JP4021651B2 - Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same - Google Patents
Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4021651B2 JP4021651B2 JP2001356201A JP2001356201A JP4021651B2 JP 4021651 B2 JP4021651 B2 JP 4021651B2 JP 2001356201 A JP2001356201 A JP 2001356201A JP 2001356201 A JP2001356201 A JP 2001356201A JP 4021651 B2 JP4021651 B2 JP 4021651B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- lithium ion
- ion secondary
- secondary battery
- electrode plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 53
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 52
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 108
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910007966 Li-Co Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910008295 Li—Co Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 description 43
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 14
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 11
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910012820 LiCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011357 graphitized carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009782 nail-penetration test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005001 laminate film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010421 standard material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920006368 Hylar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101100170542 Mus musculus Disp1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011294 coal tar pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007607 die coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010130 dispersion processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N isosorbide mononitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H]2[C@@H](O)CO[C@@H]21 YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002356 laser light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011076 safety test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007601 warm air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はリチウムイオン二次電池用の正極板、およびそれを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一般にリチウムイオン二次電池は、電解液を含浸させたセパレータを正極板と負極板とで挟み込んでなる構造を有している。正極板および負極板は、それぞれ、活物質とバインダーを少なくとも含むスラリー(正極においては、通常、活物質とともに導電材も使用される)を、金属箔などの集電体上に塗工し、乾燥された塗工物層を設けて形成される。正極活物質としてはLi−Co系複合酸化物が一般的であり、負極活物質としては炭素材料が一般的である。
【0003】
このように構成されたリチウムイオン二次電池は、ニッカド電池などに比べ高エネルギー密度、高電圧を達成することができる。そのため、リチウムイオン二次電池は、近年、携帯電話やノート型パソコンといった携帯機器の駆動源として急速に採用が進んでいる。さらに、将来的には適用範囲の拡大が期待される。
【0004】
リチウムイオン二次電池の問題として、低温で放電を行うと、室温で放電を行う場合と比較して放電容量および放電電圧が大きく低下する性質がある。このため、リチウムイオン二次電池は観測機器や通信機器、さらには電気自動車や電力貯蔵機器といった低温下での使用が想定される機器への適用が困難となっている。したがって、リチウムイオン二次電池を上記機器に適用するには、低温下における放電容量および放電電圧の低下を抑制できる性質、すなわち低温特性をより向上させる必要がある。また、低温特性が良好であっても、充分なサイクル特性を備えていなければ実用的なリチウムイオン二次電池とはいえない。さらに、各種機器への適用のために、大電流放電(ハイレート放電)時の放電特性の更なる向上が要求されている。さらにリチウムイオン二次電池には、上記各種の優れた特性の前提として、安全性が確保されたものであることが要求される。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記事情に鑑み、従来よりも、低温特性、サイクル特性およびハイレート放電特性のいずれもが大きく改善され、かつ確実に安全なリチウムイオン二次電池を提供することである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は、上記目的を達成すべく鋭意研究した結果、正極板における正極塗工物層中の高分子バインダーに融点が165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデンを使用するとともに、活物質表面が特定の範囲内にて導電材で覆われるように設計することで、従来よりも、低温特性、サイクル特性およびハイレート放電特性のいずれもが大きく改善され得ることを見出し、本発明を完成させた。
【0007】
即ち、本発明は以下のとおりである。
(1)平均粒径が15μm以上のLi−Co系複合酸化物からなる活物質と、
粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲内にある大径成分および粒径が0.1μm以下の小径成分の合計量が全体の70重量%以上であり、かつ、大径成分と小径成分の重量比が1:0.01〜1:1である粒状の導電材と、
結着剤とを含む塗工物層を、該層内において活物質の表面の5%〜50%が導電材の小径成分によって覆われるように集電体上に形成してなるリチウムイオン二次電池用の正極板であって、
上記結着剤が、融点165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデンである、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極板。
(2)上記(1)に記載の正極板を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、粘度が3cps以下の電解液を用いたものであるリチウムイオン二次電池。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極板(以下、単に「正極板」ということがある。)は、
〔1〕平均粒径が15μm以上のLi−Co系複合酸化物からなる活物質と、
〔2〕粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲内にある大径成分および粒径が0.1μm以下の小径成分の合計量が全体の70重量%以上であり、かつ、大径成分と小径成分の重量比が1:0.01〜1:1である粒状の導電材と、
結着剤とを含む塗工物層を、
〔3〕該層内において活物質の表面の5%〜50%が導電材の小径成分によって覆われるように集電体上に形成してなり、
〔4〕結着剤が、融点165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデンであるもの、
であることを特徴とする。
以下、本発明における上記〔1〕〜〔4〕の特徴について詳述する。
【0009】
〔1〕活物質の平均粒径
本発明の正極板において活物質は、異常な電池反応の防止(安全性の確保)の点、塗工物層における空孔の形成性の点、また活物質の電気抵抗が高くなるのを防ぐ点から平均粒径が15μm以上、好ましくは17μm以上のLi−Co系複合酸化物が使用される。このようなLi−Co系複合酸化物の例としては、LiCoO2や、LiACo1-XMeXO2で示されるものが挙げられる。なお、後者において、Aは0.05〜1.5、特には0.1〜1.1とするのが好ましい。Xは0.01〜0.5、特には0.02〜0.2とするのが好ましい。元素Meとしては、Zr、V、Cr、Mo、Mn、Fe、Niなどの周期律表の3〜10族元素や、B、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Sbなどの13〜15族元素が挙げられる。中でも、LiCoO2を使用するのが好ましい。上記のLi−Co系複合酸化物は、通常、粒状である。
また当該Li−Co系複合酸化物の平均粒径は、上限が好ましくは25μm以下、より好ましくは23μm以下である。
【0010】
〔2〕大径成分と小径成分とを主成分とする導電材
本発明の正極板は、正極塗工物層中の導電材として、粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲内にある大径成分および粒径が0.1μm以下の小径成分を主成分とし、かつ、大径成分と小径成分の重量比が1:0.01〜1:1である導電材を、使用する。ここで、「粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲内にある大径成分および粒径が0.1μm以下の小径成分を主成分とする」とは、これら両成分の合計量が導電材全体の70重量%以上、好ましくは90重量%以上、さらに好ましくは95重量%以上であることを意味する。
【0011】
本発明においては、正極の塗工物層中に、上記平均粒径のLi−Co系複合酸化物と、上記の粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲内にある大径成分および粒径が0.1μm以下の小径成分を主成分とし、かつ、大径成分と小径成分の重量比が1:0.01〜1:1の特定の粒状の導電材を存在させることにより、塗工物層内における活物質(粒子)と活物質(粒子)間の隙間を主に大径成分の粒子が埋め、0.1μm以下の小径成分の粒子が主に活物質の表面を後述する特定の範囲内で覆い、正極の導電性が十分に確保される。当該導電材において、大径成分と小径成分の重量比が上記範囲を外れて、大径成分の量が多過ぎる場合や小径成分の量が多すぎる場合、正極の十分な導電性が得られず、また特に大径成分の量が多すぎる場合は放電初期の急激な放電降下を助長させることがあり、また特に小径成分の量が多すぎる場合は、安全性が低下する傾向となる。当該導電材における好ましい大径成分と小径成分の重量比は1:0.1〜1:0.5である。
【0012】
粒状の導電材における「粒状」には、鱗片状、球状、擬似球状、塊状、ウィスカー状などが含まれ、2種以上の形状の異なる粒子が混在していてもよい。粒状の導電材には、通常、炭素材料が使用される。該炭素材料としては、人造あるいは天然の黒鉛類(黒鉛化炭素)、ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラック、オイルファーネスブラック、イクストラコンダクティブファーネスブラックなどのカーボンブラック類などが挙げられる。これらの炭素材料はいずれか1種または2種以上の材料を混合してもよいが、大径成分が黒鉛類からなり、かつ、小径成分がカーボンブラックからなる態様が好ましく、さらに、大径成分の黒鉛類においては、結晶格子の面間距離(d002)が0.34nm以下、c軸方向の結晶子寸法(Lc)が10nm以上の黒鉛化炭素がより好ましく、小径成分のカーボンブラックにおいてはオイルファーネスブラックであるのがより好ましい。
【0013】
なお本発明において導電材は、その粒径が上記大径成分と小径成分の間にある粒子を含んでいてもよく、また、このような粒子とともに、その粒径が大径成分のそれよりも大きい粒子をさらに含んでいてもよいが、これらの粒子を含む場合、その量は全体の30重量%未満である。大径成分の粒径よりも大きい粒子や大径成分と小径成分との間の粒径の粒子といった本願発明でいう主成分以外の成分を導電材全体の30重量%以上含むと、大径成分が活物質間の隙間を埋め、かつ小径成分が特定の範囲内で活物質表面を覆うことによる、優れた導通性およびリチウムイオンの放出性が得られにくくなる傾向にあるため好ましくない。
また活物質の小径成分によって覆われる割合を、後述する特定の範囲内としやすくなる観点から、小径成分の粒径は0.001μm以上であるのが好ましい。
【0014】
〔3〕活物質表面の導電材にて覆われる割合が5%〜50%
本発明では、正極塗工物層内において活物質の表面の5%〜50%、好ましくは10%〜40%、より好ましくは25%〜40%が上記小径成分の導電材によって覆われるように実現される。上記導電材が活物質の表面の50%を超えて覆うような場合には、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池において、電解液が活物質表面に接触する機会が低下するとともにリチウムイオンの機動性も低下し、室温(20℃)でのレート特性、低温特性などの電池特性が劣化してしまう不具合がある。さらに上記の場合には、活物質の表面の多くが覆われ活物質の見かけ上の表面積が向上するので、該活物質からの酸素脱離が容易に進行しやすくなってしまい安全性に問題が生じてしまう。また、活物質が上記導電材によってその表面の5%未満しか覆われないような場合には、導電性が充分に得られず、結果的には電極の抵抗を上昇させ電池容量の低下あるいはサイクル特性の低下が生じる不具合がある。
