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JP4013538B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same - Google Patents
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JP4013538B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same Download PDF

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JP4013538B2
JP4013538B2 JP2001390047A JP2001390047A JP4013538B2 JP 4013538 B2 JP4013538 B2 JP 4013538B2 JP 2001390047 A JP2001390047 A JP 2001390047A JP 2001390047 A JP2001390047 A JP 2001390047A JP 4013538 B2 JP4013538 B2 JP 4013538B2
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aqueous electrolyte
secondary battery
lithium secondary
battery
lithium
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JP2003187862A (en
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正道 大貫
洋 町野
克哉 諫田
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Mitsubishi Chemical Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description

【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、非水系電解液及びそれを用いたリチウム二次電池に関する。
【従来の技術】
リチウム二次電池はエネルギー密度が高く、しかも自己放電を起こしにくいという利点がある。そこで近年、携帯電話やノートパソコン、PDA等の民生用モバイル機器用の電源として広く利用されている。リチウム二次電池用の電解液は支持電解質であるリチウム塩と非水系の有機溶媒とから構成される。非水系の有機溶媒は、リチウム塩を解離させるために高い誘電率を有すること、広い温度領域で高いイオン伝導度を発現させること、電池中で安定であることが要求される。これらの要求を一つの溶媒で達成するのは困難であるので、通常はプロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート等に代表される高沸点溶媒とジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート等の低沸点溶媒とを組み合わせて使用している。
これらの有機溶媒は通常の使用条件であれば電池中で安定であるが、電池が過充電状態になると分解する。時には急激に分解反応が進行し、熱暴走を引き起こし、ついには発火に至る場合すらある。従ってリチウム電池には過充電防止対策としてPTC、CID、充電保護回路等の安全装置が設けられているのが通例である。しかしながらこれらの安全装置は比較的高コストであり、また作動が不十分である場合もあることから、不燃性を有する等の本質的に安全な電解液、及びより早期の段階で安全装置を作動させる電解液が切望されている。
この要求を満たすべく、電解液の中に過充電防止剤を添加する方法がいくつか開示されている。例えば特許3061759号にはビフェニル、1,2−ジメトキシベンゼン等のモノマーを添加することにより過充電時に気体を発生させ、電気供給切断装置を作動させることが提案されている。
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、特許3061759号で提案された添加剤は、過充電時に気体を発生させるタイプであるので、構造上感圧装置を持たない角型電池等においては効果がないばかりか、むしろ気体発生に伴って電池が膨らむので好ましいものではない。特に携帯電話に代表される機器においては内部の空間に余裕がないために、電池の膨張は周辺回路の破壊に繋がる。従って特に角型電池等においては気体を発生させずに過充電を防止させることが求められていた。
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は、上記の課題を解決すべく鋭意検討を重ねた結果、非水系電解液に特定の化合物を含有させることによって電池の過充電特性が大幅に改善されることを見出して、本発明を完成するに至った。
即ち本発明の要旨は、リチウム塩が非水系有機溶媒に溶解されてなる非水系電解液であって、該非水系有機溶媒が下記一般式(1)で表されるフェノキシ化合物を含有することを特徴とする非水系電解液、に存する。
【化2】

Figure 0004013538
(式中、XはR3、OR3、NH2又はNHR3を表し、R1、R2及びR3はそれぞれ独立して水素または炭化水素基を表す)
また本発明の他の要旨は、上記非水系電解液を用いたことを特徴とするリチウム二次電池、に存する。
上記のフェノキシ化合物を含有する電解液を用いると、過充電の比較的早期に発熱が起こり、セパレータが溶融して電流供給が停止する。正極からのリチウムのデインターカレーションがあまり進んでいない段階で電流遮断が起こるので、発火等の熱暴走に至ることがない。また上記のフェノキシ化合物を含有する電解液を用いると過充電時に発生する気体が少ないので、リチウム二次電池の膨張が防止される。
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態について詳述する。
本発明の非水系電解液は、非水系有機溶媒にリチウム塩が溶解され、さらに特定のフェノキシ化合物が含有されているものである。
本発明では下記一般式(1)で表されるフェノキシ化合物を添加剤として使用する。
【化3】
Figure 0004013538
(式中、XはR3、OR3、NH2又はNHR3を表し、R1、R2及びR3はそれぞれ独立して水素または炭化水素基を表す)
