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JP4131598B2 - Ultrasonic inspection method - Google Patents
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JP4131598B2 - Ultrasonic inspection method - Google Patents

Ultrasonic inspection method Download PDF

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JP4131598B2
JP4131598B2 JP14810699A JP14810699A JP4131598B2 JP 4131598 B2 JP4131598 B2 JP 4131598B2 JP 14810699 A JP14810699 A JP 14810699A JP 14810699 A JP14810699 A JP 14810699A JP 4131598 B2 JP4131598 B2 JP 4131598B2
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ultrasonic
wave
inspection object
incident
crystal growth
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JP2000338092A (en
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亮 田中
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04Analysing solids
    • G01N29/07Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/34Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/341Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor with time characteristics
    • G01N29/343Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor with time characteristics pulse waves, e.g. particular sequence of pulses, bursts
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02854Length, thickness
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/044Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects

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  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices Characterised By Use Of Acoustic Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、一方向凝固鋳物又は単結晶鋳物等の、結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物を測長、探傷する超音波検査方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、鋳造成形品の肉厚測定や、孔食等の探傷には、パルス反射式の超音波検査方法が用いられている。このパルス反射式の超音波検査方法では、探触子が発生させるパルス状の縦波超音波を被検査物の表面から入射させ、その縦波超音波が欠陥部あるいは被検査物の入射面と反対側の端面といった境界面にて反射され、反射されて戻ってくる縦波超音波を検知することにより観測して測長あるいは探傷を行う。
【0003】
近年、一方向凝固鋳物又は単結晶鋳物といった、結晶成長に方向性を有する素材が例えばガスタービン等のターボ流体機械の中空翼部材等に採用されつつある。これらの一方向凝固鋳物又は単結晶鋳物による中空翼部材は、結晶の成長方向が翼高さ方向と一致するように、鋳型を炉中にて徐々に引き下げ、凝固の進行を制御しながら製造される。このため、中空翼部材は、鋳型内に溶湯が充満した不安定な状態で炉中に長時間保持されるので、中空部を形成するための中子が移動し翼部の肉厚が変動することがある。従って、中空翼部材の品質管理上、非破壊による肉厚測定や孔食等の探傷を精度よく行うことが極めて重要となる。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物に対して超音波を入射させ、反射された超音波に基づいて、高精度に測長あるいは探傷を行うことが可能な超音波検査方法を提供することを課題としている。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、高精度な測定を可能とする超音波検査方法について鋭意研究を行った結果、以下のような事実を新たに見出した。一方向凝固鋳物又は単結晶鋳物等の被検査物は結晶方位による異方性を有し、結晶の成長方向を[001]方向とした場合、結晶の成長方向に垂直な平面である(001)面上での結晶方位は結晶粒子毎に異なる。