JP4013133B2 - Toner for electrophotography and image forming method - Google Patents
Toner for electrophotography and image forming method Download PDFInfo
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- JP4013133B2 JP4013133B2 JP2002309464A JP2002309464A JP4013133B2 JP 4013133 B2 JP4013133 B2 JP 4013133B2 JP 2002309464 A JP2002309464 A JP 2002309464A JP 2002309464 A JP2002309464 A JP 2002309464A JP 4013133 B2 JP4013133 B2 JP 4013133B2
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- toner
- wax
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- image
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Landscapes
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真法、静電印刷法、静電記録法等において形成された静電荷潜像を可視像化する電子写真用トナーおよび画像作製方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
前記印刷もしくは記録法の内、例えば電子写真法においては、光導電性感光体を帯電、露光し、感光体上に静電荷潜像を形成し、次いでこの静電荷潜像を樹脂をバインダーとして着色剤等を含有せしめた微粒子状トナーによって現像し、得られたトナー像を記録紙上に転写し定着して記録画像が得られる。
【0003】
このような静電像記録工程では、微粒子状トナーによる静電荷潜像の現像と記録紙上への定着が特に重要な工程であり、従来においてはトナーを現像する方法として、高速、高画質現像が可能なトナーと磁性キャリアより成る二成分現像剤を用いる磁気ブラシ現像法がよく用いられている。また、トナーを定着する方法としては、熱効率が高く高速定着が可能な熱ローラ定着法およびフィルム等を用い熱応答性を向上させた定着法が実用化されており定着機を作動せしめてから定着が可能になるまでのウォームアップ時間を短くする。
【0004】
記録紙に熱が吸収されることによる定着不良を防止して、連続通紙による画質の維持を可能にするという観点、過熱による記録紙のカールと火災を防止するという観点、熱ローラへ加える荷重を減らし、定着機の構造を簡易化、小形化するという観点などから、定着用ヒータおよび駆動モータの消費電力を下げて、熱ローラの温度をより低温で、また、熱ローラの圧力をより低圧力で定着できるトナーの開発が望まれている。
【0005】
一方、最近においては、情報機器の発展に伴い、光導電性感光体の露光にレーザビームを用い、コンピュータの指示による変調信号によって記録画像をドットで再現するレーザビームプリンタが発達している。特に、最近のレーザビームプリンタでは、より一層の高画質の画像作製が求められるため、レーザビームの径を絞り込んで小さくし、ドット密度が600〜1200dpi(dots/inch)と高くなっている。これに伴い、微細になった静電荷潜像を現像する目的で、トナーおよびキャリアの粒子径も小さくなり、体積平均粒径が10μm以下の小粒径トナーと重量平均粒径が100μm以下の小粒径キャリアの適用が進められている。
【0006】
しかしながら、小粒径トナーはトナー製造時に粉砕、分級工程での歩留まりが低下するため、トナーのコストが高くなる。小粒径トナーではこれらの問題が生じ、通常4μm未満のトナーは実用化することが難しく、トナーの平均粒径を4〜10μmの範囲とし微粒子トナーをカットし、トナーの外添剤、外添処方の改良によりトナーの流動性を高めて用いる。一方、キャリアについてはトナーの小粒径化に伴い、重量平均粒径を100μm以下の小粒径とし、キャリアの比表面積を高めて、トナーとの摩擦帯電性を向上せしめる。しかし、30μm未満のキャリアではキャリアの磁力が低下し、静電荷像保持部材上に静電吸引力で付着し易くなるため、キャリアの平均粒径を30〜100μmの範囲に分級し、必要に応じて表面を樹脂でコートして用いる。
【0007】
これらの粒度分布の改善と流動性、帯電性の改良により、小粒径トナーおよび現像剤は複写機、プリンタ等で実用化される様になった。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、実機で印刷を行う場合、特に毎分10頁以上の印刷を繰り返す場合には、上記の小粒径トナー特有の問題が生じ、トナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下、およびトナーによる感光体フィルミングによる感光体寿命の低下が起こり易くなる。
【0009】
また、小粒径トナーは定着に関しては同一の定着強度を得るために、粒子径の大きなトナーよりも多くのエネルギーを要し、画像の定着強度が得られにくく、特に定着工程において、熱ローラの温度と圧力を高める必要があり、そのため、定着機の高信頼化、簡易小形化、コスト低減を図りにくいという問題があった。
【0010】
このような問題点を解決するためトナーの定着性向上が強く求められていた。トナーの定着性能向上のために定着用樹脂にワックスを添加することは知られている。例えば、特開昭52−3304号公報、特開昭52−3305号公報、特開昭57−52574号公報等の技術が開示されている。
【0011】
こうしたワックス類は、トナーの低温時や高温時の熱ローラへの付着、いわゆるオフセット現象を防止する目的で添加されている。
【0012】
例えば、特開平5−313413号公報にはトナーの低温定着性、耐オフセット性、非凝集性を改善するため、特定の分子量分布を有するビニル系共重合体に140℃での粘度が10000ポイズ以下のエチレンまたはプロピレンとα−オレフィン共重合体を添加することが開示されている。
【0013】
また、同様の目的で、特開平7−287413号公報には示差走査熱量計(DSC)による吸収熱量のピーク(融点)が75〜85℃のパラフィンワックスを添加すること、特開平8−314181号、特開平9−179335号、特開平9−319139号各公報にはDSCによる融点が85〜100℃の天然ガス系フィッシャートロピッシュワックスを添加すること、特開平6−324513号公報にはDSCによる融点が85〜110℃のポリエチレンワックスを添加すること、特開平7−36218号公報には融点が50℃以下の成分を蒸留法等によって除去したDSCの融点が70〜120℃のポリエチレン系ワックスを添加すること、特開平8−114942号公報には重量平均分子量(Mw)が1000未満のポリエチレンワックスを添加することが開示されている。
【0014】
一方、低融点ワックスをトナーに添加するとトナーの流動性、耐熱性、耐久性、保存安定性が低下する。それを改良するため特開平6−123994号公報では重量平均分子量/数平均分子量(Mw/Mn)が1.5以下のワックスを用いること、特開平7−209909号公報では140℃における溶融粘度が0.5〜10mPa・sであり、且つ針入度が3.0dmm以下であるエチレン系オレフィン重合体ワックスを用いること、特開平7−287418号公報では平均分子量が1000以上のフィッシャートロピッシュワックスを用いること、特開平10−104875号公報には所定の粘度を示すパラフィンワックスとフィッシャートロピッシュワックスを併用する事が開示されている。
【0015】
これらの従来技術を用いてトナーの定着性能を向上させることも可能であるが、印刷装置の高速化また省エネルギーの観点からさらなる低温定着性をもったトナーが求められている。特に近年は両面、多重、縮小編集などで装置内を何度も通紙する事により画像は擦られることになるため従来にも増して擦りに対する耐久性が求められている。さらにランニングコストの低減、メンテナンス回数の削減等により高い耐久性を持った電子写真用現像剤が求められていた。
【0016】
本発明の解決しようとする課題は、上記現像剤および画像作製方法において、定着に要するエネルギーが小さく、熱ローラ定着方式を採用した場合に熱ローラの温度と圧力を低下させることが可能で、且つ、オフセット現象が発生し難く、低温で高い剥離強度と擦り強度の両者を備え、流動性、耐熱性、耐久性、保存安定性が良好でトナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下、およびトナーによる感光体フィルミングによる感光体寿命の低下が起こりにくい電子写真用トナーを提供し、それを用いた安定した画像作製方法を提供することにある。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は上記の課題を解決するため鋭意検討を重ねた結果、少なくとも定着用樹脂、着色剤およびワックスを含む電子写真用トナーにおいて、前記ワックスの構成成分として(1)少なくとも数平均分子量が600以下のアルファオレフィンワックスと、数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が90%未満であるポリエチレンワックスを含有するトナーであり、( 2 )アルファオレフィンワックスとポリエチレンワックスの割合が1:10〜2:1の範囲にあり、(3)トナーの示差走査熱量計により測定されるDSC曲線の昇温時の吸熱熱量曲線の吸熱ピークの最大値が75℃以下にあり、(4)フローテスタにて規定される軟化点(T1/2)が120〜127℃の範囲にある電子写真用トナーを用いることで上記課題を解決できることがわかった。あるいは、少なくとも定着用樹脂、着色剤およびワックスを含む電子写真用トナーにおいて、前記ワックスの構成成分として( 1 )少なくとも数平均分子量が300〜600のパラフィンワックスと、数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が10mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が90%未満であるポリエチレンワックスを含有するトナーであり、( 2 )パラフィンワックスとポリエチレンワックスの割合が1:10〜2:1の範囲にあり、( 3 )トナーの示差走査熱量計により測定されるDSC曲線の昇温時の吸収熱量曲線の吸熱ピークの最大値が75℃以下にあり、( 4 )フローテスタにて規定される軟化点(T1/2)が120〜127℃の範囲にある電子写真用トナーを用いることで上記課題を解決できることがわかった。
【0018】
更に、本発明の電子写真用現像剤は、静電荷保持部材上に形成された静電荷潜像を顕像化し、顕像化したトナー像を記録媒体上に転写し、静電荷保持部材上に残留したトナー像を清掃すると共に、記録媒体上に転写したトナー像を定着して記録画像を得る静電像記録工程において、低温で定着し安定した静電トナー像作製方法を提供できる。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。本発明のトナーは、構成成分として少なくとも数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスとさらに数平均分子量が600以下で、140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスを含有する。数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスは低温でシャープに溶融しやすいためトナー中に含有する事により、少ない熱量でトナーは容易に溶融し易くなり、少ない熱量でトナーは用紙等記録媒体の中に浸透固化してアンカー効果を発揮し引き剥がしに対する強度を得やすくなる。さらに数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスは連続印刷を行ってもトナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下を起こしにくいことが判った。熱ローラ定着方式を採用した場合、数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスを含有すると低温で高い引き剥がし強度を得る事ができる。
【0020】
しかし数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスのみであると定着時にトナーがローラー等に付着しさらに用紙等に再付着するオフセットが発生しやすい。この現象は定着ローラーの温度が高温時に顕著に発生するのでホットオフセットと呼ばれる。一方このホットオフセットに効果のあるワックスとしては従来よりポリプロピレンワックス、ポリエチレンワックス、フィッシャートロピッシュワックスなどが多用されている。この従来のワックスはホットオフセットの防止効果を中心に選定され用いられてきた。
【0021】
しかしながら近年のトナーに求められる特性は特開平10−104875号公報にも記載されるように両面、多重、縮小編集などで装置内を何度も通紙する事により画像は擦られることになる。そのため従来にも増して擦りに対する耐久性が求められている。この擦りについてはトナー中に含まれるワックスが効果的であり、トナー表面に染みだしトナー画像と用紙が擦れた場合でもワックスの滑剤の効果により相手方の用紙を汚しにくいという効果がある。この擦りに対する耐久性の効果は多量の印刷物を重ねて印刷する場合や自動用紙送り機構の付いた画像読取り装置等で使用するとき、名刺、カード等厚紙に印刷するときに顕著に現れ、印刷速度が低速から高速まで良好な結果が得られる。特に高速(40枚/分以上)領域ではさらに顕著な効果が得られる。この擦りに対する耐久性をもったワックスを種々検討したところ、パラフィンワックスは擦りに対する耐久性能は満足できるものではなく、ポリプロピレンワックス、フィッシャートロピッシュワックスも不十分な結果となった。
