dialyzer used in HF, HD, and HDF therapy. More specifically, a hemodialysis membrane capable of adsorbing endotoxin in the dialysate (and blood) even in the presence of an anticoagulant during dialysis and preventing endotoxin from being mixed into the blood, and the same are used. It relates to a dialyzer.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In order to remove low molecular weight proteins such as β2 microglobulin, which is a major related substance of dialysis amyloidosis, dialysis membranes with larger pore size than conventional dialysis membranes are used to remove low molecular weight proteins. It has been tried.
[0003]
However, by increasing the pore size, endotoxin present in the dialysate (a lipopolysaccharide complex present on the cell wall surface of Gram-negative bacteria, released by lysis, fever, vascular endothelial cell damage, increased capillary permeability, etc.) However, there is a new problem that the blood passes through the dialysis membrane and enters the blood.
[0004]
Therefore, a method is used in which the endotoxin is prevented from flowing into the hemodialysis apparatus by passing the dialysate through a filter for removing endotoxin. However, according to the above method, when the dialysate supply line is disinfected, it is necessary to select a disinfecting method that the endotoxin removal filter can withstand, and a simple disinfecting method may not be employed. In addition, since it is necessary to periodically replace the endotoxin removal filter, it has been a burden in the medical field. Furthermore, endotoxin may be mixed when the endotoxin removing filter is installed between the hemodialyzer and when the dialysate supply line and the hemodialyzer are attached. For this reason, as shown in JP-A-7-213603, an ultrafiltration membrane having an average pore size of 50 angstroms or less is provided as an endotoxin removal filter in the dialysate inflow passage of a hemodialyzer (dialyzer). A method for preventing endotoxin from reaching the dialysis membrane has also been proposed.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The object of the present invention is to have endotoxin adsorption performance on at least one outer surface of the hemodialysis membrane and the pore surface inside the membrane in order to prevent endotoxin in the dialysate from being mixed into the blood simply during hemodialysis. A hemodialysis membrane adsorbing a cationic polymer and a dialyzer using the hemodialysis membrane are provided.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above problems are solved by the present invention described below. That is,
(1) In a hemodialysis membrane having an outer surface and a pore wall surface inside the membrane, the outer surface and the pore wall surface are N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N-dialkylamino. A hemodialysis membrane, characterized in that it is coated with a polymer comprising only alkyl (meth) acrylate.
[0007]
(2) In a hemodialysis membrane having an outer surface and a pore wall surface inside the membrane, the outer surface and the pore wall surface are N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N-dialkylamino. N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meta) which is coated with a copolymer of an alkyl (meth) acrylate and a hydrophobic monomer and constitutes the copolymer ) A hemodialysis membrane having a relationship of 0 <a ≦ 0.5 , where the composition molar ratio of acrylate is 1 and the composition molar ratio of the hydrophobic monomer is a.
[0008]
(3) The hemodialysis membrane according to (2), wherein the hydrophobic monomer is alkyl (meth) acrylate or styrene.
[0009]
(4) A dialysis apparatus using the hemodialysis membrane according to any one of (1) to (3).
[0012]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Generally, hemodialysis membranes have a pore diameter of about 0.01 to 0.1 μm, and are used for renal failure patients and the like to remove harmful substances and water in blood and adjust electrolytes. The The shape is a hollow fiber (hollow fiber), and a hemodialyzer is one in which a membrane for hemodialysis (hollow fiber) is housed in a cylindrical housing having an inlet and an outlet for dialysate. .
[0013]
The hemodialysis membrane and hemodialyzer of the present invention pay attention to the fact that endotoxin has an anionic site, and by adsorbing a cationic polymer on the surface of the porous hollow fiber membrane, the endotoxin is adsorbed by electric charge, It is possible to easily prevent endotoxin in the dialysate from being mixed into the blood side.
[0014]
In addition, since endotoxin is also amphiphilic, an adsorption removal effect due to hydrophobic interaction can be further added by using a cationic polymer containing a hydrophobic site such as an alkyl chain.
