JP4023724B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、超高速充放電を可能にする非水電解質リチウム二次電池及びその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術及び発明が解決しようとしている課題】
従来の非水電解質リチウム二次電池には、他の実用電池に比べて充放電特性が劣るという欠点があった。すなわち、現行(市販)のリチウム二次電池は、充電に時間がかかり、放電電流が大きく取れない(Cレート:10程度)という問題があった。その原因としては、非水電解質リチウム二次電池に用いられる有機電解液が、他の実用電池、すなわち水溶液系電解液に比して導電率が一桁以上小さいことに加えて、非水電解質リチウム電池では電荷移動がリチウムイオンであり、対して、水溶液系実用電池の場合にはプロトンであることに比して、イオン半径が大きく、そのため電解液への拡散が遅いことによる、と考えられている。
【0003】
本発明者等は、電気化学の研究に携わってきた経験から上記理由以外にも、いくつかの重要な要因がある、と考えてきた。
従来の非水電解質リチウム二次電池では、その正極集電体として、有機電解液中で耐食性を持つアルミニウムが一般的に採用されている。
アルミニウムは、耐食性に優れ、電気伝導性にも優れた材料であり、集電体材料として優れた材料であるが、その耐食性は、表面に形成された酸化物の不働態被膜によるものである。したがって、正極集電体に表面に付着される正極活物質は、該不動態被膜によって隔てられてしまい、活物質と集電体とが直接接する場合に比して接触抵抗が極めて大きくなり、これも充放電特性を悪くする要因の一つではないか、と考えてきた。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は、接触抵抗に影響を及ぼす種々の要因を検討し、この要因を制御することによってリチウム二次電池の充放電特性の向上を計ることは可能である、との観点に立って鋭意研究を重ねた。
従来の要因説にしたがって、電池の充放電特性を改良しようとしても、有機電解液の導電率は、材料開発から検討しなければならず、事実上制約があること、またリチウムイオンの拡散速度は固有の性質であり、向上は望めないので、これらの要因について検討するよりは、上記研究手法は、現実に即した有効な手法であるとの確信を抱くに至った。すなわち、充放電特性は、正極集電体と正極材(正極活物質と助剤)との接触抵抗によって律せられているものと考え、この観点に沿って、この接触抵抗に影響を与えている因子、要因を検討してきた。
【0005】
この検討の結果、前記接触抵抗σ[Ωcm2]は、正極集電体の単位面積あたりの正極活物質付着量m[g/cm2]、電解液の分解過電圧η[V]、正極活物質の理論電気量Q[mAh/g]、リチウム電池のCレート[h-1]等に依存し、これらとの間に一定の関係があること、そして、こられの関係を、適宜調整することによって、リチウム二次電池の充放電特性を向上しうることが分かった。
【0006】
すなわち、接触抵抗σ[Ωcm2]、電解液の分解過電圧η[V]、正極活物質付着量m[g/cm2]、正極活物質の理論電気量Q[mAh/g]、リチウム電池のCレート[h-1]の間には、下記(式1)なる関係を満たすとき、充電特性が大幅に向上することを見いだした。
(式1) m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)
【0007】
本発明は、上記知見に基づいてなされたものであり、以下に述べる構成を講ずることによって充放電特性に優れた非水電解質リチウム二次電池を提供することに成功したものである。
【0008】
(1) 正極集電体に正極活物質が付着してなる非水電解質二次電池において、電解液の分解過電圧η[V]、正極金集電体と正極活物質を含めた正極材との接触抵抗σ[Ωcm2]、リチウム複合酸化物の理論電気量Q[mAh/g]、リチウム電池のCレート[h−1]としたとき、正極金集電体表面に対する正極活物質付着量m[g/cm2]を、η、σ、C、Qに対して次式(式1)に示す関係を満たすように調整し、これによって超高速充電を可能としたことを特徴とした非水電解質リチウム二次電池。
(式1) m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)
(2) 前記正極活物質がリチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物よりなることを特徴とする前記(1)項記載の非水電解質リチウム二次電池。
(3) 前記正極活物質が導電助剤を含んでなることを特徴とする前記(2)項記載の非水電解質リチウム二次電池。
(4) 前記導電助剤が炭素粉末であることを特徴とする前記(3)項記載の非水電解質リチウム二次電池。
(5) 水溶性リチウム塩、水溶性遷移金属塩、及びクエン酸を含む有機物、を含む正極活物質前駆体水溶液を調製し、この水溶液中に金集電体を浸漬して、加熱し、重合し、前記金集電体表面に予め正極活物質前駆体被膜を密着して形成し、乾燥し、次いで前記金集電体ごと焼成して有機物を分解すると共に、前記金集電体表面にリチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物を含む正極活物質を、下記(式1)を満たすように付着量を調整し、密着して形成し、これによって超高速充電可能にしてなることを特徴とした前記(1)ないし(4)の何れか1項記載の非水電解質リチウム二次電池。
(式1) m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)
(6) 前記水溶性リチウム塩が硝酸塩であり、前記水溶性遷移金属塩がマンガン塩であることを特徴とする、前記(5)項記載の非水電解質リチウム二次電池。
(7) 水溶性リチウム塩、水溶性遷移金属塩、及びクエン酸を含む有機物、を含む正極活物質前駆体水溶液を調製し、この水溶液中に金集電体を浸漬して、加熱し、重合し、前記金集電体表面に予め正極活物質前駆体被膜を密着して形成し、乾燥し、次いで前記金集電体ごと焼成することによって有機物を分解すると共に、前記金集電体表面にリチウム複合酸化物を含む正極活物質を下記(式1)に示す関係を満たすように密着して形成し、これによって超高速充電を可能としたことを特徴とする非水電解質リチウム二次電池の製造方法。