【0022】
さらに検討を進めるなかで数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスが最もこの擦りに対する耐久性が効果的である事を見出した。さらに本特性を満足するポリエチレンワックスは低温から溶融し高温でもホットオフセットの発生しないワックスの離型効果も兼ね備えている。本検討のなかで見出した数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスを使用するトナーは従来のトナーと比較し優れた擦り耐久性を有するが、省エネルギー化、高速化をもとめる要求はさらに厳しいものである。我々はさらに検討を重ねた結果、前記数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスとさらに数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスの割合が1:10〜2:1の範囲で使用することで炭化水素ワックスの低温でシャープに溶融しやすい特性により、少ない熱量でトナーは容易に溶融し易くなり、少ない熱量でトナーは用紙等記録媒体の中に浸透固化してアンカー効果を発揮し引き剥がしに対する強度を得やすくなる一方、数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスの擦りに対する優れた耐久性を両立する事ができることが判った。
【0023】
パラフィンワックスの割合が1:10より少ないと引き剥がしに対する強度が不足するようになり、2:1よりも多くなると擦りに対する耐久性が低下し、またホットオフセットが発生しやすくなる。
【0024】
また、この時トナーの示差走査熱量計により測定されるDSC曲線の昇温時の吸収熱量曲線の吸熱ピークの最大値が75℃以下にあり、かつフローテスタで規定される軟化点(T1/2)が120〜127℃の範囲にある事が必要とされる。前記数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスと数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスの割合が1:10〜2:1の範囲にあっても、トナーの吸収熱量曲線の吸熱ピークの最大値が75℃以下にあり、かつフローテスタで規定される軟化点(T1/2)が120〜127℃の範囲にないという事は、前記炭化水素ワックスおよびポリエチレンワックスがごく一部にしか使用されず、実質上定着性を向上させる効果が得られない事を意味するものである。したがって前記数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスと数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスの割合が1:10〜2:1の範囲にあり、かつトナーの吸収熱量曲線の吸熱ピークの最大値が75℃以下にあり、かつフローテスタで規定される軟化点(T1/2)が120〜127℃の範囲にある必要がある。
【0025】
本発明の電子写真用トナーにおいては、本発明に使用される炭化水素ワックスは数平均分子量が600以下であり、求める特性に応じて使い分けることができ、分子量250〜450の範囲にあるものが好ましい。例えば、パラフィンワックス、オレフィンワックスが使用できる。
【0026】
また本発明に使用されるポリエチレンワックスは、その機能に応じて使い分けられ、分子量が600以下であり、140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満(好ましくは13mP・s未満、特に好ましくは10mP・s未満)であり、X線回折法による結晶化度が95%未満(好ましくは93%未満、特に好ましくは90%以下)であり、さらに好ましくはは重量平均分子量/数平均分子量の比率(Mw/Mn)が1.5を超えるポリエチレンワックスが好ましい。
【0027】
ワックスの含有量は定着樹脂100重量部に対し0.1〜20重量部の範囲で使用できる。
【0028】
本発明においてワックスの分子量分布は高温でのゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)により次の条件で測定される。
(GPC測定条件)
装置:ALC/GPC 150−C(ウォーターズ社)
分離カラム:GMH−HT60cm×1、GMH−HTL60cm×1(東ソー社製)
カラム温度:135℃
移動相:o−ジクロロベンゼン
検出器:示差屈折計
流速:1.0ml/min
試料濃度:0.15wt%
注入量:400μl
以上の条件で測定し、試料の分子量算出にあたっては単分散ポリスチレン標準試料により作成した分子量こう正曲線を使用し、Mark-Houwink-Sakuradaの式あるいは粘度式から導き出される換算式でポリエチレン換算することによって算出される。
【0029】
また、ワックスの結晶化度はX線回折法により次の条件で測定される。
X線:Cu−Kα線(グラファイトモノクロメータにより単色化)
波長λ=1.5406オングストローム
出力 40kV、40mA
光学系:反射法、スリットDS,SS=1°、RS=0.3mm
測定範囲:2θ=10°〜35°
ステップ間隔:0.02°
走査速度:2θ/θ連続スキャン1.00°/分
以上の条件で測定し、試料のX線回折プロファイルを3本の結晶ピークと非晶散乱に分離し、それらの面積から下式により結晶化度を算出する。
結晶化度(%)=Ic/(Ic+Ia)×100
Ic:各結晶ピーク面積の和
Ia:各結晶ピーク面積の和+非晶散乱面積
トナーの粒度は種々の方法により測定されるが、本発明ではコールターカウンターを用いて行った。アパーチャーは100μmのものを用い測定装置はコールターカウンターTA−II型(コールター社)を用い個数分布、体積分布を測定した。この時、測定試料は界面活性剤を加えた電解液中に測定トナーを加え超音波分散機で1分間分散させたものを50000個測定した。トナーの平均粒径は4〜10μmが好ましく、さらにトナー中に含まれる4μm以下の粒子割合を25個数%以下に抑える事が好ましい。
【0030】
さらに4μm以下の割合を15個数%以下に抑える事で、さらに耐久性も向上する。二成分現像剤ではキャリアと数%のトナーを混合しトナーとキャリアの摩擦によってトナーを帯電させるが、4μm以下のトナーはキャリアから分離しにくくキャリアと長時間接触するためキャリア表面にスペントを起こしやすい。また4μm以下の微粒子トナーは非画像部へのトナー付着(カブリ)と定着時に粒径の大きなトナーと比較し多くの熱エネルギーを要し、低温定着性には不利である。したがってトナー中における4μm以下の割合は全トナー粒子数の25個数%以下が良く、好ましくは全トナー粒子数の15個数%以下が良く、更に好ましくは10個数%以下が良い。
【0031】
トナーのDSC測定はトナーを約5mg計量してDSCに載置し1分間に50mlの窒素ガスを吹き込み20℃から200℃まで昇温し、200℃から0℃まで10℃/minで冷却し前歴を取った後、再度10℃/minの割合で昇温させその時のDSC吸収熱量曲線より最大吸熱ピークを求めた。
【0032】
トナーのフローテスタによる測定は、トナーを約1.0g計量後、10t/cm2の圧力でプレス固形化した試料を5分の予熱後、開始温度50℃、昇温速度6.0℃/分、シリンダ荷重20Kgf・cm2、シリンダダイ径1mm、シリンダダイ長10mmにて測定後、昇温1/2法で規定された値を軟化点(T1/2)とした。
【0033】
本発明のトナーに使用される定着用樹脂としては、例えば、以下の樹脂が挙げられる。
【0034】
ポリスチレン、ポリ−p−クロルスチレン、ポリビニルトルエンの如きスチレンおよびその置換体の単重合体;スチレン−p−クロルスチレン共重合体、スチレン−ビニルトルエン共重合体、スチレン−ビニルナフタリン共重合体、スチレン−アクリル酸エステル共重合体、スチレン−メタクリル酸エステル共重合体、スチレン−α−クロルメタクリル酸メチル共重合体、スチレン−アクリロニトリル共重合体、スチレン−ビニルメチルエーテル共重合体、スチレン−ビニルエチルエーテル共重合体、スチレン−ビニルメチルケトン共重合体、スチレン−ブタジエン共重合体、スチレン−イソプレン共重合体、スチレン−アクリロニトリル−インデン共重合体の如きスチレン系共重合体;更にはポリ塩化ビニル、フェノール樹脂、天然変性フェノール樹脂、天然樹脂変性マレイン酸樹脂、アクリル樹脂、メタクリル樹脂、ポリ酢酸ビニール、シリコーン樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリウレタン、ポリアミド樹脂、フラン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、キシレン樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール、テルペン樹脂、クロマン-インデン樹脂、石油系樹脂が挙げられるが、好ましくはスチレン系共重合体もしくはポリエステル樹脂である。また、前記したポリエステル樹脂にスチレン〜アクリルをグラフト共重合させた低吸湿性の樹脂も使用できる。なお、スチレン系重合体またはスチレン系共重合体は架橋されていてもよく、混合樹脂でも構わない。
【0035】
低温で定着し高温オフセットを防止する為には、例えばスチレン〜(メタ)アクリル系樹脂の場合、高分子量重合体と低分子量重合体よりなり、前者はトナーの耐オフセット性、後者は定着強度の確保に有効である。両者の組成のバランスは低温定着性および耐オフセット性を両立するために重要でありさらに保存性にも影響すると言われている。スチレン〜(メタ)アクリル系樹脂の分子量分布はテトラヒドロフランに可溶な成分をゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)によって測定する事ができる。GPC測定で分子量が500000を超える高分子量重合体成分と分子量が20000以下の低分子量成分を20:80〜60:40の範囲になるような樹脂とすることで低温定着性および耐オフセット性を達成する事ができる。
【0036】
また定着用樹脂とワックスとの相溶性を向上させるため、定着用樹脂を合成する際に合成の全部又は一部の過程でワックスを共存させる共存重合法で作成してもよい。
【0037】
ワックスの存在下で共存重合法で定着樹脂を作成する方法においてビニル系共重合体としては、その構成単位として、スチレン系単量体および/又は(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体を含み、これ以外のビニル系単量体を含むことができる。
【0038】
本発明におけるワックスを共存させる共存重合を合成の全部又は一部の過程で行うことにより、該ワックスを均一に分散させたビニル系共重合体を少なくともその構成要素として得ることができる。なお、ビニル系共重合体は主として2個以上の重合可能な二重結合を有する単量体、例えばジビニルベンゼン、ジビニルナフタレン、エチレングリコールジメタクリレート、1,3−ブタンジオールジメタクリレート、ジビニルアニリン、ジビニルエーテル、ジビニルスルフィド、ジビニルスルホン等の架橋剤で一部、架橋されていても良い。
【0039】
ビニル重合体の構成単位としてのスチレン系単量体の具体例としては、スチレンの他にオルトメチルスチレン、メタメチルスチレン、アルファメチルスチレン、2,4−ジメチルスチレン等を挙げることができる。
【0040】
ビニル重合体の構成単位としてのアクリル酸エステルもしくはメタクリル酸エステル系単量体の具体例としては、アクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチル、アクリル酸プロピル、アクリル酸n−ブチル、アクリル酸イソブチル、アクリル酸n−オクチル、アクリル酸ドデシル、アクリル酸2−エチルヘキシル、アクリル酸ステアリル、メタクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸プロピル、メタクリル酸n−ブチル、メタクリル酸イソブチル、メタクリル酸n−オクチル、メタクリル酸ドデシル、メタクリル酸ステアリル、等のアクリル酸又はメタクリル酸のアルキルエステルの他、アクリル酸2−クロルエチル、アクリル酸フェニル、α−クロルアクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸フェニル、メタクリル酸ジメチルアミノエチル、メタクリル酸ジエチルアミノエチル、メタクリル酸2−ヒドロキシエチル、メタクリル酸グリシジル、ビスグリシジルメタクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジメタクリレート、メタクリロキシエチルホスフェート等を挙げることができ、アクリル酸エチル、アクリル酸プロピル、アクリル酸ブチル、メタクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸プロピル、メタクリル酸ブチルなどが特に好ましく用いられる。
【0041】
