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JP3986148B2 - Nickel-cobalt hydroxide for non-aqueous electrolyte battery active materials - Google Patents
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JP3986148B2 - Nickel-cobalt hydroxide for non-aqueous electrolyte battery active materials - Google Patents

Nickel-cobalt hydroxide for non-aqueous electrolyte battery active materials Download PDF

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JP3986148B2
JP3986148B2 JP02344898A JP2344898A JP3986148B2 JP 3986148 B2 JP3986148 B2 JP 3986148B2 JP 02344898 A JP02344898 A JP 02344898A JP 2344898 A JP2344898 A JP 2344898A JP 3986148 B2 JP3986148 B2 JP 3986148B2
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nickel
cobalt
cobalt hydroxide
active material
battery
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JPH11224668A (en
Inventor
智子 河野
庄一郎 渡邊
茂雄 小林
臼井  猛
孝明 田中
得代志 飯田
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Tanaka Chemical Corp
Panasonic Corp
Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Tanaka Chemical Corp
Panasonic Corp
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、非水電解液電池の正極活物質のLix Niy Coz 2 (0.90≦x≦1.05、0.7≦y≦0.9、y+z=1)で表されるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の合成に原材料として用いるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、民生用電子機器のポータブル化、コードレス化が急激に進んでいる。現在、これら電子機器の駆動用電源としての役割を、ニッケル−カドミウム電池あるいは密閉型小型鉛蓄電池が担っているが、ポータブル化、コードレス化が進展し、定着するにしたがい、駆動用電源となる二次電池の高エネルギー密度化、小型軽量化の要望が強くなっている。また、近年は携帯電話用の電源として注目されており、急速な市場の拡大とともに、通話時間の長期化、サイクル寿命の改善への要望は非常に大きいものとなっている。
【0003】
このような状況から、高い充放電電圧を示すリチウム複合遷移金属酸化物、例えばLiCoO2 (例えば特開昭63−59507号公報)や、さらに高容量を目指したLiNiO2 (例えば米国特許第4302518号明細書)が報告されている。特に、LiNiO2 はLiCoO2 に比べ、高エネルギー密度が期待され、各方面で開発が進められているが、LiNiO2 は充電時の分極が大きく、Liを十分取り出せないうちに電解液の酸化分解電圧に達してしまうため、期待される大きい容量が得られなかった。
【0004】
このような問題を解決するためにNi元素の一部をCoに置換したものを正極活物質に用い、リチウムイオンの挿入、離脱を利用した非水電解液二次電池が提案されている。
【0005】
例えば特開昭62−256371号公報では、炭酸リチウム、炭酸コバルト、炭酸ニッケルを混合し、900°Cで焼成することによってリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物を合成している。
【0006】
また、特開昭63−299056号公報では、リチウム、コバルト、ニッケルの水酸化物、酸化物を混合する方法が報告されている。
【0007】
さらに、特開平1−294364号公報では、ニッケルイオンとコバルトイオンを含む水溶液中から、炭酸塩としてニッケルイオンとコバルトイオンを共沈させ、その後炭酸リチウムと混合し、リチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の合成を行った例が報告されている。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、これまで報告されているようにして合成されたLix Niy Coz 2 (0.90≦x≦1.05、0.7≦y≦0.9、y+z=1)で表されるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物では、置換Co量(z値)が大きくなるにつれて放電容量は徐々に大きくなるものの、充放電サイクルを繰り返し行うことにより、その電池充放電容量が徐々に減少するサイクル劣化の問題があることが明らかになった。
【0009】
本発明者らが十分検討を重ねた結果、このような特性劣化は以下のことが原因であることが分かった。
【0010】
サイクル劣化した電池を分解し、極板の観察を行った結果、充放電サイクルを繰り返した正極では、正極活物質の結晶構造に変化が起こっていることが判明した。LiNiO2 は電池の充放電にともない、その格子定数が変化することが報告されており(W.Li,J.N.Reimers and J.R.Dahn,Solid State Ionics,67,123(1993))、Liを脱離するに伴い結晶相が六方晶(Hexagonal)から単斜晶(Monoclinic)、さらに第2六方晶(Hexagonal)、第3六方晶(Hexagonal)へと変化して行くことが報告されている。このような結晶相変化は可逆性に乏しく、充放電反応を繰り返すうちにLiを挿入、脱離できるサイトが徐々に失われてしまうことが原因と考えられた。
【0011】
Niの一部をCoで置換することによって、このような結晶相の変化は著しく緩和される。これはCoの酸素との結合力がNiに比べ強いため結晶構造がより安定化したためと考えられ、Co置換しない(z=0)場合のような結晶相の変化が起こらなくなる。このため、Co置換量(z値)が大きくなるほど結晶相がより安定化し、放電容量、サイクル特性ともに改善されると考えられた。
【0012】
しかし、実際には特開昭62−256371号公報や特開昭63−299056号公報で報告されているようなコバルト、ニッケルの炭酸塩、水酸化物、酸化物等のそれぞれの化合物を混合することによって合成されたリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物は、Co置換量(z値)が大きくなると(z≧0.1)、実際にはニッケルとコバルトが均一に分散されておらず、部分的にLiNiO2 とLiCoO2 の混合物になっていることが明らかになった。
【0013】
このため、このような活物質では放電容量はある程度大きいものの、充放電を繰り返すと、Coが十分に置換されていない部分において、上記結晶相変化により結晶構造が破壊され、放電容量が低下し、電池活物質として十分なものではなかった。
【0014】
また、Coが十分置換されていない部分は、電池の満充電時の結晶構造が不安定であり、満充電状態の電池を加熱、もしくは圧壊した場合の熱安定性が低く、発火、発煙することがあった。電池を圧壊した場合、物理的に極板が崩れるため部分的に短絡して大電流が流れ、ジュール熱が発生する。このとき、電池活物質の結晶構造が不安定であると、結晶中から酸素を放しやすくなり、発火する恐れがある。
【0015】
また、特開平1−294364号公報のように、ニッケルイオンとコバルトイオンを炭酸塩として共沈させた場合、ニッケルとコバルトが均一に分散するため良好なサイクル特性が確保されたが、この場合塩基性炭酸塩として析出するため、実際には不定含量のNi(OH)2 を含む複塩であるNiCO3 ・xNi(OH)2 となっており、リチウムとの合成過程が均一でない。このため、電池特性のばらつきが大きく、実使用上に問題があった。
【0016】
本発明は、上記従来の問題点に鑑み、充放電特性、熱安定性に優れた非水電解液二次電池が得られる正極活物質を合成できるようにその物性を制御したニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を提供することを目的としている。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、正極活物質の原料であるニッケル、コバルト源として、共沈によって生成した水酸化物を用いるとともに、その物性について鋭意検討を行い、粒子内におけるニッケル、コバルト原子の配列、粒子形状、粒子径、比表面積、タップ密度、細孔の空間体積、細孔の占有率を制御することにより、サイクル劣化を防止するとともに、良好な熱安定性を電池の開発に至ったものである。
【0018】
