JP3973183B2 - Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor - Google Patents
Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor Download PDFInfo
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- JP3973183B2 JP3973183B2 JP26821198A JP26821198A JP3973183B2 JP 3973183 B2 JP3973183 B2 JP 3973183B2 JP 26821198 A JP26821198 A JP 26821198A JP 26821198 A JP26821198 A JP 26821198A JP 3973183 B2 JP3973183 B2 JP 3973183B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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Abstract
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、静電容量の大きな電気二重層コンデンサに関するものであり、電気二重層コンデンサの分極性電極に電解質を充填した大容量の電気二重層コンデンサに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電気二重層コンデンサは、電極と電解液の界面に形成される電気二重層の大きな静電容量を利用したコンデンサである。本発明者等は、電気二重層コンデンサと電子回路を組み合わせて電力エネルギー貯蔵方式を提案している。とくに、電気二重層コンデンサは、二次電池のような化学反応を伴わないので、短時間の充電が可能で充放電効率が優れ、長寿命という特徴を有しており、電気自動車、電力負荷の平準化などの用途に期待が高まっている。
【0003】
電気二重層コンデンサは、主材料である比表面積の大きな活性炭に少量の導電剤および結合剤を加えて混練圧延するか、あるいは同様な材料をスラリー状に溶解して集電極に塗布する、活性炭に少量の未炭化樹脂類を混合して焼結する、等の方法で得た分極性電極を用い、セパレータを介して対向させ、集電極に接触させるとともに、水溶性電解質溶液あるいは非水溶媒電解質溶液を含浸させたものが用いられている。
電気二重層コンデンサの静電容量は、分極性電極の表面積にほぼ比例するとの考えから、大きな比表面積を有する活性炭が用いられている。
活性炭は、800℃以下の温度で炭素質材料を炭化した後に、600ないし1000℃で、水蒸気、二酸化炭素等の雰囲気で、あるいは、塩化亜鉛、水酸化カリウム等を混合して不活性雰囲気で賦活することによって製造されている。賦活過程では炭素化過程で生じた炭素材の表面に吸着に適した多数の細孔を生成させる等の方法によって製造されている。
【0004】
そして、電気二重層コンデンサとしての容量をできるだけ大きくするために、活性炭として表面積が大きな活性炭を用いることが行われている。例えば、特開昭63−78513号公報には、従来例として挙げられている電気二重層用コンデンサ用の活性炭では、比表面積が最高1500m2/g 程度であったが、単位体積当たりの表面積が充分ではなかったので、石油コークスを原料とし、石油コークスに水酸化カリウムを混合したものを焼成して得られた比表面積が2000ないし3500m2/g である活性炭を用いることが提案されている。
【0005】
しかし、活性炭の表面積を増大するために活性炭を強く賦活すると、賦活の進行に伴って活性炭重量当たりの比表面積は増すが、同時に空隙率も増加するため、体積当たりの表面積は一定の賦活レベルを境にしてかえって減少する。しかも強く賦活した活性炭では、電気二重層面積当たりの静電容量が、賦活を進めるほど減少する傾向を示す。
【0006】
本発明者等は、一定限度以上に賦活を進めても、より大きな静電容量密度は得られないという問題点を見出し、活性炭の比表面積に依存した分極性電極を用いて得られる静電容量密度の限界を改善し、エネルギー密度の大きな電気二重層コンデンサを得ることを特開平11−317333号公報(特願平11−47700号)において提案している。
これは、電極として電圧印加時に膨張する炭素質材料を用いるとともに、分極性電極を電圧印加時の膨張を制限する寸法制限構造体中に保持されることによって単位体積当たりのエネルギー密度が大きな電気二重層コンデンサを得るものである。
【0007】
電圧印加時に膨張する炭素質材料を用いた電気二重層コンデンサでは、炭素電極が充電に伴って厚さ方向に例えば4V当たり2倍ほども膨張する。
容量が増加しても体積が膨張したのでは体積当たりのエネルギー密度が低下するので、コンデンサの容器に強度を持たせて膨張できないように寸法を制限し、エネルギー密度を確保するものである。
寸法の制限方法には種々の方法が考えられるが、想定される膨張圧力が10kg/cm2 程度となるため、小型コンデンサの電極寸法が縦横10cmとしても1トンの膨張力に耐える容器あるいは寸法構造制限体が必要となり、従来の活性炭を用いた同等な大きさの電極での200kgほどの圧迫圧力を想定するのに比べ、設計及び製造上の問題があった。
このように、寸法制限構造体あるいはコンデンサの容器は大きな強度が必要であるために、容易に軽量のコンデンサの集合体を形成することは困難であり、電気自動車用の電源等のように重量等に制限を受ける用途においては、使用が困難という問題があった。