ビニル重合体の構成単位としてのその他のビニル系単量体としては、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、α−エチルアクリル酸、クロトン酸等のアクリル酸およびそのα−あるいはβ−アルキル誘導体、フマル酸、マレイン酸、シトラコン酸、イタコン酸等の不飽和ジカルボン酸およびそのモノエステル誘導体およびジエステル誘導体、コハク酸モノアクリロイルオキシエチルエステル、コハク酸モノメタクリロイルオキシエチルエステル、アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリル、アクリルアミド等を挙げることができる。
【0042】
本発明のトナーには帯電制御剤をトナー粒子に配合(内部添加)、もしくは混合(外部添加)して用いることにより、トナーの帯電量を所望の値に制御することができる。
【0043】
トナーの正帯電制御剤としては、ニグロシンおよび脂肪酸金属塩等による変性物;トリブチルベンジルアンモニウム−1−ヒドロキシ−4−ナフトスルフォン酸、テトラブチルアンモニウムテトラフルオロボレートの如き四級アンモニウム塩、およびこれらの類似体であるホスホニウム塩等のオニウム塩およびこれらのレーキ顔料、トリフェニルメタン染料およびこれらのレーキ顔料、高級脂肪酸の金属塩;ジブチルスズオキサイド、ジオクチルスズオキサイド、ジシクロヘキシルスズオキサイドなどのジオルガノスズオキサイド;ジブチルスズボレート、ジオクチルスズボレート、ジシクロヘキシルスズボレートの如きジオルガノスズボレート類;これらの単独或いは2種類以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
【0044】
これらの中でも、ニグロシン系、四級アンモニウム塩、トリフェニルメタン染料の如き帯電制御剤が特に好ましく用いられる。
【0045】
トナーの負帯電制御剤としては、有機金属錯体、キレート化合物が有効であり、モノアゾ金属錯体、アセチルアセトン金属錯体、芳香族ハイドロキシカルボン酸、芳香族ダイカルボン酸系の金属錯体がある。他には、芳香族ハイドロキシカルボン酸、芳香族モノおよびポリカルボン酸およびその金属塩、無水物、エステル類、ビスフェノールの如きフェノール誘導体類がある。
【0046】
これらの帯電制御剤をトナーに内部添加する場合、定着用樹脂に対して0.1〜10wt%添加することが好ましい。
【0047】
本発明のトナーにおいては、現像性、流動性、帯電安定性、耐久性向上のため、シリカ微粉末等を外部添加することが好ましい。
【0048】
本発明に用いられるシリカ微粉末等は、BET法で測定した窒素吸着による比表面積が30m2/g以上のものが好ましく、トナーに対して0.01〜5wt%の範囲で外部添加する。また、必要に応じてシリカ微粉末を各種有機ケイ素化合物等の処理剤、あるいは種々の処理剤で疎水化、もしくは帯電性を制御して用いられる。処理剤の種類ならびにシリカ微粉末の粒子径により流動性、耐久性、保存安定性等が変るため目的に応じて選択される。
【0049】
更に、例えばテフロン(登録商標)樹脂粉末、ステアリン酸亜鉛粉末、ポリ沸化ビニリデン粉末の如き滑剤粉末、中でもポリ沸化ビニリデンが好ましい。或いは酸化セリウム粉末、炭化ケイ素粉末、チタン酸ストロンチウム粉末の如き研磨剤、中でもチタン酸ストロンチウムが好ましい。或いは例えば酸化チタン粉末、酸化アルミニウム粉末の如き流動性付与剤、中でも特に疎水性のものが好ましい。凝集防止剤、或いは例えばカーボンブラック粉末、酸化亜鉛粉末、酸化アンチモン粉末、酸化スズ粉末の如き導電性付与剤、また、逆極性の白色微粒子および黒色微粒子を現像性向上剤として少量用いることもできる。
【0050】
本発明のトナーは磁性材料を含有する事ができる。磁性材料は着色剤の役割を兼ねることができる。本発明において、トナー中に含まれる磁性材料としては、マグネタイト、ヘマタイト、フェライトの酸化鉄;鉄、コバルト、ニッケルのような金属或いはこれらの金属のアルムニウム、コバルト、銅、鉛、マグネシウム、スズ、亜鉛、アンチモン、カルシウム、マンガン、セレン、チタン、タングステン、バナジウムのような金属との合金およびその混合物が挙げられる。
【0051】
これら磁性体は平均粒径が2μm以下、好ましくは0.1〜0.5μm程度のものが好ましく、トナー中に含有させる量としては、定着用樹脂に対し、0.1〜200wt%が良い。
【0052】
本発明のトナーに使用し得る着色剤としては、任意の適当な顔料または染料が挙げられる。トナーの着色剤としては、例えば顔料としてカーボンブラック、アニリンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ナフトールイエロー、ハンザイエロー、ローダミンレーキ、アリザリンレーキ、ベンガラ、フタロシアニンブルー、インダンスレンブルーがある。これらは定着画像の光学濃度を維持するのに必要十分な量が用いられ、好ましくは樹脂に対し0.2〜15wt%添加する。
【0053】
更に同様の目的で染料が用いられる。例えば、アゾ系染料、アントラキノン系染料、キサンテン系染料、メチン系染料があり、これらは樹脂に対し0.2〜15wt%添加する。
【0054】
本発明における電子写真用トナーを作製するには、数平均分子量が600以下の炭化水素ワックスと数平均分子量が600以下で140℃における溶融粘度が15mPa・s未満であり、結晶化度が95%未満であるポリエチレンワックスを1:10〜2:1の範囲、定着用樹脂、帯電制御剤、着色剤としての顔料または染料、磁性粉、更に必要に応じて添加剤、ワックスを均一に分散した定着用樹脂を組合せてヘンシェルミキサー、スーパーミキサーの如き混合機により十分混合してから加熱ローラ、ニーダ、エクストルーダーの如き熱溶融混練機を用いて溶融混練して素材類を十分に混合せしめた後、冷却固化後微粉砕および分級を行ってトナーを得る。この時の粉砕方法としては高速気流中にトナーを包含させ、衝突板にトナーを衝突させそのエネルギーで粉砕するジェットミル方式やトナー粒子同士を気流中で衝突させる粒子間衝突方式、更には高速に回転したローターと狭いギャップ間にトナーを供給し粉砕する機械式粉砕法等が使用できる。ジェットミル方式や粒子間方式は衝突エネルギーによってトナーを粉砕するため、粉砕したトナー粒子の形状は比較的尖っているが、機械式粉砕法を用いた場合、トナーはギャップ間で擦られながら粉砕され、かつこの時に発生する摩擦熱によりトナー表面は球形化され易い。特に小粒径化および低温定着化を目標とするトナーにおいては特開平7−287413号公報で指摘されるような粉砕時にトナーが衝突板に溶けて付着する現象も発生せず、さらに小粒径化および低分子量のワックスを含有したときに特有の現象であるトナー流動性の低下を防止する事もできる。したがって微粉砕には機械式粉砕法を用いることが好ましい。また、モノマーを重合し高分子化する際に着色剤、帯電制御剤、ワックス等を存在させて重合する、所謂、重合法によっても得ることができる。さらには、マイクロカプセル化する方法によっても得ることができる。作製されたトナーは更に、必要に応じて所望の添加剤をヘンシェルミキサーの如き混合機によりトナーに付着混合せしめ、添加剤を外部添加したトナーを得ることができる。
【0055】
本発明に用い得るキャリアとしては、公知のものが使用可能であり、例えば鉄粉、フェライト、マグネタイト、ガラスビーズおよび磁性体微粒子をバインダー樹脂中に分散させた樹脂キャリアが使用可能であり、キャリア表面にコーティング層を設ける事が出来る。キャリアの帯電特性、電気抵抗値等はバインダー樹脂、帯電性微粒子、コーティング層によって制御できる。
【0056】
樹脂キャリアに用いられるバインダー樹脂はビニル系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂、ナイロン系樹脂、ポリオレフィン系樹脂などの熱可塑性樹脂やフェノール樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂が例示できる。
【0057】
磁性体微粒子としてはマグネタイト、ガンマ酸化鉄等のスピネルフェライト、鉄以外の金属(Mn、Ni、Zn、Mg、Cu等)を一種又は二種以上含有するスピネルフェライト、バリウムフェライト等のマグネトプランバイト型フェライト、表面に酸化層を有する鉄や合金の粒子を使用できる。その形状は粒状、球状、針状のいずれであってもよい。特に高磁化を要する場合は鉄等の強磁性微粒子を用いる事が好ましい。また、化学的な安定性を考慮するとマグネタイト、ガンマ酸化鉄を含むスピネルフェライトやバリウムフェライト等のマグネトプランバイト型フェライトを用いる事が好ましい。強磁性微粒子の種類および含有量を選択する事により所望の磁化を有する樹脂キャリアを得る事ができる。この時のキャリアの磁気特性は1000エルステッドにおける磁化の強さは30〜150emu/gが好ましい。
【0058】
このような樹脂キャリアは磁性体微粒子と絶縁性バインダー樹脂との溶融混練物をスプレードライヤーで噴霧して製造したり、磁性体微粒子の存在下に水性媒体中でモノマーないしプレポリマーを反応、硬化させ縮合型バインダー中に磁性体微粒子が分散された樹脂キャリアを製造できる。
【0059】
キャリアの表面には正または負帯電性の微粒子または導電性微粒子を固着させたり、樹脂をコーティングして帯電性を制御できる。
【0060】
表面のコート材としてはシリコーン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、フッ素系樹脂等が用いられ、さらに正または負帯電性の微粒子または導電性微粒子を含んでコーティングする事ができる。本発明のトナーとキャリアとの混合比はトナー濃度として2〜10wt%が好ましい。
【0061】
本発明の電子写真用トナーを用いて、静電荷保持部材上に形成された静電荷潜像を顕像化し、顕像化したトナー像を記録媒体上に転写し、静電荷保持部材上に残留したトナー像を清掃すると共に、記録媒体上に転写したトナー像を定着して記録画像を得る静電像記録工程において、特に低温でも良好な定着性能を示し、擦りに対して強く、トナーの流動性、耐熱性、耐久性、保存安定性も良好で、トナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下、およびトナーによる感光体フィルミングによる感光体寿命の低下が起こりにくく、安定した静電トナー像作製方法を提供することができる。
【0062】
本発明に使用される現像装置は静電荷保持部材の移動速度によって選択されるが、静電荷保持部材の移動速度の速い高速プリンタ等の場合は1本の現像磁気ローラの現像では必ずしも十分でなく、複数の現像磁気ローラを使用し、現像領域を増して現像時間を伸ばし現像することも行われる。複数の現像磁気ローラを使用した場合、1本の現像ローラ方式と比較して高い現像能力が得られる事により、高面積画像印刷への対応や印刷品質が向上するばかりでなく、現像剤中のトナー含有量を低減ずる事ができ、かつ、現像ローラ回転スピードを低減する事が可能であり、トナーの飛散、現像剤への負荷低減によるトナーによるキャリアスペントを防止し現像剤の長寿命化が更に可能となる。
【0063】
さらに複数の現像ローラを用いる現像方式において、静電荷保持部材の進行方向と順方向に現像ローラが回転する一方向現像は高い現像能力を有するが、背景のかぶりが出やすい事や画像先端部の欠け、磁気ブラシのはけ目が出やすい。一方、静電荷保持部材の進行方向と逆方向に現像ローラが回転する一方向現像は画像部後端の欠けはあるものの背景のかぶりは少なく、磁気ブラシのはけ目も出にくいので安定した画像が得られる。しかし、前記逆方向現像は静電荷保持部材と接する実効トナー量が少ないため現像能力は少ない事がある。これに対してセンターフィード方式は上記した順および逆の現像ローラの両方を兼ね備えているため上記両現像法式の欠点を回避できる。センターフィード方式の現像装置は例えば特公昭62−45552号公報により公知である。
【0064】
このような現像方式と本発明の電子写真用トナーを組合せて使用する事により、画像に優れ定着に要するエネルギーが小さく、熱ローラ定着方式を採用した場合に熱ローラの温度と圧力を低下させることが可能で、且つ、オフセット現象が発生し難く、トナーの流動性、耐熱性、耐久性、保存安定性が良好でトナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下、およびトナーによる感光体フィルミングによる感光体寿命の低下が起こりにくく安定した画像を作成することができる。
【0065】
以下、本発明の実施例について説明するが、これによって本発明が限定されるものではない。
(実施例1)
スチレン−アクリル系共重合樹脂(三洋化成工業社製 商品名:ハイマーSB316 Mw238000、Mn3500)86wt%、クロム含金属染料(オリエント化学工業社製 商品名:ボントロンS−34)1wt%、カーボンブラック(三菱化学社製 商品名:MA−100)8wt%およびパラフィンワックス(日本精蝋社製 商品名:HNP−3 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn440、DSC吸熱ピーク53.3℃、67.8℃)1.0wt%およびポリエチレンワックス(ヤスハラケミカル社製 商品名ネオワックスAL ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn430、DSC吸熱ピーク83.7℃、98.4℃、101.6℃、140℃における溶融粘度8.5cp、結晶化度83%)4.0wt%の配合からなる原料をスーパーミキサで予備混合し、二軸混練機で熱溶融混練後、冷却した後粉砕し、その後乾式気流分級機で分級して平均粒径が9μmの粒子を得た。
【0066】
更に該粒子に疎水性シリカ(日本アエロジル社製 商品名:アエロジルR972)0.8wt%を添加し、ヘンシェルミキサで攪拌し、該粒子の表面に疎水性シリカを付着させ実施例1のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は9.0μm、4μm以下のトナーは8.2個数%であった。