上記フェノキシ化合物としては、例えばメチルフェノキシアセテート、エチルフェノキシアセテート、n−プロピルフェノキシアセテート、イソプロピルフェノキシアセテート、n−ブチルフェノキシアセテート、s−ブチルフェノキシアセテート、t−ブチルフェノキシアセテート、n−ペンチルフェノキシアセテート、ネオペンチルフェノキシアセテート等のアルキルフェノキシアセテート類、フェニルフェノキシアセテート、ベンジルフェノキシアセテート等のアリールフェノキシアセテート類などのフェノキシアセテート類;メチル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、エチル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、n−プロピル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、イソプロピル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、n−ブチル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、s−ブチル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、t−ブチル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、n−ペンチル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、ネオペンチル−2−フェノキシプロピオート等のアルキル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート類、フェニル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート、ベンジル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート等のアリール−2−フェノキシプロピオネート類などの2−フェノキシプロピオネート類;2−フェノキシアセトアミド、2−フェノキシ−N−メチルアセトアミド、2−フェノキシ−N−エチルアセトアミド、2−フェノキシ−N−プロピルアセトアミド、2−フェノキシ−N−フェニルアセトアミド、2−フェノキシ−N−ベンジルアセトアミド等のフェノキシ基置換アミド類、フェノキシアセトン、1−フェノキシブタン−2−オン、3−フェノキシブタン−2−オン等のフェノキシ基置換ケトン類などが挙げられる。これらの添加剤は2種類以上を混合して使用してもよい。
上記フェノキシ化合物の中では、フェノキシアセテート類及び2−フェノキシプロピオネート類が好ましく、より好ましくはアルキルフェノキシアセテート類及びアルキル−2−フェノキシプロピオネート類である。さらに該アルキル基の炭素原子数が1〜4であるものがより好ましい。
上記フェノキシ化合物の添加量は特に限定されないが、非水系電解液に対して通常0.1〜10重量%、好ましくは0.5〜5重量%である。添加量が少な過ぎる場合には充分な過充電防止効果が発現せず、他方、添加量が多すぎるとイオン伝導度が低下してレート特性などの電池特性が低下する傾向にある。
本発明で支持電解質として使用されるリチウム塩としては、特に制限はないが、例えばLiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、CF3SO3Li、C49SO3Li、CF3COOLi、(CF3CO)2NLi、(CF3SO22NLi、(C25SO22NLiなどのリチウム塩が挙げられる。特に、溶媒に溶けやすくかつ高い解離度を示すLiPF6、LiBF4、CF3SO3Li及び(CF3SO22NLiからなる群から選ばれるリチウム塩は好適に用いられる。また非水系電解液中のリチウム塩の濃度は、非水系電解液に対して通常0.5〜2mol/Lの範囲で使用するのが好ましい。
本発明で用いる非水系有機溶媒としては、リチウム塩を溶解させることができる限り特に限定はされないが、なかでも高いイオン導電性を発現させる溶媒として、通常、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、メチルプロピルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネート類、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)等の環状カーボネート類、ビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート等の不飽和カーボネート類、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフランなどのエーテル類、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン等の環状エステル類、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸メチル等の鎖状エステル類が好ましく用いられる。
これらの有機溶媒は、通常、適切な物性を達成するように混合して使用される。例えば上記鎖状カーボネート類の中でも特にエチルメチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート等の非対称カーボネートを混合使用するのは好ましい。そのなかでもエチルメチルカーボネートは粘度が低いためリチウムの移動性を高めるだけでなく、沸点が比較的高いため揮散しにくくて取り扱いやすく、またLiとの反応も少ないので好適に用いられる。またビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート等の不飽和カーボネート類を混合使用すると、これらの不飽和カーボネート類は初期充電時に還元されやすく、安定な界面保護皮膜(SEI)を形成するのに寄与するので好ましい。
本発明の非水系電解液を調製するに際し、電解液の各原料は予め脱水しておくのが好ましい。各原料の水分量は通常50ppm以下、好ましくは30ppm以下とするのがよい。水が多量に存在すると、水の電気分解及びリチウム金属との反応、リチウム塩の加水分解などが起こる可能性があり、電池用の電解質として不適当な場合がある。脱水の手段に特に制限はないが、有機溶媒などの液体の場合はモレキュラーシーブ等を用いればよい。またリチウム塩などの固体の場合は分解が起きる温度以下で乾燥するのがよい。
本発明の非水系電解液は、リチウム二次電池用の電解液として有用である。以下、本発明のリチウム二次電池について説明する。
本発明の非水系電解液を適用しうるリチウム二次電池の基本的構成は、従来公知のリチウム二次電池と同様であり、正極と負極とが多孔膜及び本発明の非水系電解液を介してケースに収納されて構成される。本発明の二次電池に使用される正極及び負極は、電池の種類に応じて適宜選択すればよいが、少なくとも正極、負極に対応した活物質を含有する。また、活物質を固定するためのバインダーを含有してもよい。