【0008】
そこで、本発明者等は、電圧印加時に膨張する炭素質材料が大きく膨張するのは、電圧を未印加の炭素質材料に電圧を始めて印加して炭素質材料を賦活する電界賦活期間のみであり、それ以外の期間は当初の膨張圧の半分程度である点に着目し、大きな膨張圧が発生する際には、寸法制限構造体によって寸法を制限した状態で賦活を行った後に、通常の使用時に発生する小さな膨張圧に抗することができる容器等に収容することによって、取り扱いが容易で静電容量が大きな電気二重層コンデンサを得ることを特願平10−234319号および特願平10−234320号として提案している。ここでは、図4に示すように、最初の充電サイクルもしくはその後の2ないし3サイクルで賦活を行うものである。
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところが、電界賦活では、電気二重層コンデンサの通常の使用電圧に比べて高電圧で賦活するので、数サイクルであっても電気二重層コンデンサの構成部材を劣化させる、電圧が低ければ充分な賦活は困難であるという電気二重層コンデンサの劣化と充分な賦活という相反する問題があった。
電気二重層コンデンサは、正極および負極の両集電体の間をセパレータを介して、微少な炭素質粒子が導電性粒子とともに存在している。そして、集電体に直接接触している炭素質粒子、あるいは集電体の近傍の炭素質粒子と、集電体から離れた粒子では電気的には異なった条件に置かれており、抵抗と静電容量の複雑な配列になっていると見なされる。
【0010】
このため電気二重層コンデンサを電気的な等価回路で表すと、図1に一例を示す抵抗−コンデンサ配列を用いて実物の特性に当てはめると、実物の時定数を数パーセントの誤差で表現し得ることが示されている(岡村廸夫、清水雅彦:信学技報,Vol.95,No.462,P45−52)。
図1に示す等価回路に充電し一定の電圧に達すると放電をするという、充放電のサイクルを繰り返すと、コンデンサの抵抗と静電容量によって定まる時定数の影響を受け、初期の充電では、C1〜Cnのコンデンサが全て満充電になるわけではなく、端子に近い部分だけが充電され、後段のコンデンサは何10回もの充放電サイクルによって徐々に充電されることが知られている。
【0011】
図2は、完全放電状態から電気二重層コンデンサの充放電を繰り返した場合の利用率の変化の測定結果の一例を説明する図であり、3サイクル程度の充放電を行った後には、利用率は83%程度に達し、5サイクル程度では90%に達し、さらに充放電を繰り返すと徐々に上昇することを示している。
このような現象から見て、実際の電気二重層コンデンサを充放電すると、充電時の充放電サイクルでは、図1で示す入り口側に近い、すなわち集電体に近い電気二重層コンデンサのみしか設定された電圧に達しないことを意味する。
【0012】
一方、深部まで、設定した値に達するような電圧を印加すると、入口側では、設定値よりも高い電圧が印加されることとなる。賦活用の4Vという通常の使用電圧に比べて高い電圧を長時間印加すると、電気二重層コンデンサの賦活は進行するものの、とくに入口に近いコンデンサは長時間にわたり高電圧が印加されるという問題があった。
【0013】
本発明は、高い電圧や高い温度で多くの充放電サイクルを与えると、分極性電極の炭素質材料の賦活が進行して電気二重層コンデンサとしての静電容量が大きくなるが、同時に高い電圧の印加によって電解液の構成成分の分解等が進み電気二重層コンデンサが劣化するという現象も進行するという二律背反的要素を軽減する方法を提供することを課題とするものである。
【0014】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、電気二重層コンデンサの製造方法において、熱処理により活性炭原料よりも炭素化を進行させた後に水酸化カリウムを混合し不活性雰囲気で加熱しても賦活が進行しない炭素質材料を、水酸化カリウムと混合し不活性雰囲気で加熱したものを用いて分極性電極を作製し、水の電気分解が起こらない電圧を印加開始電圧として充電を開始した後に、水の電気分解が始まる電圧からは電圧上昇の傾斜を小さくして印加可能な最大電圧まで電圧を上昇させながら賦活充電を行うことによって前記分極性電極を賦活する電気二重層コンデンサの製造方法である。
【0015】
また、印加開始電圧から印加可能電圧までの充電電圧パターンに応じた電圧パターンを電圧発生器によって発生させて、充電器を電圧制御する前記の電気二重層コンデンサの製造方法である。
電気二重層コンデンサが電圧印加時に分極性電極の膨張に抗して寸法を制限した状態で、電極には2kg/cm2 以上の膨張圧が発生するものである前記の電気二重層コンデンサの製造方法である。
電解液として非水溶媒電解質を使用するとともに、分極性電極がX線回折法で測定した層間距離d002 が0.365〜0.385nmに存在する炭素質材料を用いたものである前記の電気二重層コンデンサの製造方法である。
【0016】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の電気二重層コンデンサは、電圧印加時に膨張する炭素質材料からなる分極性電極を有するものであって、分極性電極に賦活用の電圧の印加を徐々に行って、長時間をかけた充電によって電圧印加による賦活の効果が深部まで一様に進んだことにより、大きな静電容量を有し、漏れ電流等が少ない性能の優れた電気二重層コンデンサを提供するものである。