(比較例1)
ワックスとしてパラフィンワックス(日本精蝋社製 商品名:HNP−11 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn390、DSC吸熱ピーク60.9℃、70.6℃)5wt%を使用したほかは実施例1と同様に作成し比較例1のトナーを得た。なおこの時のトナーの平均粒径は8.8μm、4μm以下のトナーは10.3個数%であった。
(実施例2)
ワックスとしてパラフィンワックス(日本精蝋社製 商品名:HNP−11 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn390、DSC吸熱ピーク60.9℃、70.6℃)3wt%およびポリエチレンワックス(ヤスハラケミカル社製 商品名ネオワックスAL ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn430、DSC吸熱ピーク83.7℃、98.4℃、101.6℃、140℃における溶融粘度8.5cp、結晶化度83%)2wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして実施例2のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は8.9μm、4μm以下のトナーは6.7個数%であった。
(実施例3)
ワックスとしてパラフィンワックス(日本精蝋社製 商品名:HNP−3 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn440、DSC吸熱ピーク53.3℃、67.8℃)2.55wt%およびポリエチレンワックス(ヤスハラケミカル社製 商品名ネオワックスLS ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn380、DSC吸熱ピーク74.2℃、94.3℃、140℃における溶融粘度8.5cp、結晶化度83%)2.5wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして実施例3のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は9.2μm、4μm以下のトナーは5.2個数%であった。
(実施例4)
ワックスとしてパラフィンワックス(日本精蝋社製 商品名:HNP−11 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn390、DSC吸熱ピーク60.9℃、70.6℃)2wt%およびポリエチレンワックス(東洋ペトロライト社製 商品名PW655N ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn530、DSC吸熱ピーク62.2℃、92.7℃、140℃における溶融粘度6cp、結晶化度93%)3wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして実施例4のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は9.0μm、4μm以下のトナーは7.3個数%であった。
(実施例5)
ワックスとしてアルファオレフィン(東洋ペトロライト社製 商品名:VYBAR253 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn310、DSC吸熱ピーク46.4℃、63.2℃)1.5wt%およびポリエチレンワックス(東洋ペトロライト社製 商品名PW655N ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn530、DSC吸熱ピーク62.2℃、92.7℃、140℃における溶融粘度6cp、結晶化度93%)3.5wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして実施例5のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は8.8μm、4μm以下のトナーは6.2個数%であった。
(実施例6)
ワックスとしてパラフィンワックス(日本精鑞社製 商品名:SP−0145 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn290、DSC吸熱ピーク49.0℃、63.5℃)2.5wt%およびポリエチレンワックス(三井化学社製 商品名ハイワックス100P ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn550、DSC吸熱ピーク105.2℃、117.7℃、140℃における溶融粘度12.7cp、結晶化度90%)2.5wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして実施例6のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は9.2μm、4μm以下のトナーは7.5個数%であった。
(比較例2)
ワックスとしてポリプロピレンワックス(三洋化成工業社製 商品名ビスコール660P ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn1070、DSC吸熱ピーク140.0℃)5wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして比較例2のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーDの平均粒径は9.1μm、4μm以下のトナーは8.6個数%であった。
(比較例3)
ワックスとしてポリエチレンワックス(東洋ペトロライト社製 商品名:PW1000 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn820、DSC吸熱ピーク 110.0℃、140℃における溶融粘度13.7cp、結晶化度90%)5wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして比較例3のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は8.7μm、4μm以下のトナーは9.4個数%であった。
(比較例4)
ワックスとしてパラフィンワックス(日本精蝋社製 商品名:HNP−11 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn390、DSC吸熱ピーク60.9℃、70.6℃)3wt%およびフィッシャートロピッシュワックス(サゾール社製 商品名SPRAY30 ポリエチレン換算分子量Mn520、DSC吸熱ピーク91.9℃、140℃における溶融粘度6.9cp、結晶化度90%)2wt%を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして比較例4のトナーを得た。なお、この時のトナーの平均粒径は9.0μm、4μm以下のトナーは7.7個数%であった。
【0067】
次に、前記実施例および比較例の現像剤について下記の方法で定着性能と保存安定性の評価を行った。
(1)非オフセット温度範囲
OPCを感光体として用いた電子写真方式のレーザビームプリンタにおいて、OPCの帯電電位−600V、残留電位−50V、現像バイアス電位−400V、現像部コントラスト電位350Vで、毎分70枚の印刷速度(印刷プロセス速度31.4cm/sec)で画像作製を行った。現像機には、現像用磁気ローラが静電荷保持部材の進行方向と順方向に回転する現像用磁気ローラと逆方向に回転する現像用磁気ローラを有するセンターフィード方式の現像装置を用い現像ギャップ(感光体と現像ローラスリーブ間の距離)を0.8mmとし、反転現像で画像を作製した。
【0068】
定着機は、アルミニウム製芯金をフッ素樹脂(テトラフルオロエチレン〜パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体:PFA)のチューブで薄く被覆し(厚さ30μm)、中心部にヒータランプを設置したものを熱ローラとし、アルミニウム製芯金にゴム硬度約30度のシリコーンゴム層(厚さ7mm)を設置し、最外層をPFAチューブで被覆したものをバックアップローラとし、定着条件は、プロセス速度31.4cm/sec、熱ローラとバックアップローラの外径60mm、押し付け荷重60kgf、両者の接触域(ニップ)の幅約7mmとし、熱ローラの制御温度を変化させ、熱ローラの各表面温度での定着画像の白紙部の汚れからオフセットを評価した。なお、熱ローラには元来シリコーンオイルを含浸したノーメックスペーパ巻き取りタイプの清掃機を設置するが、オフセットを評価する場合には清掃機を取り外し、シリコーンオイルレスの状態で厚紙(厚さ約200μm)と薄紙(厚さ約100μm)に画像を記録し、前者で低温オフセット、後者で高温オフセットを評価した。
(2)定着強度
前記定着機の熱ローラの表面温度を170℃に設定し、厚紙(厚さ約200μm)に記録された1インチ角のベタ黒画像とレーザビーム1オン4オフ間隔の線画について、それぞれテープ剥離試験と擦り試験を行い、画像の定着強度を評価した。
【0069】
テープ剥離試験は、ベタ黒画像にスコッチメンディングテープ810を貼り付け、テープ引き剥がし前後の画像濃度を反射濃度計(マクベス社製RD−914)で測定し、下記式よりテープ剥離強度を求めた。
【0070】
テープ剥離強度(%)=テープ剥離後のベタ黒画像の反射濃度/テープ剥離前のベタ黒画像の反射濃度×100
擦り試験は、線画を200gfの荷重でワットマン濾紙44で擦り、濾紙の汚れ具合を白色度計で評価し、汚れた濾紙と汚れていない濾紙との光の反射率の比をハンター値(%)で求め、擦り強度(%)とした。
(3)保存安定性
トナーを金属製シャーレに入れ、調湿剤で湿度を91%RHにコントローラしたデシケータ中に50℃で24時間放置し、トナーの凝集の程度を目視で評価した。
【0071】
上記項目のトナーの評価結果を表1に示す。
【0072】
【表1】
【0073】
表1の評価結果から分かるように本発明の現像剤は低温から高温までオフセットが発生しにくく、非オフセットの温度範囲が広いため、定着機の温度が多少変化しても定着後の画像に汚れが発生しにくい。また、定着温度170℃における定着強度はテープ剥離強度で90%以上、擦り強度で80%以上有りテープ剥離強度と擦り強度の両者ともに非常に高い定着強度が得られた。これに対し比較例1のトナーでは175℃以上でホットオフセットが発生した。
【0074】
比較例2および比較例3のトナーではオフセットの発生しない温度範囲が狭く定着強度も十分に得られなかった。比較例4のトナーについてはテープ剥離強度については90%以上の特性が得られたが、擦り強度については80%に到達できなかった。これら実施例で得られた画像を市販の自動現行送り装置の付いた複写機で20回繰返し原稿として使用し画像の汚れを確認したが画像に汚れは発生しなかった。一方、比較例1〜4の画像では20回の繰返しで画像に多少の汚れを生じた。
【0075】
また、前記のレーザビームプリンタに適用し、実施例について連続印刷を行ったが、30万頁の連続印刷を繰り返してもトナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下、およびトナーによる感光体フィルミングによる感光体寿命の低下が起こらず、安定した画像を得ることができた。
【0076】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、定着に要するエネルギーが小さく、熱ローラ定着方式を採用した場合に熱ローラの温度と圧力を低下させることが可能で、且つ、オフセット現象が発生し難く、低温で高い剥離強度と擦り強度の両者を備え、流動性、耐熱性、耐久性、保存安定性が良好でトナーによるキャリアスペントによる現像剤寿命の低下、およびトナーによる感光体フィルミングによる感光体寿命の低下が起こりにくい電子写真用トナーを提供することができる。また、それを用いた安定した画像作製方法を提供することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic toner and an image production method for visualizing an electrostatic latent image formed by electrophotography, electrostatic printing, electrostatic recording, or the like.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Among the printing or recording methods, for example, in electrophotography, a photoconductive photoreceptor is charged and exposed to form an electrostatic charge latent image on the photoreceptor, and then this electrostatic charge latent image is colored using a resin as a binder. The toner image is developed with a fine toner containing an agent and the resulting toner image is transferred onto a recording paper and fixed to obtain a recorded image.