本発明のリチウム二次電池に使用できる正極活物質としては、例えば、Fe、Co、Ni、Mn等の遷移金属を有する酸化物、リチウムとの複合酸化物、硫化物等の無機化合物が挙げられる。具体的には、MnO、V25、V613、TiO2等の遷移金属酸化物、ニッケル酸リチウム、コバルト酸リチウム、マンガン酸リチウムなどのリチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物、TiS2、FeSなどの遷移金属硫化物が挙げられる。また、正極活物質として、例えばポリアニリン等の導電性ポリマー等の有機化合物を用いることもできる。上記の活物質の複数種を混合して用いてもよい。活物質が粒状の場合の粒径は、レ−ト特性、サイクル特性等の電池特性が優れる点で通常1〜30μm、好ましくは1〜10μm程度である。
本発明のリチウム二次電池に使用できる負極活物質としては、リチウム金属、リチウム合金を使用することもできるが、サイクル特性及び安全性が良好な点で、リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出可能な化合物としてコークス,アセチレンブラック、メゾフェーズマイクロビーズ、グラファイト等の炭素質物質を使用するのが特に好ましい。粒状の負極活物質の粒径は、初期効率、レ−ト特性、サイクル特性等の電池特性が優れる点で、通常1〜50μm、好ましくは15〜30μm程度である。
また、上記炭素質物質を有機物等と混合・焼成した材料、あるいはCVD法等を用いて、少なくとも表面の一部に上記炭素質物に比べて非晶質の炭素を形成した材料もまた、炭素質物質として好適に使用することができる。
上記有機物としては、軟ピッチから硬ピッチまでのコールタールピッチ;乾留液化油等の石炭系重質油;常圧残油、減圧残油等の直留系重質油;原油、ナフサ等の熱分解時に副生する分解系重質油(例えばエチレンヘビーエンド)等の石油系重質油が挙げられる。また、これらの重質油を200〜400℃で蒸留して得られた固体状残渣物を、1〜100μmに粉砕したものも使用することができる。さらに塩化ビニル樹脂や、焼成によりフェノール樹脂やイミド樹脂となるこれらの樹脂前駆体も使用することができる。
正極又は負極に使用できるバインダーとしては、耐候性、耐薬品性、耐熱性、難燃性等の観点から各種の材料が使用される。具体的には、シリケート、ガラスのような無機化合物や、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ−1,1−ジメチルエチレンなどのアルカン系ポリマー;ポリブタジエン、ポリイソプレンなどの不飽和系ポリマー;ポリスチレン、ポリメチルスチレン、ポリビニルピリジン、ポリ−N−ビニルピロリドンなどの環を有するポリマー;ポリメタクリル酸メチル、ポリメタクリル酸エチル、ポリメタクリル酸ブチル、ポリアクリル酸メチル、ポリアクリル酸エチル、ポリアクリル酸、ポリメタクリル酸、ポリアクリルアミドなどのアクリル誘導体系ポリマー;ポリフッ化ビニル、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等のフッ素系樹脂;ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリビニリデンシアニドなどのCN基含有ポリマー;ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリビニルアルコールなどのポリビニルアルコール系ポリマー;ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ塩化ビニリデンなどのハロゲン含有ポリマー;ポリアニリンなどの導電性ポリマーなどが使用できる。また上記のポリマーなどの混合物、変成体、誘導体、ランダム共重合体、交互共重合体、グラフト共重合体、ブロック共重合体などであっても使用できる。これらの樹脂の重量平均分子量は、通常1万〜300万、好ましくは10万〜100万程度である。分子量が低すぎると電極の強度が低下する傾向にある。一方、分子量が高すぎると粘度が高くなり電極の形成が困難になることがある。好ましいバインダー樹脂は、フッ素系樹脂、CN基含有ポリマーである。
バインダーの使用量は、活物質100重量部に対して通常0.1重量部以上、好ましくは1重量部以上であり、また通常30重量部以下、好ましくは20重量部以下である。バインダーの量が少なすぎると電極の強度が低下する傾向にあり、他方、バインダーの量が多すぎるとイオン伝導度が低下する傾向にある。電極中には、電極の導電性や機械的強度を向上させるために、導電性材料、補強材など各種の機能を発現する添加剤、粉体、充填材などを含有させてもよい。導電性材料としては、上記活物質に適量混合して導電性を付与できるものであれば特に制限はないが、通常、アセチレンブラック、カーボンブラック、黒鉛などの炭素粉末や、各種の金属のファイバー、箔などが挙げられる。補強材としては各種の無機、有機の球状、繊維状フィラーなどが使用できる。
電極は、活物質やバインダー等の構成成分と溶剤とを含む塗料を塗布・乾燥することによって形成することができる。電極の厚さは、通常1μm以上、好ましくは10μm以上、さらに好ましくは20μm以上、最も好ましくは40μm以上であり、また通常200μm以下、好ましくは150μm以下、さらに好ましくは100μm以下である。薄すぎると塗布が困難になり均一性が確保しにくくなるだけでなく、電池の容量が小さくなりすぎることがある。一方、あまりに厚すぎるとレート特性が低下しすぎることがある。
正極及び負極の少なくとも一方の電極は、通常、集電体上に形成される。集電体としては、各種のものを使用することができるが、通常は金属や合金が用いられる。具体的には、正極の集電体としては、アルミニウムやニッケル、SUS等が挙げられ、負極の集電体としては、銅やニッケル、SUS等が挙げられる。好ましくは、正極の集電体としてアルミニウムを使用し、負極の集電体として銅を使用する。正負極層との結着効果が向上されるため、これら集電体の表面を予め粗面化処理しておくのが好ましい。表面の粗面化方法としては、ブラスト処理や粗面ロールにより圧延するなどの方法、研磨剤粒子を固着した研磨布紙、砥石、エメリバフ、鋼線などを備えたワイヤ−ブラシなどで集電体表面を研磨する機械的研磨法、電解研磨法、化学研磨法などが挙げられる。
また、電池の重量を低減させる、即ち重量エネルギー密度を向上させるために、エキスパンドメタルやパンチングメタルのような穴あきタイプの集電体を使用することもできる。この場合、その開口率を変更することで重量も自在に変更可能となる。また、このような穴あけタイプの集電体の両面に活物質を存在させた場合、この穴を通しての塗膜のリベット効果により塗膜の剥離がさらに起こりにくくなる傾向にあるが、開口率があまりに高くなった場合には、塗膜と集電体との接触面積が小さくなるため、かえって接着強度は低くなることがある。
集電体の厚さは、通常1μm以上、好ましくは5μm以上であり、通常100μm以下、好ましくは50μm以下である。あまりに厚すぎると、電池全体の容量が低下しすぎることになり、逆に薄すぎると取り扱いが困難になることがある。
本発明の電解液は、これを高分子によってゲル化して半固体状にしてもよい。半固体状電解質における上記電解液の使用量は、半固体状電解質の総量に対して、通常30重量%以上、好ましくは50重量%以上、さらに好ましくは75重量%以上であり、また通常99.95重量%以下、好ましくは99重量%以下、さらに好ましくは98重量%以下とする。使用量が多すぎると、電解液の保持が困難となり液漏れが生じやすくなり、逆に少なすぎると充放電効率や容量の点で不十分となることがある。