従って、縦波超音波を被検査物の表面から入射させた場合、超音波による結晶粒子の振動方向は、超音波の進行方向と平行となり、(001)面上での結晶異方性の影響を大きく受けることになる。一方、縦波超音波の伝播速度はヤング率の大きさに応じて変化するが、例えば、ガスタービンの動翼に使用されるNi基超合金のヤング率は、図6に示されるような、結晶方位依存性を示す。従って、このようなヤング率の結晶方位依存性に起因して縦波超音波を入射させる方向に応じて伝播速度が変化し、測定値に含まれる誤差が大きくなってしまう。上述したNi基超合金の場合、ヤング率の変化量から推定すれば、超音波の伝播速度が平均値±15%程度も変化してしまうことになり、従来の超音波検査方法では、結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物に対して高精度に測長、探傷を行うことは困難であることが見出された。
【0006】
かかる研究結果を踏まえ、請求項1に記載の本発明による超音波検査方法は、結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物に対して超音波を入射させ、被検査物内で反射された超音波に基づいて、超音波が反射された位置までの距離を測定する超音波検査方法であって、被検査物に対して、被検査物の結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を入射させることを特徴としている。
【0007】
上述の請求項1に記載の超音波検査方法によれば、結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向を有する横波超音波を被検査物に入射させると、結晶粒子は結晶成長方向に振動し、結晶成長方向に垂直な面における結晶異方性の影響を受けることなく、横波超音波は入射方向へ進行する。従って、横波超音波を入射させる方向に拘わらず横波超音波は略一定の音速にて伝播することになり、伝播速度の変動による測長誤差の発生が極めて効果的に抑制される。
【0008】
また、被検査物は、ターボ形流体機械の翼部材であり、結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を、翼部材の表面に対して垂直に入射させることが好ましい。このように、ターボ形流体機械の翼部材に対して表面に対して垂直に横波超音波を入射させることで、翼部の肉厚を正確に測定することが可能となる。
【0009】
請求項3に記載の本発明による超音波検査方法は、結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物に対して超音波を入射させ、被検査物内で反射された超音波に基づいて、被検査物を探傷する超音波検査方法であって、被検査物に対して、被検査物の結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向を有する横波超音波を入射させることを特徴としている。
【0010】
上述の請求項3に記載の超音波検査方法によれば、結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向を有する横波超音波を被検査物に入射させると、結晶粒子は結晶成長方向に振動し、結晶成長方向に垂直な面における結晶異方性の影響を受けることなく、横波超音波は入射方向へ進行する。従って、横波超音波を入射させる方向に拘わらず横波超音波は略一定の音速にて伝播することになるので、欠陥部の位置等の探傷結果に伝播速度の変動に起因する誤差が含まれてしまうことが極めて効果的に抑制される。
【0011】
また、結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を発生させる超音波探触子と、凸面を有する遅延部材とを用い、凸面を被検査物に当接させると共に、遅延部材を介して、被検査物に横波超音波を入射させることが好ましい。この場合には、被検査物の表面が凹面形状を有する場合においても、所望の方向に対して正確に横波超音波を入射させることが可能となる。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の実施の形態を図面に基づいて説明する。なお、図面の説明において同一の要素には同一の符号を付しており、重複する説明は省略する。
【0013】
(第1実施形態)
図1は本発明による超音波検査方法の第1実施形態を説明するための概念図であり、図2(a)及び図2(b)は、本発明による超音波検査方法の第1実施形態で用いられる超音波探触子を示すものであり、図2(a)は超音波探触子の縦断面図、図2(b)は超音波探触子の横断面図である。
【0014】
まず、図1を参照しながら、一方向凝固鋳物からなる被検査物1の肉厚を測定する方法の概要を説明する。同図に示されるように、被検査物1は柱状に形成され、[001]方向(図中、Z軸方向)の一方向に結晶が成長するものであり、結晶の成長方向と垂直な(001)面が被検査面2となる。被検査物1に対しては、被検査面2の一側3から、被検査物1の結晶成長方向([001]方向)と一致する振動方向を有するパルス状の横波超音波4を入射する。この際、横波超音波4を、被検査物1の表面に対して垂直に入射させる。被検査物1に入射したパルス状の横波超音波4は、被検査物1内を伝播し、被検査面2の他側5に到達する。被検査面2の他側5に到達したパルス状の横波超音波4はこの他側5にて反射し、横波超音波4を入射させた一側3に向けて伝播し、入射位置である一側3に到達する。従って、パルス状の横波超音波4を被検査面2の一側3から入射させてから、他側5にて反射された横波超音波4が一側3に到達するまでの伝播時間を計測することで、被検査面2における肉厚(=伝播時間×伝播速度)を測定することができる。ここで、伝播速度は横波音速として予め設定されている。
