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JP4095932B2 - Refractive index measuring device and refractive index measuring method - Google Patents
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JP4095932B2 - Refractive index measuring device and refractive index measuring method - Google Patents

Refractive index measuring device and refractive index measuring method Download PDF

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JP4095932B2
JP4095932B2 JP2003163983A JP2003163983A JP4095932B2 JP 4095932 B2 JP4095932 B2 JP 4095932B2 JP 2003163983 A JP2003163983 A JP 2003163983A JP 2003163983 A JP2003163983 A JP 2003163983A JP 4095932 B2 JP4095932 B2 JP 4095932B2
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refractive index
axis
sample
measurement
light
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JP2005003386A (en
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明生 和田
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Jasco Corp
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Jasco Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は屈折率測定装置及び屈折率測定方法、特に試料の屈折率を3次元的に測定する機構及び方法、の改良に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
光透過性の素材は、工業材料、民生品、その他に数多く利用されている。その中で、特に光磁気材料やディスプレイ関係に利用されるケースでは、光の偏光という特性が利用されていることもあって、素材の複屈折を品質特性として計測・管理することが求められるようになってきている。この場合でも、光が単一方向のみの平行光束として、あるいはほとんどそれに近い状態で透過する状態で利用される場合には、その素材の屈折率あるいは複屈折性はその光の光束に垂直な面内でのみ計測・管理されればよかった(例えば、特許文献1参照)。しかしながら単一方向だけではなく、いろいろな方向から光が透過する状態で使われる場合には、それぞれの方向の光に対する複屈折性を計測・管理することが必要となり、そのためには、素材の屈折率を3次元的に計測することが必要となる。
素材の屈折率を3次元的に求める場合には、素材を直交する3つの方向で切り出して、平面あるいは板状のテスト試料を作成し、それぞれの面内での複屈折あるいは屈折率を測定し、それぞれの測定値を再構成して3次元の屈折率とするのが原理に基づく方法である。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特願2002−351400号
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、素材を3つの方向で切り出すことは、相当に手間を要する。かつ現実に使われている素材は、既に板状、シート状に成型されており、その状態で機能を付与されているものがほとんどで、これらについて3方向に沿って切り出した板状試料を用意することは不可能ないし極めて困難である。
【0005】
そのため、測定装置として、例えば試料を、測定光束を回転軸として回転させる機構と、試料をあおるための測定光束に垂直なもう一つの回転軸の少なくとも2つの試料回転軸と、を備えたものを用いて屈折率を3次元的に求めることが行なわれてきている。この方法は、試料への測定光束の入射方向を連続的に変化させて、そのときの測定光束に垂直な平面内での進相軸、遅相軸の変化を調べ、屈折率の主軸を求めるというものである。この方法は、少なくとも一つの屈折率の主軸方向が分かっている場合にだけ、適用可能なことが分かっている。つまり、屈折率の主軸の方向に関してある程度の情報が、あらかじめ分かっている試料でなければ適用できない。
【0006】
ただし、現実的にはその試料の幾何学的な特徴等から屈折率の主軸の方向に関して何らかの仮定を設けられる場合がある。例えば「等方的に調整された薄膜試料の場合、膜の面内では屈折率に異方性があるとする特別な理由がない。膜の厚さ方向では面方向と事情が異なるので、屈折率が異なっている可能性がある。」と考えることはそれほど無理な仮定ではない。そしてこのような試料がそれなりに多く存在し、そのような試料についての屈折率の測定・品質管理に従来法が有効に適用されていたといえる。しかし、素材・機能部品に期待される機能・性能が高度となるにつれ、それらの屈折率の測定・品質管理もより高精度であることが要求されるようになってきており、「先述の仮定も、厳密には成り立っていないのではないか」という前提に立って、測定を行うことが必要となってきている。このような要求に応えるには、屈折率の主軸の方向について特別な前提がなくても一般的に解析できる方法が必要である。
【0007】
また、従来法が適用できた「前提が成り立つ試料」についても、装置及び測定の簡略化と全測定時間の短縮を図ることは大いに価値あることである。
本発明は上記課題に鑑みなされたものであり、その目的は一般的な試料に対して、3次元的な屈折率の測定を可能とする屈折率測定装置及び方法を提供することにある。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するため、本発明の屈折率測定装置は、光照射手段から照射された光を直線偏光とする偏光子と、該直線偏光の偏光状態を周期的に変調させるための偏光変調手段と、測定光束に対する試料のあおり角を制御するため、前記偏光変調手段からの測定光束に垂直な回転軸で回転可能に構成された試料ステージと、試料からの透過光を検光子を介して観測する光検出手段と、を備えている。そして、光検出手段の検出信号から測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーションと、遅相軸または進相軸の方位角とを算出する複屈折演算手段、複数のあおり角で測定された前記リタデーション及び軸方位から試料の屈折率テンソルの各成分を算出するテンソル成分演算手段、前記屈折率テンソルの固有値、固有ベクトルを算出する固有値演算手段、を備え、固有値から試料の屈折率の主値を、固有ベクトルから試料の屈折率の主軸を求めることを特徴とする。
上記の屈折率測定装置において、前記検光子は測定光束を回転軸として偏光軸方位が回転可能に構成され、該検光子の前記偏光子に対する偏光軸の方位が0°のときの検出信号と、偏光軸の方位が45°のときの検出信号とから、測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーション及び方位角を算出することが好適である。
【0009】
また、本発明の屈折率測定方法は、偏光状態を変調させた光を試料に照射し、該試料を透過した光を検出することで、測定光束に垂直な平面での試料の複屈折を測定し、該試料の3次元的な屈折率の主値及び主軸の軸方位を検出する屈折率測定方法であって、所定の3つのあおり角で、測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーション及び、遅相軸又は進相軸の方位角を測定する工程と、該3つのあおり角での前記リタデーション及び軸方位から屈折率テンソルの各成分を算出する工程と、前記屈折率テンソルの固有値、固有ベクトルを求め、その固有値から試料の屈折率の主値、固有ベクトルから屈折率の主値の軸方位を求める工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする。
上記の屈折率測定方法において、前記所定のあおり角が、0°、θ°、-θ°(0°<θ<90°)の3つであることが好適である。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