(式1) m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)
(8) 前記水溶性リチウム塩が硝酸塩であり、前記水溶性遷移金属塩がマンガン塩であることを特徴とする、前記(7)項記載の非水電解質リチウム二次電池の製造方法。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の実施の形態を下記実験に基づいた実施例によって具体的に説明する。
以下の説明において使用した各図について、概要を説明する。
図1は、本発明の製造方法で調製した正極集電体を写真によって示した外観図であり、金ワイヤーの表面に正極活物質としてマンガン酸リチウムがまだらに強固に密着して付着した態様が示されている。
図2は、図1に示したマンガン酸リチウムを活物質とする金集電体の電極の実際のボルタモグラムを示しているものである。
【0010】
(実施例)
正極集電体の調製;図1に示した本実施例の金集電体は、以下に述べる手順、要領に基づき製造した。
(i)まず、正極集電体金属として直径0.03cmの金ワイヤーを用意した。
(ii)次に、硝酸マンガン、硝酸リチウム、クエン酸を、Mn:Li:クエン酸のモル比が2:1:2になるように採取し、これらに少量の蒸留水を加えて溶解させ正極活物質前駆体溶液を調製した。
(iii)この前駆体水溶液に集電体となる金ワイヤ(直径0.03cm)をその先端部分を浸漬し、ロータリエバポレータを用いて55℃で水分を蒸発し、脱ガスを行った。
(iv)その結果、前記水溶液は約20分で高粘性を呈した液体となり、そこに浸漬した金ワイヤ先端に高粘性液体が付着された。
(v)これをさらに真空乾燥(70℃で4時間)して、嵩高い吸湿性の粉末(クエン酸錯体)と、前記リチウム複合酸化物粉末が表面に付着された金ワイヤを得た。前記粉末はX線回折からアモルファスであり、またSEM観察から綿毛状を呈していることがわかった。
(vi)次いで、前記乾燥工程終了後、コーティングされた金ワイヤを、空気中で30秒間電気マッフル炉にて約300℃にて仮焼した後、さらに800℃で2時間焼成した。
その結果、クエン酸錯体は分解し、LiMn2O4から成るリチウムの複合酸化物よりなる焼結体の薄層がコーティングされた金ワイヤを得た。該焼結体をX線回折装置で確認したところ、結晶性の発達した単相のスピネルLiMn2O4が形成されていることが確認された。
【0011】
以上の手順によって作製、調製された正極集電体を図1に基づき説明すると、図1において白く見える所は金集電体の表面が現れている部分、黒く見える所がマンガン酸リチウムが金集電体に付着した部分であり、マンガン酸リチウムが金集電体に対して、まだら状に強固に密着して付着していることが示されている。 この正極集電体設定の意義は、金を集電体として採用したことにより、正極活物質がアルミニウムの場合のように、不働態被膜によって隔てられることもなく、また、実験中を通じ、電解液との接触によっても腐食し、不働態被膜が形成されることもなく、不働態被膜による接触抵抗の影響を排除した試料を用意することができたことを意味するものである。また、正極活物質を集電体にまだら状に強固に密着して付着したことにより、正極活集電体と正極活物質との接触抵抗を少なくする意義に加えて、その付着量の影響を受けやすい、標準化試料を用意することができたことを意味するものである。
【0012】
以上記載した実施例によって製造方法された正極集電体について、単位面積あたりの活物質塗着又は圧着量m[g/cm2]、電解液の分解過電圧η[V]、正極集電体と正極活物質との接触抵抗σ[Ωcm2]、リチウム複合酸化物の理論電気量Q[mAh/g]等を求め、(式1)によって規定したモデルによる二次電池の充放電特性及び数式1と充放電特性との関係について以下検証する。
【0013】
図2には、図1に示されているマンガン酸リチウムを合成密着させた金集電体のボルタモグラムを示すものである。付着させた正極金集電体について、電位掃引速度100mV/sの場合のボルタモグラムを示すものである。
この図2によると、正極の電位を掃引変化させた場合には、電位掃引速度が100mV/sにてアノード掃引すると、0.9V及び1.0Vvs.Ag付近にマンガン酸リチウム特有のダブルピークが、また電位反転して負極の電位を掃引変化させた場合にも0.7V及び0.6V付近にダブルピークが現れている。
【0014】
以上、与えられた正極集電体のボルタモグラム及び与えられた製造上の諸条件に基づいて、前記数式による要件事項と充放電特性との関係を、以下検証する。
電位掃引速度が100mV/sの場合、図2のボルタモグラムの横軸の電圧差0.1Vは掃引時間の1秒に換算できるので、ピーク電流の現れる5秒間の電気量はこの間の電流値を積分することで得られる。今計算を簡便にするためピーク電圧が0.1mA前後であることから0.1mAとし、またダブルピークを1つの三角形に近似してその面積で示される電気量を求めると、
5s×0.1mA÷2=0.25mC、となる。
【0015】
マンガン酸リチウムの理論容量は、以下のように求められる。マンガン酸リチウムの式量は、分子式LiMn2O4に基づいて計算すると、180.8146(g/mol)である。1電子反応で100%のリチウムが反応すると、ファラデー定数=96485(C/g)であるから、理論容量は、96485(C/g)÷180.8146(g/mol)=533.6(C/g)、となる。
ここで、1C=1Asであるから、上記理論容量を慣習的表示mAhに換算すると、533.6(C/g)÷3600(s/h)×1000(mA/A)=148(mAh/g)、となる。以上から、正極集電体に与えられた電気量が、0.25mCと与えられ、正極集電体を構成するマンガン酸リチウムの理論容量が、148mAh/gで与えられると、集電体に塗布されていたマンガン酸リチウムは、0.25(mC)÷533.6(C/g)=0.47(μg)、となる。したがって正極集電体単位面積あたりの正極活物質量は、0.47/0.094=5μg/cm2 となる。
【0016】
また、100mV/sという電位掃引速度で0.5Vの電位範囲で電流のピーク値が観察されたということは、活物質が5秒で充放電されたことを意味する。
Cレートの定義が活物質を1時間で充放電する電流値であるから、この5秒という値をCレートに換算すると、3600s÷5s=720にもなり、従来用いられているリチウム二次電池のCレートの上限10h-1と比べれば、720/10=72となり、図2に示した電極は、その72倍の速さで充電ができる二次電池が設定されたことを意味することになる。