【0015】
パルス状の横波超音波4を発生させる超音波探触子10は、図2(a)及び図2(b)に示されるように、筐体11と、筐体11内に支持されるYカット振動子13と、被検査物1に当接させる凸状遅延部材14とを有する。超音波探触子10は、接続ケーブル15を介して超音波測定器20に接続されていると共に、超音波を出射する面とは反対側の面に振動低減部材12が設けられている。超音波測定器20は、超音波探触子10からパルス状の横波超音波4を出射させてから、反射された横波超音波が超音波探触子10に入射するまでの時間に基づいて、被検査物1の肉厚等を算出し、算出結果を表示する。
【0016】
Yカット振動子13は、図2(b)に示される矢印方向に振動し、被検査物1の測定面に対して平行なせん断振動を付与し、被検査物1に対して横波超音波を入射させる。このせん断振動の方向を被検査物1の結晶成長方向([001]方向)と一致させることで、被検査物1の結晶成長方向([001]方向)と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を入射することが可能となる。振動低減部材12及び凸状遅延部材14はアクリル樹脂等からなり、振動低減部材12のYカット振動子13に当接させる面は平坦に形成されており、凸状遅延部材14の被検査物1に当接させる面は、所定の曲率を有する凸(略かまぼこ形状)に形成されている。
【0017】
図3に、一方向凝固鋳物からなり、ターボ流体機械に適用される中空翼部材の一例として、ガスタービンの動翼30の肉厚を測定する手順を示す。この場合、超音波探触子10を動翼30の腹面31に当接させている。超音波探触子10の筐体11の背面には、Yカット振動子13の振動方向を示す矢印マーク16が付されており、この矢印マーク16の向きと動翼30の結晶成長方向とを一致させた状態で、凸状遅延部材14を動翼30の腹面31に対して垂直な方向から当接させる。この状態で、超音波探触子10からパルス状の横波超音波4を入射させる。超音波測定器20は、パルス状の横波超音波4を出射させてから反射されたパルス状の横波超音波が超音波探触子10に入射するまでの時間を計測し、この計測した時間に基づいて動翼30の肉厚を算出する。
【0018】
図4(a)は、上述した手順により一方向凝固鋳物からなる動翼30の肉厚の測定値と動翼30の切断片の肉厚実測値と比較した結果を示す。図4(a)に示されるように、実測値に対する誤差量は全測定範囲で±0.2mm以下になることから、動翼30の結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を用いて肉厚を測定すれば、極めて高精度な測定が行えることが確認できる。一方、縦波超音波を用いた場合には、図4(b)に示されるように、実測値に対する誤差量は全測定範囲で実測値の±10%程度にもなる。また、図4(a)及び図4(b)から、縦波超音波を用いた場合には、肉厚が厚くなるに従って、測定誤差が増加する傾向にあるのに対して、横波超音波を用いた場合は、肉厚に拘わらず、誤差の少ない安定した測定が行えることも確認できる。
【0019】
このように、被検査物1(動翼30)内を伝播するパルス状の横波超音波4の振動方向を、被検査物1の結晶成長方向([001]方向)と一致させることにより、被検査物1の結晶粒子は結晶成長方向に振動し、パルス状の横波超音波4は、結晶成長方向に垂直な平面での結晶異方性に影響を受けることなく、被検査物1(動翼30)内を伝播する。従って、横波超音波4を入射させる方向に拘わらずパルス状の横波超音波4は略一定の音速にて伝播することになり、伝播速度の変動による測長誤差の発生が抑制される。この結果、極めて高精度な測長を行うことが可能となる。
【0020】
また、Yカット振動子13の振動方向と、動翼30の結晶成長方向とを一致させた状態で、凸状遅延部材14を動翼30の腹面31に対して垂直な方向から当接させれば、動翼30の腹面31に対して垂直に横波超音波を入射させて動翼30の肉厚を正確に測定することが可能となる。
【0021】
また、凸状遅延部材14の動翼30に当接させる面は、所定の曲率を有する凸(略かまぼこ形状)に形成されているので、動翼30の腹面31のように被検査物の表面が凹面形状を有する場合であっても、所望の方向に対して正確に横波超音波を入射させることが可能となる。
【0022】
(第2実施形態)
図5は、本発明による超音波検査方法の第2実施形態を説明するための概念図である。
【0023】
図4を参照しながら、一方向凝固鋳物からなる被検査物41の内部に存在する微小な孔食等の欠陥部50を探傷する方法について説明する。被検査物41は、第1実施形態と同様に、柱状に形成され、[001]方向(図中、Z軸方向)の一方向に結晶が成長するものであり、結晶の成長方向と垂直な(001)面が被検査面42となる。被検査物41に対しては、被検査面42の一側43から、被検査物41の結晶成長方向([001]方向)と一致する振動方向をもったパルス状の横波超音波44を入射させる。この際、横波超音波44を被検査物41の表面に対して垂直に入射させる。被検査物41に入射したパルス状の横波超音波44は、被検査物41内を伝播する。図5に示されるように、被検査物41内に欠陥部50が存在すると、欠陥部50との境界面にてパルス状の横波超音波44は反射し、横波超音波44を入射させた一側43に向けて伝播し、入射位置である一側43に到達する。従って、パルス状の横波超音波44を被検査面42の一側43から入射させてから、欠陥部50にて反射されて一側43に到達するまでの伝播時間を計測することで、被検査面42における欠陥部50の有無、及び、欠陥部50までの距離(=伝播時間×伝播速度)を測定することができる。ここで、伝播速度は横波音速として予め設定されている。