【0017】
本発明の電気二重層コンデンサに使用することができる分極性電極に使用する炭素質材料は、賦活が進行していない炭素質材料である。
本発明の炭素質材料は、600〜900℃で熱処理して従来の活性炭原料よりも炭素化を進行させ、これに重量比で1〜5倍の水酸化カリウムを混合して不活性雰囲気で約700〜900℃において2時間程度加熱すると、熱処理をしていない炭素質材料であれば活性炭になるが、熱処理の効果で炭素化が進んでいるため賦活は進行せず、比表面積で1000m2/g以下に留まる。
【0018】
しかし、この炭素質材料は通常の手法で洗浄、粉砕などの工程を経て、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンなどのバインダ、カーボンブラックなどの導電材を加えて混練してシート状に形成して、十分に脱水して電解液、例えばテトラエチルアンモニウムテトラフルオロボーレート1モルのプロピレンカーボネート溶液を含浸して電気二重層コンデンサを作製すると、28F/ccを超える静電容量密度の大きな電気二重層コンデンサが得られる。
このような賦活が進行していない炭素質材料を用いて電圧を印加すると、電圧の印加に伴って、炭素質材料は膨張し、炭素質材料の賦活が進行する。炭素質材料の膨張を外部から圧力を加えることによって制限することができれば、体積当たりのエネルギー密度の大きな電気二重層コンデンサを得ることができる。
【0019】
このような炭素質材料を使用した電気二重層コンデンサでは、炭素質材料の賦活の過程で高電圧まで充電するときに大きな膨張圧力が生じる。電界賦活に必要な高電圧は、その際に加えるだけで、その後のコンデンサの使用状態においては、このような高い電圧とすることはない。しかも高電圧の印加は、電気二重層コンデンサの劣化を招くことが避けられない。コンデンサに印加可能な電圧は、電気二重層コンデンサの構成材料によって異なるとともに、高電圧を印加すると電気二重層コンデンサの使用可能サイクル数は減少することとなる。
そこで、印加可能な最大電圧よりも低い電圧を長時間印加して分極性電極の細部まで充分な賦活を行い、その後、印加可能な最大電圧を短時間印加して最終的な賦活を行うものである。
【0020】
ここで、電気二重層コンデンサの充電時間について説明する。一般に電気二重層コンデンサの充電時間は、電気二重層コンデンサの分極性電極の厚み等の電極構造の特性等に応じて決定することができる。電気二重層コンデンサを大電流で充電すると、短時間に充電を完了することが可能であるが、電気二重層コンデンサの内部抵抗によって損失が大きくなる。したがって、実際に電気二重層コンデンサを充放電する際には、充放電効率を考慮して最適な充放電時間を決定することが必要となる。
【0021】
コンデンサの充放電効率は、以下のように定義される。
定電流Iでt時間充電または放電したときの電荷をQとすると、
Q=I・t
コンデンサに蓄えられる電力量Uは、
U=(1/2)・(Q2/C)
となる。コンデンサの抵抗Rで失われる電力量Lは、
L=I2R・t =R・(Q2/t)
である。したがって、これらの式から、コンデンサの充放電の際に抵抗で失われる損失η(比)を電力量から求めると、
η=L/U =2CR/t
となる。
効率をPとすると、
P=1−η =1−2CR/t
となる。
充電時間tが長いほど損失は少なくなり、効率は向上することを示している。
【0022】
例えば、時定数が20ΩF秒の電気二重層コンデンサでは、t=600秒とすると、効率は、1−(2×20/600)=93.3%となり、充放電効率は、充電効率と放電効率の積で表されるので、87%の効率が得られることとなる。また、上記の値を実用的な最低効率とすれば最短充電時間は、時定数の30倍の値であることも示される。
【0023】
そして、本発明の電気二重層コンデンサの製造において、長時間の充電時間、すなわち時定数の100倍以上の時間は、時定数が20ΩF秒である電気二重層コンデンサの場合には、2000秒以上となり、実用的な最短充電時間である600秒の3倍程度、すなわち定格充電期間の3サイクル分程度の値とも表現することができる。
本発明の充電による分極性電極の賦活においては、賦活が開始する前の電圧から充電を開始して、最高賦活電圧まで長時間の充電を行った後に、分極性電極を完全に賦活するものである。
【0024】
図3は、本発明の長時間の充電方法の一例を説明する図である。図3において、Aは、従来の方法によって印加可能最大電圧である4Vの電圧まで3サイクルにわたって充電した場合の電圧曲線の一例を説明する図であり、Bは0Vから充電電圧を印加して、水の分解が始まる電圧からは電圧上昇の傾斜を小さくして充電を行った後に、最後に印加可能電圧である4Vの電圧を印加する方法を挙げることができる。
このような方法を用いることによって、分極性電極が長時間高い電圧にさらされることはなくなるので、分極性電極を劣化させることなく、分極性電極の細部まで十分な賦活が可能となる。
【0025】
また、電気二重層コンデンサにおいては、賦活のための充電と同時に、電解液、炭素質材料等を始めとした電気二重層コンデンサの構成要素中に含まれれている気体を排出したり、水などの漏洩電流を増加させる好ましくない物質を除去することによって、漏洩電流を減少し、寿命を延ばす効果があることが認められるが、本発明の電気二重層コンデンサの分極性電極の賦活を電気二重層コンデンサの封口を行わずに充電することによって賦活と同時に好ましくない物質の除去を行うことが可能となる。
【0026】
