JP3971217B2 - Ductile cast iron pipe by centrifugal casting method and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Ductile cast iron pipe by centrifugal casting method and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- JP3971217B2 JP3971217B2 JP2002085120A JP2002085120A JP3971217B2 JP 3971217 B2 JP3971217 B2 JP 3971217B2 JP 2002085120 A JP2002085120 A JP 2002085120A JP 2002085120 A JP2002085120 A JP 2002085120A JP 3971217 B2 JP3971217 B2 JP 3971217B2
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- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 20
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
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- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 244000274847 Betula papyrifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009113 Betula papyrifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000009109 Betula pendula Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010928 Betula populifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002992 Betula pubescens Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910016335 Bi—Ca Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017082 Fe-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017133 Fe—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008434 Si—Bi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はダクタイル鋳鉄管、およびその製造方法に係り、特に遠心力鋳造法によって製造されるダクタイル鋳鉄管において焼鈍特性に優れ、組織が緻密で靭性なども従来に優越する管の製造に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ダクタイル鋳鉄管は上下水道、農業用水、工業用水などさまざまな分野で流体輸送に使用されるもので、独自に規格した受口、挿口の嵌め合わせによって簡単に管を接合して管路を敷設できるから、鋼管のように溶接工事を必要とせず、敷設作業が簡単で品質も信頼できるため、管路形成の主流として最も汎用化されている。ダクタイル鋳鉄管には直管や異形管など種々の形態が含まれるが、主体である直管については遠心力鋳造法が中心であり、高速回転する円筒形の金型内へ高温の溶湯を注入するのであるから、通常の鋳造法に比べると冷却速度が著しく速く、そのために鋳放し状態ではチル組織が発生し、延性や強度の点でそのまま使用することは許されず、熱処理によって靭性の高いフェライト相に調質することが不可欠とされている。
【0003】
金型へダクタイル鋳鉄を鋳造する際に生じるチル組織の解消を課題とする従来技術としては、特開2000−45011公報などが認められる。この先行技術は、C:3.10〜3.90%、Si:2.50〜4.00%、Mn:0.45%以下、P:0.05%以下、S:0.008%以下、Cu:0.5%以下、Mo:0.3%以下、Mg:0.05%以下、Bi+Sb+Ti:0.1%以下を含有する金型鋳造法に用いられる球状黒鉛鋳鉄である。金型鋳造法は通常の砂型に比べると冷却速度が大きいため、特に球状黒鉛鋳鉄を注湯したときは溶湯から晶出する球状黒鉛晶出メカニズムによって本質的に過冷しやすく、これによってチル化が促進されるとしている。この過冷現象は共晶反応開始点から晶出した丸い小さな黒鉛がオーステナイトに取り囲まれ、オーステナイトから吐き出される黒鉛が積み重なって成長していくという特殊な経過によるものと解釈され、黒鉛の先端が常に溶湯に接している片状黒鉛に比べて黒鉛成長のために必然的に周辺から熱を吸収するために過冷が起ると説明されている。
【0004】
この従来技術では溶湯を球状化処理剤で球状黒鉛処理を行ない、金型へ注湯するまでに1回以上の加珪を行なうことによって、Siの合計が2.50〜4.00%となるようにすることが発明の要旨であり、このように加珪を経て鋳造した後、充分に取り扱いのできる900℃前後で取り出し、大気放冷することによってチル組織のない超微細な黒鉛組織をもつミクロ組織の鋳造品が得られるから、従来必要不可欠であった焼鈍が省略できるようになったとしている。
【0005】
引用文献の実施例を見ると、加珪後の最終Siが2.50%未満のときは黒鉛数が多いけれどもチルが発生し、これに対しSiが2.50%以上の場合にはチルは発生しておらず、黒鉛粒数がほぼ1900個/mm2あって、この1900個/mm2がチル発生防止の領域であると見れば、従来調質のために必要であった熱処理が最早不要となったばかりでなく、機械的性質や物理的性質の向上も伴うとその成果を謳っている。
【0006】
特開平1−309939号公報による別の従来技術では、自動車などのフェライト地の球状黒鉛鋳鉄において、伸び、特に低温衝撃値を向上し熱処理を省略、または容易にすることを課題とし、通常の球状黒鉛鋳鉄の成分の他に、Cr:0.1%未満、Bi:0.0015〜0.008%含み、C.E値を3.9〜4.6にすることで黒鉛粒数を300個/mm2以上の組織としたとしている。
【0007】
本来、球状黒鉛鋳鉄では、Sを筆頭にSb、As、Bi、Pbなどが微量含まれると、球状の黒鉛が晶出し難いというのが定説である。しかし、この従来技術では適量のBiを添加して黒鉛粒数を300個/mm2以上とすることでパーライトを減少させ、低温熱処理、または熱処理なしで十分な伸びと衝撃値を得たと謳っている。しかし、Biは溶湯に対する溶込み歩留りが悪く、歩留り率の変動も大きいから、残留含有量を維持するためには添加量を0.005〜0.025%の範囲に設定する必要があるが、残留Bi量が0.008%を超えてしまうと黒鉛の球状化が阻害され、球状化率が80%以下となるので注意が必要であるとしている。同じ出願人による特開平2−70015号の従来技術もほぼ同じ要旨からなっている。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
先に引用した従来技術は高性能ピストン用の金型鋳造品を主なターゲットとして研究、開発された成果であり、その成果に対して異論を挟む余地はない。ただしその成果は目的とする特定の用役に対してはきわめて高く評価されようが、別の用役、製品に適用して必ずしも同じ高い評価を受けるという保証はあり得ない。遠心力鋳造法によるダクタイル鋳鉄管についてもこの原則は活きており、高速回転中の金型へ高温の溶湯を注入し、遠心力という高エネルギーを伴いつつ凝固に至る過酷な過程は、同じ金型とは云え、その凝固メカニズムが全く別異なものに変るからである。
【0009】