光透過性媒質の屈折率は、互いに直交する固有の屈折率で完全に定まり、その様子は図4(a)のような屈折率楕円体によって視覚的に記述される。図4(a)では上記3つの固有の屈折率n1、n、nは、それぞれ楕円体の主軸の軸長として表されている。これらを試料の屈折率の主値と呼ぶ。試料の3次元的な屈折率の情報は、これら屈折率の主値と、主軸の方向を知ることで完全に分かる。
屈折率楕円体による記述では、その媒質中をある方向から進む光に対して、その光を構成する各偏光の屈折率がその光の進行方向に垂直な平面と楕円体の交線となる楕円から得られる。図4(b)では、Z軸方向へ光を入射した場合を示している。この場合測定光に垂直な平面はXY平面となっている。この楕円の長軸、短軸の方向に偏光した光に対して、この媒質はそれぞれの軸長に相当する屈折率を示すことになる。長い方の軸は、そちらに偏光した光について屈折率が大きく、従って、媒質中を透過するするときに位相が遅れることから遅相軸、反対に短い方は位相が進むことから進相軸と呼ばれる。またこれらの軸長の違いが複屈折の原因となり、一般的に複屈折測定は、これらの軸長の差(リターデーション)や、遅相軸または進相軸の方位角を測定するためのものである。つまり、一般の複屈折測定では測定光束に垂直な平面内での情報のみが得られることになる。
屈折率楕円体の一般形は対称行列(テンソル)を用いた以下のような2次形式で表される。
【0011】
【数1】

Figure 0004095932
以下では、屈折率楕円体を表す上記の対称行列を屈折率テンソルと呼ぶ。3つの屈折率の主値は上記行列の固有値の平方根の逆数として、主軸方向は上記行列の固有ベクトルの向きとして求まる。
【0012】
本発明は、この屈折率テンソルの各成分を求め、該テンソルの固有値、固有ベクトルを算出することで、屈折率の主値、屈折率の主軸の軸方位を求めることを特徴とする。本発明の測定装置は、試料をX軸を回転軸として回転させ測定光束に対してあおった状態でも測定できるようにする機構を備えている(ただし、Z軸を測定光束の方向とし、XY面を試料がセットされる面とした)。また、試料を透過した測定光を検知・データ処理して複屈折(リタデーション)のみならず、その遅相軸または進相軸の方位も併せて求めることができる機構も備える。以下にその本発明の屈折率測定装置の具体的な構成を説明する。
【0013】
図1の屈折率測定装置10は、特定の波長域の光を照射する光照射手段12(光源38、分光器40)と、光照射手段12からの光を直線偏光にするための偏光子14と、光の偏光状態を周期的に変調するための偏光変調手段(光弾性変調子(PEM16))と、試料18のあおり角を制御可能な試料ステージ20と、検光子22を介して光を検出する光検出手段26(光電子増倍管(PMT))と、を備えている。
試料ステージ20は、測定光束に垂直な軸を回転軸として、回転可能に構成される。この試料ステージ20によって、測定光束に対して任意のあおり角で試料18をあおった状態で測定を行なうことができる。
【0014】
また、検光子22は検光子回転手段24によって測定光束を軸として回転可能なように構成されている。試料ステージ20及び検光子回転手段24は、手動によって回転可能なように構成してもよいし、またステッピングモータ等を用い、コンピュータ等で制御できるように構成してもよい。
光検出手段26からの信号は、ロックインアンプ等を介して、所定の周波数成分が取りだされ、この信号成分はパーソナルコンピュータ等で構成されるデータ処理系36に送られる。データ処理系36は、光検出信号から測定光束に垂直な平面内でのリタデーション及び遅相軸の方位角を演算するための複屈折演算手段28と、前記複屈折演算手段28により求められた3つの異なるあおり角でのリタデーション及び遅相軸の方位角の情報から屈折率テンソルの各成分を算出するテンソル成分演算手段30と、該テンソルの固有値及び固有ベクトルを求める固有値演算手段32と、を含む。つまり、データ処理系36で、3つのあおり角での測定データから試料の屈折率の主値、及び屈折率の主軸の方向を算出する。
【0015】
装置の各構成の働きは概略以下のとおりである。
光照射手段12は、波長走査を行なうため、光源38と、分光器40等によって構成され、光源38から出た光が分光器40によって特定波長の単色光とされる。光照射手段12からの光は、偏光子14を透過して直線偏光となり、該直線偏光はPEM16によって偏光状態を所定変調周波数で変調された光となる。このPEM16はPEMコントローラー(図示せず)に接続され、PEMコントローラーによってPEM16に周波数fの交流電圧が加えられる。この結果、PEM16を透過する光は、PEM16の進相軸方向の振動成分と、遅相軸方向の振動成分との間に周波数fで変動する位相差δを生じさせる。この結果、PEM16を透過した光は偏光状態が変調周波数fで変調された光となる。
【0016】
このように変調された測定光は試料18に照射され、その試料からの透過光を検光子22に透過させる。検光子22を透過した光は光電子増倍管等で構成される光検出手段26により検出される。この検出信号はロックインアンプへと送られ、参照信号をもとに検出信号の周波数f及び2fの成分を抽出し、データ処理系36へと送られ、記憶手段34に記憶される。複屈折演算手段28では、上記の検出信号から、測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーション、及び遅相軸または進相軸の方位角を算出する。
【0017】
以上の複屈折測定を複数の異なるあおり角(例えば、0°、θ°、−θ°(0°<θ<90°)の3つ)で行ない、それぞれのあおり角での試料の複屈折の情報(リタデーション及び、進相軸または遅相軸の方位角)は、あおり角の情報と組にして記憶手段34に記憶される。テンソル成分演算手段30では、上記3つのあおり角での複屈折の情報を元にして、屈折率楕円体を表す行列の各成分を算出する。このようにして得られた行列の固有値、及び固有ベクトルを固有値演算手段32によって求めることで、試料の屈折率の主値、及び屈折率の主軸の軸方位が求められる。
【0018】
次に測定データ処理の詳細を、測定の手順に従って説明する。本発明の屈折率測定方法は、3つのあおり角での試料の複屈折測定を行う工程(A)と、3つのあおり角での複屈折から、屈折率テンソルの各成分を求める工程(B)と、該テンソルから屈折率の主値、及び屈折率の主軸を求める工程(C)と、に分けられる。ここでは、試料のあおり角を0°、θ°、−θ°の3つで測定した場合を想定して説明を行なう。
【0019】
まず工程(A)について説明する。図2の(a)、(b)、(c)の左図は、3つのあおり角で測定光束に対してあおった試料の状態を示し、図2の(a)、(b)、(c)の右図はそれぞれのあおり角の場合での屈折率楕円体の断面である楕円を示している。ここでは測定光束の進行方向をZ軸、試料ステージの回転軸をX軸、これらに直交する軸をY軸とした。図2ではX軸は紙面に垂直な方向を向いている。あおり角は測定光束の方向に試料が垂直に設置されたとき(図2(a)の場合)を0°とし、図中左回りをプラス方向、右回りをマイナス方向とした。
図2の右図に描かれた楕円は、長軸の長さ、短軸の長さ、長軸の方位角ψで特徴付けられる。ここで、長軸は遅相軸、短軸は進相軸を示しており、それそれの長さはその方向の偏光した光の屈折率を示している。そこで、あおり角が0°、θ°、―θ°で測定したそれぞれの場合のリタデーション及び遅相軸の軸方位角を以下に示す手順で求めればよい。
【0020】
本発明の屈折率測定装置を用いた場合のリタデーションの測定は次のようになる(詳しくは、特許文献1を参照)。図3は偏光子14、PEM16、検光子22の軸方位の関係を示したものである。ここで、Z軸方向を測定光束の進行方向とし、また偏光子14の偏光軸方位をX軸と合わせ、方位角を0°としてこれを基準とする。PEM16の遅相軸及び進相軸方位は、通常行なわれているように、偏光子の偏光軸に対して45°の角度で設置する。また、検光子はZ軸を回転軸とした回転可能になっており、その偏光軸方位を変えられるようになっている。
【0021】
まず、試料を所定のあおり角で固定し、測定光束を照射してその透過光を測定する。検光子の偏光軸方位を0°で測定したときの検知信号のf成分をI0とし、検光子の軸方位を45°にして同様に測定をしたときの検知信号のf成分をI45とする。ここで、fは偏光変調された光の変調周波数である。I0、I45は次の式で表される。
0=sin2ψsinΔ
45=cos2ψsinΔ
【0022】
Δは進相軸方位の偏光成分と遅相軸方位の偏光成分との試料出射時の位相差、ψは測定光束に対して垂直な平面での遅相軸の方位角である。(Δ・λ)/(2π)測定光の波長)がリタデーションと呼ばれる量である。
ここでI0とI45の比をとると、
0/I45=tan2ψ
となる。この式から、遅相軸の軸方位ψが求められる。また、軸方位ψが求められたので、この式から位相差Δが求まる。進相軸と遅相軸の屈折率の差ΔNは、
ΔN=(Δ・λ)/(2πD)
