JP4112222B2 - Operation method of fuel cell reformer - Google Patents
Operation method of fuel cell reformer Download PDFInfo
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- JP4112222B2 JP4112222B2 JP2001383837A JP2001383837A JP4112222B2 JP 4112222 B2 JP4112222 B2 JP 4112222B2 JP 2001383837 A JP2001383837 A JP 2001383837A JP 2001383837 A JP2001383837 A JP 2001383837A JP 4112222 B2 JP4112222 B2 JP 4112222B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、燃料電池と組み合わせて使用する改質装置、すなわち燃料電池用改質装置の運転方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
水素は各種用途に用いられる基礎原料であり、固体高分子形燃料電池(PEFC)やリン酸形燃料電池(PAEC)などの燃料としても用いられる。水素の製造法の一つである水蒸気改質法は、炭化水素あるいはアルコール類を水蒸気により改質して水素リッチな改質ガスを生成させる方法である。水蒸気改質法では改質装置中での触媒反応によりそれら炭化水素やアルコ−ル類が水素リッチな改質ガスへ変えられる。
【0003】
図1は水蒸気改質装置を模式的に示す図である。概略、バーナーあるいは燃焼触媒を配置した燃焼部(加熱部)と改質触媒を配置した改質部とにより構成される。改質部では炭化水素やアルコール類(以下、炭化水素の場合について記載する。)が水蒸気と反応して水素リッチな改質ガスが生成される。改質部で起こる反応は大きな吸熱を伴うので、反応の進行のために外部から熱を供給することが必要である。このため燃焼部における燃料ガスの空気(燃焼用空気)による燃焼により発生した燃焼熱(ΔH)が改質部に供給される。
【0004】
改質部への燃焼熱の供給は、燃焼部および改質部間の伝熱面を介して間接的に行われる。なお、改質装置における燃焼部には空気で燃焼される燃焼用ガスが供給され、改質部へは水蒸気で改質される炭化水素系燃料が供給されるが、本明細書においては、両者を区別して、燃焼部へ供給する燃焼用のガスを燃料ガスとし、改質部へ供給される炭化水素系燃料を原料ガスと指称している。
【0005】
図2は、上記のような水蒸気改質装置を用い、原料ガスからPEFCに至るまでの態様例を示す図である。図3は、図2に記載の脱硫器、水蒸気発生器、改質器(燃焼部+改質部)、CO変成器及びCO選択酸化器を改質装置として総称して表し、その一般的な運転例を示した図である。都市ガスやLPガスにはメルカプタン類、サルファイド類、あるいはチオフェンなどの付臭剤が添加されている。原料ガスとして都市ガスやLPガスを用いる場合、改質触媒は、それら硫黄化合物により被毒し性能劣化をきたすので、それらの硫黄化合物を除去するために脱硫器へ導入される。次いで、別途設けられた水蒸気発生器からの水蒸気を添加、混合して改質装置の改質器へ導入し、その改質部中での原料ガスの水蒸気による改質反応により水素リッチな改質ガスが生成される。
【0006】
原料ガスがメタンである場合の改質反応は「CH4+2H2O→CO2+4H2」で示される。生成する改質ガス中には未反応のメタン、未反応の水蒸気、生成二酸化炭素(CO2)、生成水素(H2)のほか、一酸化炭素(CO)が副生して8〜15%(%=容量%、以下同じ)程度含まれている。このため改質ガスは、副生COをCO2とH2に変えて除去するためにCO変成器にかけられる。CO変成器中での反応、すなわちシフト反応「CO+H2O→CO2+H2」で必要な水蒸気としては改質器において未反応の残留水蒸気が利用される。
【0007】
CO変成器から出る改質ガスは、未反応のメタンと余剰水蒸気を除けば、水素と二酸化炭素からなっている。このうち水素が目的とする成分であるが、CO変成器を経て得られる改質ガスについても、COは完全には除去されず、1%程度以下ではあるが、なおCOが含まれている。燃料電池がPAFCの場合、燃料水素中のCOの許容濃度は1%程度であるので、CO変成器を経た改質ガスはそのままPAFC用の燃料水素として使用することができる。
【0008】
一方、燃料電池がPEFCの場合、PEFCに供給する燃料水素中のCOの許容濃度は100ppm(ppm=容量ppm、以下同じ)程度、その燃料極等の構成材料の如何によっては10ppm程度であり、これを超えると電池性能が著しく劣化するので、CO成分はPEFCへ導入する前にできる限り除去しておく必要がある。このため、改質ガスはCO変成器によりCO濃度を1%程度以下まで低下させた後、CO選択酸化器にかけられる。CO選択酸化器では空気などの酸化剤が添加され、COの酸化反応によりCOをCO2に変えることでCOを除去し、CO濃度を100ppm以下、10ppm以下、あるいは5ppm以下というように低減させる。
【0009】
ところで、自ら水蒸気を発生し、原料ガスを水蒸気改質して水素を製造するPEFC向けの改質装置においては、(1)PEFCでの水素利用率(PEFCで消費される水素流量/水素リッチガス中の全水素流量×100)は70〜95%、(2)PEFCの運転負荷率は〜100%(つまり電力の需要量に応じてPEFCでの発電量を調整する。最大負荷率=100%)という運転条件に係わらず、充分なメタン転化率が得られる改質温度、すなわちメタンを可及的に水素に変え得る温度に設定し(メタンはそれでも僅かではあるが未反応で残る)、僅かな残メタンを含む水素リッチガスをPEFCに供給している。