【0015】
〔4〕結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデンの融点が165℃以下
本発明の正極板は、上記〔1〕〜〔3〕の構成に加え、融点が165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデン(以下、「PVdF」ともいう)を塗工物層の結着剤として使用することを最も大きな特徴とする。上述のように正極板は、集電体上に、活物質、導電材および高分子バインダーを含むスラリーを塗工し、これを乾燥、圧延して、集電体上に、多孔性の塗工物層を形成することで得られる。かかる塗工物層における空孔率の制御は、乾燥温度や圧延時の圧力等で調整するのが簡単であるため、専らこの方法で行われている。塗工物層の空孔率は電解液の保持性(含浸性)の観点からはより大きいことが好ましい。しかし、空孔率が大きいことは、その分、構成材料(活物質、導電材、高分子バインダー等)間の結合力が小さくなるので、充放電サイクルの繰り返しによる温度変化等によって、塗工物層の多孔構造が壊れやすく、そのために放電特性の低下を起こすことになってしまう。
【0016】
本発明では、上記のような特定のPVdFを結着剤として使用することで、高い空孔率を有しながらも、安定な多孔構造の塗工物層を実現することができる。これは、融点が165℃以下のPVdFは、溶媒に溶解してスラリーを調整した場合に、従来の融点が170℃〜180℃程度のPVdFを使用した場合とはスラリー中で異なる挙動を示し(活物質表面へポリマーの絡みかたが異なる)、スラリーを乾燥して得られる塗工物層内に空孔を作りやすく、また、スラリーの乾燥過程で、従来の融点が高いPVdFよりもその結晶化度が高くなり、安定な多孔構造を形成するものと考えられる(すなわち、集電体上に塗工されたスラリーの乾燥時、その熱履歴によって集電体の機械的強度が低下し、圧延、捲回作業時等に集電体が切断されやすくなるという問題があるため、スラリーの乾燥は通常このような問題が起こらないように80℃〜150℃程度で行われるが、融点が165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデンは、従来から用いられてきたPVdF(融点が170℃〜180℃程度)に比べて、スラリーの乾燥時に結晶化がより進行し、活物質、導電材等との結合力が高くなり、塗工物層は従来よりも安定な多孔構造を形成すものと考えられる。)。
【0017】
本発明で用いる融点が165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデンは、好ましくは融点が150℃〜165℃、より好ましくは155℃〜160℃であり、また、232℃で測定した溶融粘度が29kps〜33kps(キロポイズ)であるものが特に好ましい。
【0018】
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極板においては、上記〔1〕〜〔4〕の特徴を同時に兼ね備える。このような本発明の正極板は、上述したように、上記の活物質、導電材およびPVdFを少なくとも含むスラリーを調製し、該スラリーを集電体上に塗工し、次いで乾燥し、得られた塗工物層にさらに圧延処理を施すことにより作製される。
【0019】
スラリーの調製は、通常、活物質、導電材およびPVdFを適当な溶媒とともに混練することで行われる。溶媒は特に限定されないが、N−メチルピロリドンが好ましい。また、混練は、例えば、プラネタリディスパ混練装置(浅田鉄工所製)などの従来公知の混練装置を用いて行うことができ、最終的なスラリーの粘度(25℃)が概ね3000cps〜30000cps(センチポイズ)となるように行う。なお、ここでの粘度(25℃)はB型粘度計で6rpmの回転速度で測定した値である。
【0020】
スラリーの集電体上への塗工は、コンマロールタイプあるいはダイコートタイプの塗工機などの従来公知の塗工機により行われ、スラリーの乾燥は、集電体上に塗工されたスラリーを、集電体とともに温風乾燥炉などの乾燥装置を使用して、80℃〜200℃、好ましくは100℃〜180℃の温度範囲で、5分間〜20分間乾燥させる。
なお、スラリーの塗工量は集電体上における乾燥後の付着物の量を、活物質の量で示すとして、好ましくは1mg/cm2〜100mg/cm2程度である。
【0021】
塗工物層の圧延処理は、圧延プレス機などを用いて、圧延温度を好ましくは20℃〜100℃、より好ましくは25℃〜50℃、特に好ましくは20℃〜35℃として、圧延率が好ましくは10%〜40%、より好ましくは20%〜40%、特に好ましくは25%〜35%となるように行う。ここで、圧延率とは、圧下率などとも呼ばれる圧延の加工度を表す尺度であり、圧延前の厚みをh1、圧延後の厚みをh2、集電体の厚みをh3とするとき、下記式(I)で算出される。
圧延率(%)=(h1−h2)×100/(h1−h3) (I)
【0022】
圧延温度および圧延率が共に上記範囲未満であると、低温圧延のためスプリングバックが発生し、これで得られた正極板を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池の安全性が低下するとともに、低圧延率の圧延のため設計容量が得られなかったり塗工物層と集電体との間の密着性が低下したりする不具合があるため好ましくない。また圧延温度および圧延率が共に上記範囲を超えると、高温圧延のため電解液の含浸の際に含浸が進行せず抵抗の高い電極となってしまうとともに、高圧延率のためハイレート特性が著しく低下してしまう不具合があるため好ましくない。また圧延率が上記範囲内でありかつ圧延温度が上記範囲未満であると、設計容量は得られるもののスプリングバックが原因となり、リチウムイオン二次電池の安全性が低下してしまう不具合があるため好ましくなく、圧延率が上記範囲内でありかつ圧延温度が上記範囲を超えると、設計容量は得られるものの電解液の含浸不足に起因して電極の抵抗が大きくなってしまう不具合があるため好ましくない。またさらに圧延温度が上記範囲内でありかつ圧延率が上記範囲未満であると、圧延を充分に行うことができず、塗工物層と集電体との間の密着性の低下によるサイクル特性の劣化という不具合があるため好ましくなく、また圧延温度が上記範囲内でありかつ圧延率が上記範囲を超えると、レート特性の低下が引き起こされてしまう不具合があるため好ましくない。
【0023】
上記条件の混練および圧延を経ることで、上記の如き小径成分の導電材により活物質が表面を覆われる割合が5%〜50%であり、かつ充分に多孔な塗工物層を備える正極板を得ることができる。このような正極板を使用することで、低温特性、ハイレート特性およびサイクル特性のいずれもが、従来と比較して格段に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池を得ることができる。
【0024】
上記正極板を用いた本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、電解液として、23℃における粘度が3cps以下、より好ましくは2cps以下であるものを使用するのが好ましい。即ち、電解液の粘度がかかる3cps以下の低粘度であることにより、電解液が塗工物層の空孔に十分に浸透し、保持され、活物質との間でLiイオンの挿入・脱離が活発に行われ、十分に高い放電容量が得られるためである。電解液の上記粘度が3cpsより大きくなると、電解液が塗工物層中に十分量保持されず、低温特性およびサイクル特性が低下してしまう傾向にあるため好ましくない。
また電解液の粘度は、0.1cps以上であるのがより好ましい。電解液の粘度が0.1cps未満になると、揮発性が増し高温保存特性が低下する傾向があるからである。
【0025】
本発明で用いる粘度が3cps以下の電解液は、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)およびエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)から選ばれる少なくとも一種と、エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)との混合溶媒によって達成するのが好ましい。
【0026】
このとき、エチレンカーボネート(EC)およびプロピレンカーボネート(PC)の合計量を全体の25体積%以下にするのが好ましく、具体的組成としては、例えば、ジエチルカーボネートおよびエチルメチルカーボネートから選ばれる少なくとも一種を25体積%〜50体積%(好ましくは30体積%〜35体積%)、エチレンカーボネートを4体積%〜20体積%(好ましくは6体積%〜18体積%)、プロピレンカーボネートを3体積%〜17体積%(好ましくは5体積%〜15体積%)、ジメチルカーボネートを40体積〜60体積%(好ましくは45体積%〜55体積%)が挙げられる。
【0027】
ジエチルカーボネートおよびエチルメチルカーボネートから選ばれる少なくとも一種においては、上記混合比が25体積%未満であると、電解液の凝固点が上昇して、特に−20℃以下の低温下において、電池の内部抵抗を増大させ、充放電サイクル特性および低温特性を低下させることがあり好ましくない。一方、上記混合比が50体積%を超えると電解液の粘度が上昇して電池の内部抵抗を増大させ、充放電サイクル特性を低下させることがあり好ましくない。
【0028】
エチレンカーボネートにおいては、上記混合比が4体積%未満であると、負極板表面で安定な皮膜が形成されにくく、サイクル特性を低下させる恐れがあり好ましくない。また上記混合比が20体積%を超えると、電解液の粘度が上昇して電池の内部抵抗を増大させ、充放電サイクル特性が低下させることがあり好ましくない。
【0029】
プロピレンカーボネートにおいては、上記混合比が3体積%未満であると充放電サイクルに伴うインピーダンスの増加の抑制効果が小さくなり、サイクル特性を低下させる恐れがあり好ましくない。上記混合比が17体積%を超えると、電解液の粘度が上昇して電池の内部抵抗を増大させ、充放電サイクル特性を低下させることがあり好ましくない。
【0030】
ジメチルカーボネートにおいては、上記混合比が40体積%未満であると電解液の粘度が上昇して電池の内部抵抗を増大させ、充放電サイクル特性を低下させることがあり好ましくない。上記混合比が60体積%を超えると、電解液の揮発が容易に進行し、高温特性が低下する傾向にあるため好ましくない。
【0031】
電解液におけるリチウム塩としては、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiAlCl4およびLi(CF3SO2)2Nから選ばれる一種または二種以上が好適であり、その非水溶媒中の濃度は、好ましくは0.1モル/L〜2モル/L、より好ましくは0.5モル/L〜1.8モル/Lがよい。リチウム塩の濃度が0.1モル/L未満であると、電解液としてのイオン伝導度が十分に得られず、リチウム塩の濃度が2モル/Lを超えると、電解液の粘度が上昇し、3cps以下の低粘度を実現することが困難になる。
【0032】
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池においては、正極板として上記構成を有するものを使用していればよく、好ましくは電解液として上記粘度を有するものを使用するならば、その他の構成について特に制限されるものではない。
以下、本発明において好適に使用される、その他の構成について説明する。
【0033】
本発明に使用する上記Li−Co系複合酸化物は、上述のように平均粒径が15μmであって、かつ平均粒径[μm]と比表面積[m2/g]との積で20を割って得られる値が7〜9となる、即ち、下記の式(II)を満たすものがとりわけ好ましい。
7≦〔20/(比表面積[m2/g]×平均粒径[μm])〕≦9 (II)
該20/(比表面積[m2/g]×平均粒径[μm])の値が、7〜9の範囲であると、活物質自体の抵抗成分が減少して、サイクル特性、低温特性、さらにはレート特性がより向上する。なお、当該20/(比表面積[m2/g]×平均粒径[μm])の値は、7.5〜8.5であるのがより好ましい。
このような条件を満たすLi−Co系複合酸化物は、一般的なものに比して、その平均粒径に対して比表面積が小さなものであり、このようなLi−Co系複合酸化物の表面について小径成分の導電材により覆われる割合を上記のように5%〜50%とすることで、良好な低温特性およびハイレート特性が得られる。
上記平均粒径と式(II)の条件とを同時に満たすLi−Co系複合酸化物は、たとえば、特開2000−327338号公報に記載された方法にて作製することができる。
【0034】
本発明において、正極塗工物層は、少なくとも、上記の活物質、導電材およびPVdFを含んで構成されるが、活物質100重量部に対して、導電材の量は3〜15重量部が好ましく、3.5重量部〜12重量部がより好ましく、とりわけ好ましくは4重量部〜8重量部である。また、PVdFの量は活物質100重量部に対して、1重量部〜10重量部が好ましく、2重量部〜7重量部がより好ましく、とりわけ好ましくは3重量部〜6重量部である。
導電材の量が3重量部未満の場合、正極の導電性が十分に高くならず、15重量部を超える場合には、活物質の充填量が低下し、目標である容量が得られないため好ましくない。また、PVdFの量が1重量部未満である場合、塗工物層を構成する材料間の結合が不十分となり、活物質の剥がれが生じやすくなり、特にサイクル特性が低下してしまう。また、PVdFの量が10重量部を超える場合、塗工物層(正極)の十分に高い導電性が得られなくなり、特に低温特性、ハイレート特性が低下してしまう。
【0035】
本発明において、正極板に用いられる集電体としては、たとえばアルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、チタンなどで形成された箔やエキスパンドメタルなど従来と同様のものが利用できる。なお、集電体が箔や穴あき箔の場合は、その厚みは通常10〜100μm程度であり、好ましくは15〜50μm程度である。集電体がエキスパンドメタルの場合は、その厚みは通常25〜300μm程度、好ましくは30〜150μm程度である。
【0036】
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池における負極板にも特に制限はないが、好適な負極活物質としては炭素材料が用いられ、そのうちでも、比表面積が好ましくは2.0m2/g以下、より好ましくは0.5m2/g〜1.5m2/gで、結晶格子の面間距離(d002)が好ましくは0.3380nm以下、より好ましくは0.3355nm〜0.3370nmで、c軸方向の結晶子寸法(Lc)が好ましくは30nm以上、より好ましくは40nm〜70nmである黒鉛化炭素が好適であり、このような黒鉛化炭素の具体例としてはメソフェーズ系黒鉛化炭素が挙げられる。
【0037】
上記の比表面積を有することで、電解液がプロピレンカーボネートを含む場合に、充電時のプロピレンカーボネートの分解反応による電池容量の低下を防止できる。また、上記の結晶格子の面間距離(d002)およびc軸方向の結晶子寸法(Lc)を有することで、負極板の電位上昇を抑制でき、電池の平均放電電位がより安定化する。
【0038】