で与えられる。ここでDは光が試料を通り抜けた長さである。あおり角が0°のときは単に試料の厚さであり、あおり角が0°以外のときは光の入射角を考慮して求めればよい。
【0023】
以上のリタデーション及び遅相軸の軸方位の測定は、検光子を回転して2通りの軸方位で測定した結果から得る方式を説明した。この他にも、試料を測定光束を回転軸として回転可能なように構成し、試料を回転させたときの検出信号の変化からリタデーション及び軸方位を検出する方式であってもよい。しかしながら、ここで説明した本発明の方式では、試料ステージの回転軸は測定光束に垂直な唯一つで済むため、装置構成が簡単になるという利点がある。
【0024】
次に、上記の測定結果から屈折率楕円体を表す行列成分を求める工程(B)について説明する。
あおり角0°で測定すると、図2(a)右図で示す楕円に対応したリターデーション(Δ0・λ)/(2π)と軸方位ψ0が求まる。軸方位ψ0は楕円の長軸(遅相軸)とX軸との間の角度である。リターデーションからは楕円の長軸と短軸の差、すなわち屈折率の差は次の式で算出できる。
ΔN=(Δ0・λ)/(2πd) (dは試料の厚さ)
【0025】
ここから、屈折率楕円体のテンソル成分を次の手順で求める。
(1)大きい方の屈折率N0 1を与える。
(2)もう一方の屈折率N0 2をN0 2=N0 1−ΔN0によって求める。
(3)行列要素n0 11、n0 12、n0 12を次の式により求める。
【数2】
Figure 0004095932
【0026】
この中の(1)で、一つの屈折率を「測定に基づかずに」与えているが、元来複屈折測定は屈折率の絶対値ではなく、屈折率の差をリターデーションの形で求めるものであり、どこかの段階で基準となる値を与えることは必要不可欠である。そこで、最初の段階で、試料媒体として適切と思われる値をこのように与える。以下では、この値を基準に最終結果まで算出される。また、もし問題があるようなら、まず暫定的に概略値を用いて一通りの計算を行い、そこで得られた屈折率の値を最初に与える屈折率の値として再度計算を行なう。これが自己無撞着になるまで繰り返せばよい。ただし、実際にはこのような必要性は低いと思われる。 (2)では測定した位相差ΔN0をもとに、進相軸の屈折率を求めている。さらに(3)では、求められた遅相軸方向の屈折率N0 1、進相軸方向の屈折率N0 2、遅相軸の方位角ψ0をもとにして、テンソルの回転に対する変換則を用いて、屈折率テンソルの行列要素を求めている。
【0027】
次にX軸を回転軸としてθ°あおって測定すると、図2(b)右図に示す楕円に相当するリターデーション(Δ+・λ)/(2π)と軸方位ψ+が求まる。これらの値から行列要素への計算は、次の手順による。
(1)sinθ’=(sinθ)/N0 1、ただしθ’は試料媒体の中のあおり角
(2)cos2θ’=1−sin2θ’
(3)実効光路長D+=d/cosθ’ (dは試料の厚さ)
(4)ΔN+=(Δ+・λ)/(2πD+)
(5)N+ 1は実は未知であるが、いまここではわかっているものとする。
(6)N+ 2=N+ 1−ΔN+
(7)行列要素を次の式により求める。
【数3】
Figure 0004095932
【0028】
試料の表面に垂直に光を入射した場合光はそのまままっすぐ進むが、試料をあおって試料表面に斜めに入射した場合、その界面で屈折し、あおり角とは違った角度で進行する。そのため、(1)においては、試料中を進む光の角度θ’を上記で与えた屈折率N0 1により算出している。また(2)、(3)では、試料中を光が通る光路長をこの角度θ’から算出している。(4)〜(7)では、あおり角が0°のときと同様にして、屈折率テンソルの成分を求めている。
逆に−θ°あおって測定すると、図2(c)に示すようになり、図に示す楕円に相当するリターデーション(Δ-・λ)/(2π)と軸方位ψ-が求まる。これらの値から、上と同じ手順により、次のように行列要素が求まる。
【数4】
Figure 0004095932
【0029】
これまでN+ 、N- が既知として扱ってきたが、実際は未知である。これをX軸を回転軸とした変換(試料をあおることによる変換)に対してテンソルの(1,1)要素は不変であることを利用して解決する。
まず、試料のあおりに対してテンソルの(1,1)成分が不変であることから、
0 11=n+ 11=n- 11
となる。ここで、n+ 11を屈折率N+ 1を用いて表すと、
【数5】
Figure 0004095932
と書ける。この式からN+ 1を求めればよい。つまり、N+ 1=N0 1+δとおき、
【数6】
Figure 0004095932
として、f(δ)=0を解けばよい。実際には、あおり角θ°のときの遅相軸に対応する屈折率N+ 1と、あおり角0°のときの遅相軸に対応する屈折率N0 1と、はほぼ等しい(δは小さい)として逐次近似によりN+ 1を求めればよい。N- 1についても同様にすればよい。
【0030】
以上により、n0 11、n0 22、n0 12の3個のあおり角0°のときの行列要素が求まったことになる。また、残りのあおり角0°のときの行列要素n0 33、n0 23、n0 13は、あおり角θ°、−θ°のときの行列要素n+ 22、n+ 12、n- 22、n- 12を用い、テンソルの変換則から得られる次の式によって求められる。
【数7】
Figure 0004095932
よって、これで屈折率楕円体を表す屈折率テンソル
【数8】
Figure 0004095932
のすべての必要な要素が求まったことになる。
【0031】
工程(C)では、上記のテンソルの固有値と固有ベクトルを求める。これは、公知の方法で求めることができ、3つの屈折率の主値はそれぞれ3つの固有値の平方根の逆数、それらに対応する屈折率の主軸の方向はこの固有ベクトルとして求まる。
このように、本発明では試料を3つのあおり角で複屈折を測定することで試料の3次元的な屈折率の情報を得ることができるので、どのような試料に対しても適用可能な測定となっている。
【0032】
最後に従来法の欠点を詳細に説明し、本発明との比較を行ない本発明の利点を説明する。従来法の測定方法は以下のようなものである。まず、試料媒質が図4(a)に示したような屈折率楕円体で規定される屈折率を有しているとする。そして、XY平面に板状試料を置き、それに直交するZ軸に沿って平行光束を透過させ、試料の複屈折を測定するような測定系を定める。
この楕円体がXY面と交わる様子を示したのが図4(b)である。その交線となる楕円と楕円の長軸(遅相軸)、短軸(進相軸)が描かれている。
【0033】
まず、楕円体の主軸がたまたまXY平面内にあった場合を考える。このとき、この主軸は、XY平面と楕円体の交線である楕円の長軸(遅相軸)または短軸(進相軸)とに一致する。ここでは、遅相軸に主軸の一つが一致していたと仮定する。そこで、複屈折を観測しながら試料をZ軸を中心としてXY面上で回転し、遅相軸をX軸に一致させると、そのときの楕円面は図5(a)のようになる。次に試料をあおりながら、複屈折を観測する。試料を様々なあおり角で測定したときの楕円面をまとめて描いたものが図5(b)である。図5(b)を見ると分かるように、軸立てした長軸(遅相軸)の大きさは変化しないが、短軸(進相軸)の大きさは変化して観測される。このとき遅相軸(変化せず一定の軸)が元々の屈折率の主軸の一つに一致していることが分かる。あおり角を例えば−45°から45°のように90°を超える範囲で変えながら複屈折を観測すると、図5(b)のように遅相軸は一定で進相軸があおり角に従って変化して観測され、この測定範囲の中で進相軸(大きさが変化している方の軸)の大きさに極大ないし極小値が必ず一つ観測される。このとき、軸が2つ目の主軸と一致していることになる。最後の3つめの主軸は、進相軸の大きさの角度依存性から算出する。
しかしながら、逆に進相軸をX軸に一致させるように軸立てした場合には、図5(c)に示すように進相軸はもちろん遅相軸の方もあおり角とともに変化し、図5(b)のように一定になる軸がない。
【0034】
この例は遅相軸に軸立てしたときにうまく測定できた例であるが、いつも遅相軸に軸立てすれば成功するというものではない。遅相軸、進相軸のどちらに軸立てしたときにうまくいくかは3つの主軸の大小関係に依存するので、どちらで成功するかはやってみるしかない。
さらに上記の場合は、3つ主軸の少なくとも一つがXY面上にあるという特殊な場合を考えていたが、どの主軸もXY面上にない一般の場合には、この従来法ではうまくいかない。
【0035】
一般のケースでは、まずある一つの方向から複屈折を観測すると図4(b)に示す楕円に相当するものが観測される。これを定法に従って遅相軸に軸立てし、様々な角度で試料をあおって観測しても、図5(c)と同様になり、あおり角によらず一定となる軸は現れない。また、進相軸に軸立てしても状況は変わらず同じく図(c)と同様になり、やはりあおり角によらず一定になる軸は現れない。結局従来法では主軸を求めることができないという結論になる。
【0036】