金型遠心力鋳造によって製造されたダクタイル鋳鉄管の顕微鏡組織を鋳放し状態で観察すると、その組織におけるセメンタイトの分布はほぼ全断面に及び、顕微鏡視野に占めるセメンタイト相の割合は優に90%を越える。鋳造品の肉厚、金型のコーティングにもよるが、たとえば最小肉厚が2〜10mmとして、通常の砂型がほぼ10℃/s以上の冷却速度であるとすれば、前記引用例の金型鋳造では15℃/s以上を要件として設定しているのに対し、金型遠心力鋳造では少なくとも30℃/s以上の猛烈なスピードで冷却されることが測定されている。通常の金型に比べても遥かに冷却速度が大きく、球状黒鉛周辺の過冷の度合いもこれに応じて極端に昂進するから、セメンタイトはほぼ100%に近い完全白銑化した全面チル状態となり、組織の違いは余りに大きい。また、レジンコーテッドサンドで被覆した金型内周面の方がむしろ冷却速度が小さくなるため、通常のチル組織の発生傾向とは逆転した現象を起すケースもあるという特殊な例外も起り得る。
【0010】
遠心力鋳造品は顕微鏡で観察した組織自体についての公式の検査基準はないが、機械的性質としてJIS G 5526に規定されるFCD400、450などに求められる引張り強さ400〜450N/mm2や伸び10%以上を満足するためには、結局、フェライト相が30%以上(セメンタイト相が5%以下)という内部の検鏡基準をクリアしなければ到底達成することはできない。
【0011】
また、ダクタイル鋳鉄管を対象とするフェライト化焼鈍は、いうまでもなく鋳放しで晶出したセメンタイトを分解、ひいては基地であるパーライトを分解してフェライトベースにしてしまうことが目的であるが、第一の引用例では添付した組織写真に関してチル(白銑組織)の有無だけの説明に終始しているが、対象が高負荷のピストンである限り基地組織がフェライトベースということは到底考えられず、全面強力なパーライトか、ベーナイト組織であると想定するのが妥当ではある。また遠心力鋳造という過酷な鋳造条件に伴い発生する内部応力(特に内外面間に発生する引張り−圧縮力)を完全に開放することも必要な過程の一つであり、焼鈍の意義を単にチルの分解だけに限定できるわけでもない。
【0012】
後に引用した第二の従来技術も自動車部品などの金型静置鋳造品であり、遠心力鋳造とは冷却速度が全く異なる上、静置であるから黒鉛核が発生し周辺のオーステナイト中から吐き出されるCを集合して成長する固相〜液相線から凝固初期の領域で静的な初晶組織の成長が進むのに対し、遠心力鋳造では液相も固相も常に重力の30〜50倍の重圧(流動的な外力が)直撃して静的な組織の成長を圧潰(攪拌、分断)する要因が重なるから、条件が明白に異なる。したがって微量Biの黒鉛球状化阻害要素を重視して厳重なBi残留量を制限する従来技術の要件は、本願のような遠心力鋳造とは完全にマッチングしないと解釈すべきである。逆に言えば遠心力鋳造独自の凝固過程を100%活用して静置鋳造では及びもつかない飛躍的な品質改造に結びつけることも可能となる。
【0013】
本発明は以上の課題を解決するために、鋳放し状態で黒鉛核を従来よりも多数発生させるが、この時点におけるチル発生の防止を第一義的に目指すのではなく、従来に比べると遥かに簡略化されたフェライト化焼鈍によって最終的には多数晶出した細粒の球状黒鉛が、球状化率90%以上を維持したまま、フェライトベースの基地に分散して成長した組織のダクタイル鋳鉄管を提供することが目的である。
【0014】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明に係る遠心力鋳造によるダクタイル鋳鉄管は、C:3.0〜4.0%,Si:1.5〜3.0%、Mn:0.1〜0.4%、P:0.05%以下、S:0.01%以下、残りFeの成分よりなる基本成分に対し、Bi:0.0005〜0.05%を含み、多数の球状黒鉛が球状化率90%以上を維持したままフェライトベースの基地に晶出していることを構成上の特徴とすることによって前記の課題を解決した。
【0015】
さらに望ましくは、前記基本構成のBiの他に、Ca:0.0001〜0.05%を含み、より多数の球状黒鉛が高い球状化率を維持したままフェライトベースの基地に晶出させることができる。
【0016】
また、該ダクタイル鋳鉄管を製造する方法としては、溶湯成分がC:3.0〜4.0%,Si:1.5〜3.0%、Mn:0.1〜0.4%、P:0.05%以下、S:0.01%以下、残りFeとなるように溶解、精練した後、該溶湯にMgを主体とした球状化処理剤を加えて黒鉛の球状化処理を行ない、接種剤を溶湯へ接種して最終的にBiが0.0005〜0.05%の範囲で明確に検出できるように添加し、さらに望ましくはCaをBiと共に添加し、より望ましくはBiが0.0005〜0.05%、Ca:0.0001〜0.05%の範囲で明確に検出できるように歩留まりを計算に入れて添加して遠心力鋳造し、凝固後、簡略化されたフェライト化焼鈍を行なう手順を要件とする。
【0017】
この場合、具体的には、Bi添加の場合は化学成分がSi:20〜80%、Bi:0.1〜25.0%、残りFeよりなり、Bi、Caの添加の場合は化学成分がSi:20〜80%、Bi:0.1〜25.0%、Ca:1〜40.0%、残りFeよりなる合金粉末または混合粉末を接種剤として使用することが望ましい。
【0018】
接種材の粒径は細かいほど接種の歩留まりは向上し効果が上がるが、細かすぎると接種時に粉末が飛散し逆に効果が低減する。よって下限を0.05mmとする。また、上限は3mmを超えると接種剤が均一に溶湯中に拡散できず効果が出ない。よって、粒径範囲を0.05mm〜3mmとする。最適範囲は、下限が粉末管理面からまた経済性から0.1mm以上とする。
【0019】
なお、フェライト化焼鈍については、通常のダクタイル鋳鉄管の製造工程で適用する焼鈍パターン(図7参照)より低い温度で、および/又はより短い保持時間で処理するという簡略化されたフェライト化焼鈍によることが製法上の最大の特徴であり、利点でもある。
【0020】
このダクタイル鋳鉄管の成分限定は通常のJIS G 5526、または日本水道協会の規定(JWWA G 113)をほぼ踏襲し、ただ、遠心力鋳造直前にBiを最終的に0.0005〜0.05%を明確に検出できるように含有する他、より望ましくはCaを0.0001〜0.05%検出できるように歩留まりを考慮した添加量を接種して、黒鉛を微細に晶出して球状黒鉛数を大量に増発させ、一次晶出のオーステナイト粒度を微細化した上で、例えば、従来の半分程度に短縮したフェライト化焼鈍を通じて緻密で強靱な組織に調質することを特徴とする。
【0021】
この成分のうち、前記第一の従来技術ではSi:2.50〜4.00%を最重要の要件とするのに対し、本発明ではSi:1.5〜3.0%と限定するもので、Siが2.5%を越え3.0%に接近するほどダクタイル鋳鉄管の外表面にピンホールなどの荒れが発生しやすくなることや、さらに4.0%に近づくと黒鉛が凝集して浮上し、これにFeやMgの酸化物が付着してドロスと化して巻き込みやすいという遠心力鋳造独自の条件を加味すると、望ましくはSi:1.50〜2.50%を原則としつつも、とくに耐久性や耐食性など特別な仕様を要求される場合に限り、Si:2.50〜3.00%の範囲も許容することを要旨とし、このことがSi:2.50%以上を絶対的な要件とする従来技術との基本的な相違点である。
【0022】
球状黒鉛鋳鉄の溶湯へBiを添加して黒鉛を微細化し均一に基地中へ分配する作用自体は公知であり、同じような働きをする元素としてSb、Te、Snなども知られている。しかし、本発明で特定するように、遠心力鋳造法による急冷作用と溶湯を押圧(機械的に強制流動)する外力という特殊条件が複合することによって、静置鋳造法では定説とされる黒鉛の球状化阻害要因に大きな違いが現れるのではないか。このことは後述する実施例における顕微鏡組織の観察からも示唆されるように、Biの比較的高い残留量であっても黒鉛の球状化率は依然として90%以上を維持したまま格段に微細化した組織が得られることからも推定される。Biは0.0005%を超えてから優れた黒鉛晶出能を示し、0.05%以上では黒鉛晶出能が低下したり、球状化阻害などの悪影響が出てくる。
【0023】