この場合には、電解液中に混入している物質の電気分解が起こらない電圧を印加開始電圧として充電を開始した後に、印加可能最大電圧まで電圧を上昇させながら定格充電時間を超えて長時間充電を行った後に封口することが好ましく、このようにすることによって、分解生成物の蓄積によって電気二重層コンデンサが劣化させるということなく、好ましくない物質を除去することができる。
【0027】
また、長時間充電工程においては、電解液中から気体状の物質が生成するので、気体状物質の電解液中の溶解度を減少させて電解液中から速やかに放出させるために、減圧下で長時間充電工程を行うことが好ましい。また、雰囲気中から水分等が侵入することを防止するために、窒素、アルゴン等の不活性な乾燥雰囲気において処理を行うことが好ましい。
【0028】
【実施例】
以下に、実施例を示し本発明を説明する。
実施例1
(電気二重層コンデンサの作製)
石油コークスを不活性雰囲気中で750℃において2時間の熱処理を行い、得られた炭素質材料に重量比で2倍量の水酸化カリウムを混合し、不活性雰囲気で800℃において賦活に相当する熱処理をした。得られた炭素質材料は、賦活処理前の熱処理による炭素化の効果によって賦活は充分には進行せず、BET比表面積は300m2/g であり、電気二重層コンデンサで大静電容量を得る活性炭の水準には到達し得ないものであった。
得られた炭素質材料を平均粒径30μmに粉砕したものを82mg、カーボンブラック9mg、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粉末9mgを混合して直径20mmの円盤状に圧粉成形し、真空デシケータ中で10-2torrに減圧し120℃において4時間乾燥して分極性電極を作製した。
【0029】
2枚の分極性電極を低湿度に保ったグローブボックス内でガラスセパレータを介して対向させて、両分極性電極の外側をアルミニウム製電極で挟み電気二重層コンデンサ素子として、O−リングで密封したアルミニウム製気密容器に入れて、テトラエチルアンモニウムテトラフルオロボレートの1モルを溶解したプロピレンカーボネートを電解液として充分含浸させて試験用電気二重層コンデンサとした。
【0030】
(賦活充電)
作製した試験用電気二重層コンデンサを充電開始電圧1V、最終電圧4Vに設定し、最終電圧に達するまでの時間を3.2時間としてその間を直線状にほぼ一定の勾配で上昇するような波形を電圧発生器によって作り、これにしたがって充電器を電圧制御して充電して賦活した。
【0031】
(電気的特性の測定)
充電した電気二重層コンデンサを一度完全に放電し、充放電試験器を用いて3Vを最高電圧として、電流10mAで充電し、0Vまで電流10mAで放電する充放電試験を繰り返し行い、得られた第3サイクルのトレースを用いて、放電開始時のステップから内部抵抗を測定し、放電曲線の積分値から静電容量を測定し、その結果を表1に示す。
【0032】
実施例2
最終電圧に達するまでの時間を12時間とした以外の点を除き実施例1と同様に充電して賦活し、実施例1と同様の方法で内部抵抗と静電容量を測定し、その結果を表1に示す。
【0033】
比較例1
実施例1と同様に作製した電気二重層コンデンサを、0〜4Vの充放電サイクルを充電時間25分間、緩和充電時間10分間、放電時間25分間で繰り返す合計1時間のサイクル試験を3回行い、そののち実施例1と同様の方法で、内部抵抗と静電容量を測定し、その結果を表1に示す。
【0034】
比較例2
実施例1と同様に作製した電気二重層コンデンサを、0〜4Vの充放電サイクルを充電時間10分間、緩和充電時間10分間、放電時間10分間で繰り返す、合計30分間のサイクル試験を実施例2に準ずる試験を12時間に24サイクル繰り返した。その後、実施例1と同様の方法で、内部抵抗と静電容量を測定し、その結果を表1に示す。
【0035】
【表1】
【0036】
比較例1に記載のものは、実施例1および2に記載のものに比べて静電容量の増加が充分ではなく、また比較例2のものは、静電容量が実施例1および実施例2のものに比べて若干小さかったが、内部抵抗が大幅に増加した。内部抵抗の増大は、電気二重層コンデンサの劣化が進行していることを示している。
【0037】
【発明の効果】
本発明の電気二重層コンデンサは、電圧印加時に膨張する炭素質材料からなる分極性電極を用いた電気二重層コンデンサの賦活時の高電圧の印加による電気二重層コンデンサの劣化を防止することができ、大容量で漏れ電流の小さな電気二重層コンデンサを得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1は、電気二重層コンデンサの等価回路の一例を示す図である。
【図2】図2は、電気二重層コンデンサの充放電サイクルと効率の関係を説明する図である。
【図3】図3は、本発明の電気二重層コンデンサの充電方法の一例を説明する図である。
【図4】図4は、電気二重層コンデンサの賦活時の圧力の変化を説明する図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electric double layer capacitor having a large capacitance, and to a large capacity electric double layer capacitor in which a polarizable electrode of an electric double layer capacitor is filled with an electrolyte.