[0015]
However, since anticoagulants (such as heparin) and proteins in the blood are mixed into the dialysate during dialysis, the cationic polymer is endotoxin even in the presence of anticoagulants (such as heparin) and proteins. It is desirable that the adsorption capacity is excellent. A cationic polymer containing a strong anion exchange group such as a quaternary ammonium salt is not suitable because protein, heparin and the like are easily adsorbed, and the selective endotoxin adsorbing power is low in actual dialysis.
[0016]
Therefore, the cationic polymer used in the present invention is a polymer containing a tertiary or lower amine.
[0017]
That is, the cationic polymer used in the present invention is, for example, N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide represented by the following general formula (1) and / or N, N— represented by the general formula (2). A homopolymer of dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate or a copolymer with one or more other hydrophobic monomers is preferred.
[0018]
[Chemical 1]
[0019]
[Chemical 2]
[0020]
(In the general formulas (1) and (2), R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R 2 and R 3 are independently of each other the same or different hydrogen atom or lower alkyl group (methyl group, ethyl group). , A propyl group, a butyl group, etc.), and n represents an integer of 1-20.)
Examples of the N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide of the general formula (1) include N, N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (DMAPAA), N, N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMAA), N, N -Dimethylaminoethylacrylamide (DMAEAA) and the like.
[0021]
Examples of the N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate of the general formula (2) include N, N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylate (DMAPA), N, N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate (DMAPMA), N, N -Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA).
[0022]
The cationic polymer is preferably the acrylamide and / or acrylate homopolymer described above, but more preferably a copolymer with a hydrophobic monomer.
[0023]
This is because the cationic polymer is made water-insoluble by copolymerization with a hydrophobic monomer and is retained on the dialysis membrane surface by coating treatment, or more interaction with endotoxin using hydrophobic interaction (adsorption ability) It is because it can raise.
[0024]
Examples of such hydrophobic monomers include long-chain alkyl isocyanates such as styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and octadecyl isocyanate, and alkyl (meth) acrylates represented by the general formula (3). Alkyl (meth) acrylates that can be copolymerized by the method are preferred.
[0025]
[Chemical 3]
[0026]
(However, in the general formula (3) R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group (methyl group etc.), n represents an integer of 1 to 20.)
Examples of the alkyl (meth) acrylate of the general formula (3) include methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), stearyl acrylate (SA), and the like.
[0027]
In this case, when the composition molar ratio of N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate is 1, and the composition molar ratio of the hydrophobic monomer is a In addition, it is preferable to have a relationship of 0 <a ≦ 1, and it is more preferable to have a relationship of 0 <a ≦ 0.5.
[0028]
This is because when a exceeds 1, the hydrophilicity is low and the hydrophobicity is high, so that substances other than endotoxin (such as proteins) are adsorbed, and N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N- This is because the endotoxin adsorption ability by dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate is impaired.
[0029]
The copolymer may be either a random copolymer or a block copolymer, and the polymerization reaction itself is not particularly limited and can be easily polymerized by a known method such as radical polymerization or ionic polymerization.
[0030]
These cationic polymers are used in an amount that does not impair the function of the porous hollow fiber membrane.
[0031]
The porous hollow fiber membrane for hemodialysis used in the present invention together with the cationic polymer can be used as long as the cationic polymer adsorbs, and examples thereof include cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polysulfone, and polyamide.
[0032]
The cationic polymer of the present invention can be used not only for a porous hollow fiber membrane for hemodialysis but also for an endotoxin removal filter installed in a dialysate inflow passage of a hemodialyzer. It can also be used for an endotoxin removal filter installed in the line.
[0033]
The method of adsorbing the cationic polymer on the hemodialysis membrane is carried out by dissolving or dispersing the cationic polymer in an amount that does not impair the function of the hemodialysis membrane in a solvent that does not attack the porous membrane. There are a method of directly immersing and adsorbing, a method of spraying and adsorbing the cationic polymer solution on a hemodialysis membrane, and the like.
[0034]
Moreover, after assembling the dialyzer, a method of adsorbing the hemodialysis membrane by filling the dialyzer with the cationic polymer solution prepared with a solvent that does not affect the hemodialysis membrane and the dialyzer is also possible.