【0024】
このように、被検査物41内を伝播するパルス状の横波超音波44の振動方向は、被検査物41の結晶成長方向([001]方向)と一致させるとにより、被検査物41の結晶粒子は結晶成長方向に振動し、パルス状の横波超音波44は、結晶成長方向に垂直な平面での結晶異方性に影響を受けることなく、被検査物41内を伝播する。従って、横波超音波44を入射させる方向に拘わらずパルス状の横波超音波44は略一定の音速にて伝播することになり、欠陥部50の有無あるいは欠陥部50までの距離等の探傷結果に伝播速度の変動による誤差が含まれてしまうことが抑制される。この結果、極めて高精度な探傷を行うことが可能となる。
【0025】
なお、第1及び第2実施形態においては、一方向凝固鋳物からなる被検査物1,41を測長あるいは探傷する例を示したが、被検査物としてはこれらに限られることなく、例えば単結晶鋳物からなるものでもよく、結晶成長方向に方向性を有するものであれば、各種素材を被検査物とすることができる。
【0026】
また、第1実施形態に含まれる超音波探触子10の凸状遅延部材14の形状は、上述したものに限られることなく、被検査物に当接させる面が所定の曲率を有する球面形状としてもよい。
【0027】
【発明の効果】
以上、詳細に説明したとおり、請求項1に記載の本発明によれば、結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向を有する横波超音波を被検査物に入射させることにより、結晶粒子は結晶成長方向に振動し、結晶成長方向に垂直な平面での結晶異方性に影響を受けることなく、横波超音波は入射方向へ進行する。従って、横波超音波は略一定の音速にて伝播することになり、伝播速度変動による測長誤差の発生が抑制され、高精度な測長を行うことが可能となる。
【0028】
また、請求項3に記載の本発明によれば、結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向を有する横波超音波を被検査物に入射させると、結晶粒子は結晶成長方向に振動し、結晶成長方向に垂直な平面での結晶異方性に影響を受けることなく、横波超音波は入射方向へ進行する。従って、横波超音波は略一定の音速にて伝播することになり、欠陥部の位置等の探傷結果への伝播速度変動による誤差の含有が抑制され、高精度な探傷を行うことが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明による超音波検査方法の第1実施形態を説明するための概念図である。
【図2】本発明による超音波検査方法の第1実施形態に用いられる超音波探触子を示し、(a)は超音波探触子の縦断面図、(b)は超音波探触子の横断面図である。
【図3】本発明による超音波検査方法の第1実施形態を、中空翼部材の肉厚測定に適用した例を示す説明図である。
【図4】(a)は一方向凝固鋳物からなる中空翼部材に横波超音波を入射した場合の測定結果を示す図表、(b)は一方向凝固鋳物からなる中空翼部材に縦波超音波を入射した場合の測定結果を示す図表である。
【図5】本発明による超音波検査方法の第2実施形態を説明するための概念図である。
【図6】Ni基超合金における、結晶方位とヤング率との関係を示す図表である。
【符号の説明】
1,41…被検査物、2,42…被検査面、4…横波超音波、10…超音波探触子、11…筐体、12…振動低減部材、13…Yカット振動子、14…凸状遅延部材、15…接続ケーブル、16…矢印マーク、20…超音波測定器、30…動翼、31…腹面、50…欠陥部。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an ultrasonic inspection method for measuring and flawing an inspection object having directionality in crystal growth, such as a unidirectionally solidified casting or a single crystal casting.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, a pulse reflection type ultrasonic inspection method has been used for measuring a thickness of a cast product and for flaw detection such as pitting corrosion. In this pulse reflection type ultrasonic inspection method, a pulsed longitudinal wave ultrasonic wave generated by a probe is made incident from the surface of an inspection object, and the longitudinal wave ultrasonic wave is incident on a defect portion or an incident surface of the inspection object. Length measurement or flaw detection is performed by detecting longitudinal wave ultrasonic waves that are reflected at a boundary surface such as the opposite end face and returned after being reflected.