上記黒鉛化炭素は通常粒状であるが、その粒子形状は特に限定されず、例えば、鱗片状、繊維状、球状、擬似球状、塊状、ウィスカー状などが挙げられる。但し、集電体への塗布が容易であり、塗布後の粒子の配向を制御できる点から、繊維状であるのが好ましい。よって、本発明においては、負極の活物質は繊維状のメソフェーズ系黒鉛化炭素(即ちメソフェーズ系黒鉛化炭素繊維)が特に好適である。メソフェーズ系黒鉛化炭素繊維の製造方法の好ましい一例を以下に示す。
【0039】
最初に、石油ピッチ、コールタールピッチなどのピッチ類を溶融ブロー法により長さ200μm〜300μm程度の繊維に紡糸する。該ピッチ類としては、メソフェーズの含有量が70体積%以上のメソフェーズピッチを用いるのが特に好ましい。次に、この繊維を800℃〜1500℃で炭素化し、ついで適当な大きさたとえば平均繊維長1μm〜100μm程度、平均繊維径1μm〜15μm程度に粉砕する。続いて、この粉砕された繊維を2500℃〜3200℃、好ましくは2800℃〜3200℃で加熱して黒鉛化することでメソフェーズ系黒鉛化炭素繊維が得られる。
【0040】
但し、後述するスラリーの集電体への塗工性を良好とする点からは、上記の粉砕は平均繊維長が好ましくは1μm〜100μm、より好ましくは2μm〜50μm、とりわけ好ましくは3μm〜25μmとなるように、また平均繊維径が好ましくは0.5μm〜15μm、より好ましくは1μm〜15μm、とりわけ好ましくは5μm〜10μmとなるように行うのが好ましい。この時、アスペクト比(平均繊維径に対する平均繊維長の比)は、1〜5となるのが好ましい。
【0041】
負極板の作製方法は、特には限定されず、当分野での一般的な方法を適用できるが、負極活物質と高分子バインダーを含むスラリーを調製し、該スラリーを集電体上に塗工、乾燥し(塗工物層を形成し)、必要に応じて圧延処理を施して作製する方法が好ましい。ここでの、高分子バインダーとしては、特に限定はされないが、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリエチレン、エチレン−プロピレン−ジエン系ポリマー等が好適である。
【0042】
また、本発明において、負極板には、活物質とともに導電材を配合してもよい。この場合、導電材としては、平均粒径が5μm以下の天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、カーボンブラックなどが好ましい。また、負極板に用いる集電体としては、従来と同様のものが利用でき、銅、ニッケル、銀、ステンレスなどで形成された箔やエキスパンドメタルが挙げられる。
【0043】
通常、正極板と負極板の間にセパレータを介在させるが、当該セパレータには、ポリオレフィンセパレータ等の従来からリチウムイオン二次電池で使用されている公知のセパレータが使用される。ここで、セパレータは多孔質状のものでも、実質的に孔形成を行っていない、中実のセパレータでもよい。また、ポリオレフィンセパレータはポリエチレン層単体やポリプロピレン層単体のものでもよいが、ポリエチレン層とポリプロピレン層とを積層したタイプが好ましく、特に安全性の点からポリプロピレン層/ポリエチレン層/ポリプロピレン層の3層タイプが好ましい。
【0044】
本発明において、電池の形態は特に限定されない。従来からリチウムイオン二次電池で使用されている公知のものを使用でき、例えば、Fe、Fe(Niメッキ)、SUS、アルミ、アルミ合金等の金属からなる円筒缶、角筒缶、ボタン状缶等や、ラミネートフィルム等のシート状の外装材が使用される。ラミネートフィルムとしては、銅、アルミニウム等の金属箔の少なくとも片面にポリエステル、ポリプロピレン等の熱可塑性樹脂ラミネート層が形成されたものが好ましい。
【0045】
以下に、本明細書中における特性(物性)の測定方法を記載する。
▲1▼導電材にて覆われる活物質表面の割合
たとえば、従来公知の方法である電子プローブ微小分析法(EPMA)による元素分析によって判定できる。具体的には、該正極板の任意の部分を切り取り、これに導電性を付与するためスパッタリング蒸着法によって金蒸着を施しサンプルとする。このサンプルに対してたとえばX線マイクロアナライザーJXA−8600MA(日本電子株式会社製)を用いて炭素元素を対象とした元素分析を行い、その元素マッピングから、炭素元素がサンプル全体に占める割合を算出することによって、正極活物質の導電材によって覆われる表面の割合を算出する。
また、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真による画像解析によっても判定できる。
具体的には、該正極板の任意の部分を1cm×1cmに切り取り、これに導電性を付与するためスパッタリング蒸着法によって金蒸着を施しサンプルとする。このサンプルについて任意の100μm×100μmの面積を走査電子顕微鏡を用いて観察し、正極活物質の導電材によって覆われる表面部分の面積を画像解析によって求め、この表面部分のサンプル全体に対する割合を算出する。
▲2▼ポリフッ化ビニリデンの融点
DSC(示唆走査熱量計)を用い、昇温速度5℃/minとし室温(20℃)〜300℃の範囲にて測定を行う。
▲3▼ポリフッ化ビニリデンの溶融粘度(232℃)
キャピログラフ(東洋精器製)を用い、測定する。
▲4▼電解液の粘度(23℃)
ウベローデ型粘度計を用いて測定する。
▲5▼Li−Co系複合酸化物および正極板用の導電材の粒径(平均粒径)
マイクロトラック粒度分析計(島津製作所(株)製、SALD−3000J)
を使用して測定する。手順は、最初に、測定対象となる粒状物を、水やエタノールなどの有機液体に投入し、35kHz〜40kHz程度の超音波を付与して約2分間分散処理を行う。ここで、測定対象となる粒状物の量は、分散処理後の分散液のレーザ透過率(入射光量に対する出力光量の比)が70%〜95%となる量とする。次に、この分散液をマイクロトラック粒度分析計にかけ、レーザー光の散乱により個々の粒状物の粒径(D1、D2、D3・・)、および各粒径毎の存在個数(N1、N2、N3・・・)を計測する。この粒径分布の計測は、観測された散乱強度分布に最も近い理論強度になる球形粒子群の粒径分布として算出される(粒子は、レーザー光の照射によって得られる投影像と同面積の断面円を持つ球体と想定され、この断面円の直径(球相当径)が粒径として計測される)。
平均粒径(μm)は、個々の粒子の粒径(D)と各粒径毎の存在個数(N)とから、下記式により算出される。
平均粒径(μm)=(ΣND3/ΣN)1/3
なお、粒径が1μm以下の粒子は分散液中で凝集する場合があり、このような凝集が生じる場合には、電子顕微鏡を用いて測定する。すなわち、最初に視野に粒子が20個以上入るよう倍率を設定して電子顕微鏡写真を撮影し、次に、写真に写った各粒子の像の面積を算出し、さらにこの算出された面積から同面積を持つ円の直径を算出し(この直径の断面円をもつ球体と想定する)、この直径を粒径とする。
▲6▼Li−Co系複合酸化物および負極板用の活物質(黒鉛化炭素)の比表面積
比表面積計モノソーブ(クアンタクロム社製)を使用し、窒素を吸着体とする気相吸着法(一点法)により測定する。
▲7▼正極板用の導電材(黒鉛化炭素)および負極板用の活物質(黒鉛化炭素)の結晶格子の面間距離(d002)とc軸方向の結晶子寸法(Lc)
日本学術振興会法により、以下の手順で測定する。
最初に、X線標準用高純度シリコンをメノウ乳鉢で325メッシュ標準篩以下に粉砕して標準物質を作製し、この標準物質と被測定試料の黒鉛化炭素とをメノウ乳鉢で混合(黒鉛化炭素100重量%に対して標準物質10重量%)してX線用試料を作製し、次に、このX線用試料を、たとえばX線回析装置RINT2000(理学電機社製、X線源:CuKα線)の試料板に均一に充填する。次に、X線管球への印加電圧を40kV、印加電流を50mAに設定し、更に走査範囲を2θ=23.5度〜29.5度、スキャンスピードを0.25度/minとして、炭素の002ピークおよび標準物質の111ピークを測定する。続いて、得られたピーク位置およびその半値幅から、上記のX線回析装置に付属の黒鉛化度計算用ソフトを用いて、結晶格子の面間距離(d002)およびc軸方向の結晶子寸法(Lc)を算出する。
【0046】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を具体的に示す。
実施例1
〔正極板の作製〕
正極活物質としてのLiCoO2(平均粒径:18μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):8.5)91重量部と、導電材としての球状黒鉛化炭素(平均粒径:6μm、結晶格子の面間距離:0.3360nm、c軸方向の結晶子寸法:60nm)5重量部と、同じく導電材としてのオイルファーネスブラック(平均粒径:0.01μm)1重量部と、高分子バインダーとしての融点が160℃のポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)(アウジモント社製、ハイラー301F)3重量部とを、N−メチルピロリドン中に均一に分散してなる正極活物質組成物を、混練してスラリーとした。ここで、球状黒鉛化炭素とオイルファーネスブラックからなる導電材全体における大径成分(粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲の粒子)の割合は75重量%で、小径成分(0.1μm以下の粒子)の割合は15重量%で、これら以外の粒径の粒子の割合は10重量%であった。
【0047】
上記スラリーを集電体となるアルミニウム箔(厚み:20μm)の両面上に塗布し、140℃で、5分間乾燥させ、ついで圧延温度が30℃、圧延率が30%の圧延条件で圧延処理して集電体上に塗工物層を形成し、アルミニウム箔の片面あたり20mg/cm2のLiCoO2を有する正極板とした。スラリーの塗工直前の粘度は8000cpsであった。
X線マイクロアナライザーJXA−8600MA(日本電子株式会社製)を用いたEPMAで炭素元素を対象とした元素マッピングによって、導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合を測定したところ、38%であった。
【0048】
〔負極板の作製〕
負極活物質となる黒鉛化炭素メルブロンメルド FM−14(比表面積:1.32m2/g、結晶格子の面間距離:0.3364nm、c軸方向の結晶子寸法:50nm)95重量部と、バインダーとなるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5重量部と、N−メチルピロリドン50重量部とを混合してスラリー化し、このスラリーを集電体となる銅箔(厚み:14μm)の両面に塗布し、乾燥させた。なお負極活物質の結晶格子の面間距離およびc軸方向の結晶子寸法については、上記の球状黒鉛化炭素と同様に測定を行った。次に、この銅箔に当業者が一般に行う圧延条件(圧延温度:120℃、圧延率:20%)によって圧延処理を行い、負極板を得た。
【0049】
〔電解液の調製〕
ジエチルカーボネート4体積%と、エチルメチルカーボネート29体積%と、エチレンカーボネート11体積%と、プロピレンカーボネート9体積%と、ジメチルカーボネート47体積%との混合溶媒に、LiPF6を、その濃度が1.0モル/L(調製後の電解液に対し)となるように溶解させて電解液を調製した。該電解液の粘度(23℃)は、1.9cpsであった。
【0050】
〔リチウムイオン二次電池の組立〕
上記で作製した正極板と負極板とを、多孔質のポリエチレン−ポリプロピレン複合セパレータを介して捲巻し、これを円筒型の電池缶(外径:18mm、高さ:650mm)に収容した。さらに、上記で得た電解液をセパレータに含浸させ、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
【0051】
実施例2
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:20μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):8.0)を用い、実施例1に記載の方法と同じ条件で正極板を得、かつ電解液としてジエチルカーボネート7体積%と、エチルメチルカーボネート23体積%と、エチレンカーボネート10体積%と、プロピレンカーボネート10体積%と、ジメチルカーボネート50体積%との混合溶媒に、LiPF6を、その濃度が1.0モル/L(調製後の電解液に対し)となるように溶解させて調製したものを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は40%、電解液の粘度(23℃)は、2.1cpsであった。
【0052】
実施例3
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:21μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):7.5)を用い、実施例1に記載の方法と同じ条件で正極板を得、かつ電解液としてジエチルカーボネート16体積%と、エチルメチルカーボネート16体積%と、エチレンカーボネート10体積%と、プロピレンカーボネート15体積%と、ジメチルカーボネート43体積%との混合溶媒に、LiPF6を、その濃度が1.0モル/L(調製後の電解液に対し)となるように溶解させて調製したものを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は30%、電解液の粘度(23℃)は、2.4cpsであった。
【0053】
実施例4
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:19μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):8.3)を用い、実施例1に記載の方法と同じ条件で正極板を得、かつ電解液としてジエチルカーボネート4体積%と、エチルメチルカーボネート29体積%と、エチレンカーボネート7体積%と、プロピレンカーボネート7体積%と、ジメチルカーボネート53体積%との混合溶媒に、LiPF6を、その濃度が1.0モル/L(調製後の電解液に対し)となるように溶解させて調製したものを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は28%、電解液の粘度(23℃)は、1.5cpsであった。
【0054】
実施例5
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:21μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):7.5)を用い、実施例1と同じ条件で正極板を得、かつ電解液としてジエチルカーボネート4体積%と、エチルメチルカーボネート29体積%と、エチレンカーボネート20体積%と、プロピレンカーボネート20体積%と、ジメチルカーボネート27体積%との混合溶媒に、LiPF6を、その濃度が1.0モル/L(調製後の電解液に対し)となるように溶解させて調製したものを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は35%、電解液の粘度(23℃)は、3.5cpsであった。
【0055】
比較例1
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:5μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):8.9)を用い、実施例1に記載の方法と同じ条件で正極板を得、かつ電解液としてジエチルカーボネート4体積%と、エチルメチルカーボネート29体積%と、エチレンカーボネート11体積%と、プロピレンカーボネート9体積%と、ジメチルカーボネート47体積%との混合溶媒に、LiPF6を、その濃度が1.0モル/L(調製後の電解液に対し)となるように溶解させて調製したものを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は28%、電解液の粘度(23℃)は、1.9cpsであった。