[0003]
In such an electrostatic image recording process, development of an electrostatic latent image with fine particle toner and fixing on a recording paper are particularly important processes. Conventionally, as a method for developing toner, high-speed and high-quality development is used. A magnetic brush development method using a two-component developer composed of a possible toner and a magnetic carrier is often used. In addition, as a method for fixing toner, a heat roller fixing method with high thermal efficiency and high-speed fixing, and a fixing method with improved thermal responsiveness using a film or the like have been put into practical use, and are fixed after the fixing machine is operated. Reduce the warm-up time until it becomes possible.
[0004]
From the standpoint of preventing fixing failure due to heat absorption in the recording paper and maintaining the image quality by continuous paper passing, from the viewpoint of preventing the recording paper from curling and fire due to overheating, the load applied to the heat roller In order to reduce the power consumption, simplify the structure of the fixing machine, and reduce the size of the fixing machine, the power consumption of the fixing heater and the drive motor can be reduced to lower the temperature of the heat roller and lower the pressure of the heat roller. Development of a toner that can be fixed by pressure is desired.
[0005]
On the other hand, recently, with the development of information equipment, laser beam printers have been developed that use a laser beam for exposure of a photoconductive photoreceptor and reproduce a recorded image with dots by a modulation signal instructed by a computer. In particular, since recent laser beam printers are required to produce images with higher image quality, the diameter of the laser beam is narrowed down and the dot density is increased to 600 to 1200 dpi (dots / inch). Along with this, for the purpose of developing a fine electrostatic charge latent image, the toner and carrier particle diameters are also reduced, a small particle diameter toner having a volume average particle diameter of 10 μm or less and a small toner having a weight average particle diameter of 100 μm or less. Application of particle size carriers is underway.
[0006]
However, since the yield in the pulverization and classification process is reduced when the toner is manufactured, the toner cost increases. These problems occur with small-diameter toners, and toners with a particle size of less than 4 μm are usually difficult to put into practical use. The average particle size of the toner is in the range of 4 to 10 μm, and the fine particle toner is cut. The toner fluidity is increased by improving the formulation. On the other hand, as the toner particle size is reduced, the weight average particle size is reduced to 100 μm or less, the specific surface area of the carrier is increased, and the triboelectric chargeability with the toner is improved. However, if the carrier is less than 30 μm, the magnetic force of the carrier is reduced, and the carrier tends to adhere to the electrostatic charge image holding member by electrostatic attraction. Therefore, the average particle diameter of the carrier is classified into a range of 30 to 100 μm, and if necessary The surface is coated with resin.
[0007]
Due to the improvement of the particle size distribution and the improvement of fluidity and chargeability, small particle size toners and developers have been put to practical use in copying machines, printers and the like.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when printing with an actual machine, particularly when printing 10 pages or more per minute, the above problems specific to small-diameter toners occur, and the life of the developer is reduced due to carrier spent by the toner, and the photosensitive effect by the toner. The lifetime of the photosensitive member is likely to decrease due to body filming.
[0009]
In addition, in order to obtain the same fixing strength with respect to fixing, a small particle size toner requires more energy than a toner having a large particle size, and it is difficult to obtain the fixing strength of an image. It is necessary to increase the temperature and pressure. For this reason, there is a problem that it is difficult to achieve high reliability, simple downsizing, and cost reduction of the fixing machine.
[0010]
In order to solve such problems, there has been a strong demand for improved toner fixability. It is known to add wax to the fixing resin in order to improve the fixing performance of the toner. For example, techniques such as JP-A-52-3304, JP-A-52-3305, and JP-A-57-52574 are disclosed.
[0011]
Such waxes are added for the purpose of preventing adhesion of the toner to the heat roller at a low temperature or a high temperature, so-called offset phenomenon.
[0012]
For example, in JP-A-5-313413, a vinyl copolymer having a specific molecular weight distribution has a viscosity at 140 ° C. of 10,000 poise or less in order to improve low-temperature fixability, offset resistance, and non-aggregation property of toner. Of ethylene or propylene and an α-olefin copolymer is disclosed.
[0013]
For the same purpose, JP-A-7-287413 adds paraffin wax having a peak (melting point) of absorption heat by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) of 75 to 85 ° C., JP-A-8-314181. JP-A-9-179335 and JP-A-9-319139 add a natural gas Fischer tropic wax having a melting point by DSC of 85 to 100 ° C., and JP-A-6-324513 discloses a DSC. A polyethylene wax having a melting point of DSC of 70-120 ° C. obtained by removing components having a melting point of 50 ° C. or less by distillation or the like. JP-A-8-114942 discloses a polyethylene copolymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of less than 1,000. It is disclosed that the addition of box.
[0014]
On the other hand, when a low melting point wax is added to the toner, the fluidity, heat resistance, durability and storage stability of the toner are lowered. In order to improve it, JP-A-6-123994 uses a wax having a weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight (Mw / Mn) of 1.5 or less, and JP-A-7-209909 shows a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. Use of an ethylene-based olefin polymer wax of 0.5 to 10 mPa · s and a penetration of 3.0 dmm or less, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-287418 discloses a Fischer tropish wax having an average molecular weight of 1000 or more Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-104875 discloses that a paraffin wax having a predetermined viscosity and a Fischer-Tropish wax are used in combination.
[0015]
Although it is possible to improve the toner fixing performance using these conventional techniques, there is a demand for a toner having a further low-temperature fixing property from the viewpoint of speeding up the printing apparatus and saving energy. In particular, in recent years, images are rubbed by passing through the apparatus many times by double-sided, multiplex, reduction editing, etc., and thus durability against rubbing is required more than ever. Furthermore, there has been a demand for an electrophotographic developer having high durability by reducing running costs, reducing the number of maintenance operations, and the like.
[0016]
The problem to be solved by the present invention is that in the developer and the image production method, the energy required for fixing is small, and when the heat roller fixing method is adopted, the temperature and pressure of the heat roller can be reduced, and , Offset phenomenon hardly occurs, has both high peel strength and rubbing strength at low temperature, good fluidity, heat resistance, durability, storage stability, reduced developer life due to carrier spent by toner, and toner An object of the present invention is to provide a toner for electrophotography in which the lifetime of a photoreceptor is unlikely to decrease due to photoreceptor filming, and to provide a stable image production method using the toner.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors, as an electrophotographic toner containing at least a fixing resin, a colorant and a wax, have (1) at least a number average molecular weight as a constituent of the wax. Below 600A toner comprising an alpha olefin wax and a polyethylene wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 90%; 2 ) The ratio of alpha olefin wax to polyethylene wax is in the range of 1:10 to 2: 1;(3) The maximum value of the endothermic peak of the endothermic calorie curve at the time of temperature rise of the DSC curve measured by the differential scanning calorimeter of the toner is 75 ° C. or less, and (4) the softening point (T1 specified by the flow tester) / 2) was found to be able to solve the above problems by using an electrophotographic toner having a temperature in the range of 120 to 127 ° C.Alternatively, in an electrophotographic toner including at least a fixing resin, a colorant and a wax, 1 ) A toner containing at least a paraffin wax having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 600 and a polyethylene wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 10 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 90%. Yes, ( 2 ) The ratio of paraffin wax to polyethylene wax is in the range of 1:10 to 2: 1; Three ) The maximum value of the endothermic peak of the absorption calorific curve at the time of temperature rise of the DSC curve measured by the differential scanning calorimeter of the toner is 75 ° C. or less Four It has been found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by using an electrophotographic toner having a softening point (T1 / 2) defined by a flow tester in the range of 120 to 127 ° C.
[0018]
Further, the electrophotographic developer of the present invention visualizes an electrostatic charge latent image formed on an electrostatic charge holding member, transfers the visualized toner image onto a recording medium, and places the image on the electrostatic charge holding member. In the electrostatic image recording step of cleaning the remaining toner image and fixing the toner image transferred onto the recording medium to obtain a recorded image, it is possible to provide a method for producing a stable electrostatic toner image by fixing at a low temperature.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. The toner of the present invention has at least a hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less as a constituent component, a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 95%. Contains polyethylene wax. Hydrocarbon waxes with a number average molecular weight of 600 or less are easily melted sharply at low temperatures, so if they are contained in the toner, the toner easily melts with a small amount of heat. It penetrates and solidifies and exhibits an anchor effect, making it easy to obtain strength against peeling. Furthermore, it has been found that hydrocarbon waxes having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less hardly cause a decrease in developer life due to carrier spent by toner even when continuous printing is performed. When the heat roller fixing method is adopted, when a hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less is contained, a high peeling strength can be obtained at a low temperature.
[0020]
However, when only the hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less is used, an offset in which the toner adheres to a roller or the like and reattaches to a paper or the like during fixing is liable to occur. This phenomenon is called hot offset because it occurs remarkably when the temperature of the fixing roller is high. On the other hand, polypropylene wax, polyethylene wax, Fischer tropish wax and the like have been frequently used as waxes effective for this hot offset. This conventional wax has been selected and used mainly for preventing hot offset.