正極と負極との間には、短絡を防止する上で、多孔性のスペーサが設けられているのが好ましい。即ち、この場合、電解液は、多孔性のスペーサに含浸されて使用される。スペーサの材料としては、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィンや、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリエーテルスルホン等を用いることができるが、好ましくはポリオレフィンである。スペーサの厚さは、通常1μm以上、好ましくは5μm以上、さらに好ましくは10μm以上であり、また通常50μm以下、好ましくは40μm以下、さらに好ましくは30μm以下である。多孔膜が薄すぎると、絶縁性や機械的強度が悪化することがあり、厚すぎるとレート特性等の電池性能が悪化するばかりでなく、電池全体としてのエネルギー密度が低下することがある。スペーサの空孔率としては、通常20%以上、好ましくは35%以上、さらに好ましくは45%以上であり、また通常90%以下、好ましくは85%以下、さらに好ましくは75%以下である。空孔率が小さすぎると膜抵抗が大きくなりレート特性が悪化する傾向にある。また大きすぎると膜の機械的強度が低下し絶縁性が低下する傾向にある。スペーサの平均孔径は、通常0.5μm以下、好ましくは0.2μm以下であり、また通常0.05μm以上である。あまりに大きいと短絡が生じやすくなり、小さすぎると膜抵抗が大きくなりレート特性が悪化することがある。
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明の具体的態様を更に説明するが、本発明はその要旨を越えない限りこれらの実施例により限定されるものではない。
実施例1
[正極の製造]
コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)90重量%とポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5重量%とアセチレンブラック5重量%を混合し、N−メチルピロリドンを加えてスラリー状にしたものをアルミニウムからなる集電体の片面に塗布・乾燥して正極を得た。
[負極の製造]
グラファイト粉末87.4重量%とPVdF9.7重量%とアセチレンブラック2.9重量%を混合し、N−メチルピロリドンを加えてスラリー状にしたものを銅からなる集電体の両面に塗布・乾燥して負極を得た。
[電解液の調合]
LiPF6を1.25mol/Lの割合で含有するエチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとの混合溶媒(混合体積比2:3:3)100重量部にビニレンカーボネート2重量部を加えたものをベース電解液とし、これにエチルフェノキシアセテート4重量部を加えて電解液とした。
[リチウム二次電池の製造]
上記正極、負極及び膜厚16μm、空孔率45%、平均孔径0.05μmのポリエチレン製2軸延伸多孔膜フィルムに、それぞれ前記電解液を塗布・含浸させた後、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層した。こうして得られた電池要素を、まずPETフィルムで挟んだ後、アルミニウム層の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムに正極、負極の端子を突設させつつ、真空封止してシート状のリチウム二次電池を作製した。さらに電極間の密着性を高めるためにシリコンゴム及びガラス板でシート状電池を挟んだ上で0.35kg/cm2で加圧した。図1に二次電池の概略断面図を示す。
[電池初期特性評価]
コバルト酸リチウムの1時間当たりの放電量を138mAh/gとし、これと評価用リチウム二次電池の正極の活物質量とから放電速度1Cを求めてレート設定をした上で、0.2Cで4.2Vまで充電した後、0.2Cで3Vまで放電し初期のフォーメーションを行った。ついで0.5Cで4.2Vまで充電した後、0.2Cで3Vまで再度放電し、初期放電容量を求めた。結果を表−1に示した。なお充電時のカット電流は何れも0.05Cとした。
[過充電特性評価]
初期特性評価の終了した電池を0.5Cで4.2Vまで充電した後、負極端子に熱電対を付けて2Cの電流値で過充電を開始した。21分後(SOC170%に相当)に電池の温度を測定し、過充電開始時の温度を差し引いて上昇温度を求め、さらに30分(SOC200%に相当)後に通電を停止し、ガスの発生量をエタノール浴に電池を漬けて浮力を測定(アルキメデスの原理による)して求めた。結果を表−1に示した。
実施例2〜3
添加剤としてエチルフェノキシアセテートの代わりに表−1に記載の添加剤を添加した電解液を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウム二次電池を作製し、実施例1と同様の電池特性試験を実施した。結果を表−1に示した。
比較例1
エチルフェノキシアセテートを添加しない電解液を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウム二次電池を作製し、実施例1と同様の電池特性試験を実施した。結果を表−1に示した。
比較例2
添加剤としてエチルフェノキシアセテートの代わりにエチル(2−メチルフェノキシ)アセテートを添加した電解液を使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてリチウム二次電池を作製し、実施例1と同様の電池特性試験を実施した。結果を表−1に示した。
【表1】
Figure 0004013538
表−1から明らかなように、本発明の非水系電解液を用いれば過充電の初期の段階で発熱が多く、しかもガス発生量が少なくなり、過充電特性が大幅に向上する。特に過充電状態初期で発熱が大きいことは、セパレータの溶融又はPTC素子により電流遮断する角型の電池にとって好ましい。
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、高い容量、優れたレート特性のリチウム二次電池が得られ、また保存特性、安全性に優れたリチウム二次電池を得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明を実施したリチウム二次電池の構造を示す概略断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 正極
2 負極
3 セパレータ
4 PETフィルム
5 シリコンゴム
6 ガラス板
7 ラミネートフィルム
8 封止材つきリードBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium secondary battery using the same.