【0010】
この結果、改質装置の所要加熱インプット、すなわち改質器および水蒸気発生器での所要加熱量に対してPEFCからの排ガス、すなわちオフガスだけでは不足するため、この不足熱量を、改質用原料ガスを投入して補う運転方法が一般的である。具体的には、図2〜3のとおり、都市ガス等の原料ガスをその導管から分岐して燃焼部の燃料ガスとして供給している。しかし、この運転方法では、改質用原料ガスを投入して補う必要があるのに加え、以下▲1▼〜▲5▼の理由により、改質装置を高効率化することは難しい。
【0011】
▲1▼設定改質温度が高いため、水素生成率の向上には有効であるが、放熱損失の低減が難しい。▲2▼設定改質温度が高いためCOの生成量が多く、製造水素の酸化低減につながるCO選択酸化用空気の削減が難しい。すなわちCO選択酸化器では改質ガス中のCOだけを酸化すればよいが、水素まで酸化されてしまう。▲3▼設定改質温度が高いためCO生成量が多く、熱損失低減には有効である一方、さらなるCO生成量の増加をきたす低S/C比での運転が難しい。▲4▼設定改質温度を高くして改質するため、燃焼部から改質部への伝熱面積が大きくなり、改質装置自体が大型化する。▲5▼設定改質温度が高いため、改質装置の材料として耐熱性の高い高価なものを使用する必要がある。
【0012】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
以上のような諸問題は、改質装置自体、またその運転方法に関する、従来における技術的指向が、原料ガスからの水素生成率を可及的に向上させることに向けられていること起因している。改質装置を燃料電池と組み合わせて使用する場合にも、当然のことながら、それを前提に運転されている。
【0013】
本発明は、従来における改質装置の運転方法、特にPEFCと組み合わせて使用する改質装置の運転方法における以上の諸問題を解決することを目的とするもので、従来における技術的指向とは全く発想を変え、従来のように改質装置における水素生成率を可及的に向上させるのではなく、それとは逆に、水素生成率を下げることにより、上記諸問題を一挙に解決できる燃料電池用改質装置の運転方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0014】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、燃料電池と組み合わせて使用し、且つ、酸素原子を分子構造中に含まない炭化水素系燃料を水蒸気改質して水素を製造する改質装置の運転方法であって、改質装置における炭化水素系燃料の改質転化率を90%未満とすることにより、改質装置での所要熱量の全量または大半を燃料電池からのオフガスの燃焼熱にて賄うことを特徴とする燃料電池用改質装置の運転方法を提供する。
【0015】
ここで、改質転化率(%)とは、炭化水素系燃料がメタン(CH4)である場合、改質ガス中の各成分の構成比から、下記式(1)により表わされる。式(1)中、CH4は改質装置で改質されないで改質ガス中に含まれてくる残メタン量である。炭化水素系燃料がエタンその他の炭化水素の場合やそれらの混合ガスの場合については、式(1)中のCH4、すなわち残メタン量は残炭化水素量となる。
【0016】
【数 1】
【0017】
【発明の実施の形態】
従来の運転方法においては、燃料電池での水素利用率または運転負荷率とは関係なく、改質装置での改質転化率を90%以上とするのが一般であり、その向上のためにさらに研究、開発が続けられている。炭化水素系燃料がメタンである場合を例にすると、改質装置においてメタンを可及的に改質して水素が可及的にリッチな改質ガスとする。上記式(1)で言えば、CH4を可及的に減らして、改質転化率をさらに向上させることに開発努力が注がれている。
【0018】
そうすると、燃料電池から排出されるオフガス中の残メタン量が減少し、オフガスをすべて、あるいはその大部分を改質装置における燃焼部の燃料ガスとして利用する場合、改質部での必要熱量に不足が生じる。従来の運転方法では、この不足を補うために、前述図2〜3のとおり、原料ガスをその導管から分岐して燃焼部の燃料ガスとして供給している。
【0019】
図4は、燃料電池としてPEFCを用いる場合、従来における改質装置の運転方法と本発明における改質装置の運転方法について、メタンの改質転化率とPEFCの水素利用率との関係を負荷率一定運転時の実測に基づき示した図である。実験条件、測定条件は後述実施例と同様である。図4のとおり、従来の運転方法においては、予め改質条件を設定しているため、改質ガス中の残CH4濃度は1.9%、改質転化率は91%とほぼ一定であり、PEFCにおける水素利用率を上げても、改質転化率はほぼ一定で変わらない。
【0020】
一方、本発明の運転方法では、PEFCにおける水素利用率の上昇に従い、改質ガス中の残CH4濃度は2.6%、3.9%、4.7%、6.4%へと増加し、改質装置での改質転化率は90%未満の範囲でさらに低下していく。改質転化率を下げていくことはすなわち、改質装置での残CH4が多くなることを意味するが〔前記式(1)参照〕、改質ガス中の残CH4はPEFCでは利用されず、そのオフガス中にそのまま含まれてくるので、燃焼部の燃料ガスとして有効に利用できることを示している。
【0021】
図5は、同じく負荷率一定運転時の実測に基づく、メタン(原料ガス)のうち改質装置において改質されず、改質ガス中およびPEFCからのオフガス中に、それぞれ含まれる残CH4による熱量割合とPEFCでの水素利用率との関係を示す図である。なお、改質ガスには水素のほか、残CH4(つまり未改質のCH4)やCO2などが含まれ、またPEFCからのオフガスにはPEFCで未利用の水素のほか、残CH4やCO2などが含まれるが、図5ではそのうち残CH4に注目し、これに絞ってその熱量をプロットしている。