Biの添加について、前記第二の従来技術では円錐形の塊状Biを添加し、または粒状として紙などに包んで添加してBi歩留まりを向上させたとあり、同時にFe−Siの接種剤を使用した実施例を報告している。しかし本発明ではBiの添加は粉粒体状による接種で、Fe−Si−Biの混合粉末または合金粉末を使用し、かつ、望ましくはBiの添加と共にCaを添加をFe−Si−Bi−Caの混合粉末または合金粉末を使用することで一段と発明の目的を効果的に達成できることを特に挙げておきたい。Caは鋳造後の残留成分として検知できない程度の添加量であっても、接種することによってBiの歩留まりを向上する安定化作用が顕れる。すなわち黒鉛核発生の凝固初期の段階でCaが液化し、液相CaとBiが接触するとBi−Caの金属間化合物を形成して、蒸気圧が低いBiの気化損耗を抑止する作用があるのではないかと推定される。いうまでもなくCaには溶湯に対する脱酸、脱硫の作用があって黒鉛球状化の大敵であるSを取り除く(を促進させる)作用が具わっているから、Biと共存することによってBiの球状化阻害要因を補って正常な球状化の進行に貢献する相乗作用があると考えられる。Caが残留成分として検知できる程度まで含まれれば、この相乗作用は一段と強力に発現することは後の実施例でも明確に立証されている。Caは0.0001%を超えてから明確にBiとの相乗効果が確認され、0.05%を超えると不経済な上、相乗効果は減少し、外観不良等も増加する。なお、このような働きはCa以外の元素としてMg、Sr、Baなど周期律表IIA族の金属や、希土類元素をブレンドした接種剤でも期待される。
【0024】
以上述べたように、鋳放しではほぼ90%以上の基地をセメンタイトで占める遠心力鋳造法で製造したダクタイル鋳鉄管を、Bi若しくはBi、Caの接種処理という一動作を加えるだけで、従来に比較して簡略化されたフェライト化焼鈍を施すことにより、従来以上に微細、緻密、強靱な組織に調質することが本発明の要旨である。
【0025】
【発明の実施の形態】
表1は本発明の実施例および比較例の成分一覧表であり、各成分ともに通常のダクタイル鋳鉄管として適用される標準成分であるが、Biの添加、若しくはBi、Ca添加の有無だけが両者を分ける相違点である。比較例1はいうまでもなくBi、Ca共に0%である。また、比較例2はBiが請求項の0.05%を超えて添加された場合である。実施例1は接種剤にはBiのみが含有されたものを用いた場合で、実施例2は検出されるCaこそ0%ではあるが、Biと共にCaを接種し検出不可能なまで消耗し尽くされた例であり、実施例3、4は実施例2を上回るCa添加によってCaが検出された例である。
【0026】
【表1】
【0027】
溶解はキュポラ炉1によって行ない、成分調整、脱酸、脱硫など基準通りの溶製を行なった後、1450℃にてMgの圧力添加、取鍋2に出湯後、870rpmの高速回転中の呼び径100mm×4000mmLの遠心力鋳造用金型3に注湯する(図6参照)。この注湯に際して取鍋2から溶湯をトラフ4末端部へ落とし込む際、化学成分がSi:20〜80%、Bi:0.1〜25.0%、残りFe若しくはSi:20〜80%、Bi:0.1〜25.0%、Ca:1〜40.0%、残りFeよりなる合金粉末または混合粉末を流下しつつある溶湯へ散布して万遍なくBi若しくはBi、Caの添加を行なう。なお、Bi若しくはBi、Caの添加については、該注湯流接種のみではなく、取鍋2中添加してもよく、また、両者を併用してもよい。さらには先端接種で行ってもよい。金型への注湯温度は約1300℃で、凝固後、金型から製品を引き抜いて放冷する。この実施例1に使用した接種剤は、Bi:16%、Si:58%、残りFeよりなり、実施例2に使用した接種剤は、Bi:16%、Ca:17%、Si:51%、残りFeからなり、実施例3、4に使用した接種剤はBi:15%、Ca:23%、Si:47%、残りFeからなり、すべて粒径は0.1〜0.5mmの粒体を選んだ。接種量については経験的に目標残留%に対する歩留まりを勘案しつつ溶湯量、製品サイズなどの要素に基づいて区分けして決定している。
【0028】
図1(A)(B)(C)(D)は表1の比較例1、実施例1、2、3における各試験片の顕微鏡組織写真(倍率100倍)であり、図1(A)は従来の鋳放し状態のもので、図1(B)は、接種剤にBiのみが含有される本発明の実施例1、図1(C)(D)はBi、Caの添加をするが、図1(C)はBiのみ検出される本発明の実施例2、図1(D)はBiとCaが検出される本発明の実施例3の鋳放し状態のものを示したものである。比較例1である図1(A)に対して実施例1、実施例2、実施例3はそれぞれ図1(B)(C)(D)に見るごとく、何れも球状黒鉛数が圧倒的に多く、特にBi、Ca添加したものについては粒数にして3倍以上の黒鉛が基地上に晶出していることを示す。なお、この写真は腐食なしの組織であるが、ほとんど全部がセメンタイト相の白銑組織であり、鋳放しの遠心力鋳造法では、ほぼ全面チル化していることを裏付けている。しかも特筆すべきは、Biが微量含まれても黒鉛の球状化を阻害するという従来の定説に反して、本発明の実施例では有効に微細化しつつも形状は90%以上の高率で球状を維持しており、これは遠心力鋳造による独特の急冷作用と初晶の成長圧潰(を攪拌、分断)する逆方向の外圧(機械的な外力)が大きく働き、さらにCaによる黒鉛の球状化助長作用とBiの安定化作用という相乗作用が支援して得られる特有の効果と解される。
【0029】
図2は本発明の実施例および比較例に適用したフェライト化焼鈍のパターン図であり、横型焼鈍炉において1,000℃まで昇温し、第一段焼鈍(1,000℃)における保持時間を通常のほぼ半分に短縮した10分とし、さらに第二段焼鈍(680〜730℃)においても通常のほぼ半分の15分に短縮した二段焼鈍を施し、その後、二段に分けた緩冷操作によってフェライト化焼鈍を行った。
【0030】
図3は本発明の実施例と比較例のフェライト化焼鈍(図2)後における顕微鏡組織の写真(倍率100倍)であり、図3(A)が比較例1でセメンタイトの面積率が約20%、球状黒鉛数が613個/mm2の数値が計測され、通常のダクタイル鋳鉄管用の成分からなる標準品では、保持時間を半分に短縮した簡略焼鈍では、なお、セメンタイトが分解し切れず、完全なフェライト化に達していないことを立証している。これに対し実施例1(図3(B))、実施例2(図3(C))、実施例3(図3(D))では、何れもセメンタイト面積率0%で完全にフェライト化し、球状黒鉛数もそれぞれ1121、2129、3435個/mm2と非常に多く、その鋳放し状態に比べても約1.31〜1.60倍増加して比較例の1.17倍増加を越え、セメンタイトの分解による黒鉛の増加率においても実施例が比較例より優越し、実施例と比較例の球状黒鉛数の差は、熱処理によって一層拡大していることを如実に物語っている。なお、本発明の実施例における球状黒鉛数とは、倍率100倍の視野で測定し粒径1μm以下の粒数を除いた値である。
【0031】
これでも例証されるように、Bi単独の添加によっても鋳放し状態における黒鉛粒数が増加するが、Biと共にCaを添加した場合には黒鉛粒数が格段に増加し、Caが検知できる程度まで共存すれば、相乗作用によって黒鉛粒数の増加は一層昂進し、組織緻密化という改善効果はさらに高まることが判る。この効果は簡略化した焼鈍によってさらに助長され、セメンタイト分解による黒鉛粒数増加の差が一段と拡大した結果が顕著に示される。
【0032】
図4は本発明の実施例および比較例のフェライト化焼鈍のパターン図であり、図2に対して第一段焼鈍温度を950℃に低温化し、焼鈍保持時間については通常の時間と同等の20分、第二段焼鈍についても30分とし、二段焼鈍によるフェライト化焼鈍を行った。
【0033】
図5は本発明の実施例と比較例のフェライト化焼鈍(図4)後における顕微鏡組織の写真(倍率:100倍)であり、比較例(図5(A))では低温化に伴いセメンタイトの分解が不完全に留まったのに対し、実施例1(図5(B))および実施例2(図5(C))、実施例3(図5(D))のセメンタイトは、すべて分解して完全なフェライト組織を呈している。また球状黒鉛粒数も非常に多く、Bi、Ca添加したものでは標準品に比べて3倍以上の値を示しており、優れた機械的性質が期待できる。
【0034】
基地であるフェライト相の結晶粒度を見ても図3、5における(A)と(B)(C)(D)とでは明確な差があり、球状黒鉛自体のサイズも明らかに実施例が小さく、緻密な基地の結晶組織上へ微細な球状黒鉛が大量、かつ均等に分布しており、強度、靭性、耐食性、耐摩耗性、金属疲労など、金属材料として好ましいすべての特性において凌ぐことを予見させている。すなわちBi、若しくはBi、Ca添加によって黒鉛の微細化が顕著に顕れたにも拘わらず、何れの実施例においても黒鉛が比較例に劣らない高度の球状化率を維持し、球状黒鉛鋳鉄として求められる90%以上の球状化率を堅持していることは、きわめて優秀な機械的性質のあることを示唆している(表2参照)。
【0035】
【表2】