これまで述べたことにより、従来法が有効に機能するのは、試料媒質の屈折率の主軸のすくなくとも一つが面内にある場合に限られることになる。しかし「一つだけが面内にある」というのは偶然の所産でしかなく、その偶然が起こっていることが偶然ゆえ保証できない以上、「軸の方向について限定できる特別の根拠がない」場合には適用不能である。
【0037】
ただし、例えば等方的に調整された薄膜試料のように、現実的には主軸2つが面内に存在し、もう一つはその面と垂直になっているとおおむね限定できる場合がないわけではない。つまり、試料の他の性質から、屈折率の主軸方向に関してある程度の仮定を設けられる場合もある。そしてこのような試料がそれなりに多く存在し、そのような試料については、屈折率の測定・品質管理に従来法が有効に適用されていた。
【0038】
このように、従来法では屈折率の主軸方向がある程度予測できる試料に対してしかうまく働かなかった。それに対して本発明の方法では、屈折率の主軸方向を全く予測できない試料に対しても有効に働く。つまり、従来法では、試料の主軸を直接求めようとしたのに対し、本発明では屈折率テンソルの成分を求め、その固有ベクトルとし主軸の方位を求めたため、一般の試料にも適用可能な測定方法となったのである。
【0039】
【発明の効果】
本発明の屈折率測定装置及び屈折率測定方法によれば、試料の3次元的な屈折率の解析を一般的な試料に対しても行なうことが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の屈折率測定装置の概略構成図。
【図2】本発明の屈折率測定方法の説明図。
【図3】屈折率測定装置の偏光子、PEM、検光子の軸方位の説明図。
【図4】屈折率楕円体の説明図。
【図5】従来法の説明図。
【符号の説明】
10 屈折率測定装置
12 光照射手段
14 偏光子
16 PEM
18 試料
20 試料ステージ
22 検光子
24 検光子回転手段
26 光検出手段
28 複屈折演算手段
30 テンソル成分演算手段
32 固有値演算手段
34 記憶手段
36 データ処理系
38 光源
40 分光器[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a refractive index measuring apparatus and a refractive index measuring method, and more particularly to an improvement in a mechanism and method for three-dimensionally measuring a refractive index of a sample.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Many light transmissive materials are used for industrial materials, consumer products, and others. Among them, especially in cases where it is used for magneto-optical materials and displays, it is required to measure and manage the birefringence of the material as a quality characteristic because the property of polarization of light is used. It is becoming. Even in this case, when the light is used as a parallel light flux in only a single direction or in a state of being transmitted almost in the same state, the refractive index or birefringence of the material is a surface perpendicular to the light flux of the light. It should have been measured and managed only within (see, for example, Patent Document 1). However, when used in a state where light is transmitted not only from a single direction but also from various directions, it is necessary to measure and manage the birefringence of the light in each direction. It is necessary to measure the rate three-dimensionally.
When determining the refractive index of a material three-dimensionally, cut the material in three orthogonal directions to create a flat or plate-shaped test sample and measure the birefringence or refractive index in each plane. The method based on the principle is to reconstruct each measured value to obtain a three-dimensional refractive index.
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-351400
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, cutting out the material in three directions requires considerable effort. In addition, the materials that are actually used are already molded into plates and sheets, and most of them are given functions, and plate samples cut out in three directions are prepared. It is impossible or extremely difficult to do.
[0005]
Therefore, as a measuring apparatus, for example, a device provided with a mechanism for rotating a sample around a measurement light beam as a rotation axis and at least two sample rotation axes of another rotation axis perpendicular to the measurement light beam for covering the sample. It has been performed to obtain a refractive index three-dimensionally. In this method, the incident direction of the measurement light beam to the sample is continuously changed, the change of the fast axis and the slow axis in the plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam at that time is examined, and the main axis of the refractive index is obtained. That's it. This method has been found to be applicable only when the principal axis direction of at least one refractive index is known. That is, a certain amount of information regarding the direction of the principal axis of the refractive index can be applied only to a sample that is known in advance.