[0003]
In recent years, materials having directionality for crystal growth, such as unidirectionally solidified castings or single crystal castings, are being adopted for hollow blade members of turbo fluid machines such as gas turbines. Hollow wing members made of these unidirectionally solidified castings or single crystal castings are manufactured while gradually lowering the mold in the furnace and controlling the progress of solidification so that the crystal growth direction matches the blade height direction. The For this reason, since the hollow blade member is held in the furnace for a long time in an unstable state in which the molten metal is filled in the mold, the core for forming the hollow portion moves and the thickness of the blade portion varies. Sometimes. Therefore, it is extremely important to accurately perform the flaw detection such as non-destructive thickness measurement and pitting corrosion in quality control of the hollow blade member.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention provides an ultrasonic inspection method that allows ultrasonic waves to be incident on an object to be inspected for crystal growth and perform length measurement or flaw detection with high accuracy based on the reflected ultrasonic waves. The issue is to provide.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies on an ultrasonic inspection method that enables highly accurate measurement, the present inventors have newly found the following facts. An object to be inspected such as a unidirectionally solidified casting or a single crystal casting has anisotropy due to crystal orientation, and is a plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction when the crystal growth direction is the [001] direction (001). The crystal orientation on the surface differs for each crystal grain. Therefore, when longitudinal ultrasonic waves are incident from the surface of the object to be inspected, the vibration direction of the crystal particles by the ultrasonic waves is parallel to the traveling direction of the ultrasonic waves, and the influence of crystal anisotropy on the (001) plane. Will be greatly affected. On the other hand, the propagation speed of longitudinal ultrasonic waves changes according to the magnitude of Young's modulus. For example, the Young's modulus of a Ni-based superalloy used for a moving blade of a gas turbine is as shown in FIG. The crystal orientation dependency is shown. Therefore, due to the crystal orientation dependence of the Young's modulus, the propagation speed changes according to the direction in which the longitudinal ultrasonic wave is incident, and the error included in the measurement value increases. In the case of the Ni-base superalloy described above, if estimated from the amount of change in Young's modulus, the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave will change by an average value of about ± 15%. It has been found that it is difficult to perform length measurement and flaw detection with high accuracy on an inspection object having a directivity.
[0006]
Based on such research results, the ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention described in claim 1 makes ultrasonic waves incident on an inspection object having directionality in crystal growth, and reflects the ultrasonic waves reflected in the inspection object. Is an ultrasonic inspection method for measuring a distance to a position where an ultrasonic wave is reflected, and a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction corresponding to a crystal growth direction of the inspection object with respect to the inspection object Is incident.
[0007]
According to the ultrasonic inspection method of the first aspect described above, when a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction is incident on the inspection object, the crystal particles vibrate in the crystal growth direction, and the crystal growth Transverse ultrasonic waves travel in the incident direction without being affected by crystal anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the direction. Therefore, regardless of the direction in which the transverse wave ultrasonic wave is incident, the transverse wave ultrasonic wave propagates at a substantially constant sound speed, and the occurrence of a measurement error due to fluctuations in the propagation speed is extremely effectively suppressed.
[0008]
Further, the inspection object is a wing member of a turbo fluid machine, and it is preferable that a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction is incident perpendicularly to the surface of the wing member. In this way, it is possible to accurately measure the thickness of the wing portion by causing the transverse wave ultrasonic wave to enter the wing member of the turbo fluid machine perpendicularly to the surface.
[0009]
According to the ultrasonic inspection method of the present invention as set forth in claim 3, an ultrasonic wave is incident on an inspection object having directionality in crystal growth, and the inspection object is based on the ultrasonic wave reflected in the inspection object. An ultrasonic inspection method for flaw detection of an object, characterized in that a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with a crystal growth direction of the inspection object is incident on the inspection object.
[0010]
According to the ultrasonic inspection method described in claim 3, when a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction that coincides with the crystal growth direction is incident on the inspection object, the crystal particles vibrate in the crystal growth direction, and the crystal growth Transverse ultrasonic waves travel in the incident direction without being affected by crystal anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the direction. Therefore, since the transverse wave ultrasonic wave propagates at a substantially constant sound speed regardless of the direction in which the transverse wave ultrasonic wave is incident, the flaw detection result such as the position of the defect portion includes an error due to the fluctuation of the propagation speed. Is effectively suppressed.
[0011]
Further, an ultrasonic probe that generates a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction that coincides with the crystal growth direction and a delay member having a convex surface are used to bring the convex surface into contact with an object to be inspected, and through the delay member. Thus, it is preferable to cause the transverse wave ultrasonic wave to enter the inspection object. In this case, even when the surface of the object to be inspected has a concave shape, it is possible to accurately enter the transverse wave ultrasonic wave in a desired direction.