【0036】
【発明の効果】
本発明は以上述べたように、ダクタイル鋳鉄管の製造において遠心力鋳造後の鋳放しのままでチル化を防止するという点を指向するのではなくて、鋳放しにおいては微細な球状黒鉛の晶出と細かい一次オーステナイト粒度の維持を組成上の基盤とし、該基盤に基づいて従来、汎用化されている焼鈍の半分程度にまで短縮した焼鈍によってセメンタイトを分解し、この分解によってさらに増加した球状黒鉛数と細かい二次晶出のフェライト結晶の基地によって強度、靭性、耐食性、耐摩耗性、疲労強度など、すべての面で従来技術を凌駕する組織を構築する効果がある。これは製造したダクタイル鋳鉄管自体の品質を理想的な状態に向上させると共に、熱処理を中心とする工程の短縮、簡略化と費用の大幅な削減を可能にするなど、画期的な影響を産業界にもたらす効果は図り知れない。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1(A)】本発明の比較例1での鋳放し状態における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図1(B)】本発明の実施例1での鋳放し状態における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図1(C)】本発明の実施例2での鋳放し状態における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図1(D)】本発明の実施例3での鋳放し状態における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図2】本発明の実施例、比較例に適用した通常の焼鈍時間を半分に短縮した場合の熱処理チャートである。
【図3(A)】本発明の比較例1でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図3(B)】本発明の実施例1でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図3(C)】本発明の実施例2でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図3(D)】本発明の実施例3でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図4】本発明の実施例、比較例に適用した第一段焼鈍温度を950℃に低温化した場合の熱処理チャートである。
【図5(A)】本発明の比較例1でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図5(B)】本発明の実施例1でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図5(C)】本発明の実施例2でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図5(D)】本発明の実施例3でのフェライト化焼鈍後における顕微鏡組織の写真である。
【図6】本発明実施例に使用する遠心力鋳造法を説明する一部断面正面図である。
【図7】通常のダクタイル鋳鉄管の製造工程で適用する焼鈍パターンの熱処理チャートである。
【符号の説明】
1 キュポラ炉
2 取鍋
3 金型
4 トラフ[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a ductile cast iron pipe and a method for producing the same, and more particularly, to a ductile cast iron pipe manufactured by a centrifugal casting method, which has excellent annealing characteristics, a fine structure, and has a superior toughness.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Ductile cast iron pipes are used for fluid transport in various fields such as water and sewage, agricultural water, industrial water, etc., and pipes are laid by simply joining pipes by fitting their own standardized receptacles and inlets. Therefore, it does not require welding work like steel pipes, and since it is easy to install and reliable in quality, it is most commonly used as the mainstream for forming pipes. Ductile cast iron pipes include various forms such as straight pipes and deformed pipes, but the main straight pipes are centered on centrifugal casting, and high-temperature molten metal is injected into a cylindrical mold that rotates at high speed. Therefore, the cooling rate is remarkably fast compared with the normal casting method, so that a chill structure is generated in the as-cast state, and it is not allowed to be used as it is in terms of ductility and strength. It is indispensable to temper the phases.
[0003]
JP-A-2000-45011 and the like are recognized as a conventional technique for solving the chill structure generated when ductile cast iron is cast into a mold. In this prior art, C: 3.10 to 3.90%, Si: 2.50 to 4.00%, Mn: 0.45% or less, P: 0.05% or less, S: 0.008% or less Cu: 0.5% or less, Mo: 0.3% or less, Mg: 0.05% or less, Bi + Sb + Ti: 0.1% or less. Spheroidal graphite cast iron used in the mold casting method. Since the mold casting method has a higher cooling rate than ordinary sand molds, especially when pouring spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is inherently easy to supercool due to the spheroidal graphite crystallization mechanism that crystallizes from the molten metal. Is going to be promoted. This supercooling phenomenon is interpreted as a special process in which round small graphite crystallized from the eutectic reaction start point is surrounded by austenite, and the graphite exhaled from austenite accumulates and grows. Compared to flake graphite in contact with the molten metal, it is explained that supercooling inevitably takes place to absorb heat from the periphery for graphite growth.