[0006]
However, in reality, some assumptions may be made regarding the direction of the principal axis of the refractive index due to the geometrical characteristics of the sample. For example, in the case of an isotropically adjusted thin film sample, there is no special reason that the refractive index is anisotropic in the plane of the film. It is not an unreasonable assumption to think that rates may be different. There are many such samples, and it can be said that the conventional method has been effectively applied to the measurement and quality control of the refractive index of such samples. However, as the functions and performance expected of materials and functional parts become higher, the measurement and quality control of their refractive index is required to be more accurate. However, it is necessary to carry out measurements based on the premise that it may not be exactly true. In order to meet such a requirement, a method that can generally analyze the direction of the principal axis of the refractive index without any special premise is required.
[0007]
In addition, it is very valuable to simplify the apparatus and measurement and shorten the total measurement time for “samples on which the premise is satisfied” to which the conventional method can be applied.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a refractive index measuring apparatus and method capable of measuring a three-dimensional refractive index with respect to a general sample.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, a refractive index measuring apparatus of the present invention includes a polarizer that linearly polarizes light emitted from a light irradiating means, and a polarization modulating means for periodically modulating the polarization state of the linearly polarized light. In order to control the tilt angle of the sample with respect to the measurement light beam, the sample stage configured to be rotatable about a rotation axis perpendicular to the measurement light beam from the polarization modulation means, and the transmitted light from the sample are observed through the analyzer And a light detecting means. Then, the birefringence calculating means for calculating the retardation of the sample in the plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam and the azimuth angle of the slow axis or the fast axis from the detection signal of the light detecting means, measured at a plurality of tilt angles. A tensor component calculating means for calculating each component of the refractive index tensor of the sample from the retardation and the axial direction, an eigenvalue of the refractive index tensor, and an eigenvalue calculating means for calculating an eigenvector, and the principal value of the refractive index of the sample from the eigenvalue. The principal axis of the refractive index of the sample is obtained from the eigenvector.
In the refractive index measuring apparatus, the analyzer is configured such that a polarization axis direction is rotatable about a measurement light beam as a rotation axis, and a detection signal when the direction of the polarization axis of the analyzer with respect to the polarizer is 0 °, and It is preferable to calculate the retardation and azimuth angle of the sample in the plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam from the detection signal when the azimuth of the polarization axis is 45 °.
[0009]
The refractive index measurement method of the present invention measures the birefringence of a sample in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam by irradiating the sample with light whose polarization state is modulated and detecting the light transmitted through the sample. And a refractive index measuring method for detecting the principal value of the three-dimensional refractive index of the sample and the axial direction of the principal axis, the retardation of the sample in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam at three predetermined tilt angles. And measuring the azimuth angle of the slow axis or the fast axis, calculating each component of the refractive index tensor from the retardation and the axial direction at the three tilt angles, eigenvalue of the refractive index tensor, Obtaining an eigenvector, obtaining the principal value of the refractive index of the sample from the eigenvalue, and determining the axial direction of the principal value of the refractive index from the eigenvector;
It is characterized by including.
In the above refractive index measurement method, the predetermined tilt angle is preferably three of 0 °, θ °, and −θ ° (0 ° <θ <90 °).
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The refractive index of the light-transmitting medium is completely determined by the intrinsic refractive indexes orthogonal to each other, and this state is visually described by a refractive index ellipsoid as shown in FIG. In FIG. 4 (a), the above three intrinsic refractive indices n1, N2, N3Is represented as the axial length of the main axis of the ellipsoid. These are called the main values of the refractive index of the sample. Information on the three-dimensional refractive index of the sample can be completely understood by knowing the principal value of these refractive indices and the direction of the principal axis.
In the description using a refractive index ellipsoid, for light traveling in a medium from a certain direction, an ellipse in which the refractive index of each polarization constituting the light is an intersection of a plane perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light and the ellipsoid. Obtained from. FIG. 4B shows a case where light is incident in the Z-axis direction. In this case, the plane perpendicular to the measurement light is the XY plane. For light polarized in the directions of the major axis and minor axis of the ellipse, the medium exhibits a refractive index corresponding to the axial length. The longer axis has a large refractive index for the light polarized there, and therefore the phase is delayed when transmitting through the medium, so the slow axis is the slow axis, while the shorter axis is the fast axis because the phase is advanced. be called. In addition, the difference in axial length causes birefringence, and birefringence measurement is generally used to measure the difference between these axial lengths (retardation) and the azimuth of the slow axis or fast axis. It is. That is, in general birefringence measurement, only information in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam is obtained.
The general form of the refractive index ellipsoid is expressed in the following quadratic form using a symmetric matrix (tensor).
[0011]
[Expression 1]
Figure 0004095932
In the following, the above symmetric matrix representing the refractive index ellipsoid is called a refractive index tensor. The principal values of the three refractive indexes are obtained as reciprocals of the square roots of the eigenvalues of the matrix, and the principal axis direction is obtained as the direction of the eigenvector of the matrix.
[0012]
The present invention is characterized in that each component of the refractive index tensor is obtained, and the eigenvalue and eigenvector of the tensor are calculated to obtain the principal value of the refractive index and the axial direction of the principal axis of the refractive index. The measuring apparatus of the present invention includes a mechanism that enables measurement even when the sample is rotated about the X-axis as a rotation axis and covered with the measurement beam (where the Z-axis is the direction of the measurement beam and the XY plane is measured). Was the surface on which the sample was set). In addition, it has a mechanism that can detect not only the birefringence (retardation) but also the direction of the slow axis or the fast axis by detecting and processing the measurement light transmitted through the sample. A specific configuration of the refractive index measuring apparatus of the present invention will be described below.
[0013]
1 includes a light irradiation unit 12 (light source 38, spectroscope 40) that irradiates light in a specific wavelength region, and a polarizer 14 that converts light from the light irradiation unit 12 into linearly polarized light. The polarization modulation means (photoelastic modulator (PEM16)) for periodically modulating the polarization state of the light, the sample stage 20 capable of controlling the tilt angle of the sample 18, and the analyzer 22 And a light detection means 26 (photomultiplier tube (PMT)) for detection.
The sample stage 20 is configured to be rotatable about an axis perpendicular to the measurement light beam as a rotation axis. The sample stage 20 can be used for measurement in a state where the sample 18 is raised at an arbitrary tilt angle with respect to the measurement light beam.
[0014]
The analyzer 22 is configured to be rotatable about the measurement light beam by the analyzer rotating means 24. The sample stage 20 and the analyzer rotating unit 24 may be configured to be manually rotatable, or may be configured to be controlled by a computer using a stepping motor or the like.