【0022】
従来の運転方法の場合、改質転化率は90%以上の範囲でほぼ一定であり、これに対応して、改質ガス中の残CH4濃度はほぼ一定であり、その絶対量はPEFCからのオフガスでも変わらない。そして、PEFCでは水素が消費されるので、これに伴いオフガス中の残CH4濃度は相対的に上昇し、これに対応して残CH4による熱量割合も相対的に上昇する。すなわち、残CH4の絶対量は変わらないので、PEFCでの水素利用率を上げても、残CH4による熱量割合は大幅には増加しない。図5のとおり、例えばPEFCでの水素利用率を94%に上げても、オフガス中の残CH4による熱量割合は57%止まりである。
【0023】
これに対して、本発明の運転方法では、PEFCの水素利用率の上昇に従い、改質転化率の低下により改質ガス中の残CH4の絶対量が増加し、これに対応して改質ガス中の残CH4による熱量割合も上昇する。そして、PEFCでは水素が消費されるので、これに伴いオフガス中の残CH4量はさらに上昇し、これに対応してオフガス中の残CH4による熱量割合もさらに上昇する。例えば、図5のとおり、改質ガス中の残CH4による熱量割合は10.0%、14.3%、16.9%、21.9%へと増加し、これに対応して、オフガス中の残CH4による熱量割合も32%、47%、60%、83%へと大幅に増加する。
【0024】
つまり、本発明の運転方法において、改質転化率を下げていくことはすなわち、残CH4量が絶対値として多くなることを意味し〔前記式(1)参照〕、オフガス中の残CH4による熱量割合も大幅に増加するが、残CH4はPEFCでは利用されず、そのオフガス中にそのまま含まれてくるので、これを燃焼部の燃料ガスとして用いることにより燃焼部における必要熱量の全量あるいはその大半を賄うことができる。
なお、図4および図5では、運転負荷率は一定のもとでPEFCの水素利用率が上昇する場合の本発明の適用例を示したが、PEFCの水素利用率が一定で運転負荷率が下降する場合においても、改質装置の熱バランスの変化に応じて改質転化率を低下させることにより、燃焼部における必要熱量の全量あるいはその大半を同様にして賄うことができる。
【0025】
本発明の運転方法においては上記事実を利用する。すなわち、改質装置において、燃料電池での水素利用率または運転負荷率に応じて改質転化率を90%未満に設定し、改質装置の所要加熱インプット、すなわち改質装置の燃焼部での熱量として必要な全熱量またはその大半を燃料電池のオフガスの熱量により賄うことを前提として運転する。本発明によれば、これにより、以下(1)〜(5)のように改質装置の高性能化を図ることができる。
【0026】
(1)改質温度が抑制されるため、放熱損失を低減させることができる。(2)改質温度が抑制されるため、COの生成量を低減させることができ、製造水素の酸化減少につながるCO選択酸化器へのCO選択酸化用空気量を低減させることができる。すなわち、CO選択酸化器では改質ガス中のCOだけでなく、水素まで酸化されてしまうが、CO選択酸化用空気量を低減させることで水素の酸化減少、抑制が図れる。(3)改質温度が抑制されるため、COの生成量を低減させることができ、改質装置の効率向上に有効な低S/C比での運転が容易となる。(4)改質温度を低くして改質することで燃焼部から改質部への伝熱面積を小さくできる。これにより改質装置自体を小型化できる。(5)改質温度が低いため、改質装置の構成材料として耐熱性の低い安価な材料を使用することができる。
【0027】
本発明における改質器は、基本的にバーナーあるいは燃焼触媒を配置した燃焼部と改質触媒を配置した改質部とにより構成される。改質触媒としては原料ガスを改質し水素リッチなガスを生成する機能を有する触媒であれば何れも使用されるが、例えばNi系触媒(例えばアルミナにNiを担持した触媒)やRu系触媒(例えばアルミナにRuを担持した触媒)を挙げることができる。燃焼部に燃焼触媒を配置する場合には、例えば白金等の貴金属触媒やアルミナヘキサネ−ト等の燃焼触媒が用いられる。
【0028】
原料ガスとしては、酸素原子を分子構造中に含まない炭化水素系燃料であれば何れも使用される。その例としてはメタン、エタン、プロパン、ブタン、都市ガス、LPガス、天然ガス、その他の炭化水素ガス(2種以上の炭化水素の混合ガスを含む)を挙げることができる。
【0029】
また、改質装置には、水蒸気発生器を含むものと含まないものとがあり、本発明の運転方法はそれら何れの改質装置についても適用されるが、水蒸気発生器の所要加熱インプットが加わる分、オフガスをよりメタンリッチとして改質温度を下げることができる水蒸気発生器を含むものに対する適用がより効果的である。また、本発明における燃料電池としては水素を燃料とする燃料電池であれば何れも用いられるが、中でも水蒸気発生器が改質装置に含まれることが要求されるPEFCへの適用が効果的である。PEFCからのオフガスは、改質装置の所要加熱インプットの全量を賄う必要はなく、その一部の熱量を原料ガスで補い、さらに、この原料ガス流量を操作して改質転化率すなわち改質温度を制御する運転方法により、改質装置の運転性を向上させることもできる。
【0030】
【実施例】
以下、実施例に基づき本発明をさらに詳しく説明するが、本発明が実施例に限定されないことはもちろんである。本実施例では図6に示すようにセットした改質装置を使用した。改質装置にPEFCを連結している。改質装置の部分は、脱硫器、水蒸気発生器、改質器、CO変成器およびCO選択酸化器が図2に示すように連結されて構成されている。
【0031】
