JP4131676B2 - Emulsion and production method thereof - Google Patents
Emulsion and production method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- JP4131676B2 JP4131676B2 JP2003058994A JP2003058994A JP4131676B2 JP 4131676 B2 JP4131676 B2 JP 4131676B2 JP 2003058994 A JP2003058994 A JP 2003058994A JP 2003058994 A JP2003058994 A JP 2003058994A JP 4131676 B2 JP4131676 B2 JP 4131676B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、PDS(Pesticide Delivery System:農薬伝送システム)などを含んだ農薬製剤分野、DDS(Drug Delivery System:薬品伝送システム)などを含んだ医療分野、食品工業或いは化粧品製造等に利用されるエマルション(マイクロカプセルを含む)とその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
農薬を散布しやすい形態とした農薬製剤、アイスクリームなどの食品、DDSなどの医薬品、クリームなどの化粧品として、従来から水を連続相とし、これに油滴が分散したO/Wエマルションや、油相を連続相としこれに水滴が分散したW/Oエマルションが製造されている。
【0003】
農薬は、通常10アール当たり数g〜数100gの有効成分で効力を発揮するが、このような僅かな農薬原体をそのままの形で広範囲の圃場に均一に散布するのは困難なため、農薬原体を様々な形態(農薬製剤)にしている。
例えば粉剤、粒剤、水和剤、乳剤、液剤、油剤、ゾル剤、エマルション剤(マイクロカプセルを含む)などが知られ、特にエマルションタイプの農薬製剤は水をベースとするために有機溶媒をベースとする乳剤と比較して安全性が高いため注目されている。(非特許文献1)
【0004】
農薬製剤に限らず、一般的にエマルションは放置しておくと、熱力学的には分離している状態が安定状態であるため、最終的には水相と油相に分離される。しかしながら商品価値を高めるには分離するまでの時間をできるだけ長くする必要があるため、従来から非イオン性またはアニオン性界面活性剤が用いられている。(特許文献1)
【0005】
農薬製剤に用いる非イオン性界面活性剤としては、ソルビタン脂肪酸エステルなどが用いられ、アニオン性界面活性剤としてはアルキルサルフェートなどが用いられる。
また農薬製剤以外では、非イオン性界面活性剤としては、ポリグリセリン脂肪酸エステル、具体的にはテトラグリセリンモノエステル、ヘキサグリセリンモノエステル、ポリグリセリンオレイン酸エステルなどが挙げられ、アニオン性界面活性剤としてはジアルキルスルホン酸などが用いられる。
【0006】
また、エマルションとしては分散粒子の粒径が細かくできるだけ均一なものが好ましい。このようなエマルションを製造する装置として、貫通穴或いは溝を形成した隔壁にて連続相と分散相とを分け、分散相に圧力を加えることで前記貫通穴或いは溝を介して分散相を連続相中に粒子状に供給する装置が提案されている。
(特許文献2)、(特許文献3)
【0007】
【非特許文献】
非特許文献1:農薬製剤ガイド(日本農薬学会 農薬製剤・施用法研究会編)1997 社団法人 日本植物防疫協会
【0008】
【特許文献】
特許文献1:特開2001−40091号公報
特許文献2:特開2000−84384号公報
特許文献3:特開2001−181309号公報
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述したように従来のエマルションは、分散状態を長期間維持するため界面活性剤を用いている。ここで、界面活性剤は親油基(疎水基)と親水基(疎油基)を有しており、各界面活性剤毎に固有の親水性・親油性バランス(HLB)を有している。つまりHLBは与えられた油/水系に対して、界面活性剤が水に溶けやすいか、油に溶けやすいかを表したもので、エマルションを製造する際に界面活性剤として何を選定するかが結果に大きな影響を及ぼす。つまり適正な界面活性剤を選定しなければならないが、その作業が面倒である。
【0010】
また食品として用いるエマルションを製造するには、自ずと使用できる界面活性剤が限られてしまい、また使用できたとしても、多量に添加すると泡立ちなどの問題が生じるため使用量が制限され、消泡剤を別途使用しなければならなくなる。
【0011】
更に、放出制御が可能な農薬製剤などとしては、エマルションを構成する分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)の機械的強度についても十分なものが要求される。従来にあっては、油溶性モノマーと反応して膜(カプセル)を形成する水溶性モノマーを含む水溶液に、上記油溶性モノマーと有効成分を均一に混合した油相を分散し、この分散液を加熱して油相と水相の界面での重合反応で膜を形成するようにしている。しかしながら、十分な機械的強度を持ったカプセルは得られていない。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、界面活性剤を使用せず若しくは使用量を低減して長期間分散状態を維持できるエマルションを得ることを目的としてなしたものである。
上記課題を解決すべく、本発明に係るエマルションは、連続相に分散相粒子が分散したエマルションであって、前記分散相粒子の表面は、負の電荷を帯びている親水性シリカ微粒子の凝集体が複数集まって構成される殻で覆われ、このシリカ微粒子の凝集体同士の間には隙間が存在する構成となっている。
前記シリカ微細粒子としては平均粒径が1μm以下(例えば20nm以下)のものを使用することで、厚みが1〜10μmのシリカ微粒子の凝集体が複数集まって構成される殻が得られる。そして、この凝集体で被覆された分散相粒子の径は数10μmであり、負の電荷を帯びているため互いに反発してエマルションの状態を維持すると考えられる。
【0013】
本発明の具体的な適用例としては農薬製剤が挙げられる。農薬製剤としては例えば、通常のエマルション製剤の他、分散粒子の径が微細なマイクロエマルション製剤や放出制御に用いられるマイクロカプセル製剤などが考えられる。
【0014】