[0021]
However, the characteristics required for recent toners are rubbed by passing the paper through the apparatus many times by double-sided, multiple, and reduced editing as described in JP-A-10-104875. Therefore, durability against rubbing is required more than ever. For this rubbing, the wax contained in the toner is effective, and even when the toner image oozes out from the toner surface and the paper is rubbed, there is an effect that the paper of the other party is hardly soiled by the effect of the wax lubricant. The effect of durability against rubbing appears remarkably when printing a large amount of printed material on top of each other, when using it with an image reader equipped with an automatic paper feeding mechanism, and when printing on cardboard such as business cards and cards. Good results are obtained from low speed to high speed. In particular, a more remarkable effect can be obtained in a high-speed (40 sheets / minute or more) region. As a result of various investigations on waxes having durability against rubbing, paraffin wax was not satisfactory in terms of durability against rubbing, and polypropylene wax and Fischer tropish wax were also insufficient.
[0022]
As further investigations are made, polyethylene wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 95% has the most effective durability against rubbing. I found. Furthermore, the polyethylene wax that satisfies this characteristic also has a mold release effect of a wax that melts from a low temperature and does not cause hot offset even at a high temperature. A toner using polyethylene wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 95% found in the present study is superior to conventional toners. Although it is resistant to rubbing, demands for energy saving and high speed are even more severe. As a result of further studies, the hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 95% When the ratio of a certain polyethylene wax is used in the range of 1:10 to 2: 1, the hydrocarbon wax is easily melted sharply at a low temperature, so that the toner can be easily melted with a small amount of heat and the toner with a small amount of heat. Is solidified into a recording medium such as paper to exhibit an anchor effect and easily obtain the strength against peeling, while the number average molecular weight is 600 or less, the melt viscosity at 140 ° C. is less than 15 mPa · s, and the crystallinity is It has been found that it is possible to achieve both excellent durability against rubbing of a polyethylene wax having a ratio of less than 95%.
[0023]
When the ratio of the paraffin wax is less than 1:10, the strength against peeling becomes insufficient. When the ratio is more than 2: 1, the durability against rubbing decreases, and hot offset tends to occur.
[0024]
At this time, the maximum value of the endothermic peak of the DSC curve measured by the differential scanning calorimeter of the toner at the time of temperature rise is 75 ° C. or less and the softening point (T1 / 2) defined by the flow tester is used. ) Must be in the range of 120-127 ° C. The ratio of the hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less and the polyethylene wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 95% is 1:10. Even in the range of 2: 1, the maximum value of the endothermic peak of the absorption heat quantity curve of the toner is 75 ° C. or less, and the softening point (T1 / 2) specified by the flow tester is in the range of 120 to 127 ° C. The absence means that the hydrocarbon wax and the polyethylene wax are used only in a small part and the effect of improving the fixing property cannot be obtained substantially. Therefore, the ratio of the hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less and the polyethylene wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of less than 95% is 1:10. In the range of ˜2: 1, the maximum value of the endothermic peak of the absorption heat quantity curve of the toner is 75 ° C. or less, and the softening point (T1 / 2) defined by the flow tester is in the range of 120 to 127 ° C. There must be.
[0025]
In the electrophotographic toner of the present invention, the hydrocarbon wax used in the present invention has a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, and can be selectively used according to the desired properties, and preferably has a molecular weight in the range of 250 to 450. . For example, paraffin wax and olefin wax can be used.
[0026]
The polyethylene wax used in the present invention is selectively used according to its function, has a molecular weight of 600 or less, and has a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s (preferably less than 13 mP · s, particularly preferably 10 mP · s. Less than 95% (preferably less than 93%, particularly preferably 90% or less), and more preferably a ratio of weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight (Mw / Polyethylene waxes with a Mn) greater than 1.5 are preferred.
[0027]
The wax content can be 0.1 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the fixing resin.
[0028]
In the present invention, the molecular weight distribution of the wax is measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) at high temperature under the following conditions.
(GPC measurement conditions)
Apparatus: ALC / GPC 150-C (Waters)
Separation column: GMH-HT60cm × 1, GMH-HTL60cm × 1 (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation)
Column temperature: 135 ° C
Mobile phase: o-dichlorobenzene
Detector: Differential refractometer
Flow rate: 1.0 ml / min
Sample concentration: 0.15 wt%
Injection volume: 400 μl
Measured under the above conditions, the molecular weight of the sample is calculated by using a molecular weight gradient curve created with a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample, and converted to polyethylene using the conversion formula derived from the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada formula or the viscosity formula. Calculated.
[0029]
The crystallinity of the wax is measured by the X-ray diffraction method under the following conditions.
X-ray: Cu-Kα ray (single color with graphite monochromator)
Wavelength λ = 1.5406 angstrom
Output 40kV, 40mA
Optical system: reflection method, slit DS, SS = 1 °, RS = 0.3 mm
Measurement range: 2θ = 10 ° to 35 °
Step interval: 0.02 °
Scanning speed: 2θ / θ continuous scan 1.00 ° / min
Measured under the above conditions, the X-ray diffraction profile of the sample is separated into three crystal peaks and amorphous scattering, and the crystallinity is calculated from the area by the following equation.
Crystallinity (%) = Ic / (Ic + Ia) × 100
Ic: Sum of each crystal peak area
Ia: Sum of each crystal peak area + amorphous scattering area
The particle size of the toner is measured by various methods. In the present invention, the particle size of the toner is measured using a Coulter counter. The aperture was 100 μm, and the number distribution and volume distribution were measured using a Coulter counter TA-II type (Coulter). At this time, 50000 measurement samples were prepared by adding the measurement toner to the electrolytic solution to which the surfactant was added and dispersing the sample for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser. The average particle size of the toner is preferably 4 to 10 μm, and the proportion of particles of 4 μm or less contained in the toner is preferably suppressed to 25% by number or less.
[0030]
Furthermore, durability is further improved by suppressing the ratio of 4 μm or less to 15% by number or less. In a two-component developer, a carrier and several percent of toner are mixed and the toner is charged by friction between the toner and the carrier. However, toner of 4 μm or less is difficult to be separated from the carrier and is likely to cause a spent on the surface of the carrier because it is in contact with the carrier for a long time. . Further, the fine particle toner of 4 μm or less requires more heat energy than toner having a large particle diameter at the time of fixing (fogging) on the non-image area and fixing, and is disadvantageous for low-temperature fixability. Accordingly, the ratio of 4 μm or less in the toner is preferably 25% by number or less of the total number of toner particles, preferably 15% by number or less of the total number of toner particles, and more preferably 10% by number or less.
[0031]
The toner DSC measurement weighed about 5 mg of the toner, placed on the DSC, blown 50 ml of nitrogen gas per minute, raised the temperature from 20 ° C. to 200 ° C., and cooled from 200 ° C. to 0 ° C. at 10 ° C./min. Then, the temperature was raised again at a rate of 10 ° C./min, and the maximum endothermic peak was obtained from the DSC absorption heat quantity curve at that time.
[0032]
The toner flow tester measured about 10 g of toner after weighing about 1.0 g of toner.2After preheating the sample solidified by pressing at a pressure of 5 minutes, the starting temperature is 50 ° C., the heating rate is 6.0 ° C./min, and the cylinder load is 20 kgf · cm.2After measurement with a cylinder die diameter of 1 mm and a cylinder die length of 10 mm, the value defined by the temperature rising 1/2 method was defined as the softening point (T1 / 2).
[0033]
Examples of the fixing resin used in the toner of the present invention include the following resins.
[0034]
Styrene and substituted homopolymers such as polystyrene, poly-p-chlorostyrene, polyvinyltoluene; styrene-p-chlorostyrene copolymer, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymer, styrene-vinylnaphthalene copolymer, styrene -Acrylic acid ester copolymer, styrene-methacrylic acid ester copolymer, styrene-α-chloromethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-vinyl methyl ether copolymer, styrene-vinyl ethyl ether Styrene-based copolymers such as copolymers, styrene-vinyl methyl ketone copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-isoprene copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile-indene copolymers; Resin, natural modified film Nord resin, natural resin modified maleic acid resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polyvinyl acetate, silicone resin, polyester resin, polyurethane, polyamide resin, furan resin, epoxy resin, xylene resin, polyvinyl butyral, terpene resin, chroman-indene resin Petroleum resins can be mentioned, and styrene copolymers or polyester resins are preferred. Further, a low hygroscopic resin obtained by graft copolymerizing styrene-acryl with the above-described polyester resin can also be used. The styrene polymer or styrene copolymer may be cross-linked or a mixed resin.
[0035]
In order to fix at low temperature and prevent high temperature offset, for example, in the case of styrene to (meth) acrylic resin, it is composed of a high molecular weight polymer and a low molecular weight polymer, the former being a toner offset resistance and the latter being a fixing strength. It is effective for securing. It is said that the balance between the two compositions is important for achieving both low-temperature fixability and offset resistance, and also affects storage stability. The molecular weight distribution of styrene to (meth) acrylic resin can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for components soluble in tetrahydrofuran. Low temperature fixability and offset resistance are achieved by using a high molecular weight polymer component with a molecular weight of over 500,000 and a low molecular weight component with a molecular weight of 20000 or less as a resin in the range of 20:80 to 60:40 by GPC measurement. I can do it.
[0036]
Further, in order to improve the compatibility between the fixing resin and the wax, the fixing resin may be prepared by a co-polymerization method in which the wax coexists in all or part of the synthesis process.
[0037]
In the method of preparing a fixing resin by the co-polymerization method in the presence of wax, the vinyl copolymer includes a styrene monomer and / or a (meth) acrylate monomer as a constituent unit. Other vinyl monomers can be included.
[0038]
By performing the co-polymerization in which the wax is present in the present invention in all or part of the synthesis, a vinyl copolymer in which the wax is uniformly dispersed can be obtained as at least a component thereof. The vinyl copolymer is mainly a monomer having two or more polymerizable double bonds, such as divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, divinylaniline, divinyl It may be partially crosslinked with a crosslinking agent such as vinyl ether, divinyl sulfide, and divinyl sulfone.
[0039]
Specific examples of the styrene monomer as the structural unit of the vinyl polymer include orthomethyl styrene, metamethyl styrene, alphamethyl styrene, 2,4-dimethyl styrene and the like in addition to styrene.
[0040]
Specific examples of the acrylate ester or methacrylate ester monomer as the structural unit of the vinyl polymer include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, and acrylic acid n. -Octyl, dodecyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, methacryl In addition to acrylic acid or methacrylic acid alkyl esters such as stearyl acid, 2-chloroethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl α-chloroacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, Examples include diethylaminoethyl tacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, bisglycidyl methacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, methacryloxyethyl phosphate, and the like. Ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methacrylic acid Methyl, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and the like are particularly preferably used.
[0041]
Other vinyl monomers as the constituent units of the vinyl polymer include acrylic acid such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, α-ethylacrylic acid, crotonic acid, and α- or β-alkyl derivatives thereof, fumaric acid, maleic acid. Examples include unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as acids, citraconic acid, itaconic acid and their monoester derivatives and diester derivatives, succinic acid monoacryloyloxyethyl ester, succinic acid monomethacryloyloxyethyl ester, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, etc. it can.