[0002]
[Prior art]
An electric double layer capacitor is a capacitor that uses the large capacitance of an electric double layer formed at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte. The present inventors have proposed a power energy storage system by combining an electric double layer capacitor and an electronic circuit. In particular, electric double layer capacitors do not involve chemical reactions like secondary batteries, so they can be charged in a short time, have excellent charge / discharge efficiency, and have a long service life. Expectations are increasing for applications such as leveling.
[0003]
An electric double layer capacitor is an activated carbon that has a large specific surface area, which is the main material, and is kneaded and rolled with a small amount of a conductive agent and a binder, or a similar material dissolved in a slurry and applied to a collector electrode. A polarizable electrode obtained by a method such as mixing and sintering a small amount of non-carbonized resin, facing the separator through a separator, contacting the collector electrode, and a water-soluble electrolyte solution or a non-aqueous solvent electrolyte solution The one impregnated with is used.
Activated carbon having a large specific surface area is used because the capacitance of the electric double layer capacitor is approximately proportional to the surface area of the polarizable electrode.
Activated carbon is carbonized at a temperature of 800 ° C. or lower and then activated at 600 to 1000 ° C. in an atmosphere of water vapor, carbon dioxide, etc., or mixed with zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, etc. in an inert atmosphere. It is manufactured by In the activation process, it is manufactured by a method of generating a large number of pores suitable for adsorption on the surface of the carbon material generated in the carbonization process.
[0004]
And in order to enlarge the capacity | capacitance as an electric double layer capacitor as much as possible, using activated carbon with a large surface area as activated carbon is performed. For example, in JP-A-63-78513, the activated carbon for electric double layer capacitors cited as a conventional example has a specific surface area of up to about 1500 m 2 / g, but the surface area per unit volume is since there was not sufficient, petroleum coke as a raw material, to have no 2000 specific surface area obtained by firing a mixture of potassium hydroxide in petroleum coke that using activated carbon is 3500 m 2 / g has been proposed.
[0005]
However, if the activated carbon is strongly activated to increase the surface area of the activated carbon, the specific surface area per activated carbon weight increases as the activation progresses, but at the same time the porosity increases, so the surface area per volume has a certain activation level. On the other hand, it decreases. Moreover, in the activated carbon that is strongly activated, the electrostatic capacity per electric double layer area tends to decrease as the activation proceeds.
[0006]
The present inventors have found a problem that even if the activation proceeds beyond a certain limit, a larger capacitance density cannot be obtained, and the capacitance obtained by using a polarizable electrode depending on the specific surface area of activated carbon. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-317333 (Japanese Patent Application No. 11-47700) proposes to improve the density limit and obtain an electric double layer capacitor having a large energy density.
This is because a carbonaceous material that expands when a voltage is applied is used as an electrode, and an electric energy having a large energy density per unit volume is obtained by holding the polarizable electrode in a size limiting structure that limits expansion when a voltage is applied. A multilayer capacitor is obtained.
[0007]
In an electric double layer capacitor using a carbonaceous material that expands when a voltage is applied, the carbon electrode expands in the thickness direction by, for example, about twice as much as 4 V with charging.
Even if the capacity is increased, if the volume expands, the energy density per volume decreases. Therefore, the dimensions of the capacitor are limited so that the capacitor container cannot be expanded and the energy density is secured.
Various methods can be considered as a method of limiting the size, but since the assumed expansion pressure is about 10 kg / cm 2 , the container or dimensional structure that can withstand an expansion force of 1 ton even if the electrode size of the small capacitor is 10 cm in length and width. A restrictor was required, and there were design and manufacturing problems compared to assuming a compression pressure of about 200 kg with a conventional electrode of the same size using activated carbon.
As described above, since the size-restricted structure or the container of the capacitor requires a large strength, it is difficult to easily form a collection of lightweight capacitors, such as a power source for an electric vehicle. However, there is a problem that it is difficult to use in applications that are restricted by the above.
[0008]
Therefore, the inventors of the present invention are that the carbonaceous material that expands when a voltage is applied greatly expands only during the electric field activation period in which the voltage is first applied to the carbonaceous material to which no voltage is applied to activate the carbonaceous material. Pay attention to the point that the other expansion period is about half of the original expansion pressure. When large expansion pressure is generated, normal activation is performed after the activation with the dimension limited by the dimension limiting structure. Japanese Patent Application No. 10-234319 and Japanese Patent Application No. 10-109 are to obtain an electric double layer capacitor that is easy to handle and has a large capacitance by being accommodated in a container or the like that can withstand a small expansion pressure that is sometimes generated. This is proposed as 234320. Here, as shown in FIG. 4, activation is performed in the first charge cycle or in the subsequent two to three cycles.
[0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in electric field activation, activation is performed at a higher voltage than the normal operating voltage of the electric double layer capacitor. Therefore, even if the cycle is several cycles, the components of the electric double layer capacitor are deteriorated. There was a conflicting problem between the deterioration of the electric double layer capacitor that was difficult and the sufficient activation.
In the electric double layer capacitor, minute carbonaceous particles are present together with conductive particles through a separator between both positive and negative electrode current collectors. The carbonaceous particles that are in direct contact with the current collector, or the carbonaceous particles in the vicinity of the current collector, and the particles that are away from the current collector are placed in electrically different conditions, and the resistance and It is considered to be a complex array of capacitances.