[0035]
As shown in the examples described later, the membrane thus obtained adsorbs endotoxin in the dialysate efficiently even in the presence of an anticoagulant, so that the endotoxin in the dialysate is mixed into the blood during dialysis. This is useful as a hemodialysis membrane that can prevent this.
[0036]
Next, the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples.
[0037]
【Example】
(Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2)
Endotoxin removal test in dialysate (In order to confirm the endotoxin removal effect, the test was conducted with a membrane having a larger pore size than the dialysis membrane.)
As a cationic polymer, a copolymer of N, N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide and stearyl acrylate (DMAPMAA-SA) was synthesized by the following method.
[0038]
200 g of dioxane was placed in a three-necked flask, and the dissolved oxygen was replaced with nitrogen while stirring at 80 ° C., then 25.6 g of N, N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide (DMAPMAA), 24.4 g of stearyl acrylate (SA). 50 mg of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was added, and a polymerization reaction was carried out at 80 ° C. for 6 hours. It was confirmed by 1 H-NMR that the compositional molar ratio of the copolymer was DMAPMAA: SA = 1: 0.5. It was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography that the molecular weight was 60,000.
[0039]
The synthesized polymer was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at a concentration of 1.0 wt%, and a polypropylene (PP) porous membrane (a flat diameter having a pore diameter of 0.45 μm produced according to Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-55471) was added to this polymer solution. The membrane was immersed in hot water at 60 ° C. for 2 hours and dried at 60 ° C. A membrane coated with this cationic polymer was taken as Example 1.
[0040]
The PP porous membrane was irradiated with argon plasma (100 W, 0.1 Torr, 15 seconds), and then contacted with methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) gas (1.0 Torr) for 3 minutes for surface graft polymerization. The membrane grafted with this MEA was designated as Comparative Example 1.
[0041]
In addition, a 0.3 wt% aqueous solution (containing 0.01 wt% pyridine) of polyethyleneimine (PEI, molecular weight 70,000) was prepared, and after immersing the PP porous membrane in this PEI aqueous solution, it was washed with hot water at 60 ° C. for 2 hours. And dried at 60 ° C. The film coated with this PEI was designated as Comparative Example 2.
[0042]
These membranes were cut to a diameter of 25 mm, washed with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection, fixed to a filter sterilized by γ-rays, and autoclaved.
[0043]
0.5 ng / in dialysate prepared with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection (manufactured by Fuso Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: kinderly solution No. 2) and 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.3) free of endotoxin Endotoxin (manufactured by SIGMA, lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111: B4) was added so as to make ml. The test solution was filtered through the membranes of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 at 0.1 ml / min for 10 minutes, and the endotoxin amount in the test solution before and after filtration was set to Endspecy and DIA-MP set (Seikagaku Corporation) The endotoxin removal rate was determined according to Equation 1 (Table 1).
[0044]
[Expression 1]
[0045]
[Table 1]
[0046]
From Table 1, it was found that Example 1 removed endotoxin in the dialysate containing the buffer solution and various ions with a high removal rate. The MEA of Comparative Example 1 was an acrylate, but it was found that the removal efficiency was low only with the acrylate. The PEI of Comparative Example 2 is a cationic polymer, but the removal rate of dialysate containing various ions was considerably lower than that of Example 1.
[0047]
(Example 2 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4)
Endotoxin removal test in dialysate in the presence of heparin (in order to confirm the endotoxin removal effect, test using a membrane with a larger pore diameter than dialysis membrane)
A copolymer of N, N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide and stearyl acrylate (DMAPMAA-SA, composition molar ratio = 1: 0.5, molecular weight 60,000) was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, and hexane and methanol. In a mixed solvent (1: 9 volume ratio) at a concentration of 1.0 wt%. A polysulfone (PS) porous membrane (manufactured by Japan MEMTEC Co., Ltd., product name: membrane disk filter SD200, flat membrane having a pore diameter of 0.20 μm) was immersed in this polymer solution, and then at 60 ° C. for 2 hours. Washed with warm water and dried at 60 ° C. A membrane coated with this cationic polymer was taken as Example 2.