【0017】
以上はボルタモグラムから導かれた本発明のリチウム二次電池の充放電特性を説明、開示したが、つぎにこの充放電特性と解決手段で規定した(式1)との関係について検討し、該式の意義、妥当性について言及、検証する。
【0018】
実験例において用いられたマンガン酸リチウムの正極活物質によるリチウム二次電池において、上記材料からなる電解液の充電過電圧ηは、市販品と同様約0.5Vであり、また図2のボルタモグラムに近似したデジタルシュミレーションによるボルタモグラムから、金集電体の接触抵抗σを5Ω程度と見積もると、数式1から求められる活物質としてのマンガン酸リチウムの最大質量mは、
0.5V÷5Ωcm2÷(10h-1×148mAh/g)=6.7×10-5g/cm2
であるので、図2のボルタモグラムから算出したマンガン酸リチウムの質量5μg/cm2は、請求項1に記載した条件を十分満たしていることがわかる。
【0019】
以上に開示し、説明したように本発明は、正極集電体に対する正極活物質の付着量、付着状態を適正に制御することによって、極めて高いハイレートの充放電特性を有する電解質リチウム二次電池を提供することに成功したことは明らかである。
この適正な付着量、ならびに付着状態は、あくまでも前示開示した特定の製造プロセスによって得られたものであり、このプロセスによって、集電体金属に正極活物質がまだら状に強固に密着して付着したことによるものである。
この本発明の要件事項とする正極集電体による前示した特有な作用効果は、以下に比較例として示した薄膜電極や、市販されているコンポジット電極における正極集電体と正極活物質との関係をみれば、一層その意義は明らかである。
【0020】
コンポジット電極とその調製方法;
正極活物質として、LiCoO2(古川電池工業株式会社 提供)を用いた。
この活物質30mgにアセチレンブラック(DENKA BLACK)5mgを良く混ぜ、テフロン(登録商標)分散液(Du pont−Mitsui Fluorochemical 30−j)を1滴加えてメノウ乳鉢上で良く混練し、ラバー状とし正極合剤とした。正極集電体として、ステンレスメッシュ(SUS 304、100mesh)を直径8mmに打ち抜き、ステンレスワイヤ(0.5mmφ)をスポット溶接したものを用いた。この集電体に正極合剤を塗り込み、最後に治具を用いて、1ton/cm2 、1minプレスし、試料電極とした。
対極、参照電極にステンレスワイヤ(SUS 304)にLi箔を圧着した電極を用いた。電解液にプロピレンカーボネイト(PC)と1,2−ジメトキシエタン(DME)(1:1の体積比)を溶媒とする1M過塩素酸リチウムLiClO4を用いた。セルはアルゴンで満たされたグローブボックス〔(美和製作所 MDB−1K−O型(P)〕で組み立て密閉した。測定は25±0.5℃に保ったインキュベータ(SANYO MIR−152)で行った。
【0021】
薄膜電極の調製;
厚さ0.1mm金の箔をφ8mmに打ち抜き、φ0.3mmの金のワイヤをスポット溶接した。この電極上に0.4M塩化コバルト水溶液でコバルトを電解鍍金した。電解電流密度は20mA・cm-2とし、電解温度は25℃とした。また鍍金時の対極には白金を用いた。このコバルト鍍金した電極を電気炉(東洋化学産業 ESF2−ECP)で650℃でアルミナ坩堝中に溶融した炭酸塩(LiCO3+KCO3=43:57 mol%)に約2時間浸漬し、LiCoO2薄膜電極を作成した。
【0022】
上記調製方法によって調製された各電極の正極活物質付着量と充放電特性は、以下のとおりであった。
▲1▼コンポジット電極;
正極活物質の付着量は30mgである。電位掃引速度を0.1mV/sとしてもピークは観察できなかった。仮に、電極構造を改良したとしても1mV/s以上では、ピークは観察できなかった。
したがって、これはCレートにでは1を超えるものではないと、考えられるが、若干の残余容量を犠牲にすることでCレートが1程度ぐらいの急速充電や急速放電能力は、一応有しているものと評価することができる。
▲2▼薄膜電極;
正極活物質付着量は250μgであった。なお、この薄膜電極は、特別な用途開発か研究の下で調製されている程度で、実験的段階の先行技術といえるもので、公然と知られたものであるとはいえないものである。
ここに、今回紹介しためっきした金属を溶融塩中で酸化する方法は、めっき厚みを電気量でコントロールすることで薄膜のあつみを制御しやすい特有な意義を有するものであるが、この方法は、どうしても核を中心に析出するために、得られる薄膜の薄さには限度があり、また本発明のように、まばらにつけることもできない。
しかし、コンポジット電極と対比する、はるかに高速に充放電できることが、データからも裏付けられた。その性能は、場合によっては、10mV/sぐらいまで充放電可能であり、これはC=1から10程度に相当するものであった。
【0023】
一方、本発明の正極集電体は、正極付着量が5μg/cm2であり、電位掃引速度は、100mV/sから1000mV/s(C=72から720)であることは、前述したとおりである。
すなわち、通常の市販されているコンポジット電極よりも遙かに充放電特性に優れている薄膜電極に比しても、本発明の正極集電体電極は、更にその10倍から100倍のハイレートを実現する電極であることが分かった。
この結果を、以下(表1)に示す。
【0024】
【表1】
【0025】
有機電解質リチウム二次電池の充放電特性を考えるとき、従来は活物質内のリチウムイオンの拡散などが該二次電池の律速過程であるとされていたり、コンポジット電極のようにその塗布厚みが抵抗になっているなどと考えられていたが、今回提案した本発明によって、上記従前の考え方は、必ずしも妥当とは言えず、むしろ、単位面積あたりの活物質量をへらすと同時に活物質と集電体の接触抵抗を減らすことが極めて大きな寄与率を有していることが知見され、確認することができたものである。
【0026】
本発明は、あくまでも非水溶液系リチウム二次電池である。したがって、その具体的な電池としての構成には、正極活物質、正極集電体以外にも、有機電解液、セパレーター、負極集電体等の要素は当然に含むものであることは云うまでもない。ただ本発明においては、これらの要素については、敢えて記載するまでもないこととして省略したものにすぎない。
【0027】