A predetermined frequency component is extracted from the signal from the light detection means 26 via a lock-in amplifier or the like, and this signal component is sent to a data processing system 36 constituted by a personal computer or the like. The data processing system 36 includes a birefringence calculating means 28 for calculating retardation in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light flux and an azimuth angle of the slow axis from the photodetection signal, and 3 obtained by the birefringence calculating means 28. Tensor component calculation means 30 for calculating each component of the refractive index tensor from information on retardation at three different tilt angles and information on the azimuth angle of the slow axis, and eigenvalue calculation means 32 for obtaining eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the tensor. That is, the data processing system 36 calculates the main value of the refractive index of the sample and the direction of the main axis of the refractive index from the measurement data at the three tilt angles.
[0015]
The function of each component of the apparatus is roughly as follows.
The light irradiation means 12 includes a light source 38, a spectroscope 40, and the like in order to perform wavelength scanning, and the light emitted from the light source 38 is converted into monochromatic light having a specific wavelength by the spectroscope 40. The light from the light irradiation means 12 passes through the polarizer 14 and becomes linearly polarized light. The linearly polarized light becomes light whose polarization state is modulated by the PEM 16 at a predetermined modulation frequency. The PEM 16 is connected to a PEM controller (not shown), and an AC voltage having a frequency f is applied to the PEM 16 by the PEM controller. As a result, the light transmitted through the PEM 16 generates a phase difference δ that varies at the frequency f between the vibration component in the fast axis direction and the vibration component in the slow axis direction of the PEM 16. As a result, the light transmitted through the PEM 16 becomes light whose polarization state is modulated at the modulation frequency f.
[0016]
The measurement light modulated in this way is irradiated onto the sample 18, and the transmitted light from the sample is transmitted through the analyzer 22. The light transmitted through the analyzer 22 is detected by a light detection means 26 constituted by a photomultiplier tube or the like. This detection signal is sent to the lock-in amplifier, the frequency f and 2f components of the detection signal are extracted based on the reference signal, sent to the data processing system 36, and stored in the storage means 34. The birefringence calculating means 28 calculates the retardation of the sample in the plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam and the azimuth angle of the slow axis or the fast axis from the detection signal.
[0017]
The above birefringence measurement is performed at a plurality of different tilt angles (for example, three of 0 °, θ °, and −θ ° (0 ° <θ <90 °)), and the birefringence of the sample at each tilt angle is measured. The information (retardation and azimuth angle of the fast axis or slow axis) is stored in the storage means 34 in combination with the tilt angle information. The tensor component calculation means 30 calculates each component of the matrix representing the refractive index ellipsoid based on the birefringence information at the three tilt angles. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix thus obtained are obtained by the eigenvalue calculating means 32, whereby the principal value of the refractive index of the sample and the axis orientation of the principal axis of the refractive index are obtained.
[0018]
Next, details of the measurement data processing will be described in accordance with a measurement procedure. The refractive index measurement method of the present invention includes a step (A) of measuring birefringence of a sample at three tilt angles and a step (B) of determining each component of the refractive index tensor from the birefringence at three tilt angles. And the step (C) of obtaining the principal value of the refractive index and the principal axis of the refractive index from the tensor. Here, description will be made assuming that the tilt angle of the sample is measured at three of 0 °, θ °, and −θ °.
[0019]
First, step (A) will be described. 2 (a), (b), and (c) show the state of the sample that is raised with respect to the measurement light beam at three tilt angles, and FIGS. 2 (a), (b), and (c). The right figure of) shows an ellipse which is a cross section of the refractive index ellipsoid in the case of each tilt angle. Here, the traveling direction of the measurement light beam is the Z axis, the rotation axis of the sample stage is the X axis, and the axis orthogonal to these is the Y axis. In FIG. 2, the X-axis is oriented in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface. The tilt angle was 0 ° when the sample was placed vertically in the direction of the measurement light beam (in the case of FIG. 2 (a)), and the counterclockwise direction in the figure was positive and the clockwise direction was negative.
The ellipse depicted in the right diagram of FIG. 2 is characterized by the length of the major axis, the length of the minor axis, and the azimuth angle ψ of the major axis. Here, the major axis indicates the slow axis and the minor axis indicates the fast axis, and the length of each indicates the refractive index of polarized light in that direction. Therefore, the retardation and the axial azimuth angle of the slow axis in each case measured with tilt angles of 0 °, θ °, and −θ ° may be obtained by the following procedure.
[0020]
The retardation measurement using the refractive index measuring apparatus of the present invention is as follows (for details, see Patent Document 1). FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the axial orientations of the polarizer 14, the PEM 16, and the analyzer 22. Here, the Z-axis direction is the traveling direction of the measurement light beam, the polarization axis orientation of the polarizer 14 is aligned with the X-axis, and the azimuth angle is 0 °, which is the reference. The slow axis direction and the fast axis direction of the PEM 16 are set at an angle of 45 ° with respect to the polarization axis of the polarizer, as usual. The analyzer is rotatable about the Z axis as a rotation axis, and its polarization axis direction can be changed.
[0021]
First, a sample is fixed at a predetermined tilt angle, and a measurement light beam is irradiated to measure the transmitted light. The f component of the detection signal when the polarization axis direction of the analyzer is measured at 0 ° is expressed as I0And the f component of the detection signal when the measurement is performed in the same manner with the analyzer axial orientation of 45 °,45And Here, f is a modulation frequency of polarization-modulated light. I0, I45Is represented by the following equation.
I0= Sin2ψsinΔ
I45= Cos2ψsinΔ
[0022]
Δ is the phase difference between the polarization component of the fast axis azimuth and the polarization component of the slow axis azimuth at the time of sample emission, and ψ is the azimuth angle of the slow axis in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam. (Δλ) / (2π) wavelength of measurement light) is an amount called retardation.
Where I0And I45Taking the ratio of
I0/ I45= Tan2ψ
It becomes. From this equation, the axis direction ψ of the slow axis is obtained. Further, since the axial direction ψ is obtained, the phase difference Δ is obtained from this equation. The difference in refractive index ΔN between the fast axis and the slow axis is
ΔN = (Δ · λ) / (2πD)
Given in. Here, D is the length of light passing through the sample. When the tilt angle is 0 °, it is simply the thickness of the sample, and when the tilt angle is other than 0 °, the incident angle of light may be taken into consideration.
[0023]
The above-described retardation and measurement of the axial direction of the slow axis have been described with reference to the method obtained from the result of measuring the two axial directions by rotating the analyzer. In addition, a configuration in which the sample is configured to be rotatable with the measurement light beam as a rotation axis, and the retardation and the axial direction are detected from a change in the detection signal when the sample is rotated may be used. However, the method of the present invention described here has an advantage that the configuration of the apparatus becomes simple because only one rotation axis of the sample stage is perpendicular to the measurement light beam.
[0024]
Next, the process (B) for obtaining a matrix component representing a refractive index ellipsoid from the above measurement results will be described.
When the tilt angle is measured at 0 °, the retardation corresponding to the ellipse shown in the right figure of FIG.0・ Λ) / (2π) and axis orientation ψ0Is obtained. Axis direction ψ0Is the angle between the major axis (slow axis) of the ellipse and the X axis. From the retardation, the difference between the major axis and the minor axis of the ellipse, that is, the difference in refractive index can be calculated by the following equation.