[0012]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In the description of the drawings, the same elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
[0013]
(First embodiment)
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a first embodiment of an ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention, and FIGS. 2A and 2B are a first embodiment of an ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention. FIG. 2A is a longitudinal sectional view of the ultrasonic probe, and FIG. 2B is a transverse sectional view of the ultrasonic probe.
[0014]
First, an outline of a method for measuring the thickness of an inspection object 1 made of a unidirectionally solidified casting will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in the figure, the DUT 1 is formed in a columnar shape, and a crystal grows in one direction of the [001] direction (Z-axis direction in the figure), and is perpendicular to the crystal growth direction ( The (001) plane is the surface 2 to be inspected. A pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 having a vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction ([001] direction) of the inspection object 1 is incident on the inspection object 1 from one side 3 of the inspection surface 2. . At this time, the transverse ultrasonic wave 4 is incident perpendicularly to the surface of the inspection object 1. The pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 incident on the inspection object 1 propagates through the inspection object 1 and reaches the other side 5 of the inspection surface 2. The pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 that has reached the other side 5 of the surface to be inspected 2 is reflected by the other side 5 and propagates toward the one side 3 on which the transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 is incident, and is the incident position. Reach side 3. Accordingly, the propagation time from when the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 is incident from one side 3 of the surface 2 to be inspected until the transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 reflected by the other side 5 reaches the one side 3 is measured. Thus, the thickness (= propagation time × propagation speed) on the surface 2 to be inspected can be measured. Here, the propagation speed is set in advance as a shear wave sound speed.
[0015]
As shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, an ultrasonic probe 10 that generates pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic waves 4 includes a housing 11 and a Y-cut supported in the housing 11. It has a vibrator 13 and a convex delay member 14 that comes into contact with the object 1 to be inspected. The ultrasonic probe 10 is connected to the ultrasonic measuring instrument 20 via a connection cable 15 and a vibration reducing member 12 is provided on the surface opposite to the surface from which the ultrasonic waves are emitted. The ultrasonic measuring instrument 20 is based on the time from when the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 is emitted from the ultrasonic probe 10 until the reflected transverse wave ultrasonic wave enters the ultrasonic probe 10. The thickness of the inspection object 1 is calculated, and the calculation result is displayed.
[0016]
The Y-cut vibrator 13 vibrates in the direction indicated by the arrow shown in FIG. Make it incident. By making the direction of this shear vibration coincide with the crystal growth direction ([001] direction) of the object 1 to be inspected, a supersonic wave having a vibration direction that coincides with the crystal growth direction ([001] direction) of the object 1 to be inspected. Sound waves can be incident. The vibration reducing member 12 and the convex delay member 14 are made of acrylic resin, and the surface of the vibration reducing member 12 that is in contact with the Y-cut vibrator 13 is formed flat. The surface to be brought into contact with is formed in a convex shape (substantially kamaboko shape) having a predetermined curvature.
[0017]
FIG. 3 shows a procedure for measuring the thickness of a moving blade 30 of a gas turbine as an example of a hollow blade member made of a unidirectionally solidified casting and applied to a turbo fluid machine. In this case, the ultrasonic probe 10 is brought into contact with the abdominal surface 31 of the moving blade 30. An arrow mark 16 indicating the vibration direction of the Y-cut vibrator 13 is attached to the back surface of the casing 11 of the ultrasonic probe 10. The direction of the arrow mark 16 and the crystal growth direction of the rotor blade 30 are indicated. The convex delay member 14 is brought into contact with the abdominal surface 31 of the moving blade 30 from a direction perpendicular to the aligned state. In this state, pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic waves 4 are incident from the ultrasonic probe 10. The ultrasonic measuring device 20 measures the time from when the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 is emitted until the reflected pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave enters the ultrasonic probe 10, and at this measured time. Based on this, the wall thickness of the moving blade 30 is calculated.
[0018]
FIG. 4A shows the result of comparison between the measured value of the thickness of the moving blade 30 made of a unidirectionally solidified casting and the measured thickness of the cut piece of the moving blade 30 by the above-described procedure. As shown in FIG. 4A, since the error amount with respect to the actual measurement value is ± 0.2 mm or less in the entire measurement range, the transverse wave ultrasonic wave having the vibration direction that matches the crystal growth direction of the moving blade 30 is generated. If the wall thickness is measured using this, it can be confirmed that extremely accurate measurement can be performed. On the other hand, when longitudinal wave ultrasonic waves are used, as shown in FIG. 4B, the error amount with respect to the actual measurement value is about ± 10% of the actual measurement value in the entire measurement range. Also, from FIG. 4 (a) and FIG. 4 (b), when longitudinal wave ultrasonic waves are used, the measurement error tends to increase as the wall thickness increases. When used, it can be confirmed that stable measurement with few errors can be performed regardless of the wall thickness.