具体的には、Lix Niy Coz 2 (y+z=1)を正極活物質として合成する際のニッケル−コバルト源として、Niv Cow (OH)2 (v+w=1)で表され、そのCo置換量(w値)が0.1〜0.3の範囲に制御されたニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を用いるものである。そのニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、SEM写真観察において米粒状の一次粒子が無数に凝集した二次粒子を形成しており、その二次粒子の平均粒子径が10〜18μmであり、かつ二次粒子径が1μm以下の粒子が重量比で7%以下になるように制御されたものである。また、窒素ガス吸着により測定されるBET比表面積が5〜25m2 /gとすることで、十分な熱安定性が確保できる。
【0019】
また、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の粒子形状は、球状又は楕円球状であると、高充填性が実現できて望ましい。また、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、タップ密度が1.6〜2.6g/cm3 、細孔の空間体積が0.008〜0.10cm3 /g、細孔占有率が3〜40%であることが望ましい。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、非水電解液電池活物質Lix Niy Coz 2 (y+z=1)を合成する原材料である本発明にかかるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物Niv Cow (OH)2 (v+w=1)の実施形態について説明する。
【0021】
本実施形態において、化学式Niv Cow (OH)2 (0.7≦v≦0.9、v+w=1)で表されるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、PH、温度を調整した槽内にニッケル塩水溶液とコバルト塩水溶液とカ性アルカリ水溶液を、その濃度、流量を制御しながら連続的に供給、採取することによってその物性が制御される。
【0022】
このようにニッケルとコバルトを水酸化物として共沈させる方法は、ニッケル−カドミウム電池用正極に使用される水酸化ニッケルの製法として報告がなされている。例えば、特開昭63−16556号公報、特開昭64−42330号公報では、水酸化ニッケルの製造方法として、PH、温度を調整した槽内にニッケル塩水溶液とコバルト塩水溶液とカ性アルカリ水溶液をその濃度、流量を制御しながら連続的に供給、採取する方法が報告されている。さらに、特開昭63−152866号公報、特開平5−41212号公報、特開平7−73877号公報では、反応槽内にCoを含む多種の金属元素を共沈法により水酸化ニッケル中に固溶させる方法が報告されている。
【0023】
しかし、これらの発明におけるCoの添加は、いずれも水溶液系のニッケル−カドミウム電池もしくはニッケル−水素吸蔵合金電池等のアルカリ蓄電池の特性改良が目的であり、以下の理由によって行われている。
【0024】
(1)電池の放電容量の低下をもたらすγ−NiOOHの生成を抑制させる。(例えば、M.Oshitani ,K.Takashima ,and Y.Matsumura ,Proceedings of the Symp. on Nickel Hydroxide Electrodes ,Volume90-4 ,The Electrochemical Soc., 197(1989)、特開平5−41212号公報)
(2)水酸化ニッケル表面における水素のイオン化速度や、水酸化ニッケル中のプロトン伝導の促進により利用率、高率充放電効率を向上する。(例えば、I.Matsumoto, M.Ikeyama, T.Iwaki, Y.Umeo, and Y.Ogawa, Denkikagaku,54, 159〜164(1986) 等)
以上のようにこれらの発明におけるCoの役割はいずれも触媒的作用を目的としており、水酸化ニッケル結晶マトリックス内での活物質として添加されているわけではない。このため、あまりCoの添加量が増すと、逆に活物質の比容積が小さくなるため通常添加される量は、Niv Cow (OH)2 (v+w=1)において、w≦0.1である場合が殆どである。
【0025】
本発明は非水電解液電池の特性改良を目的としたものであり、活物質Lix Niy Coz 2 (0.90≦x≦1.05、0.7≦y≦0.9、y+z=1)で表されるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の合成に原材料として用いるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物Niv Cow (OH)2 (0.7≦v≦0.9、v+w=1)の物性及びその製造法を制御したものである。
【0026】
当然のことながらCoは活物質の結晶マトリックス中に固溶しており、活物質として作用するため、従来のアルカリ蓄電池の特性改善とは全く異なるものである。
【0027】
本発明における非水電解液電池の活物質LiNiO2 の合成反応は、熱処理を加えることによりニッケル塩の結晶中にリチウム原子が拡散する形で進行し、LiNiO2 が合成される。従来から報告されている炭酸ニッケル、酸化ニッケル等は粒子中における結晶はランダムに配列したいわゆる多結晶状態であり、このためこれらを原料に用いたLiNiO2 は同様の多結晶状態となる。
【0028】
このような多結晶構造を持つLiNiO2 を用いて二次電池を構成し、充放電を行った場合、充放電に伴う結晶相の転移の繰り返しによりLiを収容できるサイトが破壊されるとともに、微細な結晶が膨張、収縮を繰り返し、粒子が微細化し、電池集電体から脱離する。その結果、電池の放電容量が低下し、サイクル劣化を引き起こしてしまう。
【0029】
また、Coの添加方法として合成時に酸化コバルトや炭酸コバルト、水酸化コバルトを添加した場合、共沈法で得られるような原子レベルでの固溶は実現できず、部分的にLiNiO2 やLiCoO2 として存在してしまうため、同様の理由によりサイクル劣化を引き起こす。
【0030】
これに対して本発明におけるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の製造方法を用いた場合、コバルト濃度、槽温度、攪拌速度、PH等を制御することにり、槽内で生成した微細な結晶が成長する形で、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物粒子を形成するため、Co置換量(w値)が0.1以上と大きくても、ニッケルとコバルトが原子レベルで固溶するとともに、結晶が非常に良く同一方向に配列する。しかも、結晶構造がLix Niy Coz 2 と同じ六方晶であるため、リチウム塩と混合して合成を行っても、原子の配列は維持される。
【0031】
なお、Co置換量(w値)が0.3を越えると、結晶成長が困難となり、多結晶のNiv Cow (OH)2 が成長してしまう。このためCoの置換量は0.1≦w≦0.3であることが望ましい。
【0032】
この結果、結晶粒界の非常に少ないLix Niy Coz 2 が可能となる。このような構造を持つNiv Cow (OH)2 (0.7≦v≦0.9、v+w=1)を合成の原材料としたLix Niy Coz 2 (0.90≦x≦1.05、0.7≦y≦0.9、y+z=1)を用いて二次電池を構成し、充放電を行った場合、Coを添加することによって結晶の安定性が向上し、充放電に伴う結晶相の転移がなくなるとともに、粒子構造破壊の原因となる結晶粒界が非常に少ないため、粒子の微細化、脱落が防止でき、良好なサイクル特性を実現することができる。
【0033】
また、Coを添加することによって充電状態の結晶の安定性が向上し、満充電状態の電池を加熱、あるいは圧壊した場合の熱安定性を向上し得る。
【0034】
さらに、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物粒子の粒径、BET比表面積、タップ密度、細孔の空間体積、細孔占有率を制御することによって、合成後のリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の物性を制御し、満充電状態の電池を加熱、あるいは圧壊した場合の熱反応面積を低減できるため、電池を構成した場合に良好な熱安定性が確保できる。
【0035】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の非水電解液電池活物質合成用の原材料であるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の各実施例について説明する。
【0036】
(実施例1)
図1に本実施例及び比較例でニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を原料として合成した非水電解液二次電池用活物質を用いた円筒形電池の縦断面図を示す。図1において、1は耐有機電解液性のステンレス鋼板を加工した電池ケース、2は安全弁を設けた封口板、3は絶縁パッキングを示す。4は極板群であり、正極板5および負極板6がセパレータ7を介して複数回渦巻状に巻回されて電池ケース1内に収納されている。正極板5からは正極アルミリード5aが引き出されて封口板2に接続され、負極板6からは負極ニッケルリード6aが引き出されて電池ケース1の底部に接続されている。8は絶縁リングで極板群4の上下部にそれぞれ設けられている。
【0037】
次に、負極板6、電解液等について詳しく説明する。黒鉛粉100重量部にフッ素樹脂系結着剤10重量部を混合し、カルボキシメチルセルロース水溶液に懸濁させてペースト状にした。そしてこのペーストを厚さ0.015mmの銅箔の表面に塗着し、乾燥後0.2mmに圧延し、幅37mm、長さ280mmの大きさに切り出して負極板6を得た。
【0038】
電解液には、炭酸エチレンと炭酸ジエチルの等容積混合溶媒に、六フッ化リン酸リチウム1モル/lの割合で溶解したものを用いた。この電解液を極板群4に注入した後、電池を密封口し、試験電池とした。
【0039】