【0056】
比較例2
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:21μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):7.5)を用い、大径成分の導電材を配合しなかった以外は、実施例1と同じ条件で正極板を得た以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
【0057】
比較例3
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:21μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):7.5)を用い、また導電材として実施例1と同じ球状黒鉛化炭素のみを5重量部配合し、小径成分の導電材を配合しなかった以外は、実施例1と同じ条件で正極板を得た以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
【0058】
比較例4
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:19μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):8.3)を用い、また導電材を配合しない以外は、実施例1と同じ条件で正極板を得た以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は65%であった。
【0059】
比較例5
正極活物質としてLiCoO2(平均粒径:21μm、20/(平均粒径×比表面積):7.5)を用い、実施例1の2倍の時間をかけて混練した以外は、実施例1と同じ条件で正極板を得た以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
スラリーの塗工直前の粘度は7000cps、導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は65%であった。
【0060】
比較例6
導電材として、12重量部の球状黒鉛化炭素(平均粒径:6μm、結晶格子の面間距離:0.3360nm、c軸方向の結晶子寸法:60nm)と、0.08重量部のオイルファーネスブラック(平均粒径:0.01μm)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極板を作製した。なお、導電材全体における大径成分(粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲の粒子)の割合は99.4重量%で、小径成分(0.1μm以下の粒子)の割合は0.5重量%で、これら以外の粒径の粒子の割合は0.1重量%であった。このような正極板を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は、45%であった。
【0061】
比較例7
導電材として、4重量部の球状黒鉛化炭素(平均粒径:6μm、結晶格子の面間距離:0.3360nm、c軸方向の結晶子寸法:60nm)と、5重量部のオイルファーネスブラック(平均粒径:0.01μm)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして正極板を作製した。なお、導電材全体における大径成分(粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲の粒子)の割合は40重量%で、小径成分(0.1μm以下の粒子)の割合は50重量%で、これら以外の粒径の粒子の割合は10重量%であった。このような正極板を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は、68%であった。
【0062】
比較例8
高分子バインダーを、融点が171℃のポリフッ化ビニリデンに変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして正極板を作製した。
導電材に覆われる活物質の表面の割合は、60%であった。
【0063】
上記のように各々作製した実施例1〜5および比較例1〜8の各リチウムイオン二次電池について、以下の手順で低温特性試験、ハイレート放電試験、サイクル特性試験および釘刺し試験を行った。
【0064】
〔低温特性試験〕
上記で得られたリチウムイオン二次電池について室温で充電を行なった後、これを−20℃の大気雰囲気中に24時間放置する。なお、充電は、1C(1600mA)定電流で電圧が4.2Vとなるまで電流を流した後、続いて全充電時間が2.5時間となるまで4.2V定電圧で電流を流して行なった。次に、この−20℃の大気雰囲気中で0.5C(800mAh)/2.5Vカットオフで放電を行い、その時の放電容量〔mA・H〕を求める。また、室温(20℃)でも同様の条件で充電と放電とを行い、放電容量〔mA・H〕を求める。さらに、−20℃下での放電容量を室温下での放電容量で割って放電容量変化率〔%〕を求めた。
【0065】
〔ハイレート放電試験〕
室温(20℃)下で、2C(3600mAの定電流)放電を行い、その放電容量の0.2C(360mAの定電流)放電時の放電容量〔%〕に対する割合(容量維持率)を算出した。
【0066】
〔サイクル特性試験〕
上記で得られたリチウムイオン二次電池について1C/1Cの充放電を室温(20℃)下で500サイクル行い、1サイクル時と500サイクル時について、放電電流値と放電時間とから放電容量〔mA・H〕を算出する。次に、500サイクル時の放電容量〔mA・H〕を1サイクル目の放電容量〔mA・H〕で割って放電容量変化率〔%〕を求めた。
【0067】
〔釘刺し試験〕
1.5Aで電圧が4.3Vとなるまで充電し、充電後直ちに外径3mmの釘を、各リチウムイオン二次電池の正極端子と負極端子との間の略中央辺りにおいて4cm/秒の速度で刺し込んで電池を貫通させ、10本中での発火本数を調べる安全性の試験を行った。発火本数が0本であったものを○、1本でもあったものを×とした。
【0068】
上記の試験結果を表1、表2に示す。
【0069】
【表1】
【0070】
【表2】
【0071】
表1に示すように、実施例1〜4の本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、低温特性、ハイレート放電特性およびサイクル特性の何れにも優れていることが分かる。また、釘さし試験の結果、安全性にも優れることが分かった。
これに対し、表2に示すように各パラメータの範囲外となった場合は、いずれか一つあるいは複数の特定項目を満足できない電池であることが明らかである。
【0072】
【発明の効果】
以上の説明で明らかなように、本発明によれば、従来よりも、低温特性、サイクル特性およびハイレート放電特性のいずれも大きく改善され、さらには確実に安全なリチウムイオン二次電池、およびそれに用いるための正極板を提供することができる。従って、観測機器や通信機器、さらには電気自動車や電力貯蔵機器といった、低温下で使用が想定され、かつ、大電流放電も必要とされる機器にも、好適に用いることができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a positive electrode plate for a lithium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery using the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Generally, a lithium ion secondary battery has a structure in which a separator impregnated with an electrolytic solution is sandwiched between a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate. Each of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate is coated with a slurry containing at least an active material and a binder (in the positive electrode, a conductive material is usually used together with an active material) on a current collector such as a metal foil and dried. It is formed by providing a coated layer. As the positive electrode active material, a Li—Co based composite oxide is generally used, and as the negative electrode active material, a carbon material is generally used.
[0003]
The lithium ion secondary battery configured as described above can achieve a higher energy density and a higher voltage than a nickel cadmium battery or the like. Therefore, in recent years, lithium ion secondary batteries have been rapidly adopted as a drive source for portable devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Furthermore, the scope of application is expected to expand in the future.
[0004]
As a problem of the lithium ion secondary battery, when discharging at a low temperature, there is a property that the discharge capacity and the discharge voltage are greatly reduced as compared with the case of discharging at room temperature. For this reason, it is difficult to apply lithium ion secondary batteries to observation devices, communication devices, and devices that are expected to be used at low temperatures, such as electric vehicles and power storage devices. Therefore, in order to apply the lithium ion secondary battery to the above device, it is necessary to further improve the property that can suppress the decrease in the discharge capacity and the discharge voltage at low temperatures, that is, the low temperature characteristics. Even if the low-temperature characteristics are good, it cannot be said to be a practical lithium ion secondary battery unless it has sufficient cycle characteristics. Furthermore, for application to various devices, further improvement in discharge characteristics during large current discharge (high rate discharge) is required. Furthermore, the lithium ion secondary battery is required to ensure safety as a premise of the above various excellent characteristics.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the above circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery that is greatly improved in all of low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high rate discharge characteristics as compared with the prior art, and is surely safe.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of diligent research to achieve the above object, the present inventors have used polyvinylidene fluoride having a melting point of 165 ° C. or lower as the polymer binder in the positive electrode coating layer of the positive electrode plate, and specified the active material surface. Thus, the present invention has been completed by finding that the low-temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-rate discharge characteristics can be greatly improved as compared with the prior art by designing so as to be covered with a conductive material within the above range.