本発明により有機電解質リチウム二次電池を設計するにおいて使用される非水溶液電解質は、いずれも従来非水電解質リチウム二次電池において使用されているものが使用される。すなわち、高誘電率溶媒にリチウムイオン源となる電解質を溶解してなるものであり、何れも従来使用されているものを使用し得ることは言うまでもない。
【0028】
具体的使用される高誘電率溶媒としては、DEC(Diethyl carbonate)、DMC(Dimethyl carbonate)、DME(1,2−dimethoxyethane)、EC(Ethylene carbonate)、EMC(Ethyl methyl carbonate)、NMP(N−Methyl−2−pyrrolidone)、PC(Propylene carbonate)、GBL(γ−butyrolactone)等が挙げられる。これらは単独または適宜配合比に混合して使用することができる。
ここに挙げた溶媒は、あくまでも、発明を実施する際の具体的態様を開示するための記載にすぎず、これに限定するという意味ではない。
【0029】
また、リチウムイオン源となる電解質としては、これも従来使用されている各種リチウム塩を使用することができ、具体的に例示すると、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2等が挙げられる。
そしてこの点も、これは、あくまでも、発明を実施する際の具体的態様を開示するための記載にすぎず、これに限定するという意味ではないこと、前記成分と同様である。
【0030】
加えて、有機電解質リチウム二次電池を構成する各種手段、装置構造、関連する諸々の部品等は、従来と同様に用いられ、設定されることは自明の理であり、これらを制限しなければならない理由はない。
【0031】
【発明の効果】
現行のリチウム二次電池は充電に時間がかかり、また放電電流が大きく取れない(Cレート:10程度ぐらいまで)という問題があった。この原因は有機電解液の導電率が低く、かつLiイオンの拡散が遅いためと考えられている。
本発明は、正極集電体と正極活物質付着量mが、m=<( η/σ)・(1/CQ)g/cm2 〔ただし、η:電解質の分解過電圧(V)、σ:正極集電体と正極材の接触抵抗(Ωcm2)、C:Cレートの単位で10C(h-1)、Q:正極活物質〕を満たすように設定すると、Cレートをあげることができリチウム二次電池の充放電特性をこれまでのものに比し大幅に向上し、電池の充放電時間を極めて短時間で急速充放電をすることが可能になったこと、すなわち電流特性が大幅に改善されたLi二次電池を提供することができるようになったことは単に技術的のみならず社会的にも大きな意義を有するものと考えられる。
すなわち、今日、モバイル系コンピュータ、モバイル系通信機器の普及にともない電池の重要が伸び、リチウム系電池、特に二次電池の普及には目覚ましいものがあり、その消費傾向はますます大きくなっていくものと考えられている。
そして、近年では、環境重視型社会を目指しているなかで、電力の一翼を担う二次電池の開発も期待され、現実化していることを考えると、その意義は、ますます以て重要であり、その観点からも充放電特性を大幅に向上し得た本発明の意義は極めて大なるものがある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の製造方法でマンガン酸リチウムを活物質とする金集電体。
【図2】図1に示したマンガン酸リチウムを活物質とする金集電体の電極のボルタモグラム。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery that enables ultrafast charge and discharge and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art and problems to be solved by the invention]
Conventional non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary batteries have the drawback of poor charge / discharge characteristics compared to other practical batteries. That is, the current (commercially available) lithium secondary battery has a problem that it takes time to charge and a large discharge current cannot be obtained (C rate: about 10). The cause is that the organic electrolyte used in the non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery has a conductivity that is at least an order of magnitude lower than that of other practical batteries, that is, the aqueous electrolyte, and the non-aqueous electrolyte lithium In the battery, the charge transfer is lithium ion, whereas in the case of the practical battery in the aqueous solution, the ionic radius is larger than that of the proton, so that the diffusion into the electrolyte is slow. Yes.
[0003]
The inventors of the present invention have considered that there are several important factors other than the above-mentioned reasons based on their experience in electrochemical research.