[0004]
In this conventional technique, the molten metal is treated with spheroidizing graphite with a spheroidizing agent, and the silicon is added once or more before pouring into the mold, so that the total amount of Si becomes 2.50 to 4.00%. It is the gist of the invention, and after casting through silicification in this way, it is taken out at around 900 ° C. where it can be handled sufficiently and allowed to cool to the atmosphere, so that it has an ultrafine graphite structure without chill structure. It is said that annealing, which has been indispensable in the past, can be omitted because a microstructured cast product can be obtained.
[0005]
In the example of the cited document, when the final Si after silicidation is less than 2.50%, chill is generated although the number of graphite is large, whereas when Si is 2.50% or more, the chill is If the number of graphite grains is approximately 1900 / mm 2 and this 1900 / mm 2 is an area for preventing chill generation, the heat treatment conventionally required for tempering is no longer necessary. Not only has it become unnecessary, but it has also been accompanied by improvements in mechanical and physical properties.
[0006]
In another prior art disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-309939, in spheroidal graphite cast iron such as automobiles, an object is to improve elongation, particularly low temperature impact value, and to omit or facilitate heat treatment. In addition to the components of graphite cast iron, Cr: less than 0.1%, Bi: 0.0015-0.008%, C.I. The E value is set to the number of graphite grains was 300 pieces / mm 2 or more tissue by the 3.9 to 4.6.
[0007]
Originally, in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron, it is the established theory that when a small amount of Sb, As, Bi, Pb, etc. is contained with S at the top, spherical graphite is difficult to crystallize. However, in this prior art, pearlite was reduced by adding an appropriate amount of Bi to increase the number of graphite particles to 300 particles / mm 2 or more, and sufficient elongation and impact values were obtained without low-temperature heat treatment or heat treatment. Yes. However, since Bi has a poor penetration yield with respect to the molten metal and a large fluctuation in the yield rate, it is necessary to set the addition amount in the range of 0.005 to 0.025% in order to maintain the residual content. If the amount of residual Bi exceeds 0.008%, spheroidization of graphite is hindered, and the spheroidization rate becomes 80% or less. The prior art disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-70015 by the same applicant has almost the same gist.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The prior art cited above is the result of research and development with a die casting for high performance piston as the main target, and there is no room for objection to that result. However, although the results will be highly appreciated for the specific utility intended, there is no guarantee that it will be applied to other utilities or products and receive the same high reputation. This principle is also valid for ductile cast iron pipes by centrifugal casting, and the harsh process leading to solidification while injecting high-temperature molten metal into the mold rotating at high speed and accompanied by high energy called centrifugal force is the same mold. However, the coagulation mechanism is completely different.