次に、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を用いたリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の製造法について詳しく説明する。コバルト水酸化物を製造する析出槽としてタンクを用い、ニッケル塩水溶液としてニッケル金属を溶解した硫酸ニッケル溶液に、コバルトがモル比が0、5、10、20、30、40%になるようにコバルト金属を添加、溶解した硫酸ニッケル−コバルト混合溶液と、カ性アルカリ水溶液として25重量%の水酸化ナトリウム溶液を用いた。このタンク内ヘニッケル−コバルト混合塩溶液を一定流量で導入し、十分攪拌しながら、水酸化ナトリウム溶液を導入し、生成するニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の平均粒径が12〜14μmの範囲になるように反応槽のPH値、塩濃度、流量を制御した。得られたニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を水中で水洗し、80℃で乾燥を行い、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物とした。
【0040】
なお、平均粒径及び重量は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置で測定し、累積50%に相当する値を平均粒径とした。また、比表面積は窒素を用いたBET法で測定した。タップ密度は20cm3 のメスシリンダ(重量Ag)にニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を充填し、200回タッピング後、メスシリンダの重量(Bg)、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の体積(Dcm3 )を測定し、次式により求めた。
【0041】
タップ密度(g/cm3 )=(B−A)/D
ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の細孔分布及び細孔の空間体積は、窒素吸着を用いたBJH法を用いて10〜200Åの範囲の細孔を測定した。なお、10Å以下の細孔分布は窒素ガス吸着による方法では測定が困難であり、実際には10Å以下の細孔を有する空間は存在すると考えられる。
【0042】
また、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の細孔占有率は、窒素を用いたBJH法によって測定した細孔の空間体積の値(cm3 /g)と、ピクノメータを用いたアルコール法によって測定した真密度(g/cm3 )の値から次式により算出した。
【0043】
細孔占有率(%)=細孔の空間体積値(cm3 /g)×真密度(g/cm3 )また、原子吸光分析により試料A〜Fのニッケル−コバルト水酸化物中に含まれるCo量を分析した。
【0044】
以上の条件で作成したニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の物性を表1に示す。
【0045】
【表1】

Figure 0003986148
【0046】
次に、Lix Niy Coz 2 の合成方法について説明する。
【0047】
上記方法で作成したニッケル−コバルト水酸化物A〜Fを、水酸化リチウムと(ニッケル+コバルト)が原子比で1.05対1になるように混合し、酸化雰囲気下において750℃で10時間焼成して、Lix Niy Coz 2 (y+z=1)の活物質A〜Fを合成した。
【0048】
また、比較例として、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物AにCo置換量(z値)が0.2となるように酸化コバルトを添加、混合した後、水酸化リチウムと(ニッケル+コバルト)が原子比で1.05対1になるように混合し、同様の条件で合成を行い、活物質Gとした。
【0049】
合成されたLix Niy Coz 2 は比較的ほぐれやすい凝集塊状物として得られ、乳鉢を用いて粉砕した。
【0050】
次に、正極板の製造法を説明する。正極板は、まず正極活物質であるLix Niy Coz 2 (y+z=1)の粉末100重量部に、アセチレンブラック3重量部、フッ素樹脂系結着剤5重量部を混合し、N−メチルピロリドン溶液に懸濁させてペースト状にする。このペーストを厚さ0.020mmのアルミ箔の両面に塗着し、乾燥後厚み0.130mm、幅35mm、長さ270mmの正極板5を作成した。
【0051】
そして、正極板と負極板をセパレータを介して渦巻状に巻回し、直径13.8mm、高さ50mmの電池ケース内に収納した。電解液には、炭酸エチレンと炭酸エチルメチルの等容積混合溶媒に、六フッ化リン酸リチウム1モル/lの割合で溶解したものを用いて極板群4に注入した後、電池を密封口し、試験電池とした。
【0052】
以上の実施例1における試験電池をそれぞれ電池A〜Gとし、これらの電池を用いて以下の条件下で試験を行った。
【0053】
20℃の環境下で、120mAで4.2Vまで充電した後、1時間休止を行い、その後同様に120mAで3Vまで放電する。この方法で充放電を3回繰り返し、3回目の放電容量を初期容量とした。
【0054】
また、20℃の環境下で、120mAで4.2Vまで充電した後、1時間休止を行い、その後同様に120mAで3Vまで放電する充放電を繰り返し、放電が初期の半分に減少したサイクルを寿命末期サイクルとした。
【0055】
また、それぞれの電池について、10個づつ20℃の環境下で、120mAで4.2Vまで充電した後、圧壊試験を行った。圧壊試験は、直径4mmの金属製の円柱の丸棒を用いてこの電池の外寸が最も長くなる方向に対して垂直な方向と平行になるように電池の中央部に押し付けて、電池の厚みが半分になるまで圧壊した。この時の電池の最高到達温度の平均値と発煙の有無を測定した。
【0056】
表2に、電池A〜Gの120mA放電容量、活物質利用率(活物質の比容量)、寿命末期サイクル、及び圧壊時の最高到達温度、発煙の有無を調べた結果を示す。
【0057】
【表2】
Figure 0003986148
【0058】
表2から明らかなように、Coを置換していない電池Aや、置換量の少ない電池Bは寿命末期サイクルが低い。これは、充放電の際に上述したような結晶相変化が観察され、このような結晶相変化が可逆性に乏しく、充放電反応を繰り返すうちにLiを挿入、脱離できるサイトが徐々に失われてしまうことが原因でサイクル特性が劣化したからと考えられる。
【0059】
また、圧壊試験時の電池の最高到達温度が高く、発煙した電池数も多い。これは、Coを置換していない、あるいは置換量が少ないために、充電状態の結晶構造が不安定になり、熱安定性が低くなるからと考えられる。
【0060】
これに対し、電池C〜Eの電池におけるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の比容量(活物質利用率)はどれも170mAh/g以上を示し、サイクル特性、熱安定性ともに良好な結果が得られた。これは、Niの一部をCoで置換することによって、結晶相の変化が著しく緩和されたためである。
【0061】
しかし、Coの添加量(w値)が0.4である電池Fでは寿命末期サイクルが276サイクルと逆に劣化していることがわかる。これは、Co置換量(z値)が0.4以上に大きくなると、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の結晶成長が困難となり、多結晶のNiv Cow (OH)2 が生成してしまう。このため、合成によって得られるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物も多結晶となり、充放電サイクルを重ねることにより結晶粒界が成長し、活物質が微粉化し極板から脱落して容量低下を招いたものと考えられる。
【0062】
また、Co添加量(w値)が0.4以上に大きくなると、このような共沈法を用いても、ニッケルとコバルトが均一に分散されておらず、部分的にLiNiO2 とLiCoO2 の混合物になっているものと考えられ、Coが十分置換されていない部分において上記結晶相変化により結晶構造が破壊され、放電容量が低下したものと考えられる。
【0063】
また、圧壊試験時に、発煙した電池が存在した。これは、Coが十分置換されていない部分の充電状態の結晶構造が不安定なため、熱安定性が低くなるからと考えられる。また、Co置換量が小さくとも、活物質Gのように共沈法を用いない場合、コバルトが均一に分散されておらず、同様の理由でサイクル特性、熱安定性が劣化している。
【0064】
以上の結果より、リチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の原料としてのニッケル−コバルト水酸化物はNiv Cow (OH)2 (0.7≦v≦0.9、v+w=1)で表されるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物である場合に、放電容量、サイクル特性に優れた非水電解液二次電池を供給できる。
【0065】
(実施例2)
次に、実施例2について説明する。コバルト水酸化物を製造する析出槽としてタンクを用い、ニッケル金属を溶解した硫酸ニッケル溶液に、コバルトがモル比で20%になるようにコバルト金属を添加、溶解した硫酸ニッケル−コバルト混合溶液と、カ性アルカリ水溶液として25重量パーセントの水酸化ナトリウム溶液を用いた。このタンク内へニッケル−コバルト混合塩溶液を一定流量で導入し、槽内温度を50℃に保ち、十分攪拌しながら、水酸化ナトリウム溶液を導入し、反応槽のPH値、塩濃度、流量を制御し、種々の粒径を持つニッケル−コバルト水酸化物H〜Lを生成し、水洗、乾燥した。
【0066】
得られたニッケル−コバルト水酸化物H〜Lは全てSEM写真観察において一次粒子が無数に凝集した二次粒子を形成しており、その形状は球状もしくは楕円球状であった。また、得られたリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の平均粒径も原料であるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の粒径とほぼ一致していた。