In a conventional nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery, aluminum having corrosion resistance in an organic electrolyte is generally employed as the positive electrode current collector.
Aluminum is a material excellent in corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity, and is an excellent material as a current collector material, but the corrosion resistance is due to an oxide passive film formed on the surface. Therefore, the positive electrode active material attached to the surface of the positive electrode current collector is separated by the passive film, and the contact resistance becomes extremely large as compared with the case where the active material and the current collector are in direct contact with each other. I thought that it might be one of the factors that deteriorate the charge / discharge characteristics.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
From the viewpoint of examining various factors affecting the contact resistance and controlling the factors, the present inventors can improve the charge / discharge characteristics of the lithium secondary battery. Researched earnestly.
Even if it is attempted to improve the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery according to the conventional factor theory, the conductivity of the organic electrolyte must be examined from the material development, and there are practical limitations, and the diffusion rate of lithium ions is Since this is an inherent property and improvement cannot be expected, rather than examining these factors, we have come to be convinced that the above research method is an effective method based on reality. In other words, the charge / discharge characteristics are considered to be governed by the contact resistance between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode material (the positive electrode active material and the auxiliary agent). Factors that have been examined.
[0005]
As a result of this examination, the contact resistance σ [Ωcm 2 ] is determined as follows. The positive electrode active material adhesion amount m [g / cm 2 ] per unit area of the positive electrode current collector, the decomposition overvoltage η [V] of the electrolyte, Depends on the theoretical quantity of electricity Q [mAh / g], the C rate [h -1 ] of the lithium battery, etc., and there is a certain relationship between them, and adjusting these relations as appropriate Thus, it was found that the charge / discharge characteristics of the lithium secondary battery can be improved.
[0006]
That is, the contact resistance σ [Ωcm 2 ], the decomposition overvoltage η [V] of the electrolyte, the positive electrode active material adhesion amount m [g / cm 2 ], the positive electrode active material theoretical quantity Q [mAh / g], the lithium battery It has been found that the charging characteristics are greatly improved when the relationship of the following (formula 1) is satisfied between the C rates [h −1 ].
(Formula 1) m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
[0007]
The present invention has been made on the basis of the above findings, and has succeeded in providing a nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery excellent in charge / discharge characteristics by adopting the configuration described below.
[0008]
(1) In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery positive electrode active material to the cathode current collector is attached, the electrolyte decomposition overvoltage eta [V], the positive electrode including a positive electrode metal current collector and the positive electrode active material contact resistance σ [Ωcm 2], the theoretical quantity of electricity Q of the lithium composite oxide [mAh / g], when the C-rate [h -1] of the lithium battery, the positive electrode active material coating weight for the positive electrode metal current collector body surface m [g / cm 2 ] is adjusted so as to satisfy the relationship represented by the following equation (Equation 1) with respect to η, σ, C, and Q, thereby enabling ultrafast charging. Water electrolyte lithium secondary battery.
(Formula 1) m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
(2) The nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery as described in (1) above, wherein the positive electrode active material is a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal.
(3) The nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery as described in (2) above, wherein the positive electrode active material comprises a conductive additive.
(4) The nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery according to (3), wherein the conductive additive is carbon powder.
(5) water-soluble lithium salt, a water-soluble transition metal Shokushio, and organic, the positive electrode active material precursor aqueous solution containing a prepared containing citric acid, a gold current collector was immersed in this aqueous solution, and heated, polymerized, the gold collector pre positive electrode active material precursor to form a film in close contact with the body surface, dried and then while decomposing the gold collector your bets calcined to organics, the gold collector A positive electrode active material containing a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal on the surface is formed by adjusting the amount of adhesion so as to satisfy the following (formula 1) and closely adhering, thereby enabling ultrafast charging. The nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (4), which is characterized.
(Formula 1) m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
(6) the water-soluble lithium salt is nitrate, wherein the water-soluble transition metal Shokushio is manganese salt, wherein (5) the non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery according to claim.
(7) A positive electrode active material precursor aqueous solution containing a water-soluble lithium salt, a water-soluble transition metal salt, and an organic substance containing citric acid is prepared, a gold current collector is immersed in the aqueous solution, heated, and polymerized. and, the gold collector body surface previously positive electrode active material precursor to form a film in close contact with the, dried and then while decomposing the organic substances by firing bets please the gold collector, the gold collector the positive electrode active material containing lithium composite oxides on the surface formed by close contact so as to satisfy the relation as indicated in the following (equation 1), whereby a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary, characterized in that allowed the ultra-fast charging Battery manufacturing method.
(Formula 1) m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
(8) a said water-soluble lithium salt is nitrate, the water-soluble transition metal Shokushio is characterized in that it is a manganese salt, (7) a non-aqueous electrolyte method for producing a lithium secondary battery according to claim.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples based on the following experiments.
The outline of each figure used in the following description will be described.
FIG. 1 is an external view showing a photograph of a positive electrode current collector prepared by the production method of the present invention, in which lithium manganate adheres to the surface of a gold wire as a positive electrode active material in close contact with the mottle. It is shown.
FIG. 2 shows an actual voltammogram of the electrode of the gold current collector using lithium manganate shown in FIG. 1 as an active material.
[0010]
(Example)
Preparation of positive electrode current collector: The gold current collector of this example shown in FIG. 1 was produced according to the procedures and procedures described below.
(I) First, a gold wire having a diameter of 0.03 cm was prepared as a positive electrode current collector metal.