[0010]
For this reason, when the electric double layer capacitor is represented by an electrical equivalent circuit, when the resistance-capacitor arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is applied to the actual characteristics, the actual time constant can be expressed with an error of several percent. (Ikuo Okamura, Masahiko Shimizu: Shingaku Giho, Vol.95, No.462, P45-52).
When the charge / discharge cycle is repeated in which the equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 1 is charged and discharged when a certain voltage is reached, it is affected by a time constant determined by the resistance and capacitance of the capacitor. It is known that not all capacitors of .about.Cn are fully charged, only the portion close to the terminal is charged, and the subsequent capacitor is gradually charged by several tens of charge / discharge cycles.
[0011]
FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining an example of a measurement result of a change in utilization rate when charging / discharging of the electric double layer capacitor is repeated from a completely discharged state. After the charge / discharge of about 3 cycles, the utilization rate is increased. Indicates that it reaches about 83%, reaches about 90% in about 5 cycles, and gradually increases when charging and discharging are repeated.
In view of such a phenomenon, when an actual electric double layer capacitor is charged / discharged, only the electric double layer capacitor close to the inlet side shown in FIG. It means that the voltage is not reached.
[0012]
On the other hand, when a voltage that reaches the set value is applied to the deep part, a voltage higher than the set value is applied on the inlet side. When a voltage higher than the normal working voltage of 4V is applied for a long time, activation of the electric double layer capacitor proceeds, but a capacitor close to the inlet has a problem that a high voltage is applied for a long time. It was.
[0013]
In the present invention, when many charge / discharge cycles are applied at a high voltage or a high temperature, the activation of the carbonaceous material of the polarizable electrode proceeds and the capacitance as the electric double layer capacitor increases. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for reducing a trade-off factor that the phenomenon that the constituent components of the electrolytic solution are decomposed by application and the electric double layer capacitor is deteriorated also proceeds.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention relates to a method for producing an electric double layer capacitor, in which a carbonaceous material that is not activated even when mixed with potassium hydroxide and heated in an inert atmosphere after carbonization proceeds more than activated carbon raw material by heat treatment, From the voltage at which electrolysis of water starts after making a polarizable electrode using a mixture mixed with potassium oxide and heated in an inert atmosphere and starting charging with a voltage at which electrolysis of water does not occur as an application start voltage This is a method for manufacturing an electric double layer capacitor in which the polarizable electrode is activated by performing activation charging while increasing the voltage to the maximum voltage that can be applied by reducing the slope of the voltage increase.
[0015]
In addition, the electric double layer capacitor manufacturing method according to the present invention, wherein a voltage pattern corresponding to a charging voltage pattern from an application start voltage to an applicable voltage is generated by a voltage generator, and the voltage of the charger is controlled.
The method for producing an electric double layer capacitor as described above, wherein an expansion pressure of 2 kg / cm 2 or more is generated in the electrode while the electric double layer capacitor is limited in size against the expansion of the polarizable electrode when a voltage is applied. It is.
With using a non-aqueous solvent electrolyte as an electrolyte, the electrical interlayer distance d 002 of the polarizable electrode was measured by X-ray diffraction method is one using a carbonaceous material present in 0.365~0.385nm It is a manufacturing method of a double layer capacitor.
[0016]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The electric double layer capacitor of the present invention has a polarizable electrode made of a carbonaceous material that expands when a voltage is applied, and gradually applies an applied voltage to the polarizable electrode and takes a long time. The effect of activation due to voltage application by charging has progressed uniformly to the deep part, thereby providing an electric double layer capacitor having a large capacitance and excellent performance with little leakage current and the like.
[0017]
The carbonaceous material used for the polarizable electrode that can be used for the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention is a carbonaceous material that has not been activated.
The carbonaceous material of the present invention is heat-treated at 600 to 900 ° C. to promote carbonization as compared with a conventional activated carbon raw material, and is mixed with potassium hydroxide 1 to 5 times by weight in an inert atmosphere. When heated at 700 to 900 ° C. for about 2 hours, if it is a carbonaceous material that has not been heat-treated, it becomes activated carbon, but since carbonization has progressed due to the effect of heat treatment, activation does not proceed, and the specific surface area is 1000 m 2 / Stay below g.
[0018]
However, this carbonaceous material is subjected to steps such as washing and pulverization using ordinary techniques, and a binder such as polytetrafluoroethylene and a conductive material such as carbon black are added and kneaded to form a sheet, which is fully dehydrated. Then, when an electric double layer capacitor is produced by impregnating an electrolytic solution, for example, a 1 mol propylene carbonate solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, an electric double layer capacitor having a large capacitance density exceeding 28 F / cc is obtained.
When a voltage is applied using such a carbonaceous material that has not been activated, the carbonaceous material expands with the application of the voltage, and activation of the carbonaceous material proceeds. If the expansion of the carbonaceous material can be limited by applying pressure from the outside, an electric double layer capacitor having a large energy density per volume can be obtained.