【0067】
作成したニッケル−コバルト水酸化物H〜Lの物性を表3に示す。
【0068】
【表3】
Figure 0003986148
【0069】
次に、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物H〜Lを原料としてリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物を合成する他は全て実施例1と同様に電池を作成し、電池H〜Lとした。
【0070】
表4に、電池H〜Lの120mA放電容量、活物質の比容量(活物質利用率)、寿命末期サイクル、及び圧壊時の最高到達温度と発煙の有無を調べた。その結果を表4に示す。
【0071】
【表4】
Figure 0003986148
【0072】
ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の粒径は、リチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の粒径と相関関係があるとともに、タップ密度や、BET比表面積とも相関があり、電極への充填性に大きな影響を与えるため重要である。活物質Hのように平均粒径が小さく、タップ密度が小さい場合、リチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の電極への充填密度すなわち容量密度が低下し、実質的な電池容量が低下する。
【0073】
また、圧壊試験時の電池の最高到達温度が高く、発煙した電池数も多い。これは、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の粒径が小さくなると比表面積が大きくなり、圧壊試験時の熱反応面積が大きくなることで熱安定性が低くなるからと考えられる。
【0074】
また、平均粒径が18μmよりも大きくなると充填性は十分であるものの、活物質の比容量が低下していることがわかる。これは、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の粒径が大きくなると比表面積が小さくなり、リチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物合成の際のリチウムとの反応速度が小さくなり、合成が十分に進行しなかったことが考えられる。
【0075】
このように、リチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物を用いた非水電解液二次電池の電池特性が、その原料であるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の物性によって著しく左右されることがわかる。
【0076】
従って、非水電解液二次電池用正極活物質であるLix Niy Coz 2 (0.90≦x≦1.05、0.7≦y≦0.9、y+z=1)で表されるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の合成に原料として用いるNiv Cow (OH)2 (0.7≦v≦0.9、v+w=1)で表されるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、平均粒子径が10〜18μm、窒素ガスの吸着により測定されるBET比表面積が5〜25m2 /g、タップ密度が1.6〜2.6g/cm3 、細孔の空間体積が0.008〜0.10cm3 /g、細孔占有率が3〜40%の範囲であることが望ましい。
【0077】
(比較例)
次に、比較例について説明する。比較例として、粒子の形状が塊状であるニッケル−コバルト複合水酸化物を原材料として実施例1と同様にリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物Mを合成した。得られたリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の化学組成はLiNi0.85Co0.152 であった。また、合成されたリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物は、平均粒径が14μmの塊状の粒子として得られた。そして、このリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物Mを正極活物質として用いる他は実施例1と同様に電池(電池M)を作成した。
【0078】
この電池Mの120mA放電容量、活物質の比容量(活物質利用率)、寿命末期サイクル、及び圧壊時の最高到達温度と発煙の有無を調べた。その結果を表5に示す。
【0079】
【表5】
Figure 0003986148
【0080】
表5から明らかなように、原料のニッケル−コバルト水酸化物が塊状である活物質Mを用いた電池では、塊状粒子であるために、特に比表面積が小さく、極板への充填性も小さくなる。また、充放電の際の分極が大きいために活物質の比容量も小さくなっている。
【0081】
以上の結果よりリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の原料となるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は球状もしくは楕円球状であることが望ましい。
【0082】
以上の実施例では、ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を製造する方法として、硫酸ニッケル−コバルト混合溶液とカ性アルカリ水溶液を用いる例を示したが、例えば金属イオンを安定化させるためにアンモニウムイオンなどの錯化剤等を添加しても得られたニッケル−コバルト水酸化物が同様の物性を持っておれば同様の効果が得られる。
【0083】
また、上記実施例では円筒型の電池を用いて評価を行ったが、角型やコイン型など電池形状が異なっても同様の効果が得られる。
【0084】
さらに、上記実施例において、負極には炭素質材料を用いたが、本発明における効果は正極板において作用するため、リチウム金属や、リチウム合金、Fe2 3 、WO2 、WO3 等の酸化物など、他の負極材料を用いても同様の効果が得られる。
【0085】
また、上記実施例において電解質として六フッ化リン酸リチウムを使用したが、他のリチウム含有塩、例えば過塩素酸リチウム、四フッ過ホウ酸リチウム、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウム、六フッ過ヒ酸リチウムなどでも同様の効果が得られる。
【0086】
さらに、上記実施例では炭酸エチレンと炭酸ジエチルの混合溶媒を用いたが、他の非水溶媒、例えばプロピレンカーボネートなどの環状エステル、テトラヒドロフランなどの環状エーテル、ジメトキシエタンなどの鎖状エーテル、プロピオン酸メチルなどの鎖状エステルなどの非水溶媒や、これらの多元系混合溶媒を用いても同様の効果が得られる。
【0087】
【発明の効果】
本発明の非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物によれば、以上の説明から明らかなように、粒子形状、粒径等の物性を制御したことにより、これを用いて合成したリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物を正極活物質として用いた電池のサイクル特性、及び熱安定性を向上することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明のニッケル−コバルト水酸化物を用いて合成した正極活物質が適用される非水電解液電池の縦断面図である。
【符号の説明】
5 正極板[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material Li of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery. x Ni y Co z O 2 Related to nickel-cobalt hydroxide used as a raw material for the synthesis of lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide represented by (0.90 ≦ x ≦ 1.05, 0.7 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, y + z = 1) It is.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, consumer electronic devices have become increasingly portable and cordless. Currently, nickel-cadmium batteries or sealed small lead-acid batteries play a role as drive power sources for these electronic devices. However, as they become more portable and cordless, they will become drive power sources. There is a strong demand for higher energy density and smaller size and weight of secondary batteries. In recent years, it has been attracting attention as a power source for mobile phones, and with rapid market expansion, there is a great demand for longer talk time and improved cycle life.