ΔN = (Δ0・ Λ) / (2πd) (d is the thickness of the sample)
[0025]
From this, the tensor component of the refractive index ellipsoid is obtained by the following procedure.
(1) Larger refractive index N0 1give.
(2) The other refractive index N0 2N0 2= N0 1-ΔN0Ask for.
(3) Matrix element n0 11, N0 12, N0 12Is obtained by the following equation.
[Expression 2]
Figure 0004095932
[0026]
In (1), one refractive index is given “not based on measurement”, but birefringence measurement is originally not the absolute value of refractive index, but the difference in refractive index is obtained in the form of retardation. It is essential to provide a reference value at some stage. Therefore, in the first stage, a value that seems to be appropriate for the sample medium is given in this way. In the following, the final result is calculated based on this value. If there is a problem, a temporary calculation is first performed using the approximate value, and the obtained refractive index value is calculated again as the refractive index value to be given first. Repeat until this is self-consistent. However, in practice, this need is unlikely. In (2), the measured phase difference ΔN0Based on the above, the refractive index of the fast axis is obtained. Further, in (3), the obtained refractive index N in the slow axis direction is obtained.0 1, Refractive index N in the fast axis direction0 2, Azimuth angle ψ of slow axis0Based on the above, the matrix element of the refractive index tensor is obtained using the conversion rule for the rotation of the tensor.
[0027]
Next, when the X axis is set as the rotation axis and measured by θ °, the retardation corresponding to the ellipse shown in the right figure of FIG.+・ Λ) / (2π) and axis orientation ψ+Is obtained. Calculation from these values to matrix elements is performed according to the following procedure.
(1) sin θ ′ = (sin θ) / N0 1Where θ ′ is the tilt angle in the sample medium
(2) cos2θ ′ = 1−sin2θ ’
(3) Effective optical path length D+= D / cos θ '(d is the thickness of the sample)
(4) ΔN+= (Δ+・ Λ) / (2πD+)
(5) N+ 1Is actually unknown, but now it is assumed here.
(6) N+ 2= N+ 1-ΔN+
(7) The matrix element is obtained by the following equation.
[Equation 3]
Figure 0004095932
[0028]
When light is incident vertically on the surface of the sample, the light travels straight, but when it is incident on the surface of the sample obliquely, it is refracted at the interface and travels at an angle different from the tilt angle. Therefore, in (1), the refractive index N given above is the angle θ ′ of the light traveling through the sample.0 1It is calculated by. In (2) and (3), the optical path length through which light passes through the sample is calculated from this angle θ ′. In (4) to (7), the refractive index tensor component is obtained in the same manner as when the tilt angle is 0 °.
On the other hand, when measured by raising -θ °, the result is as shown in FIG. 2 (c), and the retardation (Δ-・ Λ) / (2π) and axis orientation ψ-Is obtained. From these values, matrix elements are obtained as follows by the same procedure as above.
[Expression 4]
Figure 0004095932
[0029]
N so far+ 1, N- 1Has been treated as known, but in fact it is unknown. This is solved by utilizing the fact that the (1,1) element of the tensor is invariant with respect to the conversion with the X axis as the rotation axis (conversion by raising the sample).
First, since the (1,1) component of the tensor is invariant to the tilt of the sample,
n0 11= N+ 11= N- 11
It becomes. Where n+ 11Is the refractive index N+ 1When expressed using
[Equation 5]
Figure 0004095932
Can be written. From this equation, N+ 1You can ask for. That is, N+ 1= N0 1+ Δ,
[Formula 6]
Figure 0004095932
And f (δ) = 0 may be solved. Actually, the refractive index N corresponding to the slow axis when the tilt angle is θ °.+ 1And the refractive index N corresponding to the slow axis when the tilt angle is 0 °0 1Are approximately equal (δ is small) and N+ 1You can ask for. N- 1The same can be done for.
[0030]
N0 11, N0 twenty two, N0 12The matrix elements when the three tilt angles are 0 ° are obtained. In addition, the matrix element n when the remaining tilt angle is 0 °0 33, N0 twenty three, N0 13Is the matrix element n when the tilt angle is θ ° and −θ °+ twenty two, N+ 12, N- twenty two, N- 12Is obtained by the following equation obtained from the tensor conversion law.
[Expression 7]
Figure 0004095932
Therefore, this is a refractive index tensor that represents a refractive index ellipsoid.
[Equation 8]
Figure 0004095932
All the necessary elements of have been found.
[0031]
In step (C), the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the tensor are obtained. This can be obtained by a known method. The principal values of the three refractive indexes are respectively the reciprocals of the square roots of the three eigenvalues, and the direction of the principal axis of the corresponding refractive index is obtained as this eigenvector.
As described above, in the present invention, information on the three-dimensional refractive index of the sample can be obtained by measuring the birefringence of the sample at three tilt angles, so that measurement applicable to any sample is possible. It has become.
[0032]
Finally, the disadvantages of the conventional method will be described in detail, and the advantages of the present invention will be described by comparison with the present invention. The measurement method of the conventional method is as follows. First, it is assumed that the sample medium has a refractive index defined by a refractive index ellipsoid as shown in FIG. A plate-like sample is placed on the XY plane, a parallel light beam is transmitted along the Z axis perpendicular to the XY plane, and a measurement system for measuring the birefringence of the sample is determined.
FIG. 4B shows how this ellipsoid intersects the XY plane. The ellipse that is the intersection, the long axis (slow axis), and the short axis (fast axis) of the ellipse are drawn.
[0033]
First, consider a case where the main axis of the ellipsoid happens to be in the XY plane. At this time, the main axis coincides with the major axis (slow axis) or minor axis (fast axis) of the ellipse that is the intersection line of the XY plane and the ellipsoid. Here, it is assumed that one of the main axes coincides with the slow axis. Therefore, when the sample is rotated on the XY plane around the Z axis while observing birefringence, and the slow axis is made coincident with the X axis, the elliptical surface at that time becomes as shown in FIG. Next, the birefringence is observed while tilting the sample. FIG. 5 (b) is a drawing of ellipsoidal surfaces when the sample is measured at various tilt angles. As can be seen from FIG. 5 (b), the size of the long axis (slow axis) is not changed, but the size of the short axis (fast axis) is changed. At this time, it can be seen that the slow axis (a constant axis without change) coincides with one of the principal axes of the original refractive index. When birefringence is observed while changing the tilt angle in a range exceeding 90 °, for example, −45 ° to 45 °, the slow axis is constant and the fast axis is changed according to the tilt angle as shown in FIG. One maximum or minimum value is always observed in the magnitude of the fast axis (the axis whose magnitude changes) within this measurement range. At this time, the axis coincides with the second main axis. The final third principal axis is calculated from the angle dependency of the size of the fast axis.
However, when the fast axis is set up to coincide with the X axis, the fast axis as well as the slow axis changes with the tilt angle as shown in FIG. There is no constant axis as in (b).
[0034]
In this example, the measurement was successfully performed when the axis was set to the slow axis, but it was not always successful if the axis was always set to the slow axis. Since it depends on the magnitude relationship of the three main axes whether it works well when it is set to the slow axis or the fast axis, there is no choice but to try to succeed.