[0009]
When the microstructure of a ductile cast iron tube manufactured by mold centrifugal casting is observed in an as-cast state, the distribution of cementite in the microstructure covers almost the entire cross section, and the proportion of the cementite phase in the microscopic field is 90%. Over. Depending on the thickness of the casting and the coating of the mold, for example, if the minimum thickness is 2 to 10 mm and the normal sand mold has a cooling rate of about 10 ° C./s or more, the mold of the above cited example In casting, 15 ° C./s or more is set as a requirement, whereas in mold centrifugal casting, it is measured that cooling is performed at a severe speed of at least 30 ° C./s or more. Compared to ordinary molds, the cooling rate is much higher, and the degree of supercooling around the spherical graphite is greatly enhanced accordingly, so cementite is almost completely chilled, almost 100% white. The difference in organization is too big. In addition, since the cooling rate of the inner peripheral surface of the mold coated with resin-coated sand is rather smaller, a special exception may occur in which a phenomenon reverse to the normal tendency of the chill structure may occur.
[0010]
Centrifugal cast products do not have an official inspection standard for the structure itself observed with a microscope, but tensile strengths of 400 to 450 N / mm 2 and elongation required for FCD400, 450, etc., as stipulated in JIS G 5526 as mechanical properties. In order to satisfy 10% or more, it cannot be achieved unless the internal spectroscopic standard of ferrite phase is 30% or more (cementite phase is 5% or less) is cleared.
[0011]
The purpose of ferritic annealing for ductile cast iron pipes is, of course, to decompose cementite crystallized by as-casting and eventually decompose base pearlite into a ferrite base. In one cited example, the attached structural photograph is only explained with or without chill (white birch tissue), but as long as the target is a high-load piston, it is unlikely that the base tissue is ferrite-based, It is reasonable to assume that the entire surface is strong perlite or bainitic structure. In addition, it is one of the necessary processes to completely release the internal stress (particularly the tensile-compressive force generated between the inner and outer surfaces) caused by the severe casting conditions of centrifugal casting. It cannot be limited to the decomposition of
[0012]
The second prior art cited later is also a stationary mold product for automobile parts and other parts, and the cooling rate is completely different from centrifugal casting, and because it is stationary, graphite nuclei are generated and discharged from the surrounding austenite. While the growth of a static primary crystal structure progresses in the initial solidification region from the solid phase to the liquid phase line where the C is gathered and grows, in centrifugal casting, the liquid phase and the solid phase are always 30 to 50 of gravity. The conditions are distinctly different, since the double pressure (fluid external force) strikes directly and crushes the static tissue growth (stirring, splitting). Therefore, it should be construed that the requirement of the prior art that restricts the severe Bi residual amount with an emphasis on a trace amount Bi graphite spheroidization inhibiting element is not perfectly matched with centrifugal casting as in the present application. In other words, it is possible to utilize the solidification process unique to centrifugal casting 100% and lead to dramatic quality modifications not possible with stationary casting.
[0013]
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention generates a larger number of graphite nuclei than in the past in an as-cast state, but this is not primarily aimed at preventing chill generation at this point, but far more than in the past. A ductile cast iron pipe with a structure in which fine spherical graphite finally crystallized by simplified ferritization annealing is dispersed and grown on a ferrite-based matrix while maintaining a spheroidization ratio of 90% or more. Is the purpose.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The ductile cast iron pipe by centrifugal casting according to the present invention has C: 3.0 to 4.0%, Si: 1.5 to 3.0%, Mn: 0.1 to 0.4%, P: 0.00. 05% or less, S: 0.01% or less, and Bi: 0.0005 to 0.05% with respect to the basic component consisting of the remaining Fe, and many spherical graphites maintained a spheroidization rate of 90% or more. The above-mentioned problem has been solved by making the crystallization on a ferrite-based matrix as it is.
[0015]
More preferably, in addition to Bi of the basic configuration, Ca: 0.0001 to 0.05%, a larger number of spherical graphite may be crystallized on a ferrite-based matrix while maintaining a high spheroidization rate. it can.
[0016]
Moreover, as a method for producing the ductile cast iron pipe, the molten metal components are C: 3.0 to 4.0%, Si: 1.5 to 3.0%, Mn: 0.1 to 0.4%, P : 0.05% or less, S: 0.01% or less, dissolved and refined so that the remaining Fe, and then spheroidizing treatment of graphite by adding a spheroidizing agent mainly composed of Mg to the molten metal, The inoculum is inoculated into the molten metal and finally added so that Bi can be clearly detected in the range of 0.0005 to 0.05%, more preferably Ca is added together with Bi, and more preferably Bi is 0.00. 0005-0.05%, Ca: 0.0001-0.05% Yield is added in the calculation so that it can be detected clearly, centrifugal casting is performed, and after solidification, simplified ferritization annealing The procedure to perform is a requirement.
[0017]
In this case, specifically, when Bi is added, the chemical components are Si: 20 to 80%, Bi: 0.1 to 25.0% and the remaining Fe, and when Bi and Ca are added, the chemical components are It is desirable to use an alloy powder or mixed powder composed of Si: 20 to 80%, Bi: 0.1 to 25.0%, Ca: 1 to 40.0%, and the remaining Fe as an inoculum.
[0018]
As the particle size of the inoculum becomes finer, the yield of the inoculation improves and the effect increases. However, if it is too fine, the powder is scattered at the time of inoculation and the effect is reduced. Therefore, the lower limit is set to 0.05 mm. On the other hand, if the upper limit exceeds 3 mm, the inoculum cannot be uniformly diffused into the molten metal, and no effect is obtained. Therefore, the particle size range is 0.05 mm to 3 mm. The lower limit of the optimum range is 0.1 mm or more from the viewpoint of powder management and economy.
[0019]
In addition, about ferritization annealing, it is based on the simplified ferritization annealing of processing at the temperature lower than the annealing pattern (refer FIG. 7) applied in the manufacturing process of a normal ductile cast iron pipe, and / or shorter holding time. This is the biggest feature and advantage of the manufacturing process.
[0020]
The component limitation of this ductile cast iron pipe is almost the same as the standard of JIS G 5526 or Japan Water Works Association (JWWA G 113), but Bi is finally 0.0005-0.05% just before centrifugal casting. Is added so that the yield can be considered so that 0.0001 to 0.05% of Ca can be detected, and graphite is finely crystallized to reduce the number of spherical graphite. It is characterized in that it is increased in mass and refined to a fine austenite grain size and then refined into a dense and tough structure through ferritic annealing shortened to about half of the conventional one.