[0048]
On the other hand, a PS porous membrane not subjected to treatment was set as Comparative Example 3, and a cationic polymer containing a quaternary ammonium salt (UX101, manufactured by Yushi Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was mixed with a mixed solvent of methanol and water (2: 1 volume ratio). ) Was dissolved at a concentration of 0.3 wt%, the above-mentioned untreated PS porous membrane was immersed in this solution, washed with warm water at 60 ° C. for 4 hours, and dried at 60 ° C. The PS porous membrane on which this cationic polymer was adsorbed was referred to as Comparative Example 4.
[0049]
These membranes were cut to a diameter of 25 mm, fixed to a filter sterilized by γ-rays, filled with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection, and autoclaved.
[0050]
Dialysate prepared with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection (manufactured by Fuso Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: kinderly solution No. 2), and dialysate added with pharmacopeically heparin to 2 U / ml Endotoxin (Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111: lipopolysaccharide of B4, manufactured by SIGMA) was added to a concentration of 0.0 ng / ml to prepare a test solution.
[0051]
The test solution was filtered through the membranes of Example 2 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 at 0.1 ml / min for 60 minutes and collected every 10 minutes. The amount of endotoxin in the test solution after filtration (recovered solution for 50 to 60 minutes) was measured with Endspecy, DIA-MP set (manufactured by Seikagaku Corporation), and the endotoxin removal rate was determined according to Equation 1 (Table 2). .
[0052]
[Table 2]
[0053]
From Table 2, it can be seen that Example 2 and Comparative Example 4 in which the cationic polymer was adsorbed adsorbs endotoxin in the dialysate more than the untreated PS porous membrane of Comparative Example 3. However, in the presence of heparin, it was found that Example 2 which does not have an ionic group adsorbs and removes endotoxin more efficiently than Comparative Example 4 which has an ionic group (quaternary ammonium salt).
[0054]
(Example 3 and Comparative Example 5)
Endotoxin removal test in dialysate using hemodialyzer 200 g of dioxane, 42.8 g of N, N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide (DMAPAA), 7.2 g of butyl methacrylate (BMA), 50 mg of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) In the same manner as in Example 1, a cationic polymer (DMAPAA-BMA, composition molar ratio = 1: 0.2, molecular weight 60,000) was synthesized.
[0055]
A dialysate containing a polysulfone (PS) dialysis membrane (manufactured by Terumo Corporation, product name: Krillance PS, membrane area 1.5 m 2 ) is dialyzed with an alcohol solution (0.1 wt%) of the cationic polymer. Example 3 was a dialyzer filled from the inlet and coated with DMAPAA-BMA.
[0056]
Moreover, the dialyzer which does not process was made into the comparative example 5.
[0057]
These dialyzers were filled with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection and autoclaved. After sterilization, the water inside the dialyzer is removed, and endotoxin-free distilled water for injection with the addition of endotoxin (SIGMA, Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111: lipopolysaccharide of B4) is used instead at 0.5 ng / ml. The prepared dialysate (manufactured by Fuso Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: kinderly solution No. 2) was filled and shaken for 30 minutes. The amount of endotoxin in the test solution after filling was measured by Endspecy, DIA-MP set (manufactured by Seikagaku Corporation), and the endotoxin removal rate was determined according to Equation 1 (Table 3).
[0058]
[Table 3]
[0059]
From Table 3, it was found that Example 3 in which the cationic polymer was adsorbed adsorbed endotoxin in the dialysate more efficiently than the untreated dialyzer of Comparative Example 5.
[0060]
(Example 4-8)
Effect of the proportion of hydrophobic monomers in the cationic polymer on endotoxin adsorption in the dialysate (in order to confirm the endotoxin removal effect, test with a membrane having a larger pore size than the dialysis membrane)
Using 200 g of dioxane and 50 mg of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and changing the ratio of N, N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide (DMAPAA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as follows, the same as in Example 1 was carried out. Thus, cationic polymers (1) to (4) having different proportions of hydrophobic monomers were synthesized.