改質器の燃焼部ではバーナーを用い、改質部では適量の希土類金属を加えてカーボン析出耐性を向上させたNi系触媒を用い、CO変成器では銅−亜鉛系触媒(Cu/Zn系触媒)を用い、CO選択酸化器ではアルミナにPtを担持した触媒を用いた。運転条件については、原料ガス流量は一定とし、燃焼部での空気比λを1.1、改質部でのS/C比を3.1〜2.6の範囲の各値とし、改質温度を680〜620℃の範囲の各温度で実施した。PEFCとしては最高DC出力約1.5kWのものを使用した。また、原料ガスとして天然ガスを用い、CO選択酸化器へ供給する酸化剤として空気を用いた。
【0032】
図7は、本実施例で得られた諸結果のうち、PEFCでの水素利用率と改質装置での改質温度およびS/C比との関係を示す図である。図8は、図7の関係に対応させた、PEFCでの水素利用率とCO選択酸化器への空気流量との関係を示す図である。図9は、図7および図8の関係に対応させた、PEFCでの水素利用率と改質装置の燃料処理効率との関係を示す図である。
ここで、燃料処理効率(%)とは、下記式(2)より表され、燃料電池と組み合わせて使用する改質装置の性能を端的に示す値である。
【0033】
【数 2】
【0034】
まず、図7では、従来における運転方法の改質温度が700℃で一定であるのに対し、本発明における運転方法では700℃未満であり、PEFCでの水素利用率の上昇に従いさらに降下している。このように、本発明における運転方法は改質温度の降下につながり、その程度はPEFCでの水素利用率が高い程拡大される傾向にある。すなわち、PEFCでの水素利用率に応じて改質温度を低くでき、従来のように高くする必要がない。この事実は、放熱損失を減少でき、燃焼部から改質部への伝熱面積の削減による改質装置の小型化が可能になり、その構成材料も耐熱性の低い安価なものが使用できることを示している。
【0035】
加えて、図7では、従来のS/C比が3.1で一定であるのに対し、本発明のS/C比は3.1以下(S/C<3.1)であり、PEFCでの水素利用率の上昇に従いさらに低い値で運転できている。これは、従来、燃料処理効率は向上するが副生CO量が増加するために実現しにくかった低S/C比での運転が、本発明による改質温度の降下に伴い副生CO量が減少したことにより可能となったことを示している。
【0036】
次に、図8では、従来の空気流量が1.78NL/min(min=分)で一定であるのに対し、本発明の空気流量は1.7NL/min以下であり、PEFCでの水素利用率の上昇に従い、さらに少ない空気流量でCO濃度を10ppm以下にまで抑制できている。この事実は、副生CO量に関して、低S/C比運転よりも改質温度降下の方が影響が大きいことを示しており、結果的に、製造水素の酸化減少を抑制することができる。
【0037】
さらに、図9のとおり、本発明による燃料処理効率は、いずれの水素利用率においても従来より高く、その差はPEFCでの水素利用率の上昇に従いさらに拡大している。これは、図7および図8で説明した放熱損失の減少、低S/C比運転の実現、選択酸化空気流量の減少の各効果が、燃料処理効率の向上という形で現れた結果であり、本発明の効率面での優位性が実証されている。
【0038】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、燃料電池と組み合わせて使用する改質装置の運転方法において、改質装置燃焼部の全量または大半の所要加熱インプットを燃料電池からのメタンリッチなオフガスで賄うことにより、燃料電池で設定できる上限の水素利用率や運転負荷率に応じて改質温度を抑制することができる。また、これにより改質装置の高効率化、小型化を図ることができるなど各種有用な効果が得られる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】水蒸気改質器を模式的に示す図
【図2】水蒸気改質装置を用い、原料ガスからPEFCに至るまでの態様例を示す図
【図3】改質装置の従来の運転方法例を示す図
【図4】改質装置について、従来の運転方法と本発明の運転方法について改質転化率とPEFCの水素利用率との関係を示した図
【図5】改質装置において改質されず、改質ガスに含まれるCH4、すなわちPEFCからのオフガスに含まれるCH4による熱量の割合とPEFCでの水素利用率との関係を示す図
【図6】実施例で使用した装置と運転方法を示す図
【図7】実施例の結果を示す図
【図8】実施例の結果を示す図
【図9】実施例の結果を示す図[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a reformer used in combination with a fuel cell, that is, a method for operating a reformer for a fuel cell.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Hydrogen is a basic raw material used for various applications, and is also used as a fuel for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAEC). The steam reforming method, which is one of the methods for producing hydrogen, is a method for reforming hydrocarbons or alcohols with steam to generate a hydrogen-rich reformed gas. In the steam reforming method, these hydrocarbons and alcohols are converted into a hydrogen-rich reformed gas by a catalytic reaction in the reformer.