[0021]
Among these components, Si: 2.50 to 4.00% is the most important requirement in the first prior art, whereas in the present invention, Si is limited to 1.5 to 3.0%. As the Si content exceeds 2.5% and approaches 3.0%, the outer surface of the ductile cast iron tube is more likely to become rough, such as pinholes, and when it approaches 4.0%, the graphite aggregates. Taking into account the unique conditions of centrifugal casting, in which Fe and Mg oxides adhere to this and become drossed and easily entangled, it is desirable that Si: 1.50 to 2.50% in principle In particular, only when special specifications such as durability and corrosion resistance are required, the range of Si: 2.50 to 3.00% is allowed, and this is absolutely Si: 2.50% or more This is a fundamental difference from the prior art, which is an essential requirement.
[0022]
The action itself of adding Bi to the melt of spheroidal graphite cast iron to refine the graphite and distributing it uniformly throughout the matrix is well known, and Sb, Te, Sn, etc. are also known as elements having the same function. However, as specified in the present invention, a special condition of a quenching action by centrifugal casting and an external force that presses the molten metal (mechanically forced flow) is combined, so that the stationary casting method has the established theory of graphite. A big difference appears in the spheroidization inhibiting factor. As suggested by the observation of the microstructure in the examples described later, this was remarkably refined while maintaining the spheroidization rate of 90% or more even with a relatively high residual amount of Bi. It is also estimated from the organization. Bi exhibits an excellent graphite crystallization ability after exceeding 0.0005%, and if it exceeds 0.05%, the graphite crystallization ability is reduced, and adverse effects such as inhibition of spheroidization occur.
[0023]
Regarding the addition of Bi, in the second prior art, it is said that a conical lump Bi is added, or it is wrapped in paper as a granule to improve Bi yield, and at the same time, an Fe-Si inoculum is used. Examples are reported. However, in the present invention, Bi is added by inoculation in the form of a granular material, and a mixed powder or alloy powder of Fe-Si-Bi is used, and Ca is preferably added together with the addition of Bi. In particular, it should be mentioned that the object of the invention can be more effectively achieved by using the mixed powder or alloy powder. Even if Ca is added in such an amount that it cannot be detected as a residual component after casting, a stabilizing effect that improves the yield of Bi appears by inoculation. That is, when Ca is liquefied at the initial stage of solidification of graphite nucleation and liquid phase Ca and Bi come into contact with each other, Bi—Ca intermetallic compound is formed, and there is an action to suppress vaporization wear of Bi having a low vapor pressure. It is estimated that. Needless to say, Ca has a deoxidizing and desulfurizing action on the molten metal, and has an action of removing (promoting) S, which is a major enemy of graphite spheroidization. It is considered that there is a synergistic effect that contributes to the progression of normal spheroidizing by supplementing the inhibition factor. It is clearly demonstrated in the subsequent examples that this synergistic effect is more strongly expressed if Ca is contained to the extent that it can be detected as a residual component. When Ca exceeds 0.0001%, a synergistic effect with Bi is clearly confirmed, and when it exceeds 0.05%, the synergistic effect decreases and appearance defects increase. Such a function is also expected in an inoculant blended with a Group IIA metal such as Mg, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element as an element other than Ca.
[0024]
As described above, ductile iron pipes manufactured by centrifugal casting, which occupies almost 90% of the base in as-casting, are compared with the conventional one by adding only one operation of inoculating Bi, Bi, or Ca. Thus, it is the gist of the present invention that the ferritic annealing is simplified to refine the structure to a finer, denser, and stronger structure than before.
[0025]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Table 1 is a list of components of Examples and Comparative Examples of the present invention, and each component is a standard component that is applied as a normal ductile cast iron pipe, but both addition of Bi or addition of Bi or Ca is both. This is the difference. In Comparative Example 1, it goes without saying that both Bi and Ca are 0%. Moreover, the comparative example 2 is a case where Bi is added exceeding 0.05% of a claim. Example 1 is a case where the inoculum contains only Bi, and Example 2 is 0% of the detected Ca, but it is exhausted until Bi cannot be detected by inoculating Ca with Bi. Examples 3 and 4 are examples in which Ca was detected by addition of Ca over Example 2.
[0026]
[Table 1]
[0027]
Melting is performed in the cupola furnace 1 and after melting according to the standard such as component adjustment, deoxidation and desulfurization, Mg pressure is added at 1450 ° C., the hot water is poured into the
[0028]
1 (A), (B), (C), and (D) are photomicrographs (100 times magnification) of each test piece in Comparative Example 1 and Examples 1, 2, and 3 in Table 1, and FIG. Is a conventional as-cast state, FIG. 1 (B) shows Example 1 of the present invention in which only Bi is contained in the inoculum, and FIGS. 1 (C) and (D) add Bi and Ca. 1 (C) shows the second embodiment of the present invention in which only Bi is detected, and FIG. 1 (D) shows the as-cast state of the third embodiment of the present invention in which Bi and Ca are detected. . As compared with FIG. 1A, which is Comparative Example 1, Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3 have an overwhelmingly large number of spherical graphite as seen in FIGS. 1B, 1C, and 1D, respectively. For many, especially those with Bi and Ca added, it is shown that 3 times or more of graphite is crystallized on the base. Although this photograph shows a structure without corrosion, almost all of it is a cementite-phase white birch structure, which confirms that almost all the chilling is achieved by the as-cast centrifugal casting method. In addition, it should be noted that contrary to the conventional theory that even if a small amount of Bi is contained, the spheroidization of graphite is inhibited, the embodiment of the present invention has a spherical shape at a high rate of 90% or more while being effectively miniaturized. This is because of the unique quenching action by centrifugal casting and the external pressure in the reverse direction (mechanical external force) that crushes the growth of primary crystals (stirring and breaking), and further spheroidizing graphite with Ca It is understood that the synergistic effect of the promoting action and Bi stabilizing action is a unique effect obtained by supporting.
[0029]
FIG. 2 is a pattern diagram of ferritic annealing applied to the examples and comparative examples of the present invention. In the horizontal annealing furnace, the temperature is increased to 1,000 ° C., and the holding time in the first stage annealing (1,000 ° C.) is set. 10 minutes shortened to about half of the normal time, and the second stage annealing (680-730 ° C.) is also subjected to the two-stage annealing shortened to about half of the normal time of 15 minutes, and then the slow cooling operation divided into two stages Ferritic annealing was performed.