[0003]
Under these circumstances, lithium composite transition metal oxides exhibiting a high charge / discharge voltage, such as LiCoO 2 (For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-59507) and LiNiO aimed at higher capacity 2 (Eg, US Pat. No. 4,302,518) has been reported. In particular, LiNiO 2 Is LiCoO 2 Compared to, LiNiO is expected to have a high energy density and is being developed in various directions. 2 Has a large polarization at the time of charging, and reaches the oxidative decomposition voltage of the electrolytic solution before sufficiently extracting Li, so that the expected large capacity could not be obtained.
[0004]
In order to solve such a problem, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a positive electrode active material obtained by substituting a part of Ni element with Co has been proposed.
[0005]
For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 62-256371, lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide is synthesized by mixing lithium carbonate, cobalt carbonate, and nickel carbonate and firing at 900 ° C.
[0006]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-299056 reports a method of mixing lithium, cobalt, nickel hydroxide and oxide.
[0007]
Furthermore, in JP-A-1-294364, nickel ions and cobalt ions are co-precipitated as carbonates from an aqueous solution containing nickel ions and cobalt ions, and then mixed with lithium carbonate. Examples of synthesis have been reported.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, Li synthesized as reported so far x Ni y Co z O 2 In the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide represented by (0.90 ≦ x ≦ 1.05, 0.7 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, y + z = 1), the discharge is increased as the amount of substituted Co (z value) increases. Although the capacity gradually increased, it became clear that there was a problem of cycle deterioration in which the battery charge / discharge capacity gradually decreased by repeatedly performing the charge / discharge cycle.
[0009]
As a result of thorough examinations by the present inventors, it has been found that such characteristic deterioration is caused by the following.
[0010]
As a result of disassembling the cycle-deteriorated battery and observing the electrode plate, it was found that the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material had changed in the positive electrode with repeated charge / discharge cycles. LiNiO 2 Has been reported that the lattice constant changes with charge and discharge of the battery (W. Li, JN Reimers and JR Dahn, Solid State Ionics, 67, 123 (1993)). It has been reported that the crystal phase changes from hexagonal to monoclinic, further to second hexagonal, and third hexagonal with the elimination of hexagonal (Hexagonal). . Such a crystal phase change was poor in reversibility, and it was thought that the site where Li could be inserted and desorbed gradually was lost as the charge / discharge reaction was repeated.
[0011]
By replacing a part of Ni with Co, such a change in crystal phase is remarkably mitigated. This is considered to be because the crystal structure is more stabilized because the bonding force of Co with oxygen is stronger than that of Ni, and the change of the crystal phase does not occur as in the case where Co substitution is not performed (z = 0). For this reason, it was considered that the larger the Co substitution amount (z value), the more stable the crystal phase, and both the discharge capacity and the cycle characteristics were improved.
[0012]
In practice, however, compounds such as cobalt, nickel carbonate, hydroxide, oxide, etc., as reported in JP-A-62-256371 and JP-A-63-299056 are mixed. In the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide synthesized by this, when the Co substitution amount (z value) increases (z ≧ 0.1), nickel and cobalt are actually not uniformly dispersed, and partially LiNiO 2 And LiCoO 2 It became clear that it became a mixture.
[0013]
Therefore, although the discharge capacity of such an active material is large to some extent, when charging and discharging are repeated, the crystal structure is destroyed due to the crystal phase change in the portion where Co is not sufficiently substituted, and the discharge capacity is reduced. It was not sufficient as a battery active material.
[0014]
In addition, the portion where Co is not sufficiently substituted has an unstable crystal structure when the battery is fully charged, has low thermal stability when the fully charged battery is heated or crushed, and ignites and emits smoke. was there. When the battery is crushed, the electrode plate physically collapses, so that a short circuit occurs partially, a large current flows, and Joule heat is generated. At this time, if the crystal structure of the battery active material is unstable, oxygen is easily released from the crystal, and there is a risk of ignition.
[0015]
Further, as disclosed in JP-A-1-294364, when nickel ions and cobalt ions are coprecipitated as carbonate, nickel and cobalt are uniformly dispersed to ensure good cycle characteristics. In fact, Ni (OH) with an indefinite content 2 NiCO, a double salt containing Three ・ XNi (OH) 2 The synthesis process with lithium is not uniform. For this reason, the variation in battery characteristics was large, and there was a problem in actual use.
[0016]
In view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, the present invention provides nickel-cobalt hydroxide whose physical properties are controlled so that a positive electrode active material from which a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in charge / discharge characteristics and thermal stability can be synthesized can be synthesized. The purpose is to provide goods.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material of the present invention uses a hydroxide produced by coprecipitation as the nickel and cobalt source as a raw material of the positive electrode active material, and intensively examines its physical properties By controlling the arrangement of nickel and cobalt atoms in the particle, particle shape, particle diameter, specific surface area, tap density, pore volume, pore occupancy, cycle deterioration is prevented and good Thermal stability has led to the development of batteries.
[0018]
Specifically, Li x Ni y Co z O 2 As a nickel-cobalt source when synthesizing (y + z = 1) as a positive electrode active material, Ni v Co w (OH) 2 The nickel-cobalt hydroxide represented by (v + w = 1) and whose Co substitution amount (w value) is controlled in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 is used. The nickel-cobalt hydroxide forms secondary particles in which countless primary particles of rice grains are aggregated in SEM photograph observation, the average particle diameter of the secondary particles is 10 to 18 μm, and the secondary particles The particles having a particle diameter of 1 μm or less were controlled so as to be 7% or less by weight. Moreover, the BET specific surface area measured by nitrogen gas adsorption is 5 to 25 m. 2 By setting / g, sufficient thermal stability can be secured.
[0019]
In addition, it is desirable that the particle shape of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide is spherical or elliptical because high filling properties can be realized. Nickel-cobalt hydroxide has a tap density of 1.6 to 2.6 g / cm. Three , Pore volume is 0.008-0.10cm Three / G, and the pore occupancy is preferably 3 to 40%.
[0020]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material Li x Ni y Co z O 2 Nickel-cobalt hydroxide Ni according to the present invention which is a raw material for synthesizing (y + z = 1) v Co w (OH) 2 An embodiment of (v + w = 1) will be described.
[0021]
In this embodiment, the chemical formula Ni v Co w (OH) 2 The nickel-cobalt hydroxide represented by (0.7 ≦ v ≦ 0.9, v + w = 1) has a pH, temperature adjusted tank, a nickel salt aqueous solution, a cobalt salt aqueous solution, and a caustic alkaline aqueous solution. The physical properties are controlled by continuously supplying and collecting while controlling the concentration and flow rate.
[0022]
Thus, the method of coprecipitating nickel and cobalt as a hydroxide has been reported as a method for producing nickel hydroxide used for a positive electrode for nickel-cadmium batteries. For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 63-16556 and 64-42330, nickel hydroxide aqueous solution, cobalt salt aqueous solution and caustic alkaline aqueous solution are prepared in a tank adjusted in pH and temperature as a method for producing nickel hydroxide. A method for continuously supplying and collecting the sucrose while controlling its concentration and flow rate has been reported. Further, in JP-A-63-152866, JP-A-5-41212, and JP-A-7-73877, various metal elements including Co are solidified in nickel hydroxide by coprecipitation in a reaction vessel. A method of dissolving is reported.
[0023]
However, the addition of Co in these inventions is aimed at improving the characteristics of alkaline storage batteries such as aqueous nickel-cadmium batteries or nickel-hydrogen storage alloy batteries, and is performed for the following reasons.
[0024]
(1) Suppressing the production of γ-NiOOH that causes a decrease in the discharge capacity of the battery. (For example, M. Oshitani, K. Takashima, and Y. Matsumura, Proceedings of the Symp.