Further, in the above case, a special case is considered in which at least one of the three main axes is on the XY plane. However, in the general case where none of the main axes is on the XY plane, this conventional method does not work.
[0035]
In a general case, when birefringence is first observed from a certain direction, an object corresponding to the ellipse shown in FIG. 4B is observed. Even if this is set on the slow axis according to a regular method and the sample is covered with various angles and observed, the same axis as in FIG. 5C does not appear, and an axis that is constant regardless of the tilt angle does not appear. Moreover, even if the axis is aligned with the fast axis, the situation remains the same as in FIG. 3C, and no axis that becomes constant regardless of the tilt angle appears. After all, it can be concluded that the principal axis cannot be obtained by the conventional method.
[0036]
As described above, the conventional method functions effectively only when at least one of the main axes of the refractive index of the sample medium is in the plane. However, “there is only one in the plane” is only a coincidence, and it can be guaranteed by chance that there is no special reason to limit the direction of the axis. Is not applicable.
[0037]
However, as in the case of, for example, an isotropically adjusted thin film sample, there are practically no cases where two main axes exist in the plane and the other is generally perpendicular to the plane. Absent. In other words, some assumptions may be made regarding the refractive index principal axis direction due to other properties of the sample. Many such samples exist, and the conventional method has been effectively applied to the measurement of refractive index and quality control for such samples.
[0038]
Thus, the conventional method worked well only for samples in which the principal axis direction of the refractive index can be predicted to some extent. On the other hand, the method of the present invention works effectively even for a sample whose refractive index principal axis direction cannot be predicted at all. In other words, in the conventional method, the principal axis of the sample was directly obtained, whereas in the present invention, the component of the refractive index tensor was obtained and the orientation of the principal axis was obtained as its eigenvector. Therefore, the measurement method applicable to general samples as well. It became.
[0039]
【The invention's effect】
According to the refractive index measuring apparatus and the refractive index measuring method of the present invention, it is possible to analyze a three-dimensional refractive index of a sample even for a general sample.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a refractive index measuring apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a refractive index measuring method according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of axial orientations of a polarizer, a PEM, and an analyzer of a refractive index measuring device.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a refractive index ellipsoid.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of a conventional method.
[Explanation of symbols]
10 Refractive index measuring device
12 Light irradiation means
14 Polarizer
16 PEM
18 samples
20 Sample stage
22 Analyzer
24 Analyzer rotating means
26 Light detection means
28 Birefringence calculation means
30 Tensor component calculation means
32 Eigenvalue calculation means
34 Memory means
36 Data processing system
38 Light source
40 Spectrometer

Claims (4)

光照射手段から照射された光を直線偏光とする偏光子と、
該直線偏光の偏光状態を周期的に変調させるための偏光変調手段と、
測定光束に対する試料のあおり角を制御するため、前記偏光変調手段からの測定光束に垂直な回転軸で回転可能に構成された試料ステージと、
試料からの透過光を検光子を介して観測する光検出手段と、を備えた屈折率測定装置であって、
光検出手段の検出信号から、測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーションと、遅相軸または進相軸の方位角と、を算出する複屈折演算手段、
複数のあおり角で測定された前記リタデーション及び方位角から試料の屈折率テンソルの各成分を算出するテンソル成分演算手段、
前記屈折率テンソルの固有値、固有ベクトルを算出する固有値演算手段、を備え、固有値から試料の屈折率の主値を、固有ベクトルから試料の屈折率の主軸を求めることを特徴とする屈折率測定装置。
A polarizer having linearly polarized light emitted from the light irradiation means;
Polarization modulation means for periodically modulating the polarization state of the linearly polarized light;
In order to control the tilt angle of the sample with respect to the measurement light beam, a sample stage configured to be rotatable on a rotation axis perpendicular to the measurement light beam from the polarization modulator;
A refractive index measuring device comprising: a light detecting means for observing transmitted light from a sample through an analyzer;
A birefringence calculating means for calculating the retardation of the sample in the plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam and the azimuth angle of the slow axis or the fast axis from the detection signal of the light detecting means,
A tensor component calculating means for calculating each component of the refractive index tensor of the sample from the retardation and azimuth measured at a plurality of tilt angles,
A refractive index measuring apparatus comprising: an eigenvalue calculating means for calculating an eigenvalue and an eigenvector of the refractive index tensor, and obtaining a main value of the refractive index of the sample from the eigenvalue and a main axis of the refractive index of the sample from the eigenvector.
請求項1の屈折率測定装置において、
前記検光子は測定光束を回転軸として偏光軸方位が回転可能に構成され、該検光子の前記偏光子に対する偏光軸の方位が0°のときの検出信号と、偏光軸の方位が45°のときの検出信号とから、測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーション及び方位角を算出することを特徴とする屈折率測定装置。
The refractive index measurement apparatus according to claim 1,
The analyzer is configured such that the polarization axis azimuth is rotatable about the measurement light beam as a rotation axis, the detection signal when the orientation of the polarization axis of the analyzer with respect to the polarizer is 0 °, and the orientation of the polarization axis is 45 °. A refractive index measuring apparatus, wherein a retardation and an azimuth angle of a sample in a plane perpendicular to a measurement light beam are calculated from a detection signal at that time.
偏光状態を変調させた光を試料に照射し、該試料を透過した光を検出することで、測定光束に垂直な平面での試料の複屈折を測定し、該試料の3次元的な屈折率の主値及び主軸の軸方位を検出する屈折率測定方法であって、
所定の3つのあおり角で、測定光束に垂直な平面内での試料のリタデーション及び、遅相軸又は進相軸の方位角を測定する工程と、
該3つのあおり角での前記リタデーション及び軸方位から屈折率テンソルの各成分を算出する工程と、
前記屈折率テンソルの固有値、固有ベクトルを求め、その固有値から試料の屈折率の主値、固有ベクトルから屈折率の主値の軸方位を求める工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする屈折率測定方法。
By irradiating the sample with light whose polarization state is modulated and detecting the light transmitted through the sample, the birefringence of the sample in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam is measured, and the three-dimensional refractive index of the sample is measured. A refractive index measuring method for detecting the principal value of the main axis and the axis orientation of the principal axis,
Measuring the retardation of the sample in a plane perpendicular to the measurement light beam at three predetermined tilt angles and the azimuth angle of the slow axis or the fast axis;
Calculating each component of the refractive index tensor from the retardation and axial orientation at the three tilt angles;
Obtaining the eigenvalue and eigenvector of the refractive index tensor, obtaining the principal value of the refractive index of the sample from the eigenvalue, and determining the axial direction of the principal value of the refractive index from the eigenvector;
A refractive index measurement method comprising:
請求項3の屈折率測定方法において、
前記所定のあおり角が、0°、θ°、-θ°(0°<θ<90°)の3つであることを特徴とする屈折率測定方法。
In the refractive index measuring method of claim 3,
3. The refractive index measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined tilt angles are three of 0 °, θ °, and −θ ° (0 ° <θ <90 °).
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