[0003]
FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a steam reformer. Generally, it is composed of a combustion part (heating part) in which a burner or a combustion catalyst is arranged and a reforming part in which a reforming catalyst is arranged. In the reforming section, hydrocarbons and alcohols (hereinafter described for hydrocarbons) react with steam to produce hydrogen-rich reformed gas. Since the reaction that takes place in the reforming part is accompanied by a large endotherm, it is necessary to supply heat from the outside for the progress of the reaction. For this reason, the combustion heat (ΔH) generated by the combustion of the fuel gas in the combustion section (combustion air) is supplied to the reforming section.
[0004]
Supply of combustion heat to the reforming section is indirectly performed via a heat transfer surface between the combustion section and the reforming section. Note that a combustion gas combusted with air is supplied to the combustion section in the reformer, and a hydrocarbon-based fuel that is reformed with steam is supplied to the reforming section. The combustion gas supplied to the combustion section is referred to as fuel gas, and the hydrocarbon-based fuel supplied to the reforming section is referred to as raw material gas.
[0005]
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a mode from the raw material gas to PEFC using the steam reformer as described above. FIG. 3 generically represents the desulfurizer, steam generator, reformer (combustion unit + reformer), CO converter and CO selective oxidizer described in FIG. 2 as a reformer. It is the figure which showed the example of operation. Odorants such as mercaptans, sulfides, or thiophene are added to city gas and LP gas. When city gas or LP gas is used as the raw material gas, the reforming catalyst is poisoned by these sulfur compounds and deteriorates the performance, so that it is introduced into a desulfurizer in order to remove those sulfur compounds. Next, steam from a steam generator provided separately is added, mixed, introduced into the reformer of the reformer, and reformed with hydrogen by reforming reaction of the raw material gas with steam in the reforming section. Gas is generated.
[0006]
The reforming reaction when the raw material gas is methane is represented by “CH 4 + 2H 2 O → CO 2 + 4H 2 ”. In the reformed gas to be produced, carbon monoxide (CO) is by-produced in addition to unreacted methane, unreacted water vapor, produced carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), produced hydrogen (H 2 ), and 8 to 15%. (% = Volume%, the same applies hereinafter). For this reason, the reformed gas is applied to a CO converter to remove by-product CO by converting it into CO 2 and H 2 . Unreacted residual steam is utilized in the reformer as the steam necessary for the reaction in the CO converter, that is, the shift reaction “CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 ”.
[0007]
The reformed gas exiting from the CO converter is composed of hydrogen and carbon dioxide except for unreacted methane and excess water vapor. Of these, hydrogen is the intended component, but the reformed gas obtained through the CO converter also does not completely remove CO, but is less than about 1%, but still contains CO. When the fuel cell is a PAFC, the allowable concentration of CO in the fuel hydrogen is about 1%, so the reformed gas that has passed through the CO converter can be used as it is as fuel hydrogen for PAFC.
[0008]
On the other hand, when the fuel cell is a PEFC, the allowable concentration of CO in the fuel hydrogen supplied to the PEFC is about 100 ppm (ppm = capacity ppm, hereinafter the same), and about 10 ppm depending on the constituent materials such as the fuel electrode, Beyond this, the battery performance is significantly deteriorated, so the CO component must be removed as much as possible before being introduced into PEFC. For this reason, the reformed gas is applied to the CO selective oxidizer after the CO concentration is lowered to about 1% or less by the CO converter. In the CO selective oxidizer, an oxidant such as air is added, CO is removed by changing CO to CO 2 by an oxidation reaction of CO, and the CO concentration is reduced to 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 5 ppm or less.
[0009]
By the way, in the reformer for PEFC that generates steam by itself and steam reforms the raw material gas to produce hydrogen, (1) Hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC (hydrogen flow rate consumed in PEFC / in hydrogen rich gas) (Total hydrogen flow rate x 100) is 70 to 95%, (2) PEFC operating load factor is ~ 100% (that is, the amount of power generation in PEFC is adjusted according to the amount of power demand. Maximum load factor = 100%) Regardless of the operating conditions, the reforming temperature at which sufficient methane conversion is obtained, that is, the temperature at which methane can be converted to hydrogen as much as possible (methane is still small but remains unreacted) Hydrogen rich gas containing residual methane is supplied to PEFC.
[0010]
As a result, the exhaust heat from the PEFC, that is, off-gas alone, is insufficient for the required heating input of the reformer, that is, the required heating amount in the reformer and the steam generator. The operation method to compensate by putting in is common. Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 2 to 3, a source gas such as city gas is branched from the conduit and supplied as a fuel gas for the combustion section. However, in this operation method, it is necessary to supplement the raw material gas for reforming, and in addition, it is difficult to increase the efficiency of the reformer for the following reasons (1) to (5).