(2) Utilization rate and high rate charge / discharge efficiency are improved by promoting the ionization rate of hydrogen on the nickel hydroxide surface and proton conduction in nickel hydroxide. (For example, I. Matsumoto, M. Ikeyama, T. Iwaki, Y. Umeo, and Y. Ogawa, Denkikagaku, 54, 159-164 (1986), etc.)
As described above, the role of Co in these inventions is aimed at catalytic action, and is not added as an active material in the nickel hydroxide crystal matrix. For this reason, if the amount of addition of Co increases too much, the specific volume of the active material decreases, so that the amount usually added is Ni. v Co w (OH) 2 In (v + w = 1), in most cases, w ≦ 0.1.
[0025]
The present invention aims to improve the characteristics of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and the active material Li x Ni y Co z O 2 Nickel-cobalt hydroxide Ni used as a raw material for the synthesis of lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide represented by (0.90 ≦ x ≦ 1.05, 0.7 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, y + z = 1) v Co w (OH) 2 The physical properties of (0.7 ≦ v ≦ 0.9, v + w = 1) and the manufacturing method thereof are controlled.
[0026]
As a matter of course, Co is dissolved in the crystal matrix of the active material and acts as an active material, which is completely different from the improvement in characteristics of the conventional alkaline storage battery.
[0027]
Non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material LiNiO in the present invention 2 The synthesis reaction proceeds in a form in which lithium atoms diffuse into the crystal of the nickel salt by applying heat treatment, and LiNiO 2 Is synthesized. Conventionally reported nickel carbonate, nickel oxide, and the like are in a so-called polycrystalline state in which the crystals in the particles are randomly arranged. For this reason, LiNiO using these as raw materials 2 Are in the same polycrystalline state.
[0028]
LiNiO having such a polycrystalline structure 2 When a secondary battery is constructed using and charging / discharging, the sites capable of accommodating Li are destroyed by repeating the transition of the crystal phase accompanying charging / discharging, and the fine crystals repeatedly expand and contract, and the particles Becomes finer and desorbs from the battery current collector. As a result, the discharge capacity of the battery is reduced, causing cycle deterioration.
[0029]
In addition, when cobalt oxide, cobalt carbonate, or cobalt hydroxide is added as a Co addition method during synthesis, solid solution at the atomic level as obtained by the coprecipitation method cannot be realized, and LiNiO is partially applied. 2 And LiCoO 2 Therefore, cycle deterioration is caused for the same reason.
[0030]
On the other hand, when the method for producing nickel-cobalt hydroxide in the present invention is used, fine crystals generated in the tank grow by controlling the cobalt concentration, tank temperature, stirring speed, PH, and the like. In order to form nickel-cobalt hydroxide particles, even if the Co substitution amount (w value) is as large as 0.1 or more, nickel and cobalt are dissolved at the atomic level and the crystals are very good and identical. Arrange in the direction. Moreover, the crystal structure is Li x Ni y Co z O 2 Therefore, even if it is synthesized by mixing with lithium salt, the atomic arrangement is maintained.
[0031]
If the Co substitution amount (w value) exceeds 0.3, crystal growth becomes difficult, and polycrystalline Ni v Co w (OH) 2 Will grow. For this reason, the amount of substitution of Co is preferably 0.1 ≦ w ≦ 0.3.
[0032]
As a result, Li with very few grain boundaries x Ni y Co z O 2 Is possible. Ni having such a structure v Co w (OH) 2 Li (0.7 ≦ v ≦ 0.9, v + w = 1) as a raw material for synthesis x Ni y Co z O 2 (0.90 ≦ x ≦ 1.05, 0.7 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, y + z = 1) is used to form a secondary battery, and when charging / discharging is performed, by adding Co Improves stability, eliminates the transition of crystal phase due to charge / discharge, and has very few crystal grain boundaries that cause particle structure destruction. can do.
[0033]
Further, by adding Co, the stability of crystals in a charged state is improved, and the thermal stability when a fully charged battery is heated or collapsed can be improved.
[0034]
Furthermore, by controlling the particle size, BET specific surface area, tap density, pore volume, pore occupancy of nickel-cobalt hydroxide particles, the physical properties of the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide after synthesis are controlled. In addition, since the thermal reaction area when the fully charged battery is heated or collapsed can be reduced, good thermal stability can be ensured when the battery is configured.
[0035]
【Example】
Examples of nickel-cobalt hydroxide, which is a raw material for synthesizing the non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material of the present invention, will be described below.
[0036]
Example 1
FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a cylindrical battery using an active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery synthesized by using nickel-cobalt hydroxide as a raw material in this example and a comparative example. In FIG. 1, 1 is a battery case obtained by processing an organic electrolyte resistant stainless steel plate, 2 is a sealing plate provided with a safety valve, and 3 is an insulating packing. Reference numeral 4 denotes an electrode plate group, in which a positive electrode plate 5 and a negative electrode plate 6 are wound in a spiral shape through a separator 7 and housed in the battery case 1. A positive electrode aluminum lead 5 a is drawn from the positive electrode plate 5 and connected to the sealing plate 2, and a negative electrode nickel lead 6 a is drawn from the negative electrode plate 6 and connected to the bottom of the battery case 1. Insulating rings 8 are provided at the upper and lower portions of the electrode plate group 4, respectively.
[0037]
Next, the negative electrode plate 6, the electrolyte solution, and the like will be described in detail. 10 parts by weight of a fluororesin binder was mixed with 100 parts by weight of graphite powder, and suspended in an aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose solution to make a paste. This paste was applied to the surface of a copper foil having a thickness of 0.015 mm, dried and rolled to 0.2 mm, and cut into a size of 37 mm in width and 280 mm in length to obtain the negative electrode plate 6.
[0038]
As the electrolytic solution, one dissolved in an equal volume mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at a ratio of 1 mol / l lithium hexafluorophosphate was used. After injecting this electrolytic solution into the electrode plate group 4, the battery was sealed and used as a test battery.
[0039]
Next, a method for producing a lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide using nickel-cobalt hydroxide will be described in detail. A tank is used as a precipitation tank for producing cobalt hydroxide, and cobalt is dissolved in nickel sulfate solution in which nickel metal is dissolved as an aqueous solution of nickel salt so that the molar ratio of cobalt is 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40%. A nickel sulfate-cobalt mixed solution in which metal was added and dissolved, and a 25 wt% sodium hydroxide solution as a caustic alkaline aqueous solution were used. The sodium-cobalt mixed salt solution in the tank is introduced at a constant flow rate, and the sodium hydroxide solution is introduced with sufficient stirring so that the average particle size of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide to be produced is in the range of 12 to 14 μm. The pH value, salt concentration, and flow rate of the reaction vessel were controlled. The obtained nickel-cobalt hydroxide was washed with water and dried at 80 ° C. to obtain nickel-cobalt hydroxide.
[0040]
The average particle size and weight were measured with a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device, and a value corresponding to a cumulative 50% was taken as the average particle size. The specific surface area was measured by the BET method using nitrogen. Tap density is 20cm Three The graduated cylinder (weight Ag) was filled with nickel-cobalt hydroxide, and after tapping 200 times, the graduated cylinder weight (Bg), the volume of nickel-cobalt hydroxide (Dcm Three ) And measured by the following formula.