[0007]
That is, the present invention is as follows.
(1) an active material composed of a Li—Co composite oxide having an average particle size of 15 μm or more;
The total amount of the large diameter component having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm and the small diameter component having a particle diameter of 0.1 μm or less is 70% by weight or more, and the weight ratio of the large diameter component to the small diameter component is A granular conductive material that is 1: 0.01 to 1: 1;
A lithium ion secondary formed by forming a coating layer containing a binder on a current collector so that 5% to 50% of the surface of the active material is covered with a small diameter component of the conductive material in the layer. A positive electrode plate for a battery,
The positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary batteries whose said binder is a polyvinylidene fluoride whose melting | fusing point is 165 degrees C or less.
(2) A lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode plate according to (1) above, which uses an electrolytic solution having a viscosity of 3 cps or less.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary batteries of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “positive electrode plate”)
[1] an active material composed of a Li—Co based composite oxide having an average particle size of 15 μm or more;
[2] The total amount of the large-diameter component having a particle size in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm and the small-diameter component having a particle size of 0.1 μm or less is 70% by weight or more of the large-diameter component and the small-diameter component. A granular conductive material having a weight ratio of 1: 0.01 to 1: 1;
A coating layer containing a binder,
[3] It is formed on the current collector so that 5% to 50% of the surface of the active material is covered with the small diameter component of the conductive material in the layer,
[4] The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride having a melting point of 165 ° C. or lower,
It is characterized by being.
Hereinafter, the features [1] to [4] of the present invention will be described in detail.
[0009]
[1] Average particle size of active material
In the positive electrode plate of the present invention, the active material prevents abnormal battery reaction (ensures safety), forms pores in the coating layer, and prevents an increase in the electrical resistance of the active material. From the viewpoint, Li—Co based composite oxide having an average particle size of 15 μm or more, preferably 17 μm or more is used. As an example of such a Li—Co based composite oxide, LiCoO2LiACo1-XMeXO2The thing shown by is mentioned. In the latter, A is preferably 0.05 to 1.5, particularly 0.1 to 1.1. X is preferably 0.01 to 0.5, particularly 0.02 to 0.2. Examples of the element Me include group 3-10 elements of the periodic table such as Zr, V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Ni, and group 13-15 elements such as B, Al, Ge, Pb, Sn, Sb. Can be mentioned. Among them, LiCoO2Is preferably used. The Li—Co composite oxide is usually granular.
Moreover, the upper limit of the average particle diameter of the Li—Co based composite oxide is preferably 25 μm or less, more preferably 23 μm or less.
[0010]
[2] Conductive material mainly composed of large diameter component and small diameter component
The positive electrode plate of the present invention is mainly composed of a large diameter component having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm and a small diameter component having a particle diameter of 0.1 μm or less as a conductive material in the positive electrode coating layer, and A conductive material in which the weight ratio of the large diameter component to the small diameter component is 1: 0.01 to 1: 1 is used. Here, “the main component is a large-diameter component having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm and a small-diameter component having a particle diameter of 0.1 μm or less” means that the total amount of both these components is 70% of the entire conductive material. It means that it is not less than wt%, preferably not less than 90 wt%, more preferably not less than 95 wt%.
[0011]
In the present invention, in the coating layer of the positive electrode, the Li—Co composite oxide having the above average particle diameter, the large diameter component having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm, and the particle diameter of 0.1 μm. By containing a specific granular conductive material having a small diameter component of 1 μm or less as a main component and a weight ratio of the large diameter component to the small diameter component of 1: 0.01 to 1: 1, The gap between the active material (particles) and the active material (particles) is mainly filled with the large-diameter component particles, and the small-diameter component particles of 0.1 μm or less mainly cover the surface of the active material within a specific range described later. The conductivity of the positive electrode is sufficiently ensured. In the conductive material, if the weight ratio of the large diameter component and the small diameter component is out of the above range and the amount of the large diameter component is too large or the amount of the small diameter component is too large, sufficient conductivity of the positive electrode cannot be obtained. In particular, when the amount of the large-diameter component is too large, a rapid discharge drop in the initial stage of discharge may be promoted. In particular, when the amount of the small-diameter component is too large, the safety tends to decrease. A preferable weight ratio of the large diameter component to the small diameter component in the conductive material is 1: 0.1 to 1: 0.5.
[0012]
“Granular” in the granular conductive material includes scales, spheres, pseudospheres, lumps, whiskers, and the like, and two or more different types of particles may be mixed. A carbon material is usually used for the granular conductive material. Examples of the carbon material include carbon blacks such as artificial or natural graphites (graphitized carbon), ketjen black, acetylene black, oil furnace black, and extrudable furnace black. Any one or two or more of these carbon materials may be mixed, but an embodiment in which the large diameter component is made of graphite and the small diameter component is made of carbon black is preferable. In the case of graphites, graphitized carbon having a crystal lattice spacing (d002) of 0.34 nm or less and a crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction of 10 nm or more is more preferable. Furnace black is more preferable.
[0013]
In the present invention, the conductive material may contain particles having a particle size between the above-mentioned large-diameter component and small-diameter component, and together with such particles, the particle size is larger than that of the large-diameter component. Larger particles may also be included, but when these particles are included, the amount is less than 30% by weight of the total. When a component other than the main component referred to in the present invention such as a particle having a particle size larger than the particle size of the large component or a particle having a particle size between the large component and the small component is contained by 30% by weight or more of the entire conductive material, the large component However, it tends to be difficult to obtain excellent conductivity and lithium ion release property by filling the gaps between the active materials and covering the active material surface with the small diameter component within a specific range.
Further, from the viewpoint of easily making the ratio of the active material covered with the small diameter component within a specific range described later, the particle diameter of the small diameter component is preferably 0.001 μm or more.
[0014]
[3] The ratio of the active material surface covered with the conductive material is 5% to 50%
In the present invention, 5% to 50%, preferably 10% to 40%, more preferably 25% to 40% of the surface of the active material is covered with the conductive material having the small diameter component in the positive electrode coating layer. Realized. When the conductive material covers more than 50% of the surface of the active material, in the lithium ion secondary battery using the conductive material, the opportunity for the electrolytic solution to contact the surface of the active material is reduced, and the mobility of lithium ions is reduced. And the battery characteristics such as the rate characteristic at room temperature (20 ° C.) and the low temperature characteristic deteriorate. Further, in the above case, most of the surface of the active material is covered and the apparent surface area of the active material is improved, so that oxygen desorption from the active material easily proceeds and there is a problem in safety. It will occur. In addition, when the active material is covered with less than 5% of the surface by the conductive material, sufficient conductivity cannot be obtained, and as a result, the resistance of the electrode is increased and the battery capacity is decreased or the cycle is decreased. There is a problem that the characteristics are degraded.
[0015]
[4] The melting point of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder is 165 ° C. or lower
The positive electrode plate of the present invention uses polyvinylidene fluoride having a melting point of 165 ° C. or lower (hereinafter also referred to as “PVdF”) as a binder for the coating layer in addition to the above-described configurations [1] to [3]. This is the biggest feature. As described above, the positive electrode plate is coated with a slurry containing an active material, a conductive material and a polymer binder on a current collector, dried and rolled, and then coated with a porous coating on the current collector. It is obtained by forming a physical layer. Control of the porosity in such a coating layer is performed exclusively by this method because it is easy to adjust by the drying temperature, the pressure during rolling, and the like. The porosity of the coated layer is preferably larger from the viewpoint of electrolyte retention (impregnation). However, since the porosity is high, the bonding force between the constituent materials (active material, conductive material, polymer binder, etc.) is reduced accordingly, so that the coated material may be affected by temperature changes due to repeated charge / discharge cycles. The porous structure of the layer is fragile, which causes a decrease in discharge characteristics.
[0016]
In the present invention, by using the specific PVdF as described above as a binder, a coating layer having a stable porous structure can be realized while having a high porosity. This is because when PVdF having a melting point of 165 ° C. or lower is dissolved in a solvent to prepare a slurry, the behavior of the PVdF in the slurry is different from that when a conventional PVdF having a melting point of about 170 ° C. to 180 ° C. is used ( The polymer entangles with the surface of the active material), and it is easy to make pores in the coating layer obtained by drying the slurry, and the crystal of the drying process of the slurry is higher than the conventional PVdF having a high melting point. It is considered that the degree of conversion increases and a stable porous structure is formed (that is, when the slurry coated on the current collector is dried, the mechanical strength of the current collector decreases due to its thermal history, and rolling is performed. Since there is a problem that the current collector is easily cut at the time of winding work or the like, the slurry is usually dried at about 80 ° C. to 150 ° C. so that such a problem does not occur, but the melting point is 165 ° C. The following poly Vinylidene fluoride is more crystallization when the slurry is dried than PVdF (melting point: about 170 ° C to 180 ° C) that has been used in the past, and has higher bonding strength with active materials and conductive materials. The coated layer is considered to form a more stable porous structure than before.)
[0017]
The polyvinylidene fluoride having a melting point of 165 ° C. or lower used in the present invention preferably has a melting point of 150 ° C. to 165 ° C., more preferably 155 ° C. to 160 ° C., and a melt viscosity measured at 232 ° C. of 29 kps to 33 kps ( Those which are kilopoise) are particularly preferred.
[0018]
The positive electrode plate for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has the above features [1] to [4] at the same time. As described above, such a positive electrode plate of the present invention is obtained by preparing a slurry containing at least the above active material, conductive material and PVdF, coating the slurry on a current collector, and then drying the slurry. It is produced by further rolling the coated product layer.
[0019]
The slurry is usually prepared by kneading an active material, a conductive material and PVdF together with an appropriate solvent. The solvent is not particularly limited, but N-methylpyrrolidone is preferable. The kneading can be performed using a conventionally known kneading apparatus such as a planetary dispa kneading apparatus (manufactured by Asada Iron Works), and the final slurry viscosity (25 ° C.) is generally 3000 cps to 30000 cps (centipoise). To do so. Here, the viscosity (25 ° C.) is a value measured with a B-type viscometer at a rotation speed of 6 rpm.
[0020]
The coating of the slurry on the current collector is performed by a conventionally known coating machine such as a comma roll type or a die coating type coating machine, and the slurry is dried by applying the slurry coated on the current collector. Using a drying apparatus such as a warm air drying oven together with the current collector, drying is performed at a temperature range of 80 ° C. to 200 ° C., preferably 100 ° C. to 180 ° C. for 5 minutes to 20 minutes.
The amount of slurry applied is preferably 1 mg / cm, assuming that the amount of deposit after drying on the current collector is indicated by the amount of active material.2~ 100mg / cm2Degree.