[0011]
(1) Since the set reforming temperature is high, it is effective for improving the hydrogen production rate, but it is difficult to reduce the heat dissipation loss. (2) Since the set reforming temperature is high, the amount of CO produced is large, and it is difficult to reduce CO selective oxidation air that leads to reduction of oxidation of produced hydrogen. That is, in the CO selective oxidizer, only CO in the reformed gas has to be oxidized, but hydrogen is also oxidized. (3) Since the set reforming temperature is high, the amount of CO produced is large and effective in reducing heat loss. On the other hand, it is difficult to operate at a low S / C ratio that further increases the amount of CO produced. (4) Since the reforming is performed by raising the set reforming temperature, the heat transfer area from the combustion section to the reforming section is increased, and the reformer itself is enlarged. (5) Since the set reforming temperature is high, it is necessary to use an expensive material having high heat resistance as the material of the reformer.
[0012]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The above problems are caused by the fact that the conventional technical direction regarding the reformer itself and its operation method is aimed at improving the hydrogen production rate from the raw material gas as much as possible. Yes. Even when the reformer is used in combination with a fuel cell, it is a matter of course that it is operated on the assumption.
[0013]
The present invention aims to solve the above problems in the conventional reformer operation method, particularly the reformer operation method used in combination with PEFC, and is completely different from the conventional technical orientation. Instead of changing the idea and improving the hydrogen production rate in the reformer as much as possible as in the past, on the contrary, by reducing the hydrogen production rate, the above problems can be solved all at once. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for operating a reformer.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention relates to a method for operating a reformer that is used in combination with a fuel cell and produces hydrogen by steam reforming a hydrocarbon-based fuel that does not contain oxygen atoms in its molecular structure. By making the reforming conversion rate of hydrocarbon fuel in less than 90%, all or most of the required heat quantity in the reformer is covered by the combustion heat of off-gas from the fuel cell. A method for operating a reformer is provided.
[0015]
Here, when the hydrocarbon fuel is methane (CH 4 ), the reforming conversion rate (%) is represented by the following formula (1) from the component ratio of each component in the reformed gas. In formula (1), CH 4 is the amount of residual methane contained in the reformed gas without being reformed by the reformer. When the hydrocarbon-based fuel is ethane or other hydrocarbons or a mixed gas thereof, CH 4 in formula (1), that is, the amount of residual methane is the amount of residual hydrocarbons.
[0016]
[Equation 1]
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the conventional operation method, the reforming conversion rate in the reformer is generally set to 90% or more regardless of the hydrogen utilization rate or the operating load factor in the fuel cell. Research and development continues. Taking the case where the hydrocarbon-based fuel is methane as an example, methane is reformed as much as possible in the reformer to make the reformed gas as rich as possible. In terms of the above formula (1), development efforts are put into reducing CH 4 as much as possible to further improve the reforming conversion rate.
[0018]
As a result, the amount of methane remaining in the off-gas discharged from the fuel cell is reduced, and when all or most of the off-gas is used as fuel gas in the combustion section of the reformer, the required heat quantity in the reforming section is insufficient. Occurs. In the conventional operation method, in order to make up for this shortage, as shown in FIGS. 2 to 3, the source gas is branched from the conduit and supplied as the fuel gas in the combustion section.
[0019]
FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the reforming rate of methane and the hydrogen utilization rate of PEFC for the conventional reformer operation method and the reformer operation method of the present invention when PEFC is used as the fuel cell. It is the figure shown based on the actual measurement at the time of a fixed driving | operation. Experimental conditions and measurement conditions are the same as in the examples described later. As shown in FIG. 4, in the conventional operation method, since the reforming conditions are set in advance, the residual CH 4 concentration in the reformed gas is 1.9% and the reforming conversion rate is almost constant at 91%. Even if the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC is increased, the reforming conversion rate is almost constant and does not change.
[0020]
On the other hand, in the operation method of the present invention, the residual CH 4 concentration in the reformed gas increases to 2.6%, 3.9%, 4.7%, and 6.4% as the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC increases. However, the reforming conversion rate in the reformer further decreases within a range of less than 90%. Lowering the reforming conversion rate means that the remaining CH 4 in the reformer increases (see the above formula (1)), but the remaining CH 4 in the reformed gas is used in PEFC. In other words, it is included in the off-gas as it is, so that it can be effectively used as a fuel gas in the combustion section.
[0021]
FIG. 5 shows the remaining CH 4 contained in the reformed gas and the off-gas from the PEFC, both of which are not reformed in the reformer among the methane (raw gas) based on the actual measurement during the constant load factor operation. It is a figure which shows the relationship between a calorie | heat amount ratio and the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC. The reformed gas contains not only hydrogen but also residual CH 4 (that is, unreformed CH 4 ) and CO 2, and the off-gas from the PEFC includes residual CH 4 in addition to hydrogen not used in PEFC. Although the like and CO 2, focusing on them in Fig residual CH 4, plots the heat squeezed thereto.
[0022]
In the case of the conventional operation method, the reforming conversion rate is almost constant in the range of 90% or more. Correspondingly, the residual CH 4 concentration in the reformed gas is almost constant, and the absolute amount is from PEFC. Even the off-gas of no change. Since PEFC consumes hydrogen, the residual CH 4 concentration in the off-gas is relatively increased accordingly, and the amount of heat generated by the residual CH 4 is also relatively increased accordingly. That is, since the absolute amount of remaining CH 4 does not change, even if the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC is increased, the heat amount ratio due to remaining CH 4 does not increase significantly. As shown in FIG. 5, for example, even if the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC is increased to 94%, the heat quantity ratio due to the remaining CH 4 in the offgas is only 57%.