[0041]
Tap density (g / cm Three ) = (B−A) / D
As for the pore distribution and the pore volume of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide, pores in the range of 10 to 200 mm were measured using the BJH method using nitrogen adsorption. Note that it is difficult to measure the distribution of pores of 10 mm or less by the method using nitrogen gas adsorption, and it is considered that a space having pores of 10 mm or less actually exists.
[0042]
The pore occupancy ratio of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide is the value of the pore volume (cm) measured by the BJH method using nitrogen. Three / G) and the true density (g / cm) measured by the alcohol method using a pycnometer Three ) Was calculated from the value of
[0043]
Pore occupancy (%) = pore volume value (cm Three / G) x true density (g / cm Three In addition, the amount of Co contained in the nickel-cobalt hydroxide of samples A to F was analyzed by atomic absorption analysis.
[0044]
Table 1 shows the physical properties of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide prepared under the above conditions.
[0045]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003986148
[0046]
Next, Li x Ni y Co z O 2 The synthesis method will be described.
[0047]
The nickel-cobalt hydroxides A to F prepared by the above method are mixed so that lithium hydroxide and (nickel + cobalt) are in an atomic ratio of 1.05 to 1, and the mixture is oxidized at 750 ° C. for 10 hours. Firing and Li x Ni y Co z O 2 Active materials A to F of (y + z = 1) were synthesized.
[0048]
As a comparative example, after adding and mixing cobalt oxide to nickel-cobalt hydroxide A so that the Co substitution amount (z value) is 0.2, lithium hydroxide and (nickel + cobalt) have an atomic ratio. The mixture was mixed at 1.05 to 1 and synthesized under the same conditions as active material G.
[0049]
Synthesized Li x Ni y Co z O 2 Was obtained as an agglomerated mass that was relatively easy to loosen and was ground using a mortar.
[0050]
Next, the manufacturing method of a positive electrode plate is demonstrated. The positive electrode plate is first made of Li, which is a positive electrode active material. x Ni y Co z O 2 To 100 parts by weight of the powder of (y + z = 1), 3 parts by weight of acetylene black and 5 parts by weight of a fluororesin binder are mixed and suspended in an N-methylpyrrolidone solution to form a paste. This paste was applied to both sides of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 0.020 mm, and after drying, a positive electrode plate 5 having a thickness of 0.130 mm, a width of 35 mm, and a length of 270 mm was produced.
[0051]
Then, the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate were spirally wound through a separator and housed in a battery case having a diameter of 13.8 mm and a height of 50 mm. The electrolyte was injected into the electrode plate group 4 using a solution of ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate in an equal volume mixed solvent at a rate of 1 mol / l lithium hexafluorophosphate, and then the battery was sealed. Thus, a test battery was obtained.
[0052]
The test batteries in Example 1 described above were designated as batteries A to G, and tests were conducted under the following conditions using these batteries.
[0053]
In an environment of 20 ° C., the battery is charged at 120 mA to 4.2 V, then rested for 1 hour, and then similarly discharged at 120 mA to 3 V. The charging / discharging was repeated 3 times by this method, and the third discharge capacity was set as the initial capacity.
[0054]
In addition, after charging to 4.2 V at 120 mA in an environment of 20 ° C., the battery is rested for 1 hour and then repeatedly charged and discharged to 3 V at 120 mA in the same manner, and the cycle in which the discharge is reduced to half of the initial life The last cycle.
[0055]
Further, each battery was charged to 4.2 V at 120 mA in an environment of 20 ° C., 10 pieces at a time, and then subjected to a crush test. In the crushing test, a metal cylindrical round bar with a diameter of 4 mm was used to press the battery against the center of the battery so that the outer dimension of the battery was parallel to the longest direction. It collapsed until it became half. At this time, the average value of the maximum reached temperature of the battery and the presence or absence of smoke were measured.
[0056]
Table 2 shows the results of examining the 120 mA discharge capacity, the active material utilization rate (the specific capacity of the active material), the end-of-life cycle, the maximum temperature reached during crushing, and the presence or absence of smoke.
[0057]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003986148
[0058]
As is clear from Table 2, the battery A in which Co is not replaced and the battery B with a small amount of replacement have a low end-of-life cycle. This is because the crystalline phase change as described above is observed during charging and discharging, and such crystalline phase change is poorly reversible, and the sites where Li can be inserted and desorbed gradually as the charging and discharging reaction is repeated. This is thought to be because the cycle characteristics deteriorated due to breakage.
[0059]
In addition, the maximum temperature of the battery during the crush test is high, and there are many smoked batteries. This is presumably because Co is not substituted or the substitution amount is small, so that the crystal structure in the charged state becomes unstable and the thermal stability is lowered.
[0060]
On the other hand, the specific capacities (active material utilization rates) of lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxides in batteries C to E were all 170 mAh / g or more, and good results were obtained in both cycle characteristics and thermal stability. It was. This is because the change of the crystal phase was remarkably relieved by replacing part of Ni with Co.
[0061]
However, it can be seen that in the battery F in which the amount of Co added (w value) is 0.4, the end-of-life cycle is deteriorated in reverse to 276 cycles. This is because when the Co substitution amount (z value) increases to 0.4 or more, the crystal growth of nickel-cobalt hydroxide becomes difficult, and polycrystalline Ni v Co w (OH) 2 Will be generated. For this reason, the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide obtained by synthesis is also polycrystalline, and the grain boundary grows by repeated charge and discharge cycles, and the active material is pulverized and falls off the electrode plate, causing a decrease in capacity. it is conceivable that.
[0062]
Further, when the Co addition amount (w value) is increased to 0.4 or more, even if such a coprecipitation method is used, nickel and cobalt are not uniformly dispersed, and LiNiO is partially dispersed. 2 And LiCoO 2 It is considered that the crystal structure was destroyed by the crystal phase change in the portion where Co was not sufficiently substituted, and the discharge capacity was lowered.
[0063]
In addition, there were smoked batteries during the crush test. This is presumably because the crystal structure in the charged state in the portion where Co is not sufficiently substituted is unstable, resulting in low thermal stability. Further, even if the Co substitution amount is small, when the coprecipitation method is not used as in the active material G, cobalt is not uniformly dispersed, and the cycle characteristics and thermal stability are deteriorated for the same reason.
[0064]
From the above results, nickel-cobalt hydroxide as a raw material for lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide is Ni v Co w (OH) 2 In the case of nickel-cobalt hydroxide represented by (0.7 ≦ v ≦ 0.9, v + w = 1), a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be supplied.
[0065]
(Example 2)
Next, Example 2 will be described. Using a tank as a precipitation tank for producing cobalt hydroxide, adding nickel metal to a nickel sulfate solution in which nickel metal is dissolved so that cobalt is 20% in molar ratio, and dissolving nickel sulfate-cobalt mixed solution, A 25 weight percent sodium hydroxide solution was used as the caustic aqueous solution. The nickel-cobalt mixed salt solution is introduced into this tank at a constant flow rate, the temperature in the tank is kept at 50 ° C., the sodium hydroxide solution is introduced with sufficient stirring, and the pH value, salt concentration, and flow rate of the reaction tank are adjusted. Controlled, nickel-cobalt hydroxides H to L having various particle sizes were produced, washed with water and dried.
[0066]
The obtained nickel-cobalt hydroxides H to L all formed secondary particles in which primary particles aggregated innumerably in SEM photograph observation, and the shape thereof was spherical or elliptical spherical. Moreover, the average particle diameter of the obtained lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide was almost identical to the particle diameter of nickel-cobalt hydroxide as a raw material.
[0067]
Table 3 shows the physical properties of the prepared nickel-cobalt hydroxides H to L.