(Ii) Next, manganese nitrate, lithium nitrate, and citric acid were sampled so that the molar ratio of Mn: Li: citric acid was 2: 1: 2, and a small amount of distilled water was added to dissolve them to obtain a positive electrode. An active material precursor solution was prepared.
(Iii) A gold wire (0.03 cm in diameter) serving as a current collector was immersed in the precursor aqueous solution, and the water was evaporated at 55 ° C. using a rotary evaporator to perform degassing.
(Iv) As a result, the aqueous solution became a highly viscous liquid in about 20 minutes, and the highly viscous liquid adhered to the tip of the gold wire immersed therein.
(V) This was further vacuum-dried (at 70 ° C. for 4 hours) to obtain a bulky hygroscopic powder (citric acid complex) and a gold wire on which the lithium composite oxide powder was adhered. The powder was found to be amorphous by X-ray diffraction and fluffy by SEM observation.
(Vi) Next, after completion of the drying step, the coated gold wire was calcined at about 300 ° C. in an electric muffle furnace for 30 seconds in air, and further calcined at 800 ° C. for 2 hours.
As a result, the citric acid complex was decomposed to obtain a gold wire coated with a thin layer of a sintered body made of a lithium complex oxide composed of LiMn 2 O 4 . When the sintered body was confirmed with an X-ray diffractometer, it was confirmed that single-phase spinel LiMn 2 O 4 having developed crystallinity was formed.
[0011]
The positive electrode current collector produced and prepared by the above procedure will be described with reference to FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the portion that appears white is the portion where the surface of the gold current collector appears, and the portion that appears black is lithium manganate. It is shown that lithium manganate adheres firmly to the gold current collector in a mottled manner, which is a portion attached to the electric body. The significance of this positive electrode current collector setting is that gold is used as a current collector, so that the positive electrode active material is not separated by a passive film as in the case of aluminum, and the electrolyte solution is used throughout the experiment. This means that the sample was prepared by eliminating the influence of the contact resistance due to the passive film without corroding and forming a passive film by contact with the substrate. In addition, the positive electrode active material adheres firmly and mottledly to the current collector, so that in addition to the significance of reducing the contact resistance between the positive electrode active current collector and the positive electrode active material, the effect of the amount of adhesion is reduced. This means that a standardized sample that is easy to receive could be prepared.
[0012]
About the positive electrode current collector manufactured by the above-described embodiment, the active material coating or pressure bonding amount m [g / cm 2 ] per unit area, the decomposition overvoltage η [V] of the electrolytic solution, the positive electrode current collector, The contact resistance σ [Ωcm 2 ] with the positive electrode active material, the theoretical electricity quantity Q [mAh / g] of the lithium composite oxide, etc. are obtained, and the charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary battery and the formula 1 according to the model defined by (Equation 1) The relationship between charge and discharge characteristics will be verified below.
[0013]
FIG. 2 shows a voltammogram of a gold current collector in which the lithium manganate shown in FIG. The voltammogram in the case of the potential sweep rate of 100 mV / s is shown about the attached positive electrode gold electrical power collector.
According to FIG. 2, when the potential of the positive electrode is changed by sweeping, when the anode sweep is performed at a potential sweep speed of 100 mV / s, 0.9 V and 1.0 Vvs. A double peak peculiar to lithium manganate appears in the vicinity of Ag, and a double peak appears in the vicinity of 0.7 V and 0.6 V when the potential is inverted and the potential of the negative electrode is changed by sweeping.
[0014]
Based on the voltammogram of the given positive electrode current collector and the given manufacturing conditions, the relationship between the requirements and the charge / discharge characteristics according to the above formulas will be verified below.
When the potential sweep rate is 100 mV / s, the voltage difference of 0.1 V on the horizontal axis of the voltammogram in FIG. 2 can be converted to 1 second of the sweep time, so the electric quantity for 5 seconds at which the peak current appears integrates the current value during this period. It is obtained by doing. In order to simplify the calculation now, the peak voltage is around 0.1 mA, so that it is 0.1 mA, and when the double peak is approximated to one triangle and the electric quantity indicated by the area is obtained,
5s × 0.1 mA ÷ 2 = 0.25 mC.
[0015]
The theoretical capacity of lithium manganate is determined as follows. The formula weight of lithium manganate is 180.8146 (g / mol) when calculated based on the molecular formula LiMn 2 O 4 . When 100% lithium reacts in a one-electron reaction, Faraday constant = 96485 (C / g), so the theoretical capacity is 96485 (C / g) ÷ 180.8146 (g / mol) = 533.6 (C / G).
Here, since 1C = 1 As, when the theoretical capacity is converted into the conventional display mAh, 533.6 (C / g) ÷ 3600 (s / h) × 1000 (mA / A) = 148 (mAh / g) ). From the above, when the amount of electricity given to the positive electrode current collector is given as 0.25 mC, and the theoretical capacity of lithium manganate constituting the positive electrode current collector is given as 148 mAh / g, it is applied to the current collector. The lithium manganate thus obtained is 0.25 (mC) ÷ 533.6 (C / g) = 0.47 (μg). Therefore, the amount of the positive electrode active material per unit area of the positive electrode current collector is 0.47 / 0.094 = 5 μg / cm 2 .
[0016]
In addition, the fact that a peak value of current was observed in a potential range of 0.5 V at a potential sweep rate of 100 mV / s means that the active material was charged / discharged in 5 seconds.
Since the definition of the C rate is a current value that charges and discharges the active material in 1 hour, when this value of 5 seconds is converted into the C rate, it becomes 3600s ÷ 5s = 720, and a lithium secondary battery that has been conventionally used 720/10 = 72 compared to the upper limit of C rate of 10h −1, and the electrode shown in FIG. 2 means that a secondary battery that can be charged 72 times faster is set. Become.