[0019]
In an electric double layer capacitor using such a carbonaceous material, a large expansion pressure is generated when charging to a high voltage in the process of activating the carbonaceous material. The high voltage necessary for the electric field activation is only applied at that time, and such a high voltage is not used in the subsequent use of the capacitor. Moreover, application of a high voltage inevitably causes deterioration of the electric double layer capacitor. The voltage that can be applied to the capacitor varies depending on the constituent material of the electric double layer capacitor, and when a high voltage is applied, the number of usable cycles of the electric double layer capacitor is reduced.
Therefore, a voltage lower than the maximum voltage that can be applied is applied for a long time to sufficiently activate the details of the polarizable electrode, and then the maximum voltage that can be applied is applied for a short time to perform final activation. is there.
[0020]
Here, the charging time of the electric double layer capacitor will be described. Generally, the charging time of the electric double layer capacitor can be determined according to the characteristics of the electrode structure such as the thickness of the polarizable electrode of the electric double layer capacitor. When the electric double layer capacitor is charged with a large current, charging can be completed in a short time, but the loss increases due to the internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor. Therefore, when actually charging / discharging the electric double layer capacitor, it is necessary to determine the optimum charge / discharge time in consideration of the charge / discharge efficiency.
[0021]
The charge / discharge efficiency of the capacitor is defined as follows.
Let Q be the charge when charging or discharging with constant current I for t hours,
Q = I · t
The amount of power U stored in the capacitor is
U = (1/2) ・ (Q 2 / C)
It becomes. The amount of power L lost at the resistor R of the capacitor is
L = I 2 R · t = R · (Q 2 / t)
It is. Therefore, from these equations, when the loss η (ratio) lost by the resistor during charge and discharge of the capacitor is obtained from the electric energy,
η = L / U = 2CR / t
It becomes.
If efficiency is P,
P = 1−η = 1−2 CR / t
It becomes.
It shows that the longer the charging time t, the smaller the loss and the higher the efficiency.
[0022]
For example, in an electric double layer capacitor having a time constant of 20 ΩF seconds, if t = 600 seconds, the efficiency is 1− (2 × 20/600) = 93.3%, and the charge / discharge efficiency is the charge efficiency and the discharge efficiency. Therefore, an efficiency of 87% can be obtained. In addition, if the above value is set as a practical minimum efficiency, it is indicated that the shortest charging time is 30 times the time constant.
[0023]
In the production of the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention, a long charge time, that is, a time of 100 times or more of the time constant is 2000 seconds or more in the case of an electric double layer capacitor having a time constant of 20ΩF seconds. It can also be expressed as a value of about three times 600 seconds, which is a practical minimum charge time, that is, about three cycles of the rated charge period.
In the activation of the polarizable electrode by charging according to the present invention, the charging is started from the voltage before the activation starts, and after the long-time charging to the maximum activation voltage, the polarizable electrode is completely activated. is there.
[0024]
FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining an example of the long-time charging method of the present invention. In FIG. 3, A is a diagram illustrating an example of a voltage curve when charging is performed over 3 cycles to a voltage of 4 V that is the maximum voltage that can be applied by a conventional method, and B is a charging voltage applied from 0 V, A method of applying a voltage of 4 V, which is an applicable voltage, after charging after reducing the slope of the voltage rise from the voltage at which water decomposition starts can be mentioned.
By using such a method, the polarizable electrode is not exposed to a high voltage for a long time, so that the details of the polarizable electrode can be sufficiently activated without degrading the polarizable electrode.
[0025]
In addition, in the electric double layer capacitor, at the same time as the charging for activation, the gas contained in the constituent elements of the electric double layer capacitor including the electrolytic solution and the carbonaceous material is discharged, Although it is recognized that removing unwanted substances that increase leakage current has the effect of reducing leakage current and extending the life, the activation of the polarizable electrode of the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention can be It is possible to remove undesirable substances simultaneously with activation by charging without sealing.
[0026]
In this case, after starting charging with the voltage at which electrolysis of the substance mixed in the electrolyte does not occur as the application start voltage, the voltage is increased to the maximum voltage that can be applied and the rated charge time is exceeded for a long time. It is preferable to seal after charging, and in this way, undesirable substances can be removed without causing degradation of the electric double layer capacitor due to accumulation of decomposition products.
[0027]
In addition, in the long-time charging process, a gaseous substance is generated from the electrolytic solution. Therefore, in order to reduce the solubility of the gaseous substance in the electrolytic solution and to release it quickly from the electrolytic solution, the process is performed under reduced pressure. It is preferable to perform a time charging process. In order to prevent moisture and the like from entering the atmosphere, it is preferable to perform the treatment in an inert dry atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
[0028]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to examples.
Example 1
(Production of electric double layer capacitor)
Petroleum coke is heat-treated in an inert atmosphere at 750 ° C. for 2 hours, and the resulting carbonaceous material is mixed with potassium hydroxide twice the weight ratio, corresponding to activation at 800 ° C. in an inert atmosphere. Heat treatment was performed. The obtained carbonaceous material does not sufficiently activate due to the effect of carbonization by heat treatment before the activation treatment, has a BET specific surface area of 300 m 2 / g, and obtains a large capacitance with an electric double layer capacitor. The level of activated carbon could not be reached.