[0021]
The rolling treatment of the coated layer is performed using a rolling press or the like, preferably at a rolling temperature of 20 ° C. to 100 ° C., more preferably 25 ° C. to 50 ° C., particularly preferably 20 ° C. to 35 ° C. Preferably it is carried out so as to be 10% to 40%, more preferably 20% to 40%, particularly preferably 25% to 35%. Here, the rolling rate is a scale representing the degree of rolling called a rolling reduction, and when the thickness before rolling is h1, the thickness after rolling is h2, and the thickness of the current collector is h3, the following formula: Calculated in (I).
Rolling ratio (%) = (h1-h2) × 100 / (h1-h3) (I)
[0022]
When both the rolling temperature and the rolling rate are less than the above ranges, springback occurs due to low temperature rolling, and the safety of the lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode plate thus obtained is lowered and the rolling rate is low. This is not preferable because the design capacity cannot be obtained due to the rolling, and the adhesion between the coated layer and the current collector is lowered. Also, if the rolling temperature and rolling rate both exceed the above ranges, the impregnation does not proceed during the impregnation with the electrolytic solution due to high temperature rolling, resulting in a high resistance electrode, and the high rate characteristics are significantly reduced due to the high rolling rate. This is not preferable because there is a problem that it may occur. Further, if the rolling rate is within the above range and the rolling temperature is less than the above range, the design capacity is obtained, but the springback is the cause, and there is a problem that the safety of the lithium ion secondary battery is lowered. If the rolling rate is within the above range and the rolling temperature exceeds the above range, the design capacity is obtained, but the electrode resistance is increased due to insufficient impregnation of the electrolyte, which is not preferable. Furthermore, if the rolling temperature is within the above range and the rolling rate is less than the above range, rolling cannot be performed sufficiently, and cycle characteristics due to a decrease in adhesion between the coating layer and the current collector. The rolling temperature is in the above range and the rolling rate exceeds the above range, which is not preferable because the rate characteristics are deteriorated.
[0023]
By passing through kneading and rolling under the above conditions, the ratio of the active material covering the surface with the conductive material having the small diameter component as described above is 5% to 50%, and a positive electrode plate provided with a sufficiently porous coating layer Can be obtained. By using such a positive electrode plate, it is possible to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery in which all of the low temperature characteristics, the high rate characteristics, and the cycle characteristics are remarkably superior to the conventional one.
[0024]
In the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention using the positive electrode plate, it is preferable to use an electrolyte having a viscosity at 23 ° C. of 3 cps or less, more preferably 2 cps or less. That is, since the electrolyte solution has a low viscosity of 3 cps or less, the electrolyte solution sufficiently penetrates and is retained in the pores of the coating layer, and insertion / extraction of Li ions with the active material. This is because active discharge is performed actively and a sufficiently high discharge capacity is obtained. When the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is higher than 3 cps, the electrolytic solution is not sufficiently retained in the coating layer, and the low temperature characteristics and the cycle characteristics tend to be deteriorated.
The viscosity of the electrolytic solution is more preferably 0.1 cps or more. This is because when the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is less than 0.1 cps, volatility increases and high-temperature storage characteristics tend to decrease.
[0025]
The electrolytic solution having a viscosity of 3 cps or less used in the present invention is at least one selected from diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). ) And a mixed solvent.
[0026]
At this time, the total amount of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) is preferably 25% by volume or less, and the specific composition is, for example, at least one selected from diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. 25 vol% to 50 vol% (preferably 30 vol% to 35 vol%), ethylene carbonate 4 vol% to 20 vol% (preferably 6 vol% to 18 vol%), propylene carbonate 3 vol% to 17 vol% % (Preferably 5% by volume to 15% by volume) and dimethyl carbonate by 40% to 60% by volume (preferably 45% by volume to 55% by volume).
[0027]
In at least one selected from diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, if the mixing ratio is less than 25% by volume, the freezing point of the electrolyte rises, and the internal resistance of the battery is reduced particularly at a low temperature of −20 ° C. or lower. This may increase the charge / discharge cycle characteristics and low temperature characteristics, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the mixing ratio exceeds 50% by volume, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is increased to increase the internal resistance of the battery, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are deteriorated.
[0028]
In ethylene carbonate, if the mixing ratio is less than 4% by volume, it is difficult to form a stable film on the surface of the negative electrode plate, and cycle characteristics may be deteriorated. Moreover, when the said mixing ratio exceeds 20 volume%, the viscosity of electrolyte solution rises, the internal resistance of a battery is increased, and a charge / discharge cycle characteristic may fall, and it is unpreferable.
[0029]
In propylene carbonate, the mixing ratio is3If it is less than volume%, the effect of suppressing the increase in impedance associated with the charge / discharge cycle is reduced, and the cycle characteristics may be deteriorated. If the mixing ratio exceeds 17% by volume, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is increased, the internal resistance of the battery is increased, and charge / discharge cycle characteristics are deteriorated.
[0030]
In dimethyl carbonate, if the mixing ratio is less than 40% by volume, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution increases, the internal resistance of the battery is increased, and charge / discharge cycle characteristics are deteriorated. When the mixing ratio exceeds 60% by volume, the volatilization of the electrolytic solution easily proceeds and the high temperature characteristics tend to deteriorate, which is not preferable.
[0031]
As the lithium salt in the electrolyte, LiClOFour, LiBFFour, LiPF6, LiAsF6LiAlClFourAnd Li (CFThreeSO2)2One or more selected from N are suitable, and the concentration in the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 0.1 mol / L to 2 mol / L, more preferably 0.5 mol / L to 1.8. Mole / L is good. When the concentration of the lithium salt is less than 0.1 mol / L, the ionic conductivity as the electrolyte cannot be sufficiently obtained, and when the concentration of the lithium salt exceeds 2 mol / L, the viscosity of the electrolyte increases. It becomes difficult to achieve a low viscosity of 3 cps or less.
[0032]
In the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, it is only necessary to use a positive electrode plate having the above-mentioned configuration. Preferably, other components are particularly limited if an electrolyte having the above viscosity is used. It is not something.
Hereinafter, other configurations that are preferably used in the present invention will be described.
[0033]
The Li—Co based composite oxide used in the present invention has an average particle size of 15 μm as described above, and an average particle size [μm] and a specific surface area [m.2/ G], the value obtained by dividing 20 by weight is 7 to 9, that is, the one satisfying the following formula (II) is particularly preferable.
7 ≦ [20 / (specific surface area [m2/ G] × average particle size [μm])] ≦ 9 (II)
20 / (specific surface area [m2/ G] × average particle diameter [μm]) is in the range of 7 to 9, the resistance component of the active material itself decreases, and the cycle characteristics, low temperature characteristics, and rate characteristics are further improved. The 20 / (specific surface area [m2/ G] × average particle size [μm]) is more preferably 7.5 to 8.5.
The Li—Co based composite oxide satisfying such conditions has a specific surface area smaller than the average particle size compared to a general one. By setting the ratio of the surface covered with the conductive material of the small diameter component to 5% to 50% as described above, good low temperature characteristics and high rate characteristics can be obtained.
The Li—Co based composite oxide that simultaneously satisfies the above average particle size and the condition of the formula (II) can be produced by, for example, a method described in JP-A 2000-327338.
[0034]
In the present invention, the positive electrode applied material layer includes at least the active material, the conductive material, and PVdF, and the amount of the conductive material is 3 to 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the active material. The amount is preferably 3.5 parts by weight to 12 parts by weight, and particularly preferably 4 parts by weight to 8 parts by weight. The amount of PVdF is preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight, more preferably 2 to 7 parts by weight, and particularly preferably 3 to 6 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the active material.
When the amount of the conductive material is less than 3 parts by weight, the conductivity of the positive electrode is not sufficiently high, and when it exceeds 15 parts by weight, the filling amount of the active material is reduced and the target capacity cannot be obtained. It is not preferable. Further, when the amount of PVdF is less than 1 part by weight, the bonding between the materials constituting the coated layer becomes insufficient, the active material is easily peeled off, and the cycle characteristics are particularly deteriorated. Moreover, when the amount of PVdF exceeds 10 parts by weight, sufficiently high conductivity of the coated layer (positive electrode) cannot be obtained, and in particular, low temperature characteristics and high rate characteristics are deteriorated.
[0035]
In the present invention, as the current collector used for the positive electrode plate, for example, a conventional one such as a foil formed of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, or an expanded metal can be used. When the current collector is a foil or a perforated foil, the thickness is usually about 10 to 100 μm, preferably about 15 to 50 μm. When the current collector is an expanded metal, the thickness is usually about 25 to 300 μm, preferably about 30 to 150 μm.
[0036]
The negative electrode plate in the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but a carbon material is used as a suitable negative electrode active material, and among these, the specific surface area is preferably 2.0 m.2/ G or less, more preferably 0.5 m2/G-1.5m2/ G, the interplanar distance (d002) of the crystal lattice is preferably 0.3380 nm or less, more preferably 0.3355 nm to 0.3370 nm, and the crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction is preferably 30 nm or more. Graphitized carbon having a thickness of 40 nm to 70 nm is preferable, and specific examples of such graphitized carbon include mesophase graphitized carbon.
[0037]
By having the above specific surface area, when the electrolytic solution contains propylene carbonate, it is possible to prevent a decrease in battery capacity due to a decomposition reaction of propylene carbonate during charging. Further, by having the above-mentioned crystal lattice distance (d002) and crystallite size (Lc) in the c-axis direction, the potential increase of the negative electrode plate can be suppressed, and the average discharge potential of the battery is further stabilized.
[0038]
The graphitized carbon is usually granular, but the particle shape is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a scale shape, a fiber shape, a spherical shape, a pseudo-spherical shape, a lump shape, and a whisker shape. However, it is preferably fibrous because it can be easily applied to the current collector and the orientation of the particles after application can be controlled. Therefore, in the present invention, fibrous mesophase-based graphitized carbon (that is, mesophase-based graphitized carbon fiber) is particularly suitable as the active material for the negative electrode. A preferred example of a method for producing mesophase graphitized carbon fiber is shown below.
[0039]
First, pitches such as petroleum pitch and coal tar pitch are spun into fibers having a length of about 200 μm to 300 μm by a melt blow method. As the pitches, it is particularly preferable to use mesophase pitch having a mesophase content of 70% by volume or more. Next, this fiber is carbonized at 800 ° C. to 1500 ° C., and then pulverized to an appropriate size, for example, an average fiber length of about 1 μm to 100 μm and an average fiber diameter of about 1 μm to 15 μm. Subsequently, this pulverized fiber is graphitized by heating at 2500 ° C. to 3200 ° C., preferably 2800 ° C. to 3200 ° C., to obtain mesophase graphitized carbon fiber.
[0040]
However, from the viewpoint of improving the coating properties of the slurry, which will be described later, to the current collector, the above pulverization preferably has an average fiber length of 1 μm to 100 μm, more preferably 2 μm to 50 μm, and particularly preferably 3 μm to 25 μm. The average fiber diameter is preferably 0.5 μm to 15 μm, more preferably 1 μm to 15 μm, and particularly preferably 5 μm to 10 μm. At this time, the aspect ratio (ratio of average fiber length to average fiber diameter) is preferably 1 to 5.