[0023]
On the other hand, in the operation method of the present invention, as the hydrogen utilization rate of PEFC increases, the absolute amount of residual CH 4 in the reformed gas increases due to a decrease in the reforming conversion rate, and the reforming correspondingly corresponds to this. The amount of heat due to residual CH 4 in the gas also increases. Since hydrogen is consumed in PEFC, the amount of residual CH 4 in the off-gas further increases with this, and the amount of heat due to the residual CH 4 in the off-gas further increases accordingly. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the ratio of the amount of heat due to the remaining CH 4 in the reformed gas increases to 10.0%, 14.3%, 16.9%, and 21.9%. The amount of heat due to the remaining CH 4 in the inside also greatly increases to 32%, 47%, 60% and 83%.
[0024]
That is, in the operation method of the present invention, lowering the reforming conversion rate means that the amount of residual CH 4 increases as an absolute value [see the above formula (1)], and the residual CH 4 in the offgas. However, since the remaining CH 4 is not used in PEFC and is included in the off-gas as it is, the total amount of necessary heat in the combustion section or Can cover most of it.
4 and 5 show an application example of the present invention in which the PEFC hydrogen utilization rate increases with a constant operating load factor. However, the PEFC hydrogen utilization factor is constant and the operation load factor is constant. Even in the case of lowering, it is possible to cover all or most of the necessary heat amount in the combustion section in the same manner by reducing the reforming conversion rate in accordance with the change in the heat balance of the reformer.
[0025]
The above fact is utilized in the operation method of the present invention. That is, in the reformer, the reforming conversion rate is set to less than 90% in accordance with the hydrogen utilization rate or the operating load factor in the fuel cell, and the required heating input of the reformer, that is, in the combustion section of the reformer The operation is performed on the assumption that the total amount of heat required as the amount of heat or most of it is covered by the amount of heat of the off-gas of the fuel cell. According to the present invention, this makes it possible to improve the performance of the reformer as described in (1) to (5) below.
[0026]
(1) Since the reforming temperature is suppressed, heat dissipation loss can be reduced. (2) Since the reforming temperature is suppressed, the amount of CO produced can be reduced, and the amount of CO selective oxidation air to the CO selective oxidizer that leads to a reduction in the oxidation of produced hydrogen can be reduced. That is, in the CO selective oxidizer, not only the CO in the reformed gas but also hydrogen is oxidized, but the reduction and suppression of hydrogen oxidation can be achieved by reducing the amount of CO selective oxidation air. (3) Since the reforming temperature is suppressed, the amount of CO produced can be reduced, and the operation at a low S / C ratio effective for improving the efficiency of the reforming apparatus becomes easy. (4) The heat transfer area from the combustion section to the reforming section can be reduced by reforming at a lower reforming temperature. Thereby, the reformer itself can be reduced in size. (5) Since the reforming temperature is low, an inexpensive material having low heat resistance can be used as a constituent material of the reformer.
[0027]
The reformer in the present invention basically includes a combustion section in which a burner or a combustion catalyst is arranged and a reforming section in which a reforming catalyst is arranged. Any reforming catalyst may be used as long as it has a function of reforming the raw material gas to generate a hydrogen-rich gas. For example, a Ni-based catalyst (for example, a catalyst in which Ni is supported on alumina) or a Ru-based catalyst. (For example, a catalyst having Ru supported on alumina). When a combustion catalyst is disposed in the combustion section, for example, a noble metal catalyst such as platinum or a combustion catalyst such as alumina hexanate is used.
[0028]
Any raw material gas may be used as long as it is a hydrocarbon fuel that does not contain oxygen atoms in its molecular structure. Examples thereof include methane, ethane, propane, butane, city gas, LP gas, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon gases (including a mixed gas of two or more hydrocarbons).
[0029]
In addition, some reformers include and do not include a steam generator, and the operation method of the present invention can be applied to any of these reformers, but the required heating input of the steam generator is added. Therefore, the present invention is more effective when applied to a gas generator that includes a steam generator that can lower the reforming temperature by making the offgas more methane-rich. In addition, any fuel cell using hydrogen as a fuel cell can be used as the fuel cell in the present invention, but in particular, it is effective to be applied to PEFC that requires a steam generator to be included in the reformer. . The off-gas from the PEFC does not need to cover the total amount of heating input required for the reformer. A part of the heat is supplemented with the raw material gas, and the raw material gas flow rate is manipulated to control the reforming conversion rate, that is, the reforming temperature. The operation method of controlling the reforming device can improve the operability of the reformer.
[0030]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although this invention is demonstrated in more detail based on an Example, it cannot be overemphasized that this invention is not limited to an Example. In this example, a reformer set as shown in FIG. 6 was used. PEFC is connected to the reformer. The reformer part is constituted by connecting a desulfurizer, a steam generator, a reformer, a CO converter and a CO selective oxidizer as shown in FIG.