The obtained carbonaceous material was pulverized to an average particle size of 30 μm, 82 mg of carbon black, 9 mg of carbon black, and 9 mg of polytetrafluoroethylene powder were mixed and compacted into a disk shape having a diameter of 20 mm, and 10 −2 in a vacuum desiccator. The pressure was reduced to torr and dried at 120 ° C. for 4 hours to produce a polarizable electrode.
[0029]
Two polarizable electrodes were opposed to each other through a glass separator in a glove box kept at low humidity, and the outside of both polarizable electrodes was sandwiched between aluminum electrodes and sealed as an electric double layer capacitor element with an O-ring. It put into the airtight container made from aluminum, the electric double layer capacitor | condenser for a test was fully impregnated as an electrolyte with the propylene carbonate which melt | dissolved 1 mol of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate.
[0030]
(Activation charging)
Set the electric double layer capacitor for testing to a charging start voltage of 1V and a final voltage of 4V. The time to reach the final voltage is set to 3.2 hours, and the waveform rises linearly with an almost constant gradient. It was made by a voltage generator, and the charger was charged under voltage control according to this, and activated by charging.
[0031]
(Measurement of electrical characteristics)
The charged electric double layer capacitor was completely discharged once, and a charge / discharge test was performed by repeatedly charging and discharging at a current of 10 mA up to 0 V with a maximum voltage of 3 V using a charge / discharge tester. Using a three-cycle trace, the internal resistance was measured from the step at the start of discharge, the capacitance was measured from the integrated value of the discharge curve, and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0032]
Example 2
Except for the point that the time until reaching the final voltage was 12 hours, it was charged and activated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the internal resistance and capacitance were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the result was Table 1 shows.
[0033]
Comparative Example 1
The electric double layer capacitor produced in the same manner as in Example 1 was subjected to a cycle test of a total of 1 hour, repeating a charge / discharge cycle of 0 to 4 V with a charge time of 25 minutes, a relaxation charge time of 10 minutes, and a discharge time of 25 minutes, Thereafter, the internal resistance and capacitance were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0034]
Comparative Example 2
A cycle test for a total of 30 minutes was repeated for the electric double layer capacitor produced in the same manner as in Example 1, with a charge / discharge cycle of 0 to 4 V being repeated for a charge time of 10 minutes, a relaxation charge time of 10 minutes, and a discharge time of 10 minutes. The test according to was repeated 24 cycles in 12 hours. Thereafter, the internal resistance and capacitance were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0035]
[Table 1]
[0036]
The capacitance described in Comparative Example 1 is not sufficiently increased in capacitance compared to those described in Examples 1 and 2, and the capacitance of Comparative Example 2 is that in Examples 1 and 2. Although it was a little smaller than the one, the internal resistance increased significantly. The increase in internal resistance indicates that the deterioration of the electric double layer capacitor is progressing.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
The electric double layer capacitor of the present invention can prevent deterioration of the electric double layer capacitor due to application of a high voltage during activation of the electric double layer capacitor using a polarizable electrode made of a carbonaceous material that expands when a voltage is applied. An electric double layer capacitor having a large capacity and a small leakage current can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of an equivalent circuit of an electric double layer capacitor.
FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle and the efficiency of an electric double layer capacitor;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for charging an electric double layer capacitor according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a change in pressure when an electric double layer capacitor is activated.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26821198A JP3973183B2 (en) | 1998-09-22 | 1998-09-22 | Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26821198A JP3973183B2 (en) | 1998-09-22 | 1998-09-22 | Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000100668A JP2000100668A (en) | 2000-04-07 |
| JP3973183B2 true JP3973183B2 (en) | 2007-09-12 |
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| JP26821198A Expired - Fee Related JP3973183B2 (en) | 1998-09-22 | 1998-09-22 | Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor |
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| JP3506230B2 (en) | 2000-04-03 | 2004-03-15 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Toroidal type continuously variable transmission |
| MY145368A (en) | 2004-01-13 | 2012-01-31 | Nissan Chemical Ind Ltd | Aminoquinoxaline compounds and polyaminoquinoxaline compounds, and use thereof |
| CN1926647B (en) | 2004-02-06 | 2010-04-14 | 国立大学法人山口大学 | Electrode for energy storage device and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP2006261599A (en) | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Japan Gore Tex Inc | Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor |
| JP2007019491A (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2007-01-25 | Japan Gore Tex Inc | Electrode for electric double layer capacitor and electric double layer capacitor |
| JP5007595B2 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2012-08-22 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | Method for manufacturing electrode for electric double layer capacitor |
| HUE036568T2 (en) | 2010-10-31 | 2018-07-30 | Oue Skeleton Tech Group | Method of conditioning a supercapacitor to its working voltage and supercapacitor |
| JP5846575B2 (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2016-01-20 | 国立大学法人九州工業大学 | Manufacturing method of electric double layer capacitor |
| JP2014212242A (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-11-13 | 太陽誘電株式会社 | Electrochemical device |
| JP7441855B2 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2024-03-01 | コントロラマティクス コーポレーション | Method for manufacturing highly activated electrodes by electrical activation |
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1998
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