[Prior art]
Lithium secondary batteries have the advantages of high energy density and less self-discharge. Therefore, in recent years, it has been widely used as a power source for consumer mobile devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, and PDAs. The electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery is composed of a lithium salt as a supporting electrolyte and a non-aqueous organic solvent. The non-aqueous organic solvent is required to have a high dielectric constant for dissociating the lithium salt, to exhibit high ionic conductivity in a wide temperature range, and to be stable in the battery. Since it is difficult to achieve these requirements with a single solvent, usually a combination of a high boiling point solvent typified by propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate and a low boiling point solvent such as dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate is used. Yes.
These organic solvents are stable in the battery under normal use conditions, but decompose when the battery is overcharged. Sometimes the decomposition reaction proceeds abruptly, causing thermal runaway and eventually even ignition. Therefore, lithium batteries are usually provided with safety devices such as PTC, CID, and charge protection circuit as measures against overcharge. However, these safety devices are relatively expensive and may operate poorly, so they are intrinsically safe electrolytes, such as non-flammable, and operate the safety devices at an earlier stage. There is an urgent need for an electrolyte solution to be used.
In order to satisfy this requirement, several methods for adding an overcharge inhibitor into the electrolytic solution have been disclosed. For example, Japanese Patent No. 3061759 proposes that a monomer such as biphenyl or 1,2-dimethoxybenzene is added to generate gas at the time of overcharging and to operate the electric supply cutting device.
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, since the additive proposed in Japanese Patent No. 3061759 is a type that generates gas at the time of overcharging, it is not effective in a prismatic battery or the like that does not have a pressure-sensitive device structurally, but rather is accompanied by gas generation. This is not preferable because the battery swells. In particular, in a device represented by a mobile phone, since there is no room in the internal space, expansion of the battery leads to destruction of peripheral circuits. Accordingly, it has been demanded to prevent overcharge without generating gas, particularly in a square battery or the like.
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors have found that the overcharge characteristics of the battery are greatly improved by incorporating a specific compound into the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The invention has been completed.
That is, the gist of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous organic solvent, wherein the nonaqueous organic solvent contains a phenoxy compound represented by the following general formula (1). And non-aqueous electrolyte.
[Chemical 2]
Figure 0004013538
(Wherein X represents R 3 , OR 3 , NH 2 or NHR 3 , and R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group)
Another gist of the present invention resides in a lithium secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte.
When the electrolytic solution containing the phenoxy compound is used, heat is generated relatively early in overcharging, the separator is melted, and current supply is stopped. Since current interruption occurs at a stage where lithium deintercalation from the positive electrode has not progressed much, thermal runaway such as ignition does not occur. In addition, when an electrolytic solution containing the above phenoxy compound is used, since the amount of gas generated during overcharging is small, expansion of the lithium secondary battery is prevented.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention is a solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous organic solvent and a specific phenoxy compound is contained.
In the present invention, a phenoxy compound represented by the following general formula (1) is used as an additive.
[Chemical 3]
Figure 0004013538
(Wherein X represents R 3 , OR 3 , NH 2 or NHR 3 , and R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group)
Examples of the phenoxy compound include methyl phenoxy acetate, ethyl phenoxy acetate, n-propyl phenoxy acetate, isopropyl phenoxy acetate, n-butyl phenoxy acetate, s-butyl phenoxy acetate, t-butyl phenoxy acetate, n-pentyl phenoxy acetate, neo Phenoxyacetates such as alkylphenoxyacetates such as pentylphenoxyacetate, arylphenoxyacetates such as phenylphenoxyacetate and benzylphenoxyacetate; methyl-2-phenoxypropionate, ethyl-2-phenoxypropionate, n-propyl -2-phenoxypropionate, isopropyl-2-phenoxypropionate, n-butyl-2-pheno Alkyl-2-phenoxypro such as cypropionate, s-butyl-2-phenoxypropionate, t-butyl-2-phenoxypropionate, n-pentyl-2-phenoxypropionate, neopentyl-2-phenoxypropionate 2-phenoxypropionates, such as aryl-2-phenoxypropionates such as pionates, phenyl-2-phenoxypropionate, benzyl-2-phenoxypropionate; 2-phenoxyacetamide, 2-phenoxy Phenoxy group-substituted amides such as -N-methylacetamide, 2-phenoxy-N-ethylacetamide, 2-phenoxy-N-propylacetamide, 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide, 2-phenoxy-N-benzylacetamide, phenoxy Acetone, 1-diphenoxybutane Tan-2-one, 3-diphenoxybutane Tan phenoxy group substituted ketones 2-one and the like. Two or more kinds of these additives may be mixed and used.