[0030]
FIG. 3 is a photograph of the microstructure (magnification 100 times) after ferritic annealing (FIG. 2) of the example of the present invention and the comparative example. FIG. 3 (A) is the comparative example 1 and the area ratio of cementite is about 20 %, The number of spheroidal graphite is 613 pieces / mm 2 , and the standard product consisting of the components for ordinary ductile cast iron pipes, the cementite cannot be completely decomposed by simple annealing with the holding time shortened in half. It is proved that complete ferritization is not achieved. On the other hand, in Example 1 (FIG. 3 (B)), Example 2 (FIG. 3 (C)), and Example 3 (FIG. 3 (D)), all were ferrite-ized at a cementite area ratio of 0%, The number of spheroidal graphites was also 1121,129, 3435 pieces / mm 2 respectively, which was about 1.31 to 1.60 times higher than the as-cast state, exceeding the 1.17 times increase of the comparative example, The example is superior to the comparative example also in the rate of increase in graphite due to the decomposition of cementite, and it clearly shows that the difference in the number of spheroidal graphites in the example and the comparative example is further expanded by the heat treatment. In addition, the number of spheroidal graphite in the Example of this invention is a value which remove | excluded the number of particle | grains with a particle size of 1 micrometer or less measured in a 100-times magnification visual field.
[0031]
As exemplified here, the addition of Bi alone also increases the number of graphite grains in the as-cast state. However, when Ca is added together with Bi, the number of graphite grains increases remarkably to the extent that Ca can be detected. If it coexists, it can be seen that the increase in the number of graphite grains is further promoted by synergistic action, and the improvement effect of the densification of the structure is further enhanced. This effect is further promoted by the simplified annealing, and the result of the further increase in the difference in the number of graphite grains due to cementite decomposition is markedly shown.
[0032]
FIG. 4 is a pattern diagram of ferritic annealing of the examples of the present invention and comparative examples. Compared to FIG. 2, the first stage annealing temperature is lowered to 950 ° C., and the annealing holding time is 20 times the same as the normal time. The second stage annealing was also performed for 30 minutes, and ferritic annealing was performed by two-stage annealing.
[0033]
FIG. 5 is a photograph of the microstructure (magnification: 100 times) after ferritic annealing (FIG. 4) of the example of the present invention and the comparative example. In the comparative example (FIG. 5 (A)), the cementite increases as the temperature decreases. While the decomposition remained incomplete, the cementites of Example 1 (FIG. 5B), Example 2 (FIG. 5C), and Example 3 (FIG. 5D) were all decomposed. And has a complete ferrite structure. In addition, the number of spheroidal graphite particles is very large, and the addition of Bi and Ca shows a value three times or more that of a standard product, and excellent mechanical properties can be expected.
[0034]
Looking at the grain size of the ferrite phase as the base, there is a clear difference between (A) and (B), (C), and (D) in FIGS. A large amount of fine spherical graphite is evenly distributed on the crystal structure of the dense matrix, and it is foreseen that it will surpass in all the desirable properties of metal materials such as strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and metal fatigue. I am letting. That is, in spite of the remarkable refinement of graphite due to the addition of Bi, Bi, or Ca, graphite maintains a high degree of spheroidization that is not inferior to that of the comparative example in any of the examples, and is obtained as a spheroidal graphite cast iron. The fact that the spheroidizing ratio of 90% or more is maintained suggests that it has extremely excellent mechanical properties (see Table 2).
[0035]
[Table 2]
[0036]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the present invention is not directed to the point of preventing chilling in the production of ductile cast iron pipes as-cast after centrifugal casting. Spherical graphite that has been improved by the decomposition of cementite based on the basis of the composition and the maintenance of fine primary austenite grain size, and the decomposition of cementite to half that of conventional annealing. The base of ferrite crystals with a number and fine secondary crystallization has the effect of constructing a structure that surpasses the prior art in all aspects such as strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and fatigue strength. This improves the quality of the manufactured ductile iron pipe itself to an ideal state, shortens the process centering on heat treatment, simplifies the process, and significantly reduces costs. The effect on the world is unbelievable.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 (A) is a photograph of a microstructure in an as-cast state in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 1 (B) is a photograph of a microstructure in an as-cast state in Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 1 (C) is a photograph of a microstructure in an as-cast state in Example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 1 (D) is a photograph of a microstructure in an as-cast state in Example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a heat treatment chart when the normal annealing time applied to Examples and Comparative Examples of the present invention is shortened by half.
FIG. 3 (A) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 (B) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3C is a photograph of a microstructure after ferritic annealing in Example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 (D) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a heat treatment chart when the first stage annealing temperature applied to the examples and comparative examples of the present invention is lowered to 950 ° C.
FIG. 5 (A) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 (B) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 (C) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 (D) is a photograph of the microstructure after ferritic annealing in Example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a partially sectional front view illustrating a centrifugal casting method used in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a heat treatment chart of an annealing pattern applied in a manufacturing process of a normal ductile cast iron pipe.
[Explanation of symbols]
1
Claims (9)
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| JP5618065B2 (en) * | 2010-08-04 | 2014-11-05 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Bi-based inoculant for spheroidal graphite cast iron and method for producing spheroidal graphite cast iron using the same |
| CN103952620B (en) * | 2014-05-26 | 2016-05-18 | 陈国� | A kind of vanadium titanium ferrite ductile cast iron and preparation method thereof |
| CN103952622B (en) * | 2014-05-26 | 2016-08-24 | 陈国� | A kind of vanadium titanium ferrite ductile cast iron automotive hub and production technology thereof |
| CN106319338B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-03-20 | 西安理工大学 | A kind of self-lubricating bearing and preparation method thereof |
| CN112921230A (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-06-08 | 西安合力汽车配件有限公司 | Improved method of screw carburized part |
| CN113005355B (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2022-05-13 | 安阳钢铁股份有限公司 | Production process of nodular cast iron pipe pile |
| CN115537644A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | 新兴铸管股份有限公司 | Corrosion-resistant nodular cast iron pipeline and preparation method thereof |
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