[0031]
A burner is used in the combustion section of the reformer, a Ni-based catalyst with improved carbon precipitation resistance added with an appropriate amount of rare earth metal in the reforming section, and a copper-zinc-based catalyst (Cu / Zn-based catalyst) in the CO converter. In the CO selective oxidizer, a catalyst having Pt supported on alumina was used. Regarding the operating conditions, the raw material gas flow rate is constant, the air ratio λ in the combustion section is 1.1, and the S / C ratio in the reforming section is each value in the range of 3.1 to 2.6. The temperature was carried out at each temperature in the range of 680-620 ° C. A PEFC having a maximum DC output of about 1.5 kW was used. Further, natural gas was used as the raw material gas, and air was used as the oxidant supplied to the CO selective oxidizer.
[0032]
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC, the reforming temperature in the reformer, and the S / C ratio among the results obtained in this example. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC and the air flow rate to the CO selective oxidizer, corresponding to the relationship in FIG. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC and the fuel treatment efficiency of the reformer, corresponding to the relationship in FIGS. 7 and 8.
Here, the fuel processing efficiency (%) is a value that is expressed by the following formula (2) and that directly indicates the performance of the reformer used in combination with the fuel cell.
[0033]
[Expression 2]
[0034]
First, in FIG. 7, the reforming temperature of the conventional operation method is constant at 700 ° C., whereas in the operation method of the present invention, it is less than 700 ° C. and further decreases as the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC increases. Yes. As described above, the operation method according to the present invention leads to a decrease in the reforming temperature, and the degree thereof tends to be increased as the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC is higher. In other words, the reforming temperature can be lowered according to the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC, and there is no need to increase it as in the prior art. This fact can reduce heat dissipation loss, reduce the size of the reformer by reducing the heat transfer area from the combustion section to the reforming section, and use low-temperature components with low heat resistance. Show.
[0035]
In addition, in FIG. 7, while the conventional S / C ratio is constant at 3.1, the S / C ratio of the present invention is 3.1 or less (S / C <3.1), and PEFC It can be operated at a lower value as the hydrogen utilization rate increases. This is because the operation of the low S / C ratio, which has been difficult to realize because the fuel processing efficiency is improved but the amount of by-product CO increases, is reduced by the reduction in reforming temperature according to the present invention. It shows that it became possible because of the decrease.
[0036]
Next, in FIG. 8, the conventional air flow rate is constant at 1.78 NL / min (min = min), whereas the air flow rate of the present invention is 1.7 NL / min or less, and hydrogen utilization in PEFC. As the rate increases, the CO concentration can be suppressed to 10 ppm or less with a smaller air flow rate. This fact indicates that the reforming temperature drop has a larger influence on the by-product CO amount than the low S / C ratio operation, and as a result, it is possible to suppress reduction in oxidation of produced hydrogen.
[0037]
Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 9, the fuel processing efficiency according to the present invention is higher than the conventional one in any hydrogen utilization rate, and the difference is further expanded as the hydrogen utilization rate in PEFC increases. This is the result that the effects of the reduction of heat dissipation loss, the realization of the low S / C ratio operation, and the reduction of the selective oxidation air flow rate described in FIG. 7 and FIG. The superiority in efficiency of the present invention has been demonstrated.
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, in a method of operating a reformer used in combination with a fuel cell, the fuel cell is provided by supplying the total amount or most of the required heating input of the reformer combustion section with methane-rich off-gas from the fuel cell. The reforming temperature can be suppressed according to the upper limit hydrogen utilization rate and operating load factor that can be set in step (b). In addition, various useful effects such as high efficiency and downsizing of the reformer can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a steam reformer. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of an embodiment from a raw material gas to PEFC using a steam reformer. FIG. 3 is a conventional operation method of the reformer. Fig. 4 shows an example of the reformer. Fig. 5 shows the relationship between the reforming conversion rate and the hydrogen utilization rate of PEFC for the conventional operation method and the operation method of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the amount of heat generated by CH 4 contained in the reformed gas, that is, CH 4 contained in the off-gas from the PEFC, and the hydrogen utilization rate in the PEFC. FIG. 7 shows the results of the examples. FIG. 8 shows the results of the examples. FIG. 9 shows the results of the examples.
Claims (5)
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| JP2001383837A JP4112222B2 (en) | 2001-12-17 | 2001-12-17 | Operation method of fuel cell reformer |
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| JP2001383837A JP4112222B2 (en) | 2001-12-17 | 2001-12-17 | Operation method of fuel cell reformer |
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| JP2003183005A JP2003183005A (en) | 2003-07-03 |
| JP4112222B2 true JP4112222B2 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3000594U (en) * | 1994-01-31 | 1994-08-09 | 福井めがね工業株式会社 | Eye mirror |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4867214B2 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2012-02-01 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Fuel cell system |
| JP2008269887A (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2008-11-06 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | Fuel cell system |
| JP5230849B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 | 2013-07-10 | パナソニック株式会社 | Hydrogen generator, fuel cell system, and operation method thereof |
| WO2013027415A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 | 2013-02-28 | パナソニック株式会社 | Fuel cell system and operation method therefor |
| JP5285790B2 (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2013-09-11 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | Fuel cell power generator |
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2001
- 2001-12-17 JP JP2001383837A patent/JP4112222B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3000594U (en) * | 1994-01-31 | 1994-08-09 | 福井めがね工業株式会社 | Eye mirror |
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| JP2003183005A (en) | 2003-07-03 |
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