Among the phenoxy compounds, phenoxyacetates and 2-phenoxypropionates are preferable, and alkylphenoxyacetates and alkyl-2-phenoxypropionates are more preferable. Furthermore, the thing whose carbon atom number of this alkyl group is 1-4 is more preferable.
Although the addition amount of the phenoxy compound is not particularly limited, it is usually 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight with respect to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. When the addition amount is too small, a sufficient overcharge preventing effect is not exhibited. On the other hand, when the addition amount is too large, the ionic conductivity tends to decrease and battery characteristics such as rate characteristics tend to deteriorate.
The lithium salt used as a supporting electrolyte in the present invention is not particularly limited, for example LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiClO 4, CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO Examples include lithium salts such as 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, and (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 NLi. In particular, a lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li and (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi that is easily soluble in a solvent and exhibits a high degree of dissociation is preferably used. Moreover, it is preferable to use the density | concentration of the lithium salt in a non-aqueous electrolyte solution normally in the range of 0.5-2 mol / L with respect to a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
The non-aqueous organic solvent used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the lithium salt can be dissolved, but among them, as a solvent for expressing high ionic conductivity, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) are usually used. ), Chain carbonates such as ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate, and ethyl propyl carbonate, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate, vinyl Unsaturated carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran, cyclic esters such as γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone, methyl formate, methyl acetate, propylene A chain ester such as methyl onate is preferably used.
These organic solvents are usually used by mixing so as to achieve appropriate physical properties. For example, among the chain carbonates, it is particularly preferable to use a mixture of asymmetric carbonates such as ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, and ethyl propyl carbonate. Among them, ethyl methyl carbonate is preferably used because it not only enhances lithium mobility because of its low viscosity, but also has a relatively high boiling point, so that it is difficult to volatilize and is easy to handle, and has little reaction with Li. In addition, it is preferable to use a mixture of unsaturated carbonates such as vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate because these unsaturated carbonates are easily reduced during initial charging and contribute to the formation of a stable interface protective film (SEI).
In preparing the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention, it is preferable that each raw material of the electrolyte solution is dehydrated in advance. The water content of each raw material is usually 50 ppm or less, preferably 30 ppm or less. When a large amount of water is present, there is a possibility that electrolysis of water, reaction with lithium metal, hydrolysis of lithium salt, and the like may occur, which may be inappropriate as an electrolyte for a battery. The means for dehydration is not particularly limited, but in the case of a liquid such as an organic solvent, a molecular sieve or the like may be used. In the case of a solid such as a lithium salt, drying is preferably performed at a temperature lower than the temperature at which decomposition occurs.
The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is useful as an electrolytic solution for a lithium secondary battery. Hereinafter, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention will be described.
The basic configuration of a lithium secondary battery to which the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can be applied is the same as that of a conventionally known lithium secondary battery, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode are interposed via the porous membrane and the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention. And housed in a case. The positive electrode and the negative electrode used in the secondary battery of the present invention may be appropriately selected according to the type of the battery, but contain at least active materials corresponding to the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Moreover, you may contain the binder for fixing an active material.
Examples of the positive electrode active material that can be used in the lithium secondary battery of the present invention include oxides having transition metals such as Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn, complex oxides with lithium, and inorganic compounds such as sulfides. . Specifically, transition metal oxides such as MnO, V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , and TiO 2 , composite oxides of lithium and transition metals such as lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, and lithium manganate, TiS 2 and transition metal sulfides such as FeS. Further, as the positive electrode active material, for example, an organic compound such as a conductive polymer such as polyaniline can be used. You may mix and use multiple types of said active material. When the active material is granular, the particle size is usually about 1 to 30 μm, preferably about 1 to 10 μm, from the viewpoint of excellent battery characteristics such as rate characteristics and cycle characteristics.
As the negative electrode active material that can be used in the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, lithium metal and lithium alloy can be used, but coke as a compound capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions in terms of good cycle characteristics and safety. It is particularly preferable to use carbonaceous materials such as acetylene black, mesophase microbeads and graphite. The particle size of the granular negative electrode active material is usually about 1 to 50 μm, preferably about 15 to 30 μm, from the viewpoint of excellent battery characteristics such as initial efficiency, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics.
In addition, a material obtained by mixing and baking the carbonaceous substance with an organic substance or the like, or a material in which amorphous carbon is formed on at least a part of the surface by using a CVD method or the like compared to the carbonaceous substance is also carbonaceous. It can be suitably used as a substance.
Examples of the organic matter include coal tar pitch from soft pitch to hard pitch; heavy coal oil such as dry distillation liquefied oil; straight heavy oil such as atmospheric residual oil and vacuum residual oil; heat of crude oil, naphtha, etc. Examples include petroleum heavy oils such as cracking heavy oils (for example, ethylene heavy end) that are by-produced during cracking. Moreover, what grind | pulverized the solid residue obtained by distilling these heavy oils at 200-400 degreeC to 1-100 micrometers can also be used. Furthermore, a vinyl chloride resin and these resin precursors which become a phenol resin or an imide resin by firing can also be used.
As a binder that can be used for the positive electrode or the negative electrode, various materials are used from the viewpoints of weather resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, flame retardancy, and the like. Specifically, inorganic compounds such as silicate and glass, alkane polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene and poly-1,1-dimethylethylene; unsaturated polymers such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene; polystyrene, polymethylstyrene, Polymers having rings such as polyvinyl pyridine and poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone; polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, poly Acrylic derivative polymers such as acrylamide; Fluorine resins such as polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene; CN group-containing polymers such as polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidene cyanide; Polyvinyl alcohol polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl chloride, halogen-containing polymers such as polyvinylidene chloride; and conductive polymers such as polyaniline can be used. Further, a mixture such as the above-mentioned polymer, a modified product, a derivative, a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, a graft copolymer, a block copolymer, and the like can be used. The weight average molecular weight of these resins is usually 10,000 to 3,000,000, preferably about 100,000 to 1,000,000. If the molecular weight is too low, the strength of the electrode tends to decrease. On the other hand, if the molecular weight is too high, the viscosity may increase and it may be difficult to form an electrode. Preferred binder resins are fluororesins and CN group-containing polymers.
The usage-amount of a binder is 0.1 weight part or more normally with respect to 100 weight part of active materials, Preferably it is 1 weight part or more, and is 30 weight part or less normally, Preferably it is 20 weight part or less. If the amount of the binder is too small, the strength of the electrode tends to decrease, while if the amount of the binder is too large, the ionic conductivity tends to decrease. In order to improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the electrode, the electrode may contain additives that exhibit various functions such as a conductive material and a reinforcing material, a powder, a filler, and the like. The conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it can impart conductivity by mixing an appropriate amount of the above active material. Usually, carbon powder such as acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, various metal fibers, Examples include foil. As the reinforcing material, various inorganic, organic spherical and fibrous fillers can be used.
The electrode can be formed by applying and drying a paint containing a component such as an active material or a binder and a solvent. The thickness of the electrode is usually 1 μm or more, preferably 10 μm or more, more preferably 20 μm or more, most preferably 40 μm or more, and usually 200 μm or less, preferably 150 μm or less, more preferably 100 μm or less. If it is too thin, the coating becomes difficult and it becomes difficult to ensure uniformity, and the battery capacity may be too small. On the other hand, if it is too thick, the rate characteristics may be deteriorated too much.
At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is usually formed on a current collector. Various types of current collectors can be used, but usually metals and alloys are used. Specifically, examples of the positive electrode current collector include aluminum, nickel, and SUS, and examples of the negative electrode current collector include copper, nickel, and SUS. Preferably, aluminum is used as the positive electrode current collector, and copper is used as the negative electrode current collector. Since the binding effect with the positive and negative electrode layers is improved, it is preferable that the surfaces of these current collectors are roughened in advance. Current roughening methods include a method of rolling with a blasting process or a rough roll, a polishing cloth with a fixed abrasive particle, a grinding wheel, emery buff, a wire brush with a steel wire, etc. Examples thereof include a mechanical polishing method for polishing the surface, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
Further, in order to reduce the weight of the battery, that is, to improve the weight energy density, a perforated current collector such as an expanded metal or a punching metal can be used. In this case, the weight can be freely changed by changing the aperture ratio. In addition, when an active material is present on both sides of such a hole-type current collector, the rivet effect of the coating film through this hole tends to make the coating film more difficult to peel off, but the aperture ratio is too high. When it becomes high, the contact area between the coating film and the current collector becomes small, so that the adhesive strength may be lowered.
The thickness of the current collector is usually 1 μm or more, preferably 5 μm or more, and is usually 100 μm or less, preferably 50 μm or less. If it is too thick, the capacity of the entire battery will be too low. Conversely, if it is too thin, handling may be difficult.
The electrolytic solution of the present invention may be made into a semi-solid by gelling with a polymer. The amount of the electrolytic solution used in the semisolid electrolyte is usually 30% by weight or more, preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 75% by weight or more, based on the total amount of the semisolid electrolyte. 95% by weight or less, preferably 99% by weight or less, more preferably 98% by weight or less. If the amount used is too large, it is difficult to retain the electrolyte solution and liquid leakage tends to occur. Conversely, if the amount is too small, the charge / discharge efficiency and capacity may be insufficient.
A porous spacer is preferably provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to prevent a short circuit. That is, in this case, the electrolytic solution is used by being impregnated into a porous spacer. As a material for the spacer, polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, or the like can be used, and polyolefin is preferable. The thickness of the spacer is usually 1 μm or more, preferably 5 μm or more, more preferably 10 μm or more, and usually 50 μm or less, preferably 40 μm or less, more preferably 30 μm or less. If the porous film is too thin, the insulation and mechanical strength may be deteriorated. If the porous film is too thick, not only the battery performance such as the rate characteristic is deteriorated, but also the energy density of the whole battery may be lowered. The porosity of the spacer is usually 20% or more, preferably 35% or more, more preferably 45% or more, and usually 90% or less, preferably 85% or less, more preferably 75% or less. If the porosity is too small, the membrane resistance increases and the rate characteristics tend to deteriorate. On the other hand, if it is too large, the mechanical strength of the film tends to decrease and the insulating property tends to decrease. The average pore diameter of the spacer is usually 0.5 μm or less, preferably 0.2 μm or less, and usually 0.05 μm or more. If it is too large, a short circuit tends to occur, and if it is too small, the film resistance increases and the rate characteristics may deteriorate.