[0042]
In the toner of the present invention, the charge amount of the toner can be controlled to a desired value by blending (internal addition) or mixing (external addition) a charge control agent with the toner particles.
[0043]
Examples of the positive charge control agent for toner include modified products of nigrosine and fatty acid metal salts; quaternary ammonium salts such as tributylbenzylammonium-1-hydroxy-4-naphthosulfonic acid, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and the like. Onium salts such as phosphonium salts and their lake pigments, triphenylmethane dyes and their lake pigments, metal salts of higher fatty acids; diorganotin oxides such as dibutyltin oxide, dioctyltin oxide, dicyclohexyltin oxide; dibutyltin borate , Diorganotin borates such as dioctyl tin borate and dicyclohexyl tin borate; these can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0044]
Among these, charge control agents such as nigrosine, quaternary ammonium salts, and triphenylmethane dye are particularly preferably used.
[0045]
As the negative charge control agent of the toner, an organic metal complex and a chelate compound are effective, and there are a monoazo metal complex, an acetylacetone metal complex, an aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid, and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid type metal complex. Others include aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, aromatic mono- and polycarboxylic acids and their metal salts, anhydrides, esters, phenol derivatives such as bisphenols.
[0046]
When these charge control agents are internally added to the toner, it is preferable to add 0.1 to 10 wt% with respect to the fixing resin.
[0047]
In the toner of the present invention, it is preferable to add silica fine powder or the like externally in order to improve developability, fluidity, charging stability and durability.
[0048]
The silica fine powder used in the present invention has a specific surface area of 30 m by nitrogen adsorption measured by the BET method.2/ G or more is preferable, and externally added in the range of 0.01 to 5 wt% with respect to the toner. Further, if necessary, the silica fine powder is hydrophobized with various treating agents such as organosilicon compounds, or various treating agents, or the chargeability is controlled. Since fluidity, durability, storage stability, and the like vary depending on the type of the treatment agent and the particle size of the silica fine powder, it is selected according to the purpose.
[0049]
Furthermore, lubricant powders such as Teflon (registered trademark) resin powder, zinc stearate powder and polyvinylidene fluoride powder, among which polyvinylidene fluoride is preferable. Alternatively, a polishing agent such as cerium oxide powder, silicon carbide powder, and strontium titanate powder, among which strontium titanate is preferable. Alternatively, fluidity-imparting agents such as titanium oxide powder and aluminum oxide powder, and particularly hydrophobic ones are preferred. A small amount of an anti-aggregation agent, or a conductivity-imparting agent such as carbon black powder, zinc oxide powder, antimony oxide powder or tin oxide powder, and white and black fine particles having opposite polarity can also be used as a developability improver.
[0050]
The toner of the present invention can contain a magnetic material. The magnetic material can also serve as a colorant. In the present invention, the magnetic material contained in the toner includes magnetite, hematite, ferrite iron oxide; metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, or aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, tin, zinc of these metals. , Alloys with metals such as antimony, calcium, manganese, selenium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium and mixtures thereof.
[0051]
These magnetic materials have an average particle diameter of 2 μm or less, preferably about 0.1 to 0.5 μm, and the amount contained in the toner is preferably 0.1 to 200 wt% with respect to the fixing resin.
[0052]
The colorant that can be used in the toner of the present invention includes any appropriate pigment or dye. Examples of the toner colorant include carbon black, aniline black, acetylene black, naphthol yellow, Hansa yellow, rhodamine lake, alizarin lake, Bengala, phthalocyanine blue, and indanthrene blue as pigments. These are used in an amount necessary and sufficient to maintain the optical density of the fixed image, and preferably 0.2 to 15 wt% is added to the resin.
[0053]
Further, a dye is used for the same purpose. For example, there are azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, xanthene dyes, and methine dyes, and these are added in an amount of 0.2 to 15 wt% with respect to the resin.
[0054]
To prepare the electrophotographic toner of the present invention, a hydrocarbon wax having a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a number average molecular weight of 600 or less, a melt viscosity at 140 ° C. of less than 15 mPa · s, and a crystallinity of 95%. Fixing by uniformly dispersing polyethylene wax in the range of 1:10 to 2: 1, fixing resin, charge control agent, pigment or dye as colorant, magnetic powder, and if necessary, additive and wax After fully mixing with a mixing machine such as a Henschel mixer or a super mixer, and then mixing the materials with a hot melt kneader such as a heating roller, kneader or extruder, and thoroughly mixing the materials, After cooling and solidification, fine pulverization and classification are performed to obtain a toner. The pulverization method at this time includes a jet mill method in which toner is included in a high-speed air stream, the toner collides with an impact plate and pulverizes with the energy, an inter-particle collision method in which toner particles collide with each other in the air flow, and further at high speed. A mechanical pulverization method in which toner is supplied and pulverized between a rotated rotor and a narrow gap can be used. In the jet mill method and the interparticle method, the toner is pulverized by collision energy, so the shape of the pulverized toner particles is relatively sharp, but when using the mechanical pulverization method, the toner is pulverized while being rubbed between the gaps. In addition, the toner surface is easily spheroidized by the frictional heat generated at this time. In particular, in the toner aiming at reducing the particle size and fixing at a low temperature, the phenomenon that the toner melts and adheres to the collision plate at the time of pulverization as pointed out in JP-A-7-287413 does not occur. It is also possible to prevent a decrease in toner fluidity, which is a unique phenomenon when a low molecular weight wax is contained. Therefore, it is preferable to use a mechanical grinding method for fine grinding. It can also be obtained by a so-called polymerization method in which a monomer is polymerized in the presence of a colorant, a charge control agent, a wax or the like when polymerized. Further, it can be obtained by a microencapsulation method. The produced toner can be further adhered and mixed with a desired additive as required by a mixer such as a Henschel mixer to obtain a toner to which the additive is externally added.
[0055]
As the carrier that can be used in the present invention, a known carrier can be used. For example, a resin carrier in which iron powder, ferrite, magnetite, glass beads, and magnetic fine particles are dispersed in a binder resin can be used, and the carrier surface can be used. A coating layer can be provided on the surface. The charging characteristics, electrical resistance value, etc. of the carrier can be controlled by the binder resin, the chargeable fine particles, and the coating layer.
[0056]
Examples of the binder resin used for the resin carrier include thermoplastic resins such as vinyl resins, polyester resins, nylon resins, and polyolefin resins, and thermosetting resins such as phenol resins.
[0057]
Magnetic fine particles include spinel ferrite such as magnetite and gamma iron oxide, and magnetoplumbite type such as spinel ferrite and barium ferrite containing one or more metals other than iron (Mn, Ni, Zn, Mg, Cu, etc.) Ferrite, iron or alloy particles having an oxide layer on the surface can be used. The shape may be granular, spherical, or needle-shaped. In particular, when high magnetization is required, it is preferable to use ferromagnetic fine particles such as iron. In consideration of chemical stability, it is preferable to use magnetoplumbite type ferrite such as spinel ferrite and barium ferrite containing magnetite and gamma iron oxide. By selecting the type and content of the ferromagnetic fine particles, a resin carrier having a desired magnetization can be obtained. At this time, the magnetic property of the carrier is preferably 30 to 150 emu / g as the magnetization strength at 1000 oersted.
[0058]
Such a resin carrier is manufactured by spraying a melt-kneaded product of magnetic fine particles and an insulating binder resin with a spray dryer, or reacting and curing a monomer or prepolymer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the magnetic fine particles. A resin carrier in which magnetic fine particles are dispersed in a condensed binder can be produced.
[0059]
Chargeability can be controlled by fixing positively or negatively charged fine particles or conductive fine particles on the surface of the carrier or coating a resin.
[0060]
As the surface coating material, a silicone resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, a fluorine resin, or the like is used. Further, coating can be performed including positive or negatively charged fine particles or conductive fine particles. The mixing ratio of the toner of the present invention to the carrier is preferably 2 to 10 wt% as the toner concentration.
[0061]
Using the electrophotographic toner of the present invention, the latent electrostatic image formed on the electrostatic charge holding member is visualized, the visualized toner image is transferred onto a recording medium, and remains on the electrostatic charge holding member. In the electrostatic image recording process that cleans the toner image that has been transferred and fixes the toner image transferred onto the recording medium to obtain a recorded image, it exhibits good fixing performance, particularly at low temperatures, is resistant to rubbing, and flows toner Excellent stability, heat resistance, durability, and storage stability. Prolonged developer life due to carrier spent with toner, and reduced photoreceptor life due to photoreceptor filming with toner. A method can be provided.
[0062]
The developing device used in the present invention is selected depending on the moving speed of the electrostatic charge holding member. However, in the case of a high-speed printer or the like in which the moving speed of the electrostatic charge holding member is fast, the development of one developing magnetic roller is not always sufficient. A plurality of development magnetic rollers are used, and development is performed by increasing the development area and extending the development time. When a plurality of developing magnetic rollers are used, a higher developing ability can be obtained compared to a single developing roller system, which not only improves the response to high-area image printing and print quality, The toner content can be reduced, and the rotation speed of the developing roller can be reduced, and the carrier spent by the toner due to the scattering of the toner and the reduction of the load on the developer can be prevented and the life of the developer can be extended. Furthermore, it becomes possible.
[0063]
Furthermore, in a developing system using a plurality of developing rollers, unidirectional development in which the developing roller rotates in the forward direction and the forward direction of the electrostatic charge holding member has a high developing ability, but it tends to cause background fogging and Chips and magnetic brush marks are likely to appear. On the other hand, unidirectional development in which the developing roller rotates in the direction opposite to the traveling direction of the electrostatic charge holding member has stable background because there is little background fogging and the brushes of the magnetic brush are less likely to appear although the rear end of the image area is missing. Is obtained. However, since the reverse direction development has a small effective toner amount in contact with the electrostatic charge holding member, the development ability may be small. On the other hand, since the center feed method has both the forward and reverse developing rollers described above, the disadvantages of the two developing methods can be avoided. A center-feed type developing device is known, for example, from Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 62-45552.
[0064]
By using a combination of such a development method and the electrophotographic toner of the present invention, the energy required for fixing is small for an image, and when the heat roller fixing method is adopted, the temperature and pressure of the heat roller are reduced. Is less likely to cause an offset phenomenon, has good toner fluidity, heat resistance, durability, and storage stability, shortens the life of the developer due to carrier spent by the toner, and sensitizes by photoconductor filming with the toner. It is possible to create a stable image in which a decrease in body life hardly occurs.
[0065]
Examples of the present invention will be described below, but the present invention is not limited thereby.