[0017]
The above has described and disclosed the charge / discharge characteristics of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention derived from the voltammogram. Next, the relationship between the charge / discharge characteristics and (Equation 1) defined by the solution means will be examined, Mention and verify the significance and validity of
[0018]
In the lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of lithium manganate used in the experimental example, the charging overvoltage η of the electrolytic solution made of the above material is about 0.5 V, similar to the commercially available product, and approximates the voltammogram of FIG. When the contact resistance σ of the gold current collector is estimated to be about 5Ω from the voltammogram obtained by the digital simulation, the maximum mass m of lithium manganate as the active material obtained from Equation 1 is
0.5V ÷ 5Ωcm 2 ÷ (10h −1 × 148 mAh / g) = 6.7 × 10 −5 g / cm 2
Therefore, it can be seen that the mass of lithium manganate 5 μg / cm 2 calculated from the voltammogram of FIG. 2 sufficiently satisfies the conditions described in claim 1.
[0019]
As disclosed and explained above, the present invention provides an electrolyte lithium secondary battery having extremely high rate charge / discharge characteristics by appropriately controlling the amount and state of adhesion of the positive electrode active material to the positive electrode current collector. It is clear that it has been successfully provided.
This appropriate amount and state of adhesion are obtained by the specific manufacturing process disclosed above, and this process allows the positive electrode active material to adhere firmly to the current collector metal in a mottled manner. It is because of having done.
The specific action and effects shown above by the positive electrode current collector as a requirement of the present invention include the thin film electrode shown as a comparative example below, and the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode active material in a commercially available composite electrode. If you look at the relationship, its significance is clearer.
[0020]
Composite electrode and its preparation method;
LiCoO 2 (provided by Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd.) was used as the positive electrode active material.
Mix 30 mg of this active material well with 5 mg of acetylene black (DENKA BLACK), add 1 drop of Teflon (registered trademark) dispersion (Du Pont-Mitsui Fluorochemical 30-j) and knead well on an agate mortar to make a rubber-like positive electrode A mixture was prepared. As the positive electrode current collector, a stainless steel mesh (SUS 304, 100 mesh) punched out to a diameter of 8 mm and a stainless wire (0.5 mmφ) spot-welded was used. A positive electrode mixture was applied to the current collector, and finally it was pressed using a jig for 1 ton / cm 2 for 1 min to obtain a sample electrode.
As the counter electrode and the reference electrode, an electrode obtained by press-bonding a Li foil to a stainless steel wire (SUS 304) was used. As the electrolytic solution, 1M lithium perchlorate LiClO 4 using propylene carbonate (PC) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) (1: 1 volume ratio) as a solvent was used. The cell was assembled and sealed in a glove box (Miwa Seisakusho MDB-1K-O type (P)) filled with argon, and the measurement was performed in an incubator (SANYO MIR-152) maintained at 25 ± 0.5 ° C.
[0021]
Preparation of thin film electrodes;
A 0.1 mm thick gold foil was punched to φ8 mm, and a gold wire of φ0.3 mm was spot welded. Cobalt was electroplated on the electrode with a 0.4 M cobalt chloride aqueous solution. The electrolysis current density was 20 mA · cm −2 , and the electrolysis temperature was 25 ° C. Platinum was used as the counter electrode during plating. This cobalt-plated electrode is immersed in carbonate (LiCO3 + KCO3 = 43: 57 mol%) melted in an alumina crucible at 650 ° C. in an electric furnace (Toyo Chemical Industries ESF2-ECP) for about 2 hours to produce a LiCoO 2 thin film electrode. did.
[0022]
The positive electrode active material adhesion amount and charge / discharge characteristics of each electrode prepared by the above preparation method were as follows.
(1) Composite electrode;
The adhesion amount of the positive electrode active material is 30 mg. No peak was observed even when the potential sweep rate was 0.1 mV / s. Even if the electrode structure was improved, no peak could be observed at 1 mV / s or higher.
Therefore, it can be considered that this does not exceed 1 for the C rate, but at the expense of some remaining capacity, it has a quick charge and rapid discharge capability of about 1 C rate. It can be evaluated as a thing.
(2) Thin film electrode;
The amount of positive electrode active material deposited was 250 μg. In addition, this thin film electrode can be said to be a prior art in an experimental stage, and is not publicly known, to the extent that it has been prepared under special application development or research.
Here, the method of oxidizing the plated metal in the molten salt introduced this time has a unique significance that it is easy to control the thin film by controlling the plating thickness by the amount of electricity. There is a limit to the thinness of the thin film obtained because it inevitably precipitates around the nucleus, and it cannot be sparse as in the present invention.
However, the data also confirmed that charging and discharging can be performed at a much higher speed compared to composite electrodes. In some cases, the performance can be charged and discharged up to about 10 mV / s, which corresponds to about C = 1 to about 10.
[0023]
On the other hand, the positive electrode current collector of the present invention has a positive electrode adhesion amount of 5 μg / cm 2 and a potential sweep rate of 100 mV / s to 1000 mV / s (C = 72 to 720) as described above. is there.
In other words, the positive electrode current collector electrode of the present invention has a high rate that is 10 to 100 times higher than that of a thin film electrode that is much better in charge / discharge characteristics than a commercially available composite electrode. It turned out to be an electrode to be realized.
The results are shown below (Table 1).
