JP4057577B2 - High-speed method for composting organic matter - Google Patents

Description

Decomposition used for speeding up decomposition and suppressing odor when storing organic waste such as livestock manure, food residue, sewage and food sludge in a closed storage tank for high-temperature fermentation decomposition the fermentation accelerator on high-speed composting method of organic matter using.

Conventionally, organic substances such as livestock manure and food residues are fermented and decomposed into compost. As a fermentation accelerator used for the fermentation decomposition, those having fermentation-degrading bacteria are frequently used. By the way, fermentative decomposition has a problem with off-flavor, and composting by fermentation-decomposing bacteria requires a treatment period of 2 weeks to 1 month for primary fermentation and 3 to 6 months for secondary fermentation, especially primary decomposition.・ How to speed up the primary fermentation was a technical issue.
JP-A-10-120482 JP 2003-292390 A

The problem to be solved by the present invention is to solve these problems of the prior art, high-speed composting of organic matter using a deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator that can be fermented, decomposed and composted in a short time while reducing off-flavors. It is to provide a method.

The configuration of the present invention that solves this problem is as follows.
1) Organic matter such as livestock manure, food residue, sewage or food sludge is stored in a closed storage tank, and the organic substance in the storage tank is mixed and stirred while heated from the outside to enhance the activation of thermophilic bacteria and be aerobic Silicic acid aqueous solution in which bamboo vinegar is added to and mixed with 60 to 70% water, 8 to 12% chitosan, and 4 to 6% silicic acid in a composting method for fermenting and decomposing them into compost. An organic deodorant / degradation fermentation accelerator containing chitosan and chitosan as an active ingredient is introduced into the storage tank, and the storage tank is heated while mixing and stirring, and the high-temperature gas is introduced into the storage tank to decompose and ferment organic matter at high speed. After killing spoilage bacteria, disease-causing bacteria, viruses, parasites, and weed seeds to make them almost aseptic, discharge the treated material from outside the storage tank and deposit it in a compost house / cold dark place to make compost and odor components Acceleration of decomposition, pathogenic bacteria, spoilage bacteria, It is in the method of high-speed composting of organic matter that improves the killing of viruses, parasites and weed seeds.

  According to the present invention, silicic acid has the property of decomposing sulfur-based materials such as methyl mercaptan / methyl sulfide and methyl disulfide, trimethylamine nitrogen-based materials, lower fatty acids, aldehydes, and ketones. Hydrolysis and thermal decomposition using water in organic matter is performed to enhance primary fermentation. Moreover, the odor is reduced by decomposing gases, which are malodorous components from organic substances, together with chitosan.

The deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator of the present invention is composed mainly of a natural product existing in nature mainly composed of an aqueous silicic acid solution (SiO ₂ · nH ₂ O) and chitosan, and does not add any microorganisms. is there. This fermentation accelerator not only promotes fermentation decomposition, but also has the effect of deodorizing (deodorizing / deodorizing) the odor of the decomposition product to be fermented. Upon completion of primary fermentation, methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, and Sulfur-based substances such as methyl sulfide, nitrogen-based substances such as trimethylamine, lower fatty acids, aldehydes, ketones and other odorous components are decomposed by heat and microorganisms (to facilitate decomposition at normal temperatures), and the subsequent secondary fermentation is promoted. Is possible.

  Fermentation promoters are used in the form of aqueous solutions, and the composition of the components is generally 60 to 70% water, 8 to 12% chitosan, and 4 to 6% silicic acid. Further, deodorizing liquid such as bamboo vinegar can be added at 15 to 25% to further improve the deodorizing effect.

  The decomposition fermentation promoter of the present invention is suitable for a composting treatment system in which high-temperature and high-speed fermentation is carried out by mixing and stirring together with organic substances in a closed storage tank, heating from the outside of the storage tank, and directly introducing high-temperature gas into the storage tank. Used.

  As an apparatus used in this composting treatment system, the outside of the storage tank is heated with the high-temperature exhaust gas of the heating burner, and the exhaust gas is introduced into the sealed storage tank to directly contact the organic matter being stirred. A structure can be used. The exhaust gas greatly accelerates decomposition fermentation by thermophilic bacteria by heating outside the tank and direct contact with the exhaust gas. The primary fermentation can be decomposed and fermented at a rate 10 times faster than the conventional fermentation in about 4 to 6 hours and the secondary fermentation in about a month. In addition, it decomposes odorous components such as methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide and methyl disulfide, trimethylamine, lower fatty acids, aldehydes, ketones, etc. generated from organic matter, Can be killed. Embodiments of the present invention will be specifically described below with reference to the drawings.

  The apparatus shown in FIG. 8 was used as the composting apparatus 1 of this example. The apparatus is provided with a stirring blade 3 in the storage tank 2 along the longitudinal direction, and introduces the exhaust gas of the heating burner 6 that heats the storage tank 2 between the storage tank 2 and the casing 8 into the storage tank 2. The exhaust gas passage 7 is formed. The deodorization / fermentation promoter used was an aqueous solution composed of 65% water, 10% chitosan, 5% silicic acid, and 20% bamboo vinegar by weight. As the chitosan, a crab shell powder dissolved in water was used. Animal waste was used as the treated product.

  First, the processed product is put into the composting treatment apparatus 1 together with the deodorizing / decomposing fermentation promoter, and the storage tank 2 is heated by the heating burner 6 while being mixed and stirred by the stirring blade 3 and the high-temperature gas is put into the storage tank 2. It is introduced and brought into direct contact with the treated product and heated at 80 ° C. for 4 to 6 hours to kill spoilage fungi, pathogenic fungi, viruses, parasites, weed seeds, etc., and make them almost sterile. In the same machine, when it is gradually heated, hydrolysis using the moisture of the processed product itself, thermal decomposition accompanying the temperature rise of the processed product, and three decomposition of thermophilic microorganisms are performed due to the characteristics of silicic acid. At this point, primary fermentation is complete.

  The effect of the deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator and thermophilic microorganisms and the product temperature is 60 while discharging the aseptic processed product in the high temperature fermentation state from the inside of the machine and depositing it in the compost house / cold dark place (storage yard) for about one week. When the temperature falls below ℃, actinomycetes rapidly increase and maintain the progress of composting process. The growth of the above thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes is the same phenomenon as the end of the degradation rate of 60% or more (the conventional production process takes several months), and already decomposes at the end of the fast fermentation promotion treatment (6 hours). Decomposition is performed at a rate of 50% or more.

  One of the material properties of silicic acid is the decomposition of gases in the treated product due to the decomposition of organic compounds such as methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, methyl disulfide, trimethylamine, lower fatty acids, ketones and aldehydes. Does not generate odor. Moreover, there is no return of odors such as methyl mercaptan, amines, and lower fatty acids even when water is added to the treated product again (proof of completion of primary fermentation). In addition, since thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes (temperature-decreasing part) increase rapidly, the growth of general spoilage bacteria is not hindered and a spoilage odor is not generated. Moreover, the organic fertilizer of the conventional manufacturing method required much labor and cost for the production, but the fertilizer manufactured in this example has a small amount of fertilizer application and has an immediate effect.

  Hereinafter, the composting treatment device (high-speed closed fermentation treatment device), the deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator of the example, and the treatment process are applied as two raw materials (organic matter) to obtain a composting treatment. The result of having performed will be described. The raw material is a raw material of cow dung and chicken dung = 3: 1 cow dung chicken mixed raw material and cow dung only.

  Table 1 shows the numbers of mesophilic bacteria (30 ° C.) and thermophilic bacteria (60 ° C.) in the composting process of cow dung chicken dung mixture (cow dung: chicken dung = 3: 1). The number of mesophilic bacteria increased by about three times from 8.1 billion to 24.3 billion per gram of dry matter of the raw material by the addition of the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator. The number was reduced to 3.7 billion by heat fermentation. On the other hand, there were 70 million thermophiles as raw materials, but the addition of the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator was reduced to about 32 million, about half. However, a remarkable increase of about 24 times, 780 million pieces, was recognized by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment (80 ° C.). From the above results, 1) mesophilic bacteria are increased by the addition of a deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator, but the number is reduced by high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment. 2) thermophilic bacteria are deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerators. It has been clarified that it is decreased by addition, but is significantly increased by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment. Therefore, it was clarified that the microorganisms working after the deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator treatment are mainly mesophilic bacteria, and the microorganisms working for composting of the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment are mainly thermophilic bacteria.

  Table 1 shows coliforms, pathogenic Salmonella and Bacillus cereus in the process of high-speed composting of cow dung chicken dung (cow dung: chicken dung = 3: 1). Although there were 850,000 coliforms per gram of dry matter from raw raw feces, the addition of a deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator decreased it by 7 digits to 75,000. It was shown that it disappeared by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment according to this example. Although 1,600,000 Salmonella were present in the raw material, it increased slightly to 2800,000 by the addition of a deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator and disappeared by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment. Although 610,000 Bacillus cereus were present in the raw material, it was shown to be slightly reduced to 310,000 due to the addition of a deodorizing / degrading fermentation accelerator, and further disappeared by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment as in the case of Salmonella. From the above results, it was clarified that the Escherichia coli group, the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella and the Bacillus cereus were killed by the high-speed fermentation promoter treatment. In addition, from this result, it is expected that other pathogenic bacteria, viruses, weed seeds, and the like will be surely killed. Therefore, the compost produced in the present example strongly suggests that it is clean in terms of public health.

  Table 2 shows the physicochemical properties of cow manure compost and cow manure chicken manure mixed compost obtained by composting the two raw materials. Comparing the physicochemical properties of the compost product of cow dung by the conventional method (after 3 months) and this example (without added back compost), the pH value and EC are higher in this example, the water content is less, Conversely, the amount of carbon and total nitrogen was more in the conventional method. These results show that the decomposition of organic waste is significantly faster in this example than in the past. In this example, the C / N ratio was higher than that of the conventional method because of a large reduction rate of nitrogen. It was suggested that high-quality compost can be produced in an extremely short period of time (one week) without using back compost addition, so-called seed compost. Conventionally, a cow dung and chicken dung mixture (a mixing ratio of cow dung and chicken dung (broiler) of 3: 1) in which chicken dung, which is considered to have a large amount of easily decomposable organic matter, is mixed with compost raw material was composted in this example. The physicochemical properties of this product were extremely low in moisture, exhibited weak alkalinity, and satisfied the conditions for good compost with a C / N ratio of 17.7.

  In order to examine in more detail the production of compost using cow dung and chicken dung according to this example, the physical and chemical properties of the cow dung chicken dung mixed compost product were measured. The mixing ratio of cow dung and chicken dung is 3: 1. Table 3 shows the physicochemical properties of the composting process of cow dung and chicken dung mixed according to this example. It was shown that the pH value, EC, total carbon amount, total nitrogen amount, and the like were reduced by the application of the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator. Next, the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment (80 ° C.) increased the pH value and EC, but the total carbon content decreased by 13.4%. On the other hand, since the total nitrogen amount did not change, the C / N ratio was lowered. Therefore, even in the mixed raw materials of chicken manure, the total carbon amount is reduced in a short time in the “high-speed fermentation promoter processing”, while the nitrogen amount is not reduced, so the C / N ratio is lowered and the compost is changed to a good compost. It was suggested that

  The composting of fattening cow dung was performed. Table 4 shows the physicochemical properties of the composting process of the fattening cattle compost according to this example. Although the pH value and the total carbon amount were reduced by the application of the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator, the total nitrogen amount was increased. Therefore, C / N ratio fell. Although the amount of ammonia nitrogen slightly increased, the amount of nitrate nitrogen decreased remarkably. Subsequently, although the pH value increased by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment (80 ° C.), the total carbon amount decreased considerably and the total nitrogen amount did not change, so the C / N ratio was lowered. Although the amount of ammonia nitrogen increased somewhat, the amount of nitrate nitrogen increased remarkably. However, the amount of available phosphorus was reduced. Therefore, the pH value is increased by warm high-temperature fermentation, the total carbon content is considerably reduced, but the nitrogen content does not change, so the C / N ratio is lowered, and the inorganic nitrogen content is increased to make a good compost. It became clear. Therefore, the effectiveness of high-speed fermentation accelerator processing was strongly suggested. Note that the decrease in the amount of available phosphorus is presumed to be due to the fact that thermophilic bacteria are actively active in this high-speed fermentation promoter treatment process, and that this was used for the growth and synthesis of the cells.

  Usually, when the high-speed fermentation accelerator processing is completed, half of the amount is returned to the high-speed fermentation promoter as a compost (seed fungus compost) for high-speed composting. Therefore, composting was performed only by spraying a deodorizing decomposition compost promoter without adding back compost (seed fungus compost), using a mixture of fattening cattle manure and chicken manure. Table 5 shows the physicochemical properties of the composting process of cow dung and chicken manure compost (without added back compost). Although the pH value decreased due to the application of the deodorant decomposition fermentation accelerator, the total carbon and total nitrogen amounts hardly changed, and therefore no change in the C / N ratio was observed. Although the amount of ammonia nitrogen decreased, the amount of nitrate nitrogen did not change. The pH value increased by the subsequent high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment, and the total carbon amount decreased considerably, but the total nitrogen amount did not change, so the C / N ratio was lowered. Both ammonia and nitrate nitrogen levels were significantly increased. Therefore, the product was shown to be good quality compost. However, the amount of available phosphorus was decreasing.

  Further, a composting test according to the present example using porcine feces as a raw material was performed. Table 6 shows the physicochemical properties of the composting process of swine manure according to this example. The application of the deodorant decomposition compost accelerator slightly decreased the pH value, and the total carbon and total nitrogen contents hardly changed, so the C / N ratio did not change. The amount of ammonia nitrogen increased, but nitrate nitrogen decreased. There was no change in available phosphorus. The pH value increased by the subsequent high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment, and the total carbon amount decreased, but the total nitrogen amount did not change, so the C / N ratio was slightly decreased. Both ammonia and nitrate nitrogen levels were significantly increased. Therefore, it was suggested that it is good quality compost. Therefore, it was strongly shown that this example is also effective for composting pig swine. However, the amount of available phosphorus was decreasing.

The physicochemical properties of the composting process of various livestock feces according to this example were examined. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) Although the pH value of any livestock feces was lowered by adding a deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator as a raw material, changes in other chemical compositions differed depending on the type of livestock feces.
2) Although the pH value increased and the total carbonization amount decreased, the C / N ratio was clearly reduced because the total nitrogen amount did not change. The amount of inorganic nitrogen such as ammonia and nitrate nitrogen was increased.
3) A decrease in the amount of available phosphorus was shown for all livestock feces. It was estimated that available phosphorus was assimilated for the growth and synthesis of thermophilic bacteria.
4) Even without using back compost (seed fungus compost), the high-speed fermentation accelerating machine process showed almost the same results as other livestock manure. Therefore, it was suggested that high-quality compost can be produced without using back compost.
From the above results, it was clarified that composting can be significantly promoted and compost having excellent chemical properties can be produced only by performing the composting treatment method of this embodiment for 4 to 6 hours with any livestock feces.

  Hereinafter, the maturity of the compost obtained in this example was tested by the germination index method. Add 5 g of dry powdered compost to a 200 ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 90 ml of boiling distilled water, immediately stir for 10 minutes with a shaker, let stand for 1 hour, centrifuge the mixture (5000 rpm, 10 min) and remove the supernatant. Let the liquid be compost extract. If there is no centrifuge, the extract may be obtained by filtration. Place 30 seeds of Komatsuna on a growth measuring instrument, add the compost extract, immediately cover and grow for 7 days in a thermostat at 25 ° C. The subject is treated with distilled water after the same treatment, and the germination index is obtained by the following formula by measuring the number of germination and stem length after cultivation.

  GI = G / Gc × L / Lc × 100 (%), GI: germination index, G: germination number in compost extract, Gc: germination number in distilled water, L: stem length in compost extract, Lc : Stem length in distilled water. The germination index GI was 100% or more and full maturity, 49% or less was immature, and 50 to 99% was medium maturity.

  The result of the maturity test of cow manure and cow manure chicken manure mixed compost is shown in FIG. Compared with the compost product of cow dung by the conventional method (after 3 months) and the maturity index of the compost product of this example (high-speed fermentation accelerator processing: new composting method) by the germination index method, the germination rate is the same, When the stem lengths were compared, it was shown that this example was more than twice as long as it was matured by the germination index method. On the other hand, the product manufactured by the conventional method was determined to be immature. Moreover, composting of cow dung and chicken dung was performed according to this example. Even when chicken manure, which is considered to be difficult to compost in the short term because it contains a large amount of readily decomposable organic matter, the compost was judged to be completely heated after about one month of sediment maturation by the high-speed fermentation accelerator. From these results, this example clearly shows that livestock manure can be composted at high speed.

  In order to examine in more detail the production of compost using cow dung and chicken dung according to this example, the maturity of the cow dung chicken dung mixed compost product was tested. In addition, the mixing ratio of cow dung and chicken dung is 3: 1. The results of the maturity test of the cow dung and chicken dung mixed compost are shown in FIG. Since the germination rate and the promotion of stem elongation were not observed by the application of the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator, there was no change in the germination index, and no effect was observed on the progress of maturity. By only subjecting this to a heat fermentation treatment (80 ° C.), the substance that inhibits germination was decomposed, the stems were significantly elongated, and the germination index was 117%, which was ripe. These facts indicate that high-quality compost can be produced only by the high-speed fermentation promoter treatment process for raw materials containing chicken dung, which has been considered to take a long time to complete.

  The composting of fattening cow dung according to this example was performed. The maturity test by the germination index method of fattening cow manure compost is shown in FIG. Dispersion of deodorizing and degrading fermentation promoter suppresses germination and stem elongation, but decomposes an inhibitor that prevents germination and stem elongation by high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment, and the germination index is 221%, which is fully mature compost. It was. In the case of fattening cattle, since bedding material such as sawdust is used, unlike pig dung and chicken dung, there are quite few easily decomposable organic substances derived from dung. Therefore, since there are few substances which inhibit germination and stem elongation, the germination index of the raw material was 163%, which is a value indicating complete ripeness. In order to eliminate the contradiction of the above results, the germination index test was conducted at twice the concentration only for fattening cattle. The results are shown in FIG. The germination index was 33% for the raw material, immature, 6% for the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator spraying process, 6% immature, and 116% for the fast fermentation promoter treatment, resulting in a fully matured compost. Therefore, in the case of the test for fattening cattle compost, it was obtained that the test should be performed at twice the normal concentration. In addition, the evaluation of ripeness was shown even by testing with a compost extract having a double concentration by the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment, strongly suggesting the effectiveness of this example.

  Usually, when the high-speed fermentation promoter processing is completed, half of the amount is returned to the high-speed fermentation promoter as a compost for high-speed composting. Therefore, composting was carried out using only a mixture of fattening cow dung and chicken dung as a raw material, but without adding back compost, only by spraying a deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator. FIG. 5 shows the results of the maturity test according to the germination index method of fattening cattle dung and chicken manure compost (without added back compost). Unlike the conventional results, the germination rate and stem elongation were improved and the germination index was increased by spraying the deodorizing and fermentation accelerator. By the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment, the stems were remarkably elongated and the germination index was significantly increased to 207%, indicating that the compost was extremely good quality. Since the germination index of the raw material was as high as 122%, the concentration of the compost extract was doubled and retested. The results are shown in FIG. The raw material was 24% immature, after the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator spraying treatment, 29% was immature, and the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment was 132% complete ripe. Similar to fattening cattle, the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment showed that the treatment was completed even when tested at twice the concentration, which strongly suggested the effectiveness of the high-speed fermentation promoter treatment. The above results suggest that it is possible to produce fully-ripened compost by high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment without using back compost.

  A composting test according to this example was conducted using pig dung as a raw material. The maturity test by the germination index method of pig manure compost is shown in FIG. Although 65% was immature after the spraying treatment of the deodorizing decomposition fermentation accelerator, the high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment resulted in 102% and complete maturity. Therefore, it was shown that this example is also effective for composting pig swine.

This example was examined using various livestock feces. The maturity test of compost products was performed by the germination index method. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) Composting is remarkably promoted by adding a deodorizing decomposition fermentation promoter to raw materials such as cow dung, cow dung and chicken dung, and pig dung, and leaving it for one day, and then performing a high-speed fermentation accelerator for 4 to 6 hours. It was finished in compost that can be judged ripe.
2) When fattening cattle manure is used as a composting material, since there are few easily degradable organic matter derived from feces because there is a bedding material such as sawdust, there are few substances that inhibit germination and stem length. It became clear that the compost extract concentration using such raw materials can be applied by doubling the compost extract concentration.
3) It was suggested that it is possible to produce fully matured compost by high-speed fermentation accelerator treatment without using back compost (seed fungus compost).
From the above results, it was clarified that composting was remarkably promoted only by performing this example for 4 to 6 hours with any livestock feces, and finished to compost that could be judged as ripe.

  The composting method of the present invention is mainly used for composting livestock manure, but is also useful for treating sewage sludge, food sludge, food residues and processed food organic waste.

It is a graph which shows the maturity of the cow dung and raw dung chicken dung mixed compost of an Example. It is a graph which shows the maturity of the cow dung chicken droppings compost of an Example. It is a graph which shows the maturity of the fattening cow dung compost of an Example. It is a graph which shows the maturity of the fattening cow dung compost of an Example. It is a graph which shows the maturity degree of the fattening cow dung chicken dung mixed (no return) compost of an Example. It is a graph which shows the maturity degree of the fattening cow dung chicken dung mixed (no return) compost of an Example. It is a graph which shows the maturity of the pig manure compost of an Example. It is explanatory drawing of the composting processing apparatus used for an Example.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Composting processing apparatus 2 Storage tank 3 Stirring blade 4 Inlet 4a Inlet door 5 Outlet 5a Outlet door 6 Heating burner 7 Gas passage 8 Casing

Claims (1)

Organic matter such as livestock manure, food residue, sewage or food sludge is stored in a closed storage tank, and the organic substance in the storage tank is mixed and stirred while heating from the outside to enhance the activation of thermophilic bacteria. In the composting method of fermenting and decomposing to compost, the aqueous solution of silicic acid and chitosan, in which bamboo vinegar is added and mixed in a proportion of 60-70% water, 8-12% chitosan and 4-6% silicic acid by weight. introducing the hot gas into the storage tank with heating the tank while mixing stirring was charged in an active principle to deodorant decomposition fermentation accelerators the reservoir of organic matter and the organic matter is decomposed fermented faster After killing spoilage bacteria, disease-causing bacteria, viruses, parasites, and weed seeds and making them almost sterile, the treated material is discharged from the outside of the storage tank and deposited in a composting / cold place to make compost and decompose odor components Promotion and pathogenic bacteria, spoilage bacteria, To improve the killing of the scan-parasites and weed seeds, fast composting method organics.

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