[0068]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003986148
[0069]
Next, batteries were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide was synthesized using nickel-cobalt hydroxides H to L as raw materials, and batteries H to L were obtained.
[0070]
In Table 4, the 120 mA discharge capacity of the batteries H to L, the specific capacity of the active material (active material utilization rate), the end-of-life cycle, the highest temperature reached during crushing, and the presence or absence of smoke were examined. The results are shown in Table 4.
[0071]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003986148
[0072]
The particle size of nickel-cobalt hydroxide has a correlation with the particle size of lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide, and also has a correlation with tap density and BET specific surface area, which has a great influence on the filling property to the electrode. Because it is important. When the average particle size is small and the tap density is small like the active material H, the filling density of the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide into the electrode, that is, the capacity density is lowered, and the substantial battery capacity is lowered.
[0073]
In addition, the maximum temperature of the battery during the crush test is high, and there are many smoked batteries. This is presumably because the specific surface area increases as the particle size of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide decreases, and the thermal reaction area during the crushing test increases, resulting in a decrease in thermal stability.
[0074]
Further, it can be seen that when the average particle size is larger than 18 μm, the specific capacity of the active material is reduced although the filling property is sufficient. This is because the specific surface area decreased as the particle size of nickel-cobalt hydroxide increased, the reaction rate with lithium during lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide synthesis decreased, and the synthesis did not proceed sufficiently. Can be considered.
[0075]
Thus, it can be seen that the battery characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide are significantly affected by the physical properties of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide that is the raw material.
[0076]
Therefore, Li which is a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries x Ni y Co z O 2 Ni used as a raw material for the synthesis of lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide represented by (0.90 ≦ x ≦ 1.05, 0.7 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, y + z = 1) v Co w (OH) 2 The nickel-cobalt hydroxide represented by (0.7 ≦ v ≦ 0.9, v + w = 1) has an average particle diameter of 10 to 18 μm and a BET specific surface area of 5 to 25 m measured by adsorption of nitrogen gas. 2 / G, tap density is 1.6 to 2.6 g / cm Three , Pore volume is 0.008-0.10cm Three / G, and the pore occupancy is preferably in the range of 3 to 40%.
[0077]
(Comparative example)
Next, a comparative example will be described. As a comparative example, a lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide M was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 using a nickel-cobalt composite hydroxide having a massive particle shape as a raw material. The chemical composition of the obtained lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide was LiNi. 0.85 Co 0.15 O 2 Met. Further, the synthesized lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide was obtained as massive particles having an average particle diameter of 14 μm. A battery (battery M) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide M was used as the positive electrode active material.
[0078]
The battery M was examined for 120 mA discharge capacity, specific capacity of active material (active material utilization), end-of-life cycle, maximum temperature reached during crushing, and presence of smoke. The results are shown in Table 5.
[0079]
[Table 5]
Figure 0003986148
[0080]
As is clear from Table 5, in the battery using the active material M in which the raw material nickel-cobalt hydroxide is agglomerated, since it is agglomerated particles, the specific surface area is particularly small, and the filling property to the electrode plate is also small. Become. Moreover, since the polarization at the time of charging / discharging is large, the specific capacity of the active material is also small.
[0081]
From the above results, the nickel-cobalt hydroxide used as the raw material for the lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide is preferably spherical or elliptical.
[0082]
In the above embodiment, as an example of a method for producing nickel-cobalt hydroxide, an example using a nickel sulfate-cobalt mixed solution and a caustic alkaline aqueous solution has been shown. However, for example, ammonium ions or the like are used to stabilize metal ions. The same effect can be obtained if the nickel-cobalt hydroxide obtained by adding a complexing agent or the like has similar physical properties.
[0083]
In the above embodiment, evaluation was performed using a cylindrical battery, but the same effect can be obtained even if the battery shape is different, such as a square shape or a coin shape.
[0084]
Further, in the above examples, a carbonaceous material was used for the negative electrode. However, since the effect of the present invention acts on the positive electrode plate, lithium metal, lithium alloy, Fe 2 O Three , WO 2 , WO Three The same effect can be obtained by using other negative electrode materials such as oxides.
[0085]
Moreover, although lithium hexafluorophosphate was used as the electrolyte in the above examples, other lithium-containing salts such as lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate The same effect can be obtained with the above.
[0086]
Furthermore, in the above examples, a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was used, but other non-aqueous solvents such as cyclic esters such as propylene carbonate, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, chain ethers such as dimethoxyethane, methyl propionate, and the like. The same effect can be obtained by using a non-aqueous solvent such as a chain ester such as these or a multicomponent mixed solvent thereof.
[0087]
【The invention's effect】
According to the nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material of the present invention, as apparent from the above description, the physical properties such as the particle shape and particle diameter were controlled, and thus synthesized using this. Cycle characteristics and thermal stability of a battery using lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide as a positive electrode active material can be improved.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery to which a positive electrode active material synthesized using nickel-cobalt hydroxide of the present invention is applied.
[Explanation of symbols]
5 Positive electrode plate

Claims (5)

化学式Lix Niy Coz 2 (0.90≦x≦1.05、0.7≦y≦0.9、y+z=1)で表されるリチウム複合ニッケル−コバルト酸化物の合成に原料として用いるニッケル−コバルト水酸化物であり、化学式Niv Cow (OH)2 (0.7≦v≦0.9、v+w=1)で表され、SEM写真観察において一次粒子が無数に凝集した二次粒子を形成しており、以下の物性
1)二次粒子の平均粒子径が10〜18μm
2)二次粒子径が1μm以下の粒子が重量比で7%以下
3)窒素ガス吸着により測定されるBET比表面積が5〜25m2 /g
を備えていることを特徴とする非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物。
As a raw material for the synthesis of lithium composite nickel-cobalt oxide represented by the chemical formula Li x Ni y Co z O 2 (0.90 ≦ x ≦ 1.05, 0.7 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, y + z = 1) The nickel-cobalt hydroxide used is represented by the chemical formula Ni v Co w (OH) 2 (0.7 ≦ v ≦ 0.9, v + w = 1). Secondary particles are formed, and the following physical properties 1) secondary particles have an average particle diameter of 10 to 18 μm
2) Particles having a secondary particle diameter of 1 μm or less are 7% or less by weight. 3) BET specific surface area measured by nitrogen gas adsorption is 5 to 25 m 2 / g.
A nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material.
ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、球状又は楕円球状である請求項1記載の非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物。The nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-cobalt hydroxide is spherical or elliptical. ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物のタップ密度が1.6〜2.6g/cm3 である請求項1記載の非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物。The nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material according to claim 1, wherein the tap density of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide is 1.6 to 2.6 g / cm 3 . ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物の細孔の空間体積が0.008〜0.10cm3 /gである請求項1記載の非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物。The nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material according to claim 1, wherein the space volume of the pores of the nickel-cobalt hydroxide is 0.008 to 0.10 cm 3 / g. ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物は、細孔占有率が3〜40%である請求項1記載の非水電解液電池活物質用ニッケル−コバルト水酸化物。The nickel-cobalt hydroxide for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery active material according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-cobalt hydroxide has a pore occupancy of 3 to 40%.
JP02344898A 1998-02-04 1998-02-04 Nickel-cobalt hydroxide for non-aqueous electrolyte battery active materials Expired - Fee Related JP3986148B2 (en)

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JP4996117B2 (en) * 2006-03-23 2012-08-08 住友金属鉱山株式会社 Cathode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, method for producing the same, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same

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