[0024]
[Table 1]
[0025]
When considering the charge / discharge characteristics of organic electrolyte lithium secondary batteries, diffusion of lithium ions in the active material is conventionally considered to be the rate-limiting process of the secondary battery, or the coating thickness is resistance like a composite electrode. However, according to the present invention proposed this time, the above-mentioned previous idea is not necessarily valid. Rather, the amount of the active material per unit area is reduced, and at the same time the active material and the current collector. It has been found and confirmed that reducing the contact resistance of the body has an extremely large contribution rate.
[0026]
The present invention is only a non-aqueous lithium secondary battery. Therefore, it goes without saying that the specific configuration of the battery includes elements such as an organic electrolyte, a separator, and a negative electrode current collector in addition to the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector. However, in the present invention, these elements are merely omitted as a matter of course.
[0027]
As the non-aqueous electrolyte used in designing the organic electrolyte lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, those conventionally used in non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary batteries are used. That is, it is a matter of course that an electrolyte as a lithium ion source is dissolved in a high dielectric constant solvent, and any of those conventionally used can be used.
[0028]
Specific examples of the high dielectric constant solvent that can be used include DEC (Diethyl carbonate), DMC (Dimethyl carbonate), DME (1,2-dimethyl ether), EC (Ethylene carbonate), EMC (Ethyl carbonate N), and MP (ethyl methyl carbonate), MPN. Examples thereof include methyl-2-pyrrolidone), PC (propylene carbonate), and GBL (γ-butyrolactone). These can be used singly or appropriately mixed in a blending ratio.
The solvents listed here are merely descriptions for disclosing specific embodiments when carrying out the invention, and are not meant to be limiting.
[0029]
Also, as the electrolyte serving as a lithium ion source, various lithium salts that have been conventionally used can be used. Specifically, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN ( CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 and the like.
This point is also only a description for disclosing a specific embodiment in carrying out the invention, and is not meant to be limited to this, and is the same as the above component.
[0030]
In addition, it is obvious that various means, device structures, various related parts, etc. constituting the organic electrolyte lithium secondary battery are used and set in the same manner as in the past. There is no reason not to be.
[0031]
【The invention's effect】
Current lithium secondary batteries have a problem that it takes time to charge and a large discharge current cannot be obtained (C rate: up to about 10). This is thought to be because the conductivity of the organic electrolyte is low and the diffusion of Li ions is slow.
In the present invention, the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode active material adhesion amount m is m = <(η / σ) · (1 / CQ) g / cm 2 [where η is the decomposition overvoltage (V) of the electrolyte, σ: If the contact resistance between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode material (Ωcm 2 ), C: C rate unit of 10 C (h −1 ), Q: positive electrode active material] is set, the C rate can be increased. The charge / discharge characteristics of the secondary battery have been greatly improved compared to the conventional ones, and the battery charge / discharge time can be rapidly charged / discharged in an extremely short time, that is, the current characteristics have been greatly improved. It has been considered that the fact that it has become possible to provide the Li secondary battery has great significance not only technically but also socially.
In other words, today, the importance of batteries has grown with the spread of mobile computers and mobile communication devices, and there has been a remarkable spread of lithium-based batteries, especially secondary batteries, and the consumption trend has become even greater. It is believed that.
And in recent years, the development of secondary batteries that play a part in electric power is also expected in the pursuit of an environment-oriented society, and its significance is more and more important considering that it has become a reality. From this point of view, the significance of the present invention that can significantly improve the charge / discharge characteristics is extremely large.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows a gold current collector using lithium manganate as an active material in the production method of the present invention.
2 is a voltammogram of an electrode of a gold current collector using the lithium manganate shown in FIG. 1 as an active material.
Claims (8)
(式1)
m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)In the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery positive electrode active material to the cathode current collector is attached, decomposition overvoltage electrolyte eta [V], the contact resistance with the positive electrode including the positive electrode metal current collector and the positive electrode active material σ [[Omega] cm 2], the theoretical quantity of electricity Q of the lithium composite oxide [mAh / g], when the C-rate [h -1] of the lithium battery, the positive electrode active material coating weight for the positive electrode metal current collector body surface m [g / Cm 2 ] is adjusted so as to satisfy the relationship of the following formula with respect to η, σ, C, and Q, thereby enabling ultrahigh-speed charging: a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery.
(Formula 1)
m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
(式1)
m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)Water-soluble lithium salt, a water-soluble transition metal Shokushio, and organic, the positive electrode active material precursor aqueous solution containing a prepared containing citric acid, by immersing the gold current collector in the aqueous solution, heating to polymerization, advance the positive electrode active material precursor to form a film in close contact with the gold collector body surface, dried and then while decomposing the gold collector your bets calcined to organic matter, lithium on the gold collector surface A cathode active material containing a composite oxide of a transition metal and a transition metal is formed by adjusting the adhesion amount so as to satisfy the following (formula 1) and forming a close contact, thereby enabling ultrafast charging The nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
(Formula 1)
m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
(式1) m≦(η/σ)・(1/CQ)Water-soluble lithium salt, a water-soluble transition metal salts, and organic, the positive electrode active material precursor aqueous solution containing a prepared containing citric acid, by immersing the gold current collector in the aqueous solution, heating to polymerization, the advance the positive electrode active material precursor to form a film in close contact with the gold collector body surface, dried and then while decomposing the organic substances by firing bets please the gold current collector, lithium on the gold collector surface the positive electrode active material comprising a composite oxides, the following are formed in close contact so as to satisfy the relationship defined in equation (1), whereby a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary, characterized in that allowed the ultra-fast charging A method for manufacturing a secondary battery.
(Formula 1) m ≦ (η / σ) · (1 / CQ)
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