[0061]
[Table 4]
[0062]
The cationic polymers 1 to 4 (circled numbers) were dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol and water (2: 1 volume ratio) at a concentration of 1.0% wt. A polysulfone (PS) porous membrane (a flat membrane having a pore diameter of 0.20 μm) was immersed in this polymer solution, washed with warm water at 60 ° C. for 2 hours, and dried at 60 ° C. Membranes coated with these cationic polymers were designated as Examples 4 to 6 and Comparative Example 6 , respectively.
[0063]
Next, 200 g of dioxane, 28.2 g of N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 9.0 g of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 12.2 g of butyl methacrylate (BMA), 50 mg of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) In the same manner as in Example 1, a cationic polymer (5) (DMAEMA-MMA-BMA, composition molar ratio = 1: 0.5: 0.5, molecular weight 150,000) was synthesized.
[0064]
The obtained cationic polymer 5 (circled numbers) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol and water (3.5: 1 volume ratio) at a concentration of 1.0% wt. The PS porous membrane was immersed in this polymer solution, and then dried at 60 ° C. The membrane coated with this cationic polymer was designated as Comparative Example 7 .
[0065]
These membranes were cut to a diameter of 25 mm, fixed to a filter sterilized by γ-rays, filled with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection, and autoclaved.
[0066]
Endotoxin (manufactured by SIGMA, Escherichia Coli Serotype 0111: B4) to a dialysate prepared with endotoxin-free distilled water for injection (manufactured by Fuso Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: kinderly solution 2) (Lipopolysaccharide) was added to prepare a test solution.
[0067]
The test solution was filtered at 0.1 ml / min for 60 minutes on the membranes of Examples and Comparative Examples and collected every 10 minutes. The amount of endotoxin in the test solution after filtration (recovered solution for 50-60 minutes) was measured by Endspecy, DIA-MP set (manufactured by Seikagaku Corporation), and the endotoxin removal rate was determined according to Equation 1 (Table 4). .
[0068]
[Table 5]
[0069]
From Table 5, it was found that any cationic polymer efficiently removes endotoxin from the dialysate.
[0070]
From Examples 1 to 6 , when the composition molar ratio of N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate is 1, the composition moles of the hydrophobic monomer It was found that when the ratio was 0.5 or less, the endotoxin removal rate increased.
[0071]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, since the present invention is a hemodialysis membrane coated with a polymer comprising N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide and / or N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylate, Even in the presence of a blood coagulant, endotoxin in the dialysate can be efficiently adsorbed.
[0072]
Therefore, by using a dialyzer in which the cationic polymer is coated on a hemodialysis membrane, it is possible to prevent endotoxin in the dialysate from being mixed into the blood during the dialysate.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP10825798A JP3942266B2 (en) | 1998-04-17 | 1998-04-17 | Hemodialysis membrane having endotoxin adsorption ability and dialyzer using the same |
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|---|---|---|---|
| JP10825798A JP3942266B2 (en) | 1998-04-17 | 1998-04-17 | Hemodialysis membrane having endotoxin adsorption ability and dialyzer using the same |
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| JPH11300169A JPH11300169A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
| JP3942266B2 true JP3942266B2 (en) | 2007-07-11 |
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| JP4830181B2 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2011-12-07 | 東レ株式会社 | Hollow fiber membrane for lipid peroxide adsorption and module using the same |
| JP4843841B2 (en) * | 2000-09-29 | 2011-12-21 | 東レ株式会社 | Adsorbent for adsorption of oxidized low density lipoprotein |
| FR2859114B1 (en) | 2003-08-28 | 2005-10-14 | Gambro Lundia Ab | FILTRATION DEVICE COMPRISING A SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE FOR THE EXTRACORPOREAL TREATMENT OF BLOOD OR PLASMA, PARTICULARLY PREVENTING THE DELAYED ACTIVATION OF THE CONTACT PHASE |
| US20050045554A1 (en) | 2003-08-28 | 2005-03-03 | Gambro Lundia Ab | Membrane unit element, semipermeable membrane, filtration device, and processes for manufacturing the same |
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