[0041]
A method for producing the negative electrode plate is not particularly limited, and a general method in this field can be applied. However, a slurry containing a negative electrode active material and a polymer binder is prepared, and the slurry is applied onto a current collector. A method of drying (forming a coating layer) and performing a rolling treatment as necessary is preferable. The polymer binder here is not particularly limited, but polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer, and the like are suitable.
[0042]
In the present invention, the negative electrode plate may contain a conductive material together with the active material. In this case, the conductive material is preferably natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black or the like having an average particle size of 5 μm or less. Moreover, as a collector used for a negative electrode plate, the same thing as the former can be utilized, and the foil and expanded metal which were formed with copper, nickel, silver, stainless steel, etc. are mentioned.
[0043]
Usually, a separator is interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate. As the separator, a known separator conventionally used in lithium ion secondary batteries such as a polyolefin separator is used. Here, the separator may be a porous separator, or may be a solid separator that does not substantially form pores. The polyolefin separator may be a single polyethylene layer or a single polypropylene layer, but is preferably a type in which a polyethylene layer and a polypropylene layer are laminated, and in particular, a three-layer type of polypropylene layer / polyethylene layer / polypropylene layer from the viewpoint of safety. preferable.
[0044]
In the present invention, the form of the battery is not particularly limited. The well-known thing conventionally used with the lithium ion secondary battery can be used, for example, cylindrical cans, square cans, button-like cans made of metal such as Fe, Fe (Ni plating), SUS, aluminum, aluminum alloy Etc., and a sheet-like exterior material such as a laminate film is used. The laminate film is preferably one in which a thermoplastic resin laminate layer such as polyester or polypropylene is formed on at least one surface of a metal foil such as copper or aluminum.
[0045]
Below, the measuring method of the characteristic (physical property) in this specification is described.
(1) Ratio of active material surface covered with conductive material
For example, it can be determined by elemental analysis by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), which is a conventionally known method. Specifically, an arbitrary portion of the positive electrode plate is cut out, and gold deposition is performed by a sputtering deposition method to give conductivity to the positive electrode plate to obtain a sample. For this sample, for example, an X-ray microanalyzer JXA-8600MA (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) is used to perform an elemental analysis on the carbon element, and the ratio of the carbon element to the entire sample is calculated from the element mapping. Thus, the ratio of the surface covered with the conductive material of the positive electrode active material is calculated.
It can also be determined by image analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs.
Specifically, an arbitrary portion of the positive electrode plate is cut into 1 cm × 1 cm, and gold is deposited by a sputtering deposition method to give conductivity to the sample to obtain a sample. An arbitrary 100 μm × 100 μm area of this sample is observed using a scanning electron microscope, the area of the surface portion covered with the conductive material of the positive electrode active material is obtained by image analysis, and the ratio of this surface portion to the entire sample is calculated. .
(2) Melting point of polyvinylidene fluoride
Using DSC (suggested scanning calorimeter), the temperature is increased at a rate of 5 ° C./min and measured in the range of room temperature (20 ° C.) to 300 ° C.
(3) Melt viscosity of polyvinylidene fluoride (232 ° C)
Measure using a capillograph (Toyo Seiki).
(4) Viscosity of electrolyte (23 ° C)
Measure using an Ubbelohde viscometer.
(5) Particle size (average particle size) of conductive material for Li-Co composite oxide and positive electrode plate
Microtrac particle size analyzer (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, SALD-3000J)
Use to measure. In the procedure, first, a granular material to be measured is put into an organic liquid such as water or ethanol, and an ultrasonic wave of about 35 kHz to 40 kHz is applied to perform dispersion processing for about 2 minutes. Here, the amount of the particulate matter to be measured is such that the laser transmittance (ratio of the output light amount to the incident light amount) of the dispersion liquid after the dispersion treatment is 70% to 95%. Next, this dispersion is applied to a microtrack particle size analyzer, and the particle diameters (D1, D2, D3,...) Of individual particles and the number of particles (N1, N2, N3) for each particle diameter are scattered by laser light scattering.・ ・ ・) Is measured. This particle size distribution measurement is calculated as the particle size distribution of a spherical particle group that has the theoretical intensity closest to the observed scattering intensity distribution (the particle is a cross-section with the same area as the projected image obtained by laser light irradiation). (It is assumed that the sphere has a circle, and the diameter (sphere equivalent diameter) of this cross-sectional circle is measured as the particle size).
The average particle size (μm) is calculated by the following formula from the particle size (D) of each particle and the number (N) of each particle size.
Average particle diameter (μm) = (ΣNDThree/ ΣN)1/3
In addition, the particle | grains with a particle size of 1 micrometer or less may aggregate in a dispersion liquid, and when such aggregation arises, it measures using an electron microscope. That is, first take an electron micrograph by setting the magnification so that 20 or more particles are in the field of view, then calculate the area of each particle image shown in the photograph, and then calculate the same from this calculated area. The diameter of a circle having an area is calculated (assuming a sphere having a cross-sectional circle of this diameter), and this diameter is taken as the particle size.
(6) Specific surface area of Li-Co composite oxide and active material (graphitized carbon) for negative electrode plate
A specific surface area meter monosorb (manufactured by Quantachrome) is used, and measurement is performed by a gas phase adsorption method (one-point method) using nitrogen as an adsorbent.
(7) Distance between crystal lattices (d002) and crystallite size (Lc) in c-axis direction of conductive material (graphitized carbon) for positive plate and active material (graphitized carbon) for negative plate
The measurement is carried out according to the following procedure according to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
First, high-purity silicon for X-ray standard is pulverized in an agate mortar to below 325 mesh standard sieve to prepare a standard material, and this standard material and the graphitized carbon of the sample to be measured are mixed in an agate mortar (graphitized carbon An X-ray sample was prepared by adding 10% by weight of a standard substance to 100% by weight. Next, this X-ray sample was prepared by using, for example, an X-ray diffraction apparatus RINT2000 (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, X-ray source: CuKα). Line) sample plate uniformly. Next, the applied voltage to the X-ray tube is set to 40 kV, the applied current is set to 50 mA, the scanning range is set to 2θ = 23.5 degrees to 29.5 degrees, the scanning speed is set to 0.25 degrees / min. The 002 peak and the 111 peak of the standard are measured. Subsequently, from the obtained peak position and its half-value width, using the graphitization degree calculation software attached to the above X-ray diffraction apparatus, the distance between crystal lattices (d002) and the crystallite in the c-axis direction The dimension (Lc) is calculated.
[0046]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples.
Example 1
[Preparation of positive electrode plate]
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 18 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 8.5) 91 parts by weight and spherical graphitized carbon as the conductive material (average particle diameter: 6 μm, distance between crystal lattice planes: 0) 3360 nm, crystallite size in the c-axis direction: 60 nm), 1 part by weight of oil furnace black (average particle size: 0.01 μm) as a conductive material, and a melting point of 160 ° C. as a polymer binder A positive electrode active material composition obtained by uniformly dispersing 3 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) (Audimont, Hylar 301F) in N-methylpyrrolidone was kneaded to prepare a slurry. Here, the ratio of the large-diameter component (particles having a particle size in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm) in the entire conductive material composed of spherical graphitized carbon and oil furnace black is 75% by weight, and the small-diameter component (particles of 0.1 μm or less) The ratio of particles having a particle size other than these was 10% by weight.
[0047]
The slurry is applied on both sides of an aluminum foil (thickness: 20 μm) serving as a current collector, dried at 140 ° C. for 5 minutes, and then rolled under rolling conditions at a rolling temperature of 30 ° C. and a rolling rate of 30%. A coating layer is formed on the current collector, and 20 mg / cm per side of the aluminum foil.2LiCoO2A positive electrode plate having The viscosity immediately before application of the slurry was 8000 cps.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was measured by EPMA using an X-ray microanalyzer JXA-8600MA (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), and the result was 38%. .
[0048]
(Production of negative electrode plate)
Graphitized carbon melbrom melt FM-14 (specific surface area: 1.32 m) as negative electrode active material2/ G, distance between planes of crystal lattice: 0.3364 nm, crystallite size in c-axis direction: 50 nm), 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder, and 50 parts by weight of N-methylpyrrolidone Were mixed to form a slurry, and this slurry was applied to both sides of a copper foil (thickness: 14 μm) serving as a current collector and dried. The interplanar distance of the crystal lattice of the negative electrode active material and the crystallite size in the c-axis direction were measured in the same manner as the above spherical graphitized carbon. Next, this copper foil was subjected to a rolling process under the rolling conditions generally performed by those skilled in the art (rolling temperature: 120 ° C., rolling rate: 20%) to obtain a negative electrode plate.
[0049]
(Preparation of electrolyte)
In a mixed solvent of 4% by volume of diethyl carbonate, 29% by volume of ethyl methyl carbonate, 11% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 9% by volume of propylene carbonate, and 47% by volume of dimethyl carbonate, LiPF6Was dissolved so that the concentration thereof was 1.0 mol / L (relative to the electrolyte solution after preparation) to prepare an electrolyte solution. The viscosity (23 ° C.) of the electrolytic solution was 1.9 cps.
[0050]
[Assembly of lithium ion secondary battery]
The positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate produced above were wound through a porous polyethylene-polypropylene composite separator and accommodated in a cylindrical battery can (outer diameter: 18 mm, height: 650 mm). Furthermore, the electrolyte solution obtained above was impregnated into a separator to produce a lithium ion secondary battery.
[0051]
Example 2
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 20 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 8.0) was used to obtain a positive electrode plate under the same conditions as described in Example 1, and 7% by volume of diethyl carbonate as an electrolyte solution And LiPF in a mixed solvent of 23% by volume of ethyl methyl carbonate, 10% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 10% by volume of propylene carbonate, and 50% by volume of dimethyl carbonate.6A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a solution prepared by dissolving so as to have a concentration of 1.0 mol / L (relative to the prepared electrolyte) was used. did.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 40%, and the viscosity (23 ° C.) of the electrolytic solution was 2.1 cps.
[0052]
Example 3
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 21 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 7.5) was used to obtain a positive electrode plate under the same conditions as in the method described in Example 1, and 16% by volume of diethyl carbonate as an electrolytic solution LiPF in a mixed solvent of 16% by volume of ethyl methyl carbonate, 10% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 15% by volume of propylene carbonate, and 43% by volume of dimethyl carbonate.6A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a solution prepared by dissolving so as to have a concentration of 1.0 mol / L (relative to the prepared electrolyte) was used. did.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material is30%, The viscosity of the electrolytic solution (23 ° C.) was 2.4 cps.
[0053]
Example 4
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 19 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 8.3) was used to obtain a positive electrode plate under the same conditions as described in Example 1, and 4% by volume of diethyl carbonate as an electrolyte solution And a mixed solvent of 29% by volume of ethyl methyl carbonate, 7% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 7% by volume of propylene carbonate, and 53% by volume of dimethyl carbonate, LiPF6A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a solution prepared by dissolving so as to have a concentration of 1.0 mol / L (relative to the prepared electrolyte) was used. did.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 28%, and the viscosity (23 ° C.) of the electrolytic solution was 1.5 cps.