Example 1
Styrene-acrylic copolymer resin (trade name: Hymer SB316 Mw238000, Mn3500, manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) 86 wt%, chromium metal-containing dye (trade name: Bontron S-34, manufactured by Orient Chemical Industries), carbon black (Mitsubishi) Chemical company product name: MA-100) 8 wt% and paraffin wax (manufactured by Nippon Seiwa Co., Ltd. product name: HNP-3 polyethylene equivalent molecular weight Mn440, DSC endothermic peak 53.3 ° C., 67.8 ° C.) 1.0 wt% and Polyethylene wax (trade name Neowax AL, polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn430, DSC endothermic peak 83.7 ° C., 98.4 ° C., 101.6 ° C., 140 ° C., melt viscosity 8.5 cp, crystallinity 83%, manufactured by Yasuhara Chemical Co., Ltd.) 4 Raw material composed of 0 wt% is reserved in a super mixer Combined, after heat melt kneading with a twin-screw kneader, and pulverized after cooling, the average particle diameter and classified to obtain particles of 9μm thereafter dry air classifier.
[0066]
Further, 0.8 wt% of hydrophobic silica (trade name: Aerosil R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) was added to the particles, and the mixture was stirred with a Henschel mixer to adhere the hydrophobic silica to the surface of the particles to obtain the toner of Example 1. It was. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 9.0 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 8.2% by number.
(Comparative Example 1)
Comparison was made in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 5 wt% of paraffin wax (trade name: HNP-11, polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn390, DSC endothermic peak 60.9 ° C., 70.6 ° C.) manufactured by Nippon Seiwa Co., Ltd. was used as the wax. The toner of Example 1 was obtained. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 8.8 μm, and the toner of 4 μm or less was 10.3% by number.
(Example 2)
Paraffin wax (trade name: HNP-11 polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn390, DSC endothermic peak 60.9 ° C., 70.6 ° C.) 3 wt% and polyethylene wax (trade name Neowax AL manufactured by Yasuhara Chemical Co.) Example 1 except that molecular weight Mn430, DSC endothermic peak 83.7 ° C., 98.4 ° C., 101.6 ° C., melt viscosity at 140 ° C., 8.5 cp, crystallinity 83%) 2 wt% were used. A toner of Example 2 was obtained. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 8.9 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 6.7% by number.
(Example 3)
Paraffin wax (trade name: HNP-3 polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn440, DSC endothermic peaks 53.3 ° C, 67.8 ° C) 2.55 wt% and polyethylene wax (trade name Neowax LS, manufactured by Yashara Chemical Co., Ltd.) Example 1 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2.5 wt% (polyethylene equivalent molecular weight Mn380, DSC endothermic peak 74.2 ° C, 94.3 ° C, 140 ° C melt viscosity 8.5 cp, crystallinity 83%) was used. The toner of Example 3 was obtained. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 9.2 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 5.2% by number.
Example 4
Paraffin wax (trade name: HNP-11 polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn390, DSC endothermic peak 60.9 ° C, 70.6 ° C) 2 wt% and polyethylene wax (product name PW655N manufactured by Toyo Petrolite Co., Ltd.) The toner of Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that molecular weight Mn530, DSC endothermic peaks 62.2 ° C., 92.7 ° C., 140 ° C. melt viscosity 6 cp, crystallinity 93%) 3 wt% were used. It was. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 9.0 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 7.3% by number.
(Example 5)
Alpha olefins (trade name: VYBAR253, polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn310, DSC endothermic peaks 46.4 ° C, 63.2 ° C) 1.5 wt% and polyethylene wax (trade name PW655N, manufactured by Toyo Petrolite Co., Ltd., polyethylene conversion) Toner of Example 5 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that molecular weight Mn530, DSC endothermic peaks 62.2 ° C, 92.7 ° C, melt viscosity 6cp at 140 ° C, crystallinity 93%) 3.5 wt% were used. Got. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 8.8 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 6.2% by number.
(Example 6)
Paraffin wax (trade name: SP-0145, polyethylene equivalent molecular weight Mn290, DSC endothermic peak 49.0 ° C., 63.5 ° C.) 2.5 wt% and polyethylene wax (trade name High Wax, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals) 100P polyethylene equivalent molecular weight Mn550, DSC endothermic peak 105.2 ° C., 117.7 ° C., melt viscosity 12.7 cp at 140 ° C., crystallinity 90%) 2.5 wt% A toner of Example 6 was obtained. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 9.2 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 7.5% by number.
(Comparative Example 2)
A toner of Comparative Example 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 5% by weight of polypropylene wax (trade name Viscol 660P, polyethylene equivalent molecular weight Mn 1070, DSC endothermic peak 140.0 ° C., manufactured by Sanyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used as the wax. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner D was 9.1 μm, and the number of toners of 4 μm or less was 8.6% by number.
(Comparative Example 3)
Except for using 5 wt% of polyethylene wax (trade name: PW1000, polyethylene equivalent molecular weight Mn820, DSC endothermic peak 110.0 ° C., melt viscosity at 140 ° C., 13.7 cp, crystallinity 90%) as wax. In the same manner as in Example 1, a toner of Comparative Example 3 was obtained. At this time, the average particle diameter of the toner was 8.7 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 9.4% by number.
(Comparative Example 4)
Paraffin wax (trade name: HNP-11 polyethylene conversion molecular weight Mn 390, DSC endothermic peaks 60.9 ° C., 70.6 ° C.) 3 wt% as a wax and Fisher tropish wax (trade name SPRAY30 polyethylene manufactured by Sasol) A toner of Comparative Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the converted molecular weight Mn520, DSC endothermic peak 91.9 ° C., melt viscosity 6.9 cp at 140 ° C. and crystallinity 90% 2 wt% were used. At this time, the average particle size of the toner was 9.0 μm, and the toner having a particle size of 4 μm or less was 7.7% by number.
[0067]
Next, the fixing performance and storage stability of the developers of Examples and Comparative Examples were evaluated by the following methods.
(1) Non-offset temperature range
In an electrophotographic laser beam printer using OPC as a photoconductor, an OPC charging potential of −600 V, a residual potential of −50 V, a developing bias potential of −400 V, a developing portion contrast potential of 350 V, and a printing speed of 70 sheets per minute (printing) Images were produced at a process speed of 31.4 cm / sec. The developing machine uses a center feed type developing device in which a developing magnetic roller has a developing magnetic roller that rotates in the reverse direction and a developing magnetic roller that rotates in the forward direction and the forward direction of the electrostatic charge holding member. The distance between the photosensitive member and the developing roller sleeve was 0.8 mm, and an image was produced by reversal development.
[0068]
The fixing machine is a heat roller in which an aluminum cored bar is thinly coated with a fluororesin (tetrafluoroethylene to perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer: PFA) tube (thickness 30 μm) and a heater lamp is installed in the center. A silicon rubber layer (thickness 7 mm) with a rubber hardness of about 30 degrees is installed on an aluminum core, and the outermost layer is covered with a PFA tube as a backup roller. The fixing condition is a process speed of 31.4 cm / sec. The outer diameter of the heat roller and the backup roller is 60 mm, the pressing load is 60 kgf, the width of the contact area (nip) of both is about 7 mm, the control temperature of the heat roller is changed, and the blank portion of the fixed image at each surface temperature of the heat roller The offset was evaluated from the dirt. The heat roller is originally equipped with a Nomex paper take-up type cleaning machine impregnated with silicone oil. However, when evaluating the offset, remove the cleaning machine and use thick paper (thickness of about 200 μm) without silicone oil. ) And thin paper (thickness of about 100 μm), and the former was evaluated for low temperature offset and the latter for high temperature offset.
(2) Fixing strength
The surface temperature of the heat roller of the fixing machine is set to 170 ° C., and a tape peeling test is performed on a 1-inch square solid black image and a line drawing at intervals of 1 on 4 laser beams recorded on thick paper (thickness: about 200 μm). And a rubbing test to evaluate the fixing strength of the image.
[0069]
In the tape peeling test, a scotch mending tape 810 was applied to a solid black image, the image density before and after the tape was peeled off was measured with a reflection densitometer (Macbeth RD-914), and the tape peeling strength was obtained from the following formula. .
[0070]
Tape peel strength (%) = reflection density of solid black image after tape peeling / reflection density of solid black image before tape peeling × 100
In the rubbing test, the line drawing is rubbed with Whatman filter paper 44 under a load of 200 gf, the degree of dirt on the filter paper is evaluated with a whiteness meter, and the ratio of the light reflectance between the dirty filter paper and the unfiltered filter paper is determined as a hunter value (%). And determined as the rubbing strength (%).
(3) Storage stability
The toner was placed in a metal petri dish and left for 24 hours at 50 ° C. in a desiccator with a humidity controller controlling the humidity to 91% RH, and the degree of toner aggregation was visually evaluated.
[0071]
Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the toners of the above items.
[0072]
[Table 1]
[0073]
As can be seen from the evaluation results in Table 1, the developer of the present invention is less likely to cause an offset from a low temperature to a high temperature and has a wide non-offset temperature range. Is unlikely to occur. Further, the fixing strength at a fixing temperature of 170 ° C. was 90% or more in terms of tape peeling strength and 80% or more in terms of rubbing strength. Both the tape peeling strength and the rubbing strength were very high. In contrast, with the toner of Comparative Example 1, hot offset occurred at 175 ° C. or higher.
[0074]
In the toners of Comparative Examples 2 and 3, the temperature range where no offset occurs was narrow, and the fixing strength was not sufficiently obtained. For the toner of Comparative Example 4, a tape peel strength of 90% or more was obtained, but the rubbing strength could not reach 80%. The images obtained in these examples were repeatedly used as a manuscript for 20 times with a commercially available copying machine equipped with an automatic current feeder, and the image was confirmed to have no stain. On the other hand, in the images of Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the image was slightly stained after 20 repetitions.
[0075]
Further, the present invention was applied to the above laser beam printer, and continuous printing was carried out for the examples. However, even when continuous printing of 300,000 pages was repeated, the life of the developer was decreased due to the carrier spent by the toner, and the photosensitive member filming by the toner. A stable image could be obtained without deteriorating the life of the photoreceptor.
[0076]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the energy required for fixing is small, the temperature and pressure of the heat roller can be lowered when the heat roller fixing method is adopted, and the offset phenomenon hardly occurs, and the peel strength is high at a low temperature. And frictional strength, fluidity, heat resistance, durability, and storage stability are good, and it is difficult for the developer life to decrease due to the carrier spent by the toner, and the photoreceptor life to decrease due to the photoreceptor filming with the toner. An electrophotographic toner can be provided. In addition, a stable image production method using the same can be provided.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002309464A JP4013133B2 (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2002-10-24 | Toner for electrophotography and image forming method |
| US10/652,479 US7022448B2 (en) | 2002-09-03 | 2003-09-02 | Electrophotographic toner and image-forming system |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001-344559 | 2001-11-09 | ||
| JP2001344559 | 2001-11-09 | ||
| JP2002309464A JP4013133B2 (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2002-10-24 | Toner for electrophotography and image forming method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2003207929A JP2003207929A (en) | 2003-07-25 |
| JP4013133B2 true JP4013133B2 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002309464A Expired - Fee Related JP4013133B2 (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2002-10-24 | Toner for electrophotography and image forming method |
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| Country | Link |
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| JP (1) | JP4013133B2 (en) |
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| JP2003207929A (en) | 2003-07-25 |
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