[0019]
In this way, by making the vibration direction of the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 propagating in the inspection object 1 (the moving blade 30) coincide with the crystal growth direction ([001] direction) of the inspection object 1, The crystal particles of the inspection object 1 vibrate in the crystal growth direction, and the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 is not affected by the crystal anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction, and the inspection object 1 (the moving blade) 30) Propagate through. Therefore, regardless of the direction in which the transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 is incident, the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 4 propagates at a substantially constant sound speed, and the occurrence of a length measurement error due to a change in propagation speed is suppressed. As a result, it is possible to perform length measurement with extremely high accuracy.
[0020]
Further, the convex delay member 14 can be brought into contact with the abdominal surface 31 of the moving blade 30 from a direction perpendicular to the vibration direction of the Y-cut vibrator 13 and the crystal growth direction of the moving blade 30. In this case, it is possible to accurately measure the thickness of the moving blade 30 by causing the transverse wave ultrasonic wave to enter perpendicularly to the abdominal surface 31 of the moving blade 30.
[0021]
Further, since the surface of the convex delay member 14 that is in contact with the moving blade 30 is formed in a convex shape (substantially semi-cylindrical shape) having a predetermined curvature, the surface of the object to be inspected like the abdominal surface 31 of the moving blade 30. Even when the has a concave shape, it is possible to make the transverse wave ultrasonic wave accurately incident in a desired direction.
[0022]
(Second Embodiment)
FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a second embodiment of the ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention.
[0023]
With reference to FIG. 4, a method for flaw detection of a defective portion 50 such as minute pitting corrosion present inside the inspection object 41 made of a unidirectionally solidified casting will be described. As in the first embodiment, the inspection object 41 is formed in a columnar shape, and a crystal grows in one direction of the [001] direction (Z-axis direction in the figure), and is perpendicular to the crystal growth direction. The (001) surface becomes the surface 42 to be inspected. A pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 having a vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction ([001] direction) of the inspection object 41 is incident on the inspection object 41 from one side 43 of the inspection surface 42. Let At this time, the transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 is incident perpendicularly to the surface of the inspection object 41. The pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 incident on the inspection object 41 propagates through the inspection object 41. As shown in FIG. 5, when the defect portion 50 exists in the inspection object 41, the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 is reflected at the boundary surface with the defect portion 50, and the transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 is incident. It propagates toward the side 43 and reaches one side 43 that is the incident position. Therefore, by measuring the propagation time from the incidence of the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 from one side 43 of the inspection surface 42 to the reflection of the defect 50 and reaching the one side 43, The presence / absence of the defect portion 50 on the surface 42 and the distance to the defect portion 50 (= propagation time × propagation speed) can be measured. Here, the propagation speed is set in advance as a shear wave sound speed.
[0024]
As described above, the vibration direction of the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 propagating in the inspection object 41 coincides with the crystal growth direction ([001] direction) of the inspection object 41, whereby the crystal of the inspection object 41 is crystallized. The particles vibrate in the crystal growth direction, and the pulsed transverse wave 44 propagates through the inspection object 41 without being affected by crystal anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction. Accordingly, regardless of the direction in which the transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 is incident, the pulsed transverse wave ultrasonic wave 44 propagates at a substantially constant sound speed, and the flaw detection result such as the presence or absence of the defect part 50 or the distance to the defect part 50 is used. Including errors due to fluctuations in propagation speed is suppressed. As a result, it is possible to perform flaw detection with extremely high accuracy.
[0025]
In the first and second embodiments, the inspected objects 1 and 41 made of a unidirectionally solidified casting are shown as examples of length measurement or flaw detection. However, the inspected objects are not limited to these, for example, a single object. It may be made of a crystal casting, and various materials can be used as inspection objects as long as they have directionality in the crystal growth direction.
[0026]
Further, the shape of the convex delay member 14 of the ultrasonic probe 10 included in the first embodiment is not limited to the above-described shape, and a spherical shape in which a surface to be in contact with the object to be inspected has a predetermined curvature. It is good.