[0054]
Example 5
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 21 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 7.5) was used to obtain a positive electrode plate under the same conditions as in Example 1, and 4% by volume of diethyl carbonate as an electrolyte and ethyl methyl In a mixed solvent of 29% by volume of carbonate, 20% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 20% by volume of propylene carbonate, and 27% by volume of dimethyl carbonate, LiPF6A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a solution prepared by dissolving so as to have a concentration of 1.0 mol / L (relative to the prepared electrolyte) was used. did.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 35%, and the viscosity (23 ° C.) of the electrolytic solution was 3.5 cps.
[0055]
Comparative Example 1
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 5 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 8.9), a positive electrode plate was obtained under the same conditions as in the method described in Example 1, and 4% by volume of diethyl carbonate as an electrolytic solution And a mixed solvent of 29% by volume of ethyl methyl carbonate, 11% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 9% by volume of propylene carbonate, and 47% by volume of dimethyl carbonate, LiPF6A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a solution prepared by dissolving so as to have a concentration of 1.0 mol / L (relative to the prepared electrolyte) was used. did.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 28%, and the viscosity (23 ° C.) of the electrolytic solution was 1.9 cps.
[0056]
Comparative Example 2
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 21 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 7.5), and a positive electrode plate was obtained under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that a conductive material having a large diameter component was not blended. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that.
[0057]
Comparative Example 3
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 21 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 7.5), and 5 parts by weight of the same spherical graphitized carbon as in Example 1 is blended as the conductive material, and the small-diameter component conductivity. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode plate was obtained under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the material was not blended.
[0058]
Comparative Example 4
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 19 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 8.3) and a positive electrode plate was obtained under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that no conductive material was blended. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 65%.
[0059]
Comparative Example 5
LiCoO as positive electrode active material2(Average particle diameter: 21 μm, 20 / (average particle diameter × specific surface area): 7.5), and positive electrode plate under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the kneading was performed twice as much as in Example 1. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that.
The viscosity immediately before application of the slurry was 7000 cps, and the ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 65%.
[0060]
Comparative Example 6
As a conductive material, 12 parts by weight of spherical graphitized carbon (average particle size: 6 μm, distance between crystal lattice planes: 0.3360 nm, c-axis direction crystallite size: 60 nm) and 0.08 parts by weight of oil furnace A positive electrode plate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that black (average particle diameter: 0.01 μm) was used. In addition, the ratio of the large diameter component (particles having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm) in the entire conductive material is 99.4% by weight, and the ratio of the small diameter component (particles of 0.1 μm or less) is 0.5% by weight. The proportion of particles having a particle size other than these was 0.1% by weight. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that such a positive electrode plate was used.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 45%.
[0061]
Comparative Example 7
As a conductive material, 4 parts by weight of spherical graphitized carbon (average particle size: 6 μm, distance between crystal lattice planes: 0.3360 nm, crystallite size in c-axis direction: 60 nm) and 5 parts by weight of oil furnace black ( A positive electrode plate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the average particle diameter was 0.01 μm. In addition, the ratio of the large diameter component (particles having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm) in the entire conductive material is 40% by weight, and the ratio of the small diameter component (particles of 0.1 μm or less) is 50% by weight. The ratio of the particle size was 10% by weight. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that such a positive electrode plate was used.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 68%.
[0062]
Comparative Example 8
A positive electrode plate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer binder was changed to polyvinylidene fluoride having a melting point of 171 ° C.
The ratio of the surface of the active material covered with the conductive material was 60%.
[0063]
The lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 8 produced as described above were subjected to a low temperature characteristic test, a high rate discharge test, a cycle characteristic test, and a nail penetration test in the following procedure.
[0064]
[Low temperature characteristics test]
The lithium ion secondary battery obtained above is charged at room temperature and then left in an air atmosphere at −20 ° C. for 24 hours. Charging is performed by flowing current at a constant current of 1 C (1600 mA) until the voltage reaches 4.2 V, and then flowing current at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the total charging time reaches 2.5 hours. It was. Next, discharge is performed in this air atmosphere at −20 ° C. with a cutoff of 0.5 C (800 mAh) /2.5 V, and the discharge capacity [mA · H] at that time is determined. Further, charging and discharging are performed under the same conditions at room temperature (20 ° C.), and the discharge capacity [mA · H] is obtained. Further, the discharge capacity change rate [%] was determined by dividing the discharge capacity at −20 ° C. by the discharge capacity at room temperature.
[0065]
[High-rate discharge test]
2C (3600 mA constant current) discharge was performed at room temperature (20 ° C.), and the ratio of the discharge capacity to the discharge capacity [%] at the time of 0.2 C (360 mA constant current) discharge was calculated (capacity maintenance ratio). .
[0066]
[Cycle characteristic test]
The lithium ion secondary battery obtained above was charged and discharged at 1C / 1C for 500 cycles at room temperature (20 ° C.), and the discharge capacity [mA was determined from the discharge current value and discharge time for 1 cycle and 500 cycles. Calculate H]. Next, the discharge capacity change rate [%] was obtained by dividing the discharge capacity [mA · H] at 500 cycles by the discharge capacity [mA · H] in the first cycle.
[0067]
[Nail penetration test]
The battery is charged at 1.5 A until the voltage reaches 4.3 V. Immediately after charging, a nail with an outer diameter of 3 mm is moved at a speed of 4 cm / second around the center between the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of each lithium ion secondary battery. A safety test was conducted to penetrate through the battery and examine the number of fires in ten. The case where the number of ignition was 0 was marked with ○, and the case where it was even 1 was marked with ×.
[0068]
The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
[0069]
[Table 1]
[0070]
[Table 2]
[0071]
As shown in Table 1, it can be seen that the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 4 of the present invention are excellent in all of the low temperature characteristics, the high rate discharge characteristics, and the cycle characteristics. Also, as a result of the nail penetration test, it was found that the safety was also excellent.
On the other hand, as shown in Table 2, when it falls outside the range of each parameter, it is clear that the battery cannot satisfy any one or a plurality of specific items.
[0072]
【The invention's effect】
As is apparent from the above description, according to the present invention, all of the low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high rate discharge characteristics are greatly improved as compared with the prior art, and a lithium ion secondary battery that is surely safe and used therefor. A positive electrode plate can be provided. Therefore, it can be suitably used for devices that are expected to be used at low temperatures and that require large current discharge, such as observation devices, communication devices, electric vehicles, and power storage devices.
Claims (2)
粒径が4μm〜8μmの範囲内にある大径成分および粒径が0.1μm以下の小径成分の合計量が全体の70重量%以上であり、かつ、大径成分と小径成分の重量比が1:0.01〜1:1である粒状の導電材と、
結着剤とを含むスラリーを、集電体上に塗工して乾燥後、得られた塗工物層を20〜100℃で、圧延率が20%〜40%となるように圧延することにより、該層内において活物質の表面の25%〜50%が導電材の小径成分によって覆われてなるリチウムイオン二次電池用の正極板であって、
上記結着剤が、融点165℃以下のポリフッ化ビニリデンである、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極板。An active material composed of a Li—Co based composite oxide having an average particle size of 15 μm or more;
The total amount of the large diameter component having a particle diameter in the range of 4 μm to 8 μm and the small diameter component having a particle diameter of 0.1 μm or less is 70% by weight or more, and the weight ratio of the large diameter component to the small diameter component is A granular conductive material that is 1: 0.01 to 1: 1;
The slurry containing the binder is coated on a current collector and dried, and then the obtained coating layer is rolled at 20 to 100 ° C. so that the rolling rate is 20% to 40%. Accordingly, a positive electrode plate for a lithium ion secondary battery covered composed by a small diameter component of the conductive material 25% to 50% of the surface of the active material in the said layer,
A positive electrode plate for a lithium ion secondary battery, wherein the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride having a melting point of 165 ° C or lower.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001356201A JP4021651B2 (en) | 2001-11-21 | 2001-11-21 | Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001356201A JP4021651B2 (en) | 2001-11-21 | 2001-11-21 | Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2003157829A JP2003157829A (en) | 2003-05-30 |
| JP4021651B2 true JP4021651B2 (en) | 2007-12-12 |
Family
ID=19167768
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001356201A Expired - Fee Related JP4021651B2 (en) | 2001-11-21 | 2001-11-21 | Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4021651B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11929485B2 (en) | 2018-09-19 | 2024-03-12 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Secondary battery |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014116217A (en) * | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-26 | Toyota Industries Corp | Lithium ion secondary battery cathode and lithium ion secondary battery |
| CN104904042B (en) | 2013-02-04 | 2017-03-15 | 日本瑞翁株式会社 | Slurry for positive electrode of lithium ion secondary battery |
| JP6616278B2 (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2019-12-04 | 株式会社エンビジョンAescジャパン | Electrode for lithium ion secondary battery |
-
2001
- 2001-11-21 JP JP2001356201A patent/JP4021651B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11929485B2 (en) | 2018-09-19 | 2024-03-12 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Secondary battery |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2003157829A (en) | 2003-05-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US8748036B2 (en) | Non-aqueous secondary battery | |
| JP3262704B2 (en) | Carbon electrode for non-aqueous secondary battery, method for producing the same, and non-aqueous secondary battery using the same | |
| CN100456533C (en) | Negative electrode for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, method for producing same, and secondary battery | |
| CN112219293B (en) | Negative electrode for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode for lithium secondary battery | |
| JP5448555B2 (en) | Negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery, lithium ion secondary battery using the same, slurry for preparing negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery, and method for producing negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery | |
| WO2001091211A1 (en) | Lithium secondary cell and positive electrode active material, positive plate, and method for manufacturing them | |
| CN113711384A (en) | Positive electrode for secondary battery comprising flake graphite and secondary battery comprising same | |
| CN112136232B (en) | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery | |
| JP2013243090A (en) | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery | |
| JP6329888B2 (en) | Anode material for secondary battery and secondary battery using the same | |
| JP4021652B2 (en) | Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery, method for producing the same, and lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode plate | |
| JP7789784B2 (en) | Negative electrode active material and battery | |
| JP2024505867A (en) | Negative electrode active material, negative electrode containing the same, secondary battery containing the same, and method for producing negative electrode active material | |
| CN116093274A (en) | Composite positive electrode active material, method for preparing same, and lithium secondary battery | |
| WO2018179934A1 (en) | Negative electrode material and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery | |
| CA3238348A1 (en) | Positive electrode active material, method for preparing the same, and positive electrode including the same | |
| JP2017050204A (en) | Positive electrode material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, method for manufacturing the same and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery | |
| JP7391455B2 (en) | Method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery and a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery produced by the method | |
| CN113632261A (en) | Negative electrode for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery | |
| JP2001143760A (en) | Lithium ion secondary cell | |
| JP4053763B2 (en) | Lithium ion secondary battery | |
| JP4021651B2 (en) | Positive electrode plate for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same | |
| JP2013191484A (en) | Negative electrode active material layer, manufacturing method therefor and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary cell | |
| JP7789785B2 (en) | Negative electrode active material and battery | |
| WO2020213627A1 (en) | Composite carbon particle, method for manufacturing same, and use thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20041117 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20060531 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20060620 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20060811 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20070828 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20070927 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20101005 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |