JP4061510B2 - Soybean fermented food and production method thereof - Google Patents
Soybean fermented food and production method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- JP4061510B2 JP4061510B2 JP2007122769A JP2007122769A JP4061510B2 JP 4061510 B2 JP4061510 B2 JP 4061510B2 JP 2007122769 A JP2007122769 A JP 2007122769A JP 2007122769 A JP2007122769 A JP 2007122769A JP 4061510 B2 JP4061510 B2 JP 4061510B2
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Description
本発明は大豆発酵食品及びその製造方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a fermented soybean food and a method for producing the same.
大豆は、畑の肉と呼ばれているように、動物性蛋白質と類似するアミノ酸組成の蛋白質を豊富に含み、油分(脂質)の50%以上が、血液中のコレステロールを下げる働きをするリノール酸であり、成人病、特に高血圧の予防に有効であることおよびレシチンをもその栄養素として含有しており、脳細胞に作用してボケに効果のあることが知られている。 Soybean is rich in protein with amino acid composition similar to animal protein, as is called field meat, and more than 50% of oil (lipid) acts to lower cholesterol in the blood. It is known that it is effective in preventing adult diseases, particularly hypertension, and also contains lecithin as its nutrient, and acts on brain cells to be effective against blur.
また、大豆は、体内の酸化を防ぐ成分であるビタミンEをはじめとする各種のビタミン類、例えばビタミンB1、ビタミンB2、ビタミンKなどと共にカルシウム、カリウム、食物繊維などもその栄養素として含有している。従って、その摂取は、老化防止、疲労回復、便秘予防などに役立つ。 Soybeans also contain vitamins such as vitamin E, a component that prevents oxidation in the body, such as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin K, as well as calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber as nutrients. . Therefore, the intake is useful for preventing aging, recovering from fatigue, preventing constipation, and the like.
更に、大豆に含まれるイソフラボンは、緩和な女性ホルモン様作用を持ち、更年期障害、骨粗鬆症などに有効であること、大豆に含まれるオリゴ糖は、腸内細菌の栄養源として腸内環境を改善すること、大豆の摂取によれば、慢性的な体力虚弱、疲労、倦怠感、動悸などの改善を図り得ることが、それぞれ報告されている。 Furthermore, isoflavones contained in soybeans have a mild female hormone-like action and are effective for menopause and osteoporosis, and oligosaccharides contained in soybeans improve the intestinal environment as a nutrient source for intestinal bacteria. In addition, it has been reported that the intake of soybeans can improve chronic physical weakness, fatigue, fatigue, palpitation and the like.
以上のように、大豆はその栄養価が高く、生体に有効な種々の成分を含有することから、古来より、例えば醤油、味噌、納豆、豆乳、豆腐、豆腐加工品(厚揚げ、油揚げ、がんもどき)などの大豆加工食品として摂取されてきており、近年では、豆乳を発酵させたヨーグルト様食品などのデザート類も種々提案されつつある(特許文献1, 2および3参照)。 As described above, soybean has a high nutritional value and contains various components that are effective for the living body, so since ancient times, for example, soy sauce, miso, natto, soy milk, tofu, processed tofu products (thick fried, fried In recent years, various desserts such as yoghurt-like foods fermented with soy milk have been proposed (see Patent Documents 1, 2 and 3).
しかしながら、提案された豆乳発酵食品は、いずれも大豆特有の渋味、豆臭、青臭みなどが残存するものであり、ヨーグルトなどの乳製品本来の風味を有し得ず、その食品としての嗜好性に偏りがあり、この点で尚改善されるべき余地を有している。また、この豆乳発酵食品の原料とする豆乳は、その製造過程でオカラを分離除去しており、このオカラとして分離除去される栄養源の損失面でも改善されるべき余地がある。 However, all of the proposed soymilk fermented foods have a soy-specific astringent taste, bean odor, blue odor and the like, and cannot have the original flavor of dairy products such as yogurt. There is a bias in the nature, and there is still room for improvement in this regard. In addition, the soymilk used as the raw material for fermented soymilk is separated and removed in the production process, and there is room for improvement in the loss of nutrients separated and removed as this okara.
更に、従来より、豆乳などの大豆を原料とする食品においては、大豆は脱皮して利用され、この脱皮の際に副生する大豆胚芽(学術的には「胚軸」と称されるが、本明細書では慣用的に「胚芽」と称する)を主体とする大量の細粒マスは大部分廃棄処分されている。しかるに、該大豆胚芽には、前記イソフラボンと共に、抗コレステロール、抗脂血、抗酸化、肝障害改善能などの各種の機能が期待できる大豆サポニンが高濃度に含有されている。従って、該胚芽を大豆加工食品などに再利用することができれば、これらの有効成分乃至食料資源の有効利用を図ることができ、また産業排水による環境汚染を防止乃至軽減することもできる。しかるに、大豆胚芽は、加熱調理などの処理では除去困難な特有の強い苦味や渋味を有しており、これらを除去しなければその食品素材としての利用ができないという難点を有している。
本発明の目的は、大豆胚芽を有効利用した大豆発酵食品を提供することにある。また、本発明の目的は、優れた食感、風味を有し、しかも大豆(まるごと)および大豆胚芽の栄養素を美味しく摂取することができる大豆発酵食品を提供することにある。 An object of the present invention is to provide a soybean fermented food that effectively utilizes soybean germ. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fermented soybean food that has an excellent texture and flavor and that can be deliciously ingested with the nutrients of soybean (whole) and soybean germ.
更に、本発明の目的は、上記大豆発酵食品を容易且つ簡便に製造する技術を提供することにある。 Furthermore, the objective of this invention is providing the technique which manufactures the said soybean fermented food easily and simply.
本発明者らは、鋭意研究の結果、下記項1-5に記載の発明によって上記目的が達成できることを見出し、この知見を基礎として本発明を完成するに至った。
項1. リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆由来の大豆胚芽および加熱処理された大豆胚芽からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の大豆胚芽を含む均質化液に乳酸菌を作用させて乳酸発酵させることを特徴とする大豆胚芽発酵食品の製造方法。
項2. 乳酸発酵後、更に均質化することを特徴とする項1に記載の大豆胚芽発酵食品の製造方法。
項3. 乳酸菌が、ラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカスとストレプトコッカス・サーモフィラスとの混合物である項1又は2に記載の方法。
項4. ラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカスとストレプトコッカス・サーモフィラスとの混合重量比が、前者1:後者0.1−10である項3に記載の方法。
項5. 項1−4のいずれかに記載の方法によって得られる大豆胚芽発酵食品。
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that the above object can be achieved by the invention described in the following item 1-5, and have completed the present invention based on this finding.
Item 1. A fermented soybean germ food characterized by causing lactic acid bacteria to act on a homogenized solution containing at least one soybean germ selected from the group consisting of soybean germ derived from lipoxygenase-deficient soybean and heat-treated soybean germ. Production method.
Item 2. Item 2. The method for producing fermented soybean germ food according to Item 1, wherein homogenization is further performed after lactic acid fermentation.
Item 3. Item 3. The method according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the lactic acid bacterium is a mixture of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
Item 4. Item 4. The method according to Item 3, wherein the mixing weight ratio of Lactobacillus helveticus to Streptococcus thermophilus is the former 1: the latter 0.1-10.
Item 5. The soybean germ fermented food obtained by the method in any one of claim | item 1-4.
本発明大豆発酵食品は、大豆胚芽、またはこれと大豆とに含まれる栄養素を実質的に損失することなく含んでいる。しかも該栄養素の内、特に蛋白質および糖類は、乳酸発酵によって消化、吸収性に優れるように分解や変性を受けている。また、本発明食品は、上記乳酸発酵による乳酸の生成および香気成分の生成によって、ヨーグルト様の爽やかで香味の豊かな食品となっている。更に、本発明大豆発酵食品は、発酵大豆に由来する低分子脂肪酸によって、官能的に優れた食感、風味を有しており、非常に口当たりがよく美味しいものである。 The soybean fermented food of the present invention contains soybean germ or nutrients contained in this soybean and soybean without substantial loss. Moreover, among these nutrients, particularly proteins and saccharides have been decomposed or modified so as to be excellent in digestion and absorption by lactic acid fermentation. In addition, the food of the present invention is a yogurt-like fresh and flavorful food by the production of lactic acid and the production of aroma components by the lactic acid fermentation. Furthermore, the fermented soybean food of the present invention has a sensory excellent texture and flavor due to the low molecular weight fatty acid derived from fermented soybean, and is very tasty and delicious.
以下、本発明大豆発酵食品の製造法につき詳述する。 Hereinafter, the production method of the present invention fermented soybean food will be described in detail.
(1) リポキシゲナーゼ欠損脱皮大豆
本発明大豆発酵食品の製造において、原料として用いることができる脱皮大豆は、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損生大豆であることが重要である。リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆とは、育種の方法などによってリポキシゲナーゼを欠損させた大豆(例えば品種:フクユタカ)である。通常の生大豆中には不飽和脂肪酸を酸化する酵素である3 種のリポキシゲナーゼ(L-1, L-2, L-3)が含まれている。生大豆を破砕すれば、大豆組織が破壊されて該組織中に存在する遊離脂肪酸が解放され、これにリポキシゲナーゼが作用して、青豆臭の主成分であるn-ヘキサナールを生成し、大豆製品に特有の渋み、豆臭、青臭みなどを与える。この酵素は、熱処理(例えば85-135℃、30秒-20分間)によって失活させることができるが、大豆中に存在する上記酵素は、大豆の熱処理によって完全に失活させることが困難である。しかも該熱処理は、大豆蛋白の変性、分解などを惹起し、食品素材としての大豆の品質に重大な悪影響を与える。リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆は、このような熱処理によるものではないため、その利用によれば、大豆蛋白の変性、分解などのおそれはない。上記3種のリポキシゲナーゼを全て欠損させた大豆は、例えば羽鹿らの方法(Japan. J. Breed, Vol.41, p.507, 1991)により得ることができ、それ自体市販されている。また、前記3種の酵素のいくつかを欠失させた部分欠失大豆も知られている(例えば日本農芸化学会誌、第59巻、第10号、第1071頁、1985年;日本食品工業学会誌、第31巻、第11号、第751頁、1984年など参照)。
(1) Lipoxygenase-deficient molting soybean It is important that the molting soybean that can be used as a raw material in the production of the soybean fermented food of the present invention is lipoxygenase-deficient raw soybean. The lipoxygenase-deficient soybean is soybean (for example, variety: Fukuyutaka) deficient in lipoxygenase by a breeding method or the like. Normal raw soybean contains three types of lipoxygenases (L-1, L-2, L-3), which are enzymes that oxidize unsaturated fatty acids. If raw soybeans are crushed, the soybean tissue is destroyed and free fatty acids present in the tissue are released, and lipoxygenase acts on this to produce n-hexanal, the main component of green soybean odor, to produce a soybean product. Gives a unique astringency, bean odor, blue odor, etc. This enzyme can be inactivated by heat treatment (for example, 85-135 ° C., 30 seconds to 20 minutes), but the enzyme present in soybean is difficult to completely inactivate by heat treatment of soybean. . In addition, the heat treatment causes soy protein denaturation, decomposition and the like, and has a serious adverse effect on the quality of soybean as a food material. Since lipoxygenase-deficient soybean is not due to such heat treatment, there is no risk of denaturation or decomposition of soybean protein according to its use. Soybeans deficient in all three types of lipoxygenase can be obtained, for example, by the method of Haka et al. (Japan. J. Breed, Vol. 41, p. 507, 1991) and are commercially available. In addition, partially-deficient soybeans in which some of the above three enzymes are deleted are also known (for example, Journal of the Japanese Society for Agricultural Chemistry, Vol. 59, No. 10, page 1071, 1985; Japan Food Industry Association) Magazine, Vol. 31, No. 11, p. 751, 1984, etc.).
本発明において、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損脱皮大豆は、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損生大豆を常法に従い、適当な脱皮機、補助脱皮機などを用いて脱皮(剥皮)して半割大豆とし、この半割大豆を粗砕(割砕)して粗砕物とし、これを更にホモミキサー処理、ホモジナイズ処理することによって均質化液に調製される。この剥皮、粗砕は、通常の手段により、例えば摩擦、衝撃、せん断を利用して実施される。脱皮大豆の粗砕物は、大豆粉として市販されており、本発明では市販の大豆粉を利用することもできる。 In the present invention, the lipoxygenase-deficient molting soybeans are obtained by molting (peeling) the lipoxygenase-deficient raw soybeans using a suitable molting machine, an auxiliary molting machine, etc. into half-divided soybeans according to a conventional method. Crushing) to obtain a coarsely crushed material, which is further processed into a homogenized solution by homomixing and homogenizing. This peeling and crushing are carried out by ordinary means, for example, using friction, impact, and shear. The crushed soybean soy flour is commercially available as soy flour, and commercially available soy flour can also be used in the present invention.
尚、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損生大豆は、その品種などには限定なく、各種のものを利用することができる。該生大豆は、一般的な方法に従って予め割豆、破砕豆、虫食豆、他の種子類、異物などを取り除くための精選処理および大豆の表面に付着している土ほこりなどを取り除くための水洗などの洗浄処理を行うことができる。 The lipoxygenase-deficient raw soybean is not limited to its variety, and various types can be used. The raw soybean is preliminarily processed in accordance with a general method to remove cracked beans, crushed beans, worm-eaten beans, other seeds, foreign matters, etc., and to remove soil dust adhering to the surface of the soybeans. Cleaning treatment such as water washing can be performed.
(2) 大豆胚芽
本発明大豆発酵食品の製造において、原料として用いられる大豆胚芽は、通常の大豆の脱皮工程、半割粗砕工程において副生する約10-20%(重量%、以下同じ)の胚芽を含む種皮胚芽混合物であってもよく、該混合物から篩い分けして得られる約40-70%の胚芽を含むものであってもよく、更にこのものを比重分離などにより精製して得られる胚芽90-97%を含むものであってもよい。このような高純度に分離された大豆胚芽(粉末)は、それ自体市販されており、本発明ではそのような市販品もまた有利に用いることができる。
(2) Soy Germ The soybean germ used as a raw material in the production of the soybean fermented food of the present invention is about 10-20% (weight%, the same shall apply hereinafter) produced as a by-product in the normal soybean molting process and half-crushing process. It may be a seed coat embryo mixture containing about 40 to 70% of germ obtained by sieving from the mixture, and further purified by specific gravity separation or the like. It may contain 90-97% germ. Such highly purified soybean germ (powder) is commercially available per se, and such a commercial product can also be advantageously used in the present invention.
該大豆胚芽は、通常の各種品種の大豆由来のものをそのまま本発明大豆発酵食品の製造に利用することができる。但し、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆に由来しない大豆胚芽は、その品種にもよるが、一般に特有の苦味や渋みがあり、本発明に従う乳酸発酵によってもその苦味などが残存するおそれがある。従って、そのような大豆胚芽を利用する場合は、好ましくは、通常の大豆の加熱処理と同様にして無臭化させた後、本発明に利用するのが好ましい。この加熱処理は、例えば帯状搬送手段上に大豆胚芽を薄層状に積載して、常圧下に100℃以下の温度、好ましくは約60-95℃の温度の湿熱雰囲気中を通過させることにより実施できる。本発明に用いる大豆胚芽は、特に、前述したリポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆に由来する大豆胚芽であるのが好ましい。 As the soybean germ, those derived from various types of soybeans can be used as they are for producing the soybean fermented food of the present invention. However, soybean germs not derived from lipoxygenase-deficient soybeans generally have specific bitterness and astringency, depending on their varieties, and the bitterness may remain even after lactic acid fermentation according to the present invention. Therefore, when such soybean germ is used, it is preferably used in the present invention after it is made non-brominated in the same manner as in the usual heat treatment of soybean. This heat treatment can be carried out, for example, by laminating soybean germ on a belt-like transport means and passing it through a humid heat atmosphere at a temperature of 100 ° C. or less, preferably about 60-95 ° C. under normal pressure. . The soybean germ used in the present invention is particularly preferably soybean germ derived from the aforementioned lipoxygenase-deficient soybean.
(3) 均質化液
本発明大豆発酵食品の製造においては、前記リポキシゲナーゼ欠損脱皮大豆と大豆胚芽とを粉体混合するか(両者が粉体として入手される場合)または両者を合わせて粉砕混合処理後、得られる混合物を常法に従いホモジナイズ処理して均質化液を調製する。粉砕処理は常法に従うことができる。より詳しくは、原料とする脱皮大豆及び大豆胚芽を水中に浸漬後、コロイドミルなどの適当な破砕機を用いて湿式粉砕する方法を挙げることができる。得られる粉砕物は、通常その粒度が10-150μm程度、好ましくは10-30μm程度とされるのが適当である。
(3) Homogenized liquid In producing the soybean fermented food of the present invention, the lipoxygenase-deficient molted soybean and soybean germ are mixed in powder (when both are obtained as powder) or pulverized and mixed together. Thereafter, the resulting mixture is homogenized according to a conventional method to prepare a homogenized solution. The pulverization process can follow a conventional method. More specifically, a method of wet pulverizing using a suitable crusher such as a colloid mill after soaking the raw soybeans and soybean germs as water can be mentioned. The obtained pulverized product usually has a particle size of about 10-150 μm, preferably about 10-30 μm.
両者の混合割合は、適宜決定することができる。一般には、脱皮大豆1重量部に対して大豆胚芽約0.2-1重量部、好ましくは約0.4-0.8重量部の範囲から選択することができる。即ち、混合物中に大豆胚芽が約17-50重量%、好ましくは約28-45重量%含まれるように決定される。均質化液における水量は、o/w型エマルジョンが得られることを前提として特に制限されるものではないが、通常、約70-90重量%の範囲とされるのが適当である。尚、本発明においては、この均質化液の調製をより円滑に行うために、約60℃前後の加温条件を採用することも可能である。かくして調製される均質化液は、通常乳化粒子が10μm程度の平均粒子径を有するものとするのが好ましい。 The mixing ratio of both can be determined as appropriate. In general, it can be selected from a range of about 0.2-1 parts by weight, preferably about 0.4-0.8 parts by weight of soybean germ per 1 part by weight of molted soybean. That is, it is determined that soybean germ is contained in the mixture in an amount of about 17-50% by weight, preferably about 28-45% by weight. The amount of water in the homogenized liquid is not particularly limited on the assumption that an o / w emulsion is obtained, but it is usually appropriate to be in the range of about 70 to 90% by weight. In the present invention, in order to prepare the homogenization liquid more smoothly, a heating condition of about 60 ° C. can be employed. In the homogenized liquid thus prepared, it is usually preferable that the emulsified particles have an average particle diameter of about 10 μm.
尚、均質化液中には、これを引き続き発酵させて得られる本発明大豆発酵食品の味、風味などを調製するための各種の添加剤(例えば砂糖、ブドウ糖などの糖類;例えば果汁、果汁エキス、グルタミン酸などの調味料;例えばバニラエキスなどの天然香料および合成香料;例えばシュガーエステル、モノグリセライドソルビタン脂肪酸エステルなどの界面活性剤;例えばクエン酸などの酸味料など)の少なくとも1種、および例えばペクチン、カラギーナン、アラビアガムなどの均質化液の安定性を向上させるための安定剤などの少なくとも1種を適宜配合しておくことができる。上記糖類などの添加剤は、乳酸発酵前の均質化液中に予め添加できることは勿論のこと、乳酸発酵後に得られる乳化物中に添加配合することもできる。 In the homogenized liquid, various additives (for example, sugars such as sugar and glucose; for example, fruit juice and fruit juice extract) for preparing the taste and flavor of the present fermented soybean food obtained by subsequent fermentation of the homogenized liquid A seasoning such as glutamic acid; a natural and synthetic flavor such as vanilla extract; a surfactant such as sugar ester or a monoglyceride sorbitan fatty acid ester; a sour agent such as citric acid; and a pectin, for example. At least one stabilizer such as a stabilizer for improving the stability of a homogenizing solution such as carrageenan or gum arabic can be appropriately blended. The additives such as saccharides can be added and blended in the emulsion obtained after the lactic acid fermentation as well as the homogenized liquid before the lactic acid fermentation.
各添加剤の配合量は、得られる本発明大豆発酵食品に応じて当業者にとり適宜決定することができる。例えば、調味料は本発明食品中に約0.1-10重量%配合される量から選ばれるのが適当である。香料は約0.05-1重量%、界面活性剤は約0.1-1重量%、酸味料は約0.01-0.5重量%がそれぞれ本発明食品中に配合されるようにその量を選択されるのが適当である。また、安定剤は、通常それらが使用される量(約1重量%以下)で利用することができる。 The blending amount of each additive can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art depending on the obtained soybean fermented food of the present invention. For example, the seasoning is suitably selected from the amount blended in the food of the present invention by about 0.1 to 10% by weight. Appropriate amounts are selected so that about 0.05-1% by weight of the perfume, about 0.1-1% by weight of the surfactant, and about 0.01-0.5% by weight of the sour agent are included in the food of the present invention. It is. In addition, stabilizers can be used in an amount usually used (about 1% by weight or less).
(4) 乳酸発酵
本発明大豆発酵食品は、前記(3)に記載したリポキシゲナーゼ欠損脱皮大豆と大豆胚芽とを含む均質化液に、乳酸菌を作用させて発酵させるか、またはその後更に発酵物を均質化することにより得られる。
(4) Lactic acid fermentation The fermented soybean food of the present invention is fermented by allowing lactic acid bacteria to act on the homogenized solution containing the lipoxygenase-deficient molted soybean and soybean germ described in (3) above, or further thereafter It is obtained by homogenizing the fermentation product.
この乳酸発酵に用いられる乳酸菌は、従来よりヨーグルトや乳酸発酵飲料の製造にあたって利用されることの知られている各種の乳酸菌であればよい。特に、本発明では該乳酸菌として、ラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカス(Lactobacillus helveticus)およびストレプトコッカス・サリバリウス・サーモフィラス(Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus)の混合菌が好ましい。これら各菌としては、例えば財団法人日本乳業技術協会のLactobacillus helveticus B-1およびStreptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510を利用することができる。これらの各菌は適当な担体に固定化されたものであってもよい。混合菌を利用する場合の各菌の混合比率は、例えばラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカス1重量部に対してストレプトコッカス・サリバリウス・サーモフィラス0.1-10重量部となる比率から選ばれるのが好ましい。 The lactic acid bacteria used for this lactic acid fermentation may be various lactic acid bacteria conventionally known to be used in the production of yogurt and lactic acid fermented beverages. In particular, in the present invention, the lactic acid bacterium is preferably a mixed bacterium of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus. As each of these bacteria, for example, Lactobacillus helveticus B-1 and Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510 of the Japan Milk Products Technology Association can be used. Each of these bacteria may be immobilized on an appropriate carrier. In the case of using a mixed bacterium, the mixing ratio of each bacterium is preferably selected from, for example, a ratio of 0.1-10 parts by weight of Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus to 1 part by weight of Lactobacillus helveticus.
乳酸発酵は、前記(3)で調製した均質化液に、必要に応じて乳酸菌の良好な生育のための発酵促進物質などの栄養源、例えばグルコース、澱粉、蔗糖、乳糖、デキストリン、ソルビトール、フラクトースなどの炭素源、酵母エキス、ペプトンなどの窒素源、ビタミン類、ミネラル類などを加えて、加熱滅菌処理(約100-130℃、15-60分間)後、得られる液に所定量の乳酸菌を接種して実施される。発酵促進物質の添加量は、適宜決定することができ、通常のこの種乳酸菌を利用する乳酸発酵における場合のそれらと特に異なるものではない。 For lactic acid fermentation, the homogenized solution prepared in (3) above is fed with nutrient sources such as fermentation-promoting substances for good growth of lactic acid bacteria, if necessary, such as glucose, starch, sucrose, lactose, dextrin, sorbitol, fructose. After adding a carbon source such as yeast extract, nitrogen sources such as peptone, vitamins, minerals, etc., heat sterilization (about 100-130 ° C, 15-60 minutes), add a certain amount of lactic acid bacteria to the resulting liquid Inoculated. The addition amount of the fermentation accelerating substance can be determined as appropriate, and is not particularly different from that in the case of lactic acid fermentation using a normal lactic acid bacterium.
乳酸菌の接種量は、均質化液1cc中に乳酸菌(2種の乳酸菌を用いる場合はその合計量)が約1×106個以上、好ましくは約1×107個が含まれるものとなる量、通常、均質化液中の乳酸菌液濃度が約1-20重量%となる量から選ばれるのが適当である。 The amount of lactic acid bacteria inoculated is such that 1 cc of homogenized solution contains about 1 × 10 6 or more, preferably about 1 × 10 7 lactic acid bacteria (the total amount when two types of lactic acid bacteria are used). Usually, it is appropriate that the concentration of the lactic acid bacteria solution in the homogenized solution is selected from about 1 to 20% by weight.
乳酸発酵は、通常、25-45℃程度の温度および約5-48時間で、通気撹拌によって実施することができる。乳酸発酵は、発酵液のpHが通常約5以下に低下し、また乳酸酸度が約0.3%程度になるまで行うのがよい。発酵後、例えばクエン酸などを用いて最終pHを4.5もしくはそれ以下に調整するのが好ましく、これによって、本発明所期の優れた風味を有する大豆発酵物を得ることができる。 Lactic acid fermentation can usually be carried out by aeration stirring at a temperature of about 25-45 ° C. and about 5-48 hours. Lactic acid fermentation is preferably carried out until the pH of the fermented liquid is usually lowered to about 5 or less and the lactic acid acidity is about 0.3%. After fermentation, it is preferable to adjust the final pH to 4.5 or lower using, for example, citric acid, etc., whereby a fermented soybean product having an excellent flavor of the present invention can be obtained.
(5) 本発明大豆発酵食品
以上の乳酸発酵によって、本発明大豆発酵食品を得ることができる。このものはカード状形態を呈しており、そのままでヨーグルト様乃至プディング様食品として食用に供することができる。
(5) The soybean fermented food of the present invention can be obtained by lactic acid fermentation of the present fermented soybean food or higher. This product has a card-like form and can be used for food as a yogurt-like or pudding-like food as it is.
また、本発明は上記のようにして得られるカード状物を更に均質化して得られる飲料タイプの大豆発酵食品をも提供する。この均質化は、一般的な乳化機(ホモジナイザー)を用いて実施することができる。具体的には、該均質化は、例えばガウリン(GAULIN)社製高圧ホモジナイザー(LAB40)を用いて、約200-1000kgf/cm2、好ましくは約300-800kgf/cm2の条件で、或いは三和機械工業社製ホモジナイザー(品番:HA×4571, H20-A2など)を用いて、150kg/cm2またはそれ以上の条件で実施することができる。この均質化によって、優れた食感、とくに滑らかさを有する大豆発酵飲料を得ることができる。尚、この均質化にあたっては、必要に応じて適当に希釈したり、pH調整のための有機酸類を添加したり、また、糖類、果汁、増粘剤、界面活性剤、香料などの飲料の製造に通常用いられる各種の添加剤を適宜添加することもできる。好ましい添加剤とその添加量(カード状発酵物重量に対する重量%)の一具体例としては、例えばグルコース8%(重量%、以下同じ)、砂糖8%、デキストリン8%、クエン酸0.1%、グリセリン脂肪酸エステル0.2%および香料0.1%を挙げることができる。 The present invention also provides a beverage-type fermented soybean food obtained by further homogenizing the card-like product obtained as described above. This homogenization can be carried out using a general emulsifier (homogenizer). Specifically, the homogeneous structure formation, for example using a Gaulin (GAULIN) manufactured by a high pressure homogenizer (LAB40), about 200-1000kgf / cm 2, preferably about 300-800kgf / cm 2 condition, or Sanwa A homogenizer manufactured by Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd. (product number: HA × 4571, H20-A2, etc.) can be used under conditions of 150 kg / cm 2 or more. By this homogenization, a fermented soy beverage having an excellent texture, particularly smoothness, can be obtained. In this homogenization, it is necessary to dilute appropriately as necessary, add organic acids for pH adjustment, and produce beverages such as sugars, fruit juices, thickeners, surfactants, and fragrances. Various additives that are usually used can be added as appropriate. Specific examples of preferable additives and the amount thereof added (% by weight based on the weight of the carded fermented product) include, for example, glucose 8% (% by weight, the same applies hereinafter), sugar 8%, dextrin 8%, citric acid 0.1%, glycerin Mention may be made of 0.2% fatty acid esters and 0.1% fragrances.
かくして得られる本発明大豆発酵飲料は、常法に従いこれを適当に殺菌または滅菌処理し(例えば85℃、5分間の殺菌処理)、次いで適当な容器に無菌的に充填して製品とすることができる。該製品は、滑らかな喉ごしの食感および風味において優れたものであるに加えて、均一白濁乳化状態(pH:約4.5、粘度約:10cp(B型粘度計による)、乳化粒子の平均粒子径:約5μm、乳化安定性:遠心分離器(3000回転/1分)で殆ど沈殿を生じない)を有しており、品質の優れたものである。 The soy fermented beverage of the present invention thus obtained can be appropriately sterilized or sterilized according to a conventional method (for example, sterilized at 85 ° C. for 5 minutes) and then aseptically filled into a suitable container to obtain a product. it can. In addition to being excellent in the texture and flavor of smooth throat, the product has a uniform cloudy emulsion state (pH: about 4.5, viscosity: about 10 cp (according to B-type viscometer), average of emulsified particles Particle size: about 5 μm, emulsification stability: almost no precipitation is generated in a centrifuge (3000 rpm / 1 minute), and it has excellent quality.
(6) 本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品
本発明はまた、大豆胚芽発酵食品およびその製造方法をも提供する。該大豆胚芽発酵食品は、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆由来の大豆胚芽および加熱処理された大豆胚芽からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の大豆胚芽を含む均質化液を利用する以外は、前述した本発明大豆発酵食品と同様にして製造することができる。換言すれば、前記本発明大豆発酵食品の製造において、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損脱皮大豆を利用することなく、且つ大豆胚芽としてリポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆胚芽および/または加熱処理された大豆胚芽を利用することによって、本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品を得ることができる。
(6) Present invention Soy germ fermented food The present invention also provides a soy germ fermented food and a method for producing the same. The soy germ fermented food of the present invention described above, except that it uses a homogenized liquid containing at least one soybean germ selected from the group consisting of soybean germ derived from lipoxygenase-deficient soybean and heat-treated soybean germ. It can be produced in the same way as food. In other words, in the production of the soybean fermented food of the present invention, the soybean of the present invention can be obtained by utilizing lipoxygenase-deficient soybean germ and / or heat-treated soybean germ as soybean germ without using lipoxygenase-deficient molting soybean. An embryo fermented food can be obtained.
得られる本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品(カード状形態および飲料形態)は、本発明大豆発酵食品(カード状形態および飲料形態)と同様に、大豆の青臭みがなく、食感におけるザラツキや沈殿の発生もなく、味、風味などにおいて非常に優れたものである。しかもこのものは、食感が滑らかで、栄養価が高く、消化性もよく、保存安定性も優れている。特に、この大豆胚芽発酵食品は、大豆胚芽を主要原料としているために、大豆胚芽に由来する栄養源、特にイソフラボンおよび大豆サポニンを豊富に高濃度で含んでおり、その摂取によれば、更年期障害、骨粗鬆症、肝機能障害などの予防、改善に役立つと考えられる。 The obtained soy germ fermented food of the present invention (card-like form and beverage form) is similar to the present invention soy-fermented food (card-like form and beverage form), and does not have the blue odor of soybeans, and the occurrence of graininess and precipitation in the texture. In addition, it is very excellent in taste and flavor. Moreover, this product has a smooth texture, high nutritional value, good digestibility, and excellent storage stability. In particular, this soy germ fermented food contains soy germ as a main ingredient, so it contains a high concentration of nutrients derived from soy germ, especially isoflavones and soy saponins. It is thought to be useful for the prevention and improvement of osteoporosis and liver dysfunction.
以下、本発明を更に詳しく説明するため実施例を挙げる。
実施例1 本発明大豆発酵食品(カード)の調製
(1) 脱皮大豆の調製
選別により小石や他種物の種などの夾雑物を除いた大豆(リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆、品種:いちひめ、農林登録番号:だいず農林103号、命名登録月日:平成8年8月21日、旧系統名:九州111号)を用いた。
Examples are given below to illustrate the present invention in more detail.
Example 1 Preparation of the present fermented soybean food (card)
(1) Preparation of moulted soybeans Soybeans that have been filtered to remove impurities such as pebbles and other seeds (lipoxygenase-deficient soybean, variety: Ichihime, Agricultural and Forestry Registration Number: Daizu Norin 103, Naming Registration Date: Heisei August 21, 2008, old strain name: Kyushu 111) was used.
該大豆を以下の通り脱皮した。即ち、選別された大豆を脱皮しやすく割れやすい状態になるまで、90℃の温度で0.5-5分間加熱した。 The soy was moulted as follows. That is, the selected soybean was heated at a temperature of 90 ° C. for 0.5-5 minutes until it became easy to peel and break easily.
脱皮機および補助脱皮機(原田産業株式会社製の選別脱皮システムを利用した)を用いて皮を剥いで半割に分割して脱皮大豆を得た。 Using a molting machine and an auxiliary molting machine (using a sorting molting system manufactured by Harada Sangyo Co., Ltd.), the skin was peeled and divided into halves to obtain molted soybeans.
(2) 大豆胚芽の調製
大豆胚芽としては、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆の胚芽粉末(粒度:150μm)を使用した。
(2) Preparation of soybean germ As soybean germ, lipoxygenase-deficient soybean germ powder (particle size: 150 μm) was used.
(3) 本発明大豆発酵食品の調製
前記(1)の脱皮大豆および(2)の大豆胚芽の所定量を、水中に6時間浸漬後、コロイドミル(特殊機化工業社製)を用いて1000回転/分で破砕した。得られた破砕物に、下記処方に従って他の添加剤を混合し、混合物を60℃で加温後、ホモジナイザー(三和機械工業社製ホモジナイザー)を用いて、150kg/cm2の条件で1回パスさせて均質化した。
<原料処方>
脱皮大豆 5重量部
大豆胚芽 2重量部
砂糖 5重量部
ブドウ糖 5重量部
HMペクチン 0.3重量部
クエン酸 0.2重量部
香料 0.1重量部
水 82.4重量部
合計 100重量部
尚、HMペクチンとしては、三晶株式会社製のものを使用した。
(3) Preparation of the fermented soybean food of the present invention After immersing a predetermined amount of the molted soybean of (1) and soybean germ of (2) in water for 6 hours, use a colloid mill (made by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) Crush at rev / min. The crushed material was mixed with other additives according to the following formulation, the mixture was heated at 60 ° C, and then once using a homogenizer (homogenizer manufactured by Sanwa Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd.) at 150 kg / cm 2. Pass and homogenize.
<Raw material formulation>
Molten soybean 5 parts by weight Soybean germ 2 parts by weight Sugar 5 parts by weight Glucose 5 parts by weight
HM pectin 0.3 part by weight Citric acid 0.2 part by weight Fragrance 0.1 part by weight Water 82.4 part by weight Total 100 parts by weight The HM pectin manufactured by Sanki Co., Ltd. was used.
得られた均質化液(w/oエマルジョン、平均粒子径5μm)に、スターターとしてラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカス(財団法人日本乳業技術協会、Lactobacillus helveticus B-1)とストレプトコッカス・サリバリウス・サーモフィラス(財団法人日本乳業技術協会、Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510)との1:1(重量比)混合物を添加(原料均質化液容積に対して10重量%、菌数:約1×107個)し、有機酸(クエン酸)によりpHを4.5に調整後、適当な容器に充填し、該容器内で38℃下に10時間培養して、カード状形態の本発明大豆発酵食品を得た。
実施例2 本発明大豆発酵食品(カード)の調製
実施例1において用いたリポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆の胚芽粉末に代えて、大豆胚芽粉末(ビントン(vinton, 米国産)由来の大豆胚芽粉末)を使用する以外は同様にして、カード状形態の本発明大豆発酵食品を得た。
試験例1
実施例1および2で得た各本発明大豆発酵食品の品質を以下の通り官能試験した。即ち、本発明大豆発酵該食品試料の味、香り(大豆臭を含む)、爽やかなヨーグルト様風味および総合評価の各項目について、無作為に選出したパネラー10名による下記5段階試験により評価させた。
The resulting homogenized liquid (w / o emulsion, average particle size 5 μm) was used as a starter with Lactobacillus helveticus (Japan Milky Technology Association, Lactobacillus helveticus B-1) and Streptococcus salivaius thermophilus (Japan). Add a 1: 1 (weight ratio) mixture with the Milk Industry Technical Association, Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510) (10% by weight of the raw material homogenized liquid volume, number of bacteria: approx. 1 × 10 7 ) After adjusting the pH to 4.5 with acid, the mixture was filled into a suitable container and cultured in the container at 38 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain a carded form of the fermented soybean food of the present invention.
Example 2 Preparation of Soybean Fermented Food (Card) of the Present Invention In place of the lipoxygenase-deficient soybean germ powder used in Example 1, soybean germ powder (soy germ powder derived from Vinton, USA) was used. In the same manner, a carded form of the present invention fermented soybean food was obtained.
Test example 1
The sensory test was performed on the quality of each of the present invention fermented soybean foods obtained in Examples 1 and 2 as follows. That is, the taste, aroma (including soybean odor), refreshing yogurt-like flavor and comprehensive evaluation of the food sample according to the present invention were evaluated by the following five-step test by 10 panelists selected at random. .
5:非常に優秀
4:よい
3:普通
2:悪い
1:非常に悪い
尚、上記官能試験においては、以下の比較試料を同時に評価させた。
比較試料1
実施例1において、脱皮大豆(リポキシゲナーゼ欠損)に代えて、通常の大豆(ビントン(vinton,米国産)を用いて同様にして調製したカード状大豆発酵食品。
5: Excellent
4: good
3: Normal
2: bad
1: Very bad In addition, in the above sensory test, the following comparative samples were evaluated simultaneously.
Comparative sample 1
In Example 1, a curd-like soybean fermented food prepared in the same manner using ordinary soybean (vinton, USA) instead of molted soybean (lipoxygenase deficient).
官能試験の結果を表1に示す。 The results of the sensory test are shown in Table 1.
表1に示す結果より、本発明大豆発酵食品は、大豆臭はなく、爽やかなヨーグルト様風味を有する品質良好なものであることが確認された。
実施例3 本発明大豆発酵食品(飲料形態)の調製
実施例1の(1)に示すリポキシゲナーゼ欠損脱皮大豆および実施例1の(2)に示すリポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆に由来する大豆胚芽粉末を用いて、実施例1と同様にして下記原料処方からなる均質化液を調製した。
<原料液処方>
脱皮大豆 2重量部
大豆胚芽 2重量部
砂糖 5重量部
ブドウ糖 5重量部
HMペクチン 0.3重量部
クエン酸 0.2重量部
香料 0.1重量部
水 85.4重量部
全量 100重量部
得られた均質化液(w/oエマルジョン、平均粒子径5μm)に、スターターとしてラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカス(財団法人日本乳業技術協会、Lactobacillus helveticus B-1)とストレプトコッカス・サリバリウス・サーモフィラス(財団法人日本乳業技術協会、Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510)との1:1(重量比)混合物を添加(原料均質化液容積に対して10重量%、菌数:約1×107個)し、38℃下に10時間培養した後、得られるカードを乳化機(三和機械工業社製、ホモジナイザー)を用いて、150kg/cm2、一回パスの条件で均質化した。
From the results shown in Table 1, it was confirmed that the soy fermented food of the present invention has no soy odor and a good quality having a refreshing yogurt-like flavor.
Example 3 Preparation of Fermented Soybean Food (Beverage Form) of the Present Invention Using a soybean germ powder derived from lipoxygenase-deficient molting soybean shown in (1) of Example 1 and lipoxygenase-deficient soybean shown in (2) of Example 1, In the same manner as in Example 1, a homogenized liquid having the following raw material formulation was prepared.
<Raw material formulation>
Moulted soybean 2 parts by weight Soybean germ 2 parts by weight Sugar 5 parts by weight Glucose 5 parts by weight
HM pectin 0.3 parts by weight Citric acid 0.2 parts by weight Fragrance 0.1 parts by weight Water 85.4 parts by weight Total 100 parts by weight The homogenized liquid (w / o emulsion, average particle size 5 μm) was used as a starter with Lactobacillus helveticas (Foundation) Added a 1: 1 (weight ratio) mixture of the Japan Milk Technology Association, Lactobacillus helveticus B-1) and Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus (Japan Milk Technology Association, Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510) 10% by weight, the number of bacteria: about 1 × 10 7 ), and after culturing at 38 ° C. for 10 hours, the resulting curd is 150 kg / kg using an emulsifier (manufactured by Sanwa Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd., homogenizer). Homogenized under conditions of cm 2 and single pass.
その後、有機酸(クエン酸)によりpHを4.0に調整し、適当な容器に充填し、85℃で5分間殺菌処理して、飲料形態の本発明大豆発酵食品を得た。 Thereafter, the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with an organic acid (citric acid), filled in a suitable container, and sterilized at 85 ° C. for 5 minutes to obtain a soy fermented food of the present invention in a beverage form.
得られた本発明大豆発酵食品は、pH4.0、粘度10cp/20℃、平均粒子径10μmで、酸味と甘味がバランスよい味とヨーグルト風味とを有しており、6ヶ月以上初期の性状を安定に維持していた。 The obtained soybean fermented food of the present invention has a pH of 4.0, a viscosity of 10 cp / 20 ° C., an average particle size of 10 μm, a taste and a yogurt flavor with a good balance between sourness and sweetness, and has initial properties of 6 months or more. It was kept stable.
試験例2
実施例3で得た本発明大豆発酵食品(飲料)の品質を、前記官能試験に従って試験した。
Test example 2
The quality of the present invention fermented soybean food (beverage) obtained in Example 3 was tested according to the sensory test.
その結果、このものは、実施例1で得た本発明大豆発酵食品と同様に、大豆臭はなく、爽やかなヨーグルト様風味を有する品質良好なものであることが確認された。 As a result, it was confirmed that, like the fermented soy food of the present invention obtained in Example 1, this product had no soy odor and a good quality with a refreshing yogurt-like flavor.
実施例4
(1) 本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品の調製
実施例1の(2)に記載のリポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆胚芽粉末を、ホモミキサー(特殊機化工業社製)を用いて3000回転/分で破砕した。得られた破砕物に、下記処方に従って他の添加剤を混合し、混合物を60℃で加温後、ホモジナイザー(三和機械工業社製ホモジナイザー)を用いて、150kg/cm2、1回パスの条件で均質化した。
<原料処方>
大豆胚芽 4重量部
砂糖 5重量部
ブドウ糖 5重量部
HMペクチン 0.3重量部
クエン酸 0.2重量部
香料 0.1重量部
水 85.4重量部
全量 100重量部
得られた均質化液(w/oエマルジョン、平均粒子径10μm)に、スターターとしてラクトバチルス・ヘルベチカス(財団法人日本乳業技術協会、Lactobacillus helveticus B-1)とストレプトコッカス・サリバリウス・サーモフィラス(財団法人日本乳業技術協会、Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510)との1:1(重量比)混合物を添加(原料均質化液容積に対して10重量%、菌数:約1×107個)し、有機酸(クエン酸)によりpHを4.5に調整後、適当な容器に充填し、該容器内で38℃下に10時間培養して、カード状形態の本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品を得た。
Example 4
(1) Preparation of Fermented Soy Germ Food of the Present Invention The lipoxygenase-deficient soybean germ powder described in Example 1 (2) was crushed at 3000 rpm using a homomixer (made by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.). In the obtained crushed material, other additives were mixed according to the following formulation, the mixture was heated at 60 ° C., and then homogenizer (homogenizer manufactured by Sanwa Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used for 150 kg / cm 2 , one pass. Homogenized under conditions.
<Raw ingredients>
Soybean germ 4 parts by weight Sugar 5 parts by weight Glucose 5 parts by weight
HM pectin 0.3 parts by weight Citric acid 0.2 parts by weight Fragrance 0.1 parts by weight Water 85.4 parts by weight Total amount 100 parts by weight The resulting homogenized solution (w / o emulsion, average particle size 10 μm) was used as a starter with Lactobacillus helveticus (Foundation) Added a 1: 1 (weight ratio) mixture of the Japan Milk Technology Association, Lactobacillus helveticus B-1) and Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus (Japan Milk Technology Association, Streptococuus salivarius thermophilus 510) 10% by weight, number of bacteria: approx. 1 × 10 7 ), adjusted to pH 4.5 with organic acid (citric acid), filled into a suitable container, and cultured at 38 ° C. for 10 hours in the container Thus, a soy germ fermented food of the present invention in card form was obtained.
また、この大豆胚芽発酵食品(カード)を乳化機(三和機械工業社製、ホモジナイザー)を用いて、150kg/cm2、一回パスの条件で均質化し、その後、有機酸(クエン酸)によりpHを4に調整し、適当な容器に充填し、85℃で5分間殺菌処理して、飲料形態の本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品を得た。 In addition, this soybean germ fermented food (card) is homogenized using an emulsifier (manufactured by Sanwa Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd., homogenizer) at 150 kg / cm 2 under a single pass condition, and then with an organic acid (citric acid). The pH was adjusted to 4, filled in a suitable container, and sterilized at 85 ° C. for 5 minutes to obtain a soy germ fermented food of the present invention in a beverage form.
実施例5
実施例4において、リポキシゲナーゼ欠損大豆胚芽粉末に代えて、大豆胚芽粉末(ビントン(vinton,米国産)由来の大豆胚芽粉末)を加熱処理(80℃、1分間)したものを用いて、同様にして本発明大豆胚芽発酵食品を得た。
Example 5
In Example 4, instead of lipoxygenase-deficient soybean germ powder, soybean germ powder (soy germ powder derived from vinton, USA) was heat-treated (80 ° C., 1 minute), and the same manner was used. The present invention fermented soybean germ food was obtained.
本発明大豆発酵食品および大豆胚芽発酵食品は、以下の利点を有しており、新しいヨーグルト様食品として非常に有効である。
大豆臭(青臭み)がないこと、
大豆由来の栄養と共に、従来廃棄していた大豆胚芽の利用に基づいて該大豆胚芽由来の栄養素をも豊富に含むこと、
ヨーグルト様の爽やかな風味があること、
栄養成分的に優れているにもかかわらず特有の臭気味で特に子供、女性に好まれなかった大豆をらち状的に簡便に摂取可能としたものであること、
従来の大豆加工食品である煮豆、納豆、きなこ等では味わえなかった新しい味覚の大豆食品として国民の栄養補給に役立つこと、
特に本発明大豆胚芽食品は、お茶の原料等に使われているにすぎず、通常の食事では多量に摂取することができなかったイソフラボンを多量摂取容易としたこと。
The soy fermented food and soy germ fermented food of the present invention have the following advantages and are very effective as a new yogurt-like food.
No soybean odor (blue odor)
Along with the nutrition derived from soybeans, it also contains abundant nutrients derived from soybean germs based on the use of soybean germs that have been discarded conventionally,
There is a yogurt-like refreshing flavor,
It has a unique odor that makes it easy to ingest soybeans that are not preferred by children and women despite being excellent in nutritional components.
Helping the nation's nutrition as a new taste soy food that could not be tasted with traditional soybean processed foods such as boiled beans, natto, and kinako
In particular, the soybean germ food of the present invention is only used as a raw material for tea and the like, and it is easy to ingest a large amount of isoflavone that could not be ingested in a large amount by a normal meal.
Claims (5)
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