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and the specific aspect of this invention is further demonstrated, this invention is not limited by these Examples, unless the summary is exceeded.
Example 1
[Production of positive electrode]
A current collector made of aluminum was prepared by mixing 90% by weight of lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), 5% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and 5% by weight of acetylene black and adding N-methylpyrrolidone to form a slurry. One side was coated and dried to obtain a positive electrode.
[Manufacture of negative electrode]
A mixture of 87.4% by weight of graphite powder, 9.7% by weight of PVdF, and 2.9% by weight of acetylene black and added to a slurry by adding N-methylpyrrolidone is applied to both sides of a copper current collector and dried. Thus, a negative electrode was obtained.
[Preparation of electrolyte]
LiPF 6 mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a proportion of 1.25 mol / L (mixing volume ratio of 2: 3: 3) to 100 parts by weight of plus 2 parts by weight of vinylene carbonate A base electrolyte was added, and 4 parts by weight of ethylphenoxyacetate was added thereto to prepare an electrolyte.
[Manufacture of lithium secondary batteries]
The above-mentioned positive electrode, negative electrode, and a film thickness of 16 μm, a porosity of 45%, and a polyethylene biaxially stretched porous membrane film having an average pore diameter of 0.05 μm are coated and impregnated with the electrolyte solution, respectively. The negative electrode was laminated in this order. The battery element thus obtained was first sandwiched between PET films, and then vacuum sealed while projecting positive and negative terminals on a laminate film in which both surfaces of an aluminum layer were covered with a resin layer, and sheet-like lithium secondary batteries were sealed. A secondary battery was produced. Further, in order to enhance the adhesion between the electrodes, the sheet-like battery was sandwiched between silicon rubber and a glass plate and then pressurized at 0.35 kg / cm 2 . FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a secondary battery.
[Evaluation of initial battery characteristics]
The discharge rate per hour of lithium cobaltate was set to 138 mAh / g, and the discharge rate was determined from this and the active material amount of the positive electrode of the lithium secondary battery for evaluation, and the rate was set. After charging to .2V, it was discharged to 3V at 0.2C to perform the initial formation. Next, the battery was charged to 4.2 V at 0.5 C, and then discharged again to 3 V at 0.2 C to obtain an initial discharge capacity. The results are shown in Table-1. The cut current during charging was set to 0.05C.
[Overcharge characteristics evaluation]
After the initial characteristic evaluation of the battery was charged to 4.2 V at 0.5 C, a thermocouple was attached to the negative electrode terminal, and overcharging was started at a current value of 2 C. After 21 minutes (corresponding to SOC 170%), the temperature of the battery is measured, the temperature at the start of overcharging is subtracted to determine the rising temperature, and after 30 minutes (corresponding to SOC 200%), the energization is stopped and the amount of gas generated Was obtained by immersing the battery in an ethanol bath and measuring the buoyancy (according to Archimedes' principle). The results are shown in Table-1.
Examples 2-3
A lithium secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolytic solution added with the additives listed in Table 1 was used instead of ethylphenoxyacetate as an additive. A characteristic test was carried out. The results are shown in Table-1.
Comparative Example 1
A lithium secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolytic solution to which no ethylphenoxyacetate was added was used, and the same battery characteristic test as in Example 1 was performed. The results are shown in Table-1.
Comparative Example 2
A lithium secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolytic solution in which ethyl (2-methylphenoxy) acetate was added instead of ethylphenoxyacetate as an additive was produced. A characteristic test was carried out. The results are shown in Table-1.
[Table 1]
Figure 0004013538
As is apparent from Table 1, when the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention is used, heat is generated at the initial stage of overcharging, the amount of gas generation is reduced, and the overcharging characteristics are greatly improved. In particular, a large amount of heat generation in the initial overcharged state is preferable for a prismatic battery in which current is interrupted by melting of the separator or a PTC element.
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent rate characteristics can be obtained, and a lithium secondary battery having excellent storage characteristics and safety can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a lithium secondary battery embodying the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Positive electrode 2 Negative electrode 3 Separator 4 PET film 5 Silicon rubber 6 Glass plate 7 Laminate film 8 Lead with sealing material

Claims (4)

リチウム塩が非水系有機溶媒に溶解されてなる非水系電解液であって、該非水系有機溶媒が下記一般式(1)で表されるフェノキシ化合物を非水系電解液に対して0.1〜10重量%含有することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用非水系電解液。
Figure 0004013538
(式中、XはR3、OR3、NH2又はNHR3を表し、R1、R2及びR3はそれぞれ独立し
て水素または炭化水素基を表す)
A non-aqueous electrolyte solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous organic solvent, wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent contains a phenoxy compound represented by the following general formula (1) in an amount of 0.1 to 10 with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. A non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery , characterized in that it is contained by weight% .
Figure 0004013538
(Wherein X represents R 3 , OR 3 , NH 2 or NHR 3 , and R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group)
非水系有機溶媒が、不飽和カーボネートを含有する、請求項1に記載の非水系電解液。The non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 1, wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent contains an unsaturated carbonate. 非水系有機溶媒が、非対称カーボネートを含有する、請求項1または2に記載の非水系電解液。The non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent contains an asymmetric carbonate. 請求項1〜のいずれかに記載の非水系電解液を用いたことを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。Lithium secondary battery, characterized by using a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1-3.
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