[0027]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the present invention described in claim 1, the crystal particles are aligned in the crystal growth direction by causing the transverse wave ultrasonic wave having the vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction to enter the inspection object. The transverse ultrasonic wave travels in the incident direction without being affected by crystal anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction. Accordingly, the transverse ultrasonic wave propagates at a substantially constant sound speed, and the occurrence of a length measurement error due to propagation speed fluctuation is suppressed, and highly accurate length measurement can be performed.
[0028]
According to the third aspect of the present invention, when a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction is incident on the inspection object, the crystal particles vibrate in the crystal growth direction, and the crystal growth direction is Transverse ultrasonic waves travel in the incident direction without being affected by crystal anisotropy in a vertical plane. Accordingly, the transverse wave ultrasonic wave propagates at a substantially constant sound speed, and the inclusion of errors due to fluctuations in the propagation speed to the flaw detection result such as the position of the defect portion is suppressed, and high-accuracy flaw detection can be performed. .
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a first embodiment of an ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention.
2A and 2B show an ultrasonic probe used in the first embodiment of the ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention. FIG. 2A is a longitudinal sectional view of the ultrasonic probe, and FIG. 2B is an ultrasonic probe. FIG.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing an example in which the first embodiment of the ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention is applied to thickness measurement of a hollow blade member.
FIG. 4A is a chart showing measurement results when a transverse wave ultrasonic wave is incident on a hollow wing member made of a unidirectionally solidified cast, and FIG. 4B is a longitudinal wave ultrasonic wave on a hollow wing member made of a unidirectionally solidified cast. It is a graph which shows the measurement result at the time of entering.
FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a second embodiment of the ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a chart showing the relationship between crystal orientation and Young's modulus in a Ni-base superalloy.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1,41 ... Test object, 2,42 ... Test surface, 4 ... Transverse ultrasonic wave, 10 ... Ultrasonic probe, 11 ... Housing, 12 ... Vibration reducing member, 13 ... Y cut vibrator, 14 ... Convex delay member, 15 ... connection cable, 16 ... arrow mark, 20 ... ultrasonic measuring device, 30 ... moving blade, 31 ... ventral surface, 50 ... defective part.

Claims (4)

結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物に対して超音波を入射させ、前記被検査物内で反射された超音波に基づいて、前記超音波が反射された位置までの距離を測定する超音波検査方法であって、
前記被検査物に対して、前記被検査物の結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を入射させることを特徴とする超音波検査方法。
Ultrasonic waves that measure the distance to the position where the ultrasonic waves are reflected based on the ultrasonic waves that are reflected in the inspection object by making ultrasonic waves incident on the inspection object having directionality in crystal growth An inspection method,
An ultrasonic inspection method, wherein a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with a crystal growth direction of the inspection object is incident on the inspection object.
前記被検査物は、ターボ形流体機械の翼部材であり、
前記結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を、前記翼部材の表面に対して垂直に入射させることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の超音波検査方法。
The inspection object is a wing member of a turbo fluid machine,
The ultrasonic inspection method according to claim 1, wherein a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with the crystal growth direction is incident perpendicularly to the surface of the wing member.
結晶成長に方向性を有する被検査物に対して超音波を入射させ、前記被検査物内で反射された超音波に基づいて、前記被検査物を探傷する超音波検査方法であって、
前記被検査物に対して、前記被検査物の結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向を有する横波超音波を入射させることを特徴とする超音波検査方法。
An ultrasonic inspection method in which ultrasonic waves are incident on an inspection object having directionality in crystal growth, and the inspection object is flawed based on ultrasonic waves reflected in the inspection object,
An ultrasonic inspection method, wherein a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction coinciding with a crystal growth direction of the inspection object is incident on the inspection object.
前記結晶成長方向と一致する振動方向をもった横波超音波を発生させる超音波探触子と、凸面を有する遅延部材とを用い、
前記凸面を前記被検査物に当接させると共に、前記遅延部材を介して、前記被検査物に横波超音波を入射させることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の超音波検査方法。
Using an ultrasonic probe that generates a transverse wave ultrasonic wave having a vibration direction that coincides with the crystal growth direction, and a delay member having a convex surface,
The ultrasonic wave according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the convex surface is brought into contact with the object to be inspected, and a transverse wave ultrasonic wave is incident on the object to be inspected through the delay member. Sonographic method.
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