また、上記のエマルションを製造するには、例えば、微細なシリカ粒子を添加した連続相を用意し、この連続相と分散相とを溝または貫通穴を形成した隔壁にて分離し、この状態で分散相に圧力をかけて前記溝または貫通穴を介して連続相中に分散相を分散せしめる。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明の実施の形態を添付図面に基づいて説明する。図1はエマルション製造装置の一例を示す断面図、図2は同装置の分解斜視図、図3は同装置の要部を拡大した写真である。
【0016】
エマルションの製造装置は、ケース1に保持された本体2に連続相の供給口3、分散相の供給口4、エマルションの取出口5を形成し、本体2と基板6の間に設けたシール部材7にて分散相の供給口4とエマルションの取出口5とを隔離し、更に、基板6の中央部には開口8が形成され、基板6と対向して配置された透明プレート9との間に隙間が形成され、また基板6に設けた隔壁10にて分散相と連続相を分けるとともに、隔壁10に形成したマイクロチャネル11にて分散相と連続相を接触せしめ、更にマイクロチャネル11の外側にテラス12を設けた構成としている。
【0017】
そして、分散相の供給口4を介して供給された分散相は基板6の開口8を介して基板6とプレート9との隙間に入り、更に、マイクロチャネル11を通過して連続相に入り込みエマルションが形成される。
【0018】
本実施例に用いた装置のマイクロチャネル11の寸法は、幅16μm、高さ7μm、テラスの長さ60μmとしたが、これらの寸法については変更することができ、また製造装置としてもマイクロチャネル11の代わりに貫通穴を形成したタイプでもよい。
【0019】
本発明では、平均粒径20nmの親水性シリカ粒子を用意し、このシリカ粒子を0.4重量%分散したMilliQ水を連続相とし、トリカプリリン(トリオレインでもよい)を分散相として、上記した製造装置を用いてエマルションを製造した。シリカ粒子の平均粒径としては実験の結果1μm以下であれば凝集体を形成しやすいと推察される。
【0020】
図4は同装置で製造されたエマルションの拡大写真であり、この写真から平均粒径が数10μmの粒径分布が均一化されたエマルションが得られていることが分る。尚、分散相粒子の径はマイクロチャネルの高さに略依存し、マイクロチャネルの高さの数倍の径の分散相粒子が形成される。
【0021】
また、図5(a)はエマルションを構成する分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)の拡大写真、(b)はイメージ図、図6(a)は同分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)の断面の拡大写真、(b)はイメージ図、図7は分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)のSEM写真である。
【0022】
これらの写真および図から、分散相粒子の径は数10μmであり、平均粒子径20nmのシリカ微粒子が厚み5μm程度の凝集体となり、この凝集体が油滴(分散相)の表面を殻状の膜になって覆っていることが分る。
そして、得られたエマルションは極めて安定していた。これは、分散相粒子同士が負の電荷によって反発し、分散状態を維持するためと考えられる。
【0023】
上記の形態から、農薬製剤への応用が考えられる。例えば、シリカ微粒子の凝集体からなる殻内に分散相としてフェニトロチオンを抱持した構造のマイクロカプセルを得ることができる。フェニトロチオンはシロアリ駆除に有効であるが土壌に直接散布するとすぐに微生物によって分解され効力を失ってしまう。
そこで、本願のようにカプセル化することで、シリカ微粒子の凝集体からなる殻が土壌微生物に対するシェルターの役目を担い、薬効を長時間持続させることが考えられる。
【0024】
また、殻を構成するシリカ微粒子の凝集体同士の間には写真からも分るように、隙間が存在しており、この隙間から有効成分が徐々に外部に滲み出ることが考えられる。したがって、徐放性農薬製剤として、PDSに有効に利用され得る。
【0025】
尚、実験では水中油滴型エマルションについて示したが、油中水滴型エマルションについても同様に安定したエマルションが得られると推察される。
【0026】
【発明の効果】
以上に説明したように本発明によれば、界面活性剤を使用しないか或いは使用量を抑制した状態で、粒径が一定で長期間安定したエマルションを得ることができる。したがって、農薬製剤の形態、特にエマルション製剤の自由度が広がる。また、従来界面活性剤の副作用が問題視された食品、医薬品(DDS:ドラッグ・デリバリー・システム)、化粧品に有効に適用される。
【0027】
また本発明によって得られるエマルションは分散相粒子表面がシリカの凝集体で覆われた全く新規な構造であり、熱的にも安定で、機械的な強度にも優れ、分散相粒子表面に各種の機能を付加させることも可能である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】エマルション製造装置の一例を示す断面図
【図2】同装置の分解斜視図
【図3】同装置の要部を拡大した写真
【図4】同装置で製造されたエマルションの拡大写真
【図5】(a)はエマルションを構成する分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)の拡大写真、(b)はイメージ図
【図6】(a)は同分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)の断面の拡大写真、(b)はイメージ図
【図7】分散相粒子(マイクロカプセル)のSEM写真
【符号の説明】
1…ケース、2…装置本体、3…連続相の供給口、4…分散相の供給口、5…エマルションの取出口、6…基板、7…シール部材、8…開口、9…透明プレート、10…隔壁、11…マイクロチャネル、12…テラス。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an emulsion used in the field of agrochemical preparations including PDS (Pesticide Delivery System), the medical field including DDS (Drug Delivery System), the food industry or cosmetic production. (Including microcapsules) and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
O / W emulsions and oils in which water is a continuous phase and oil droplets are dispersed as conventional pesticide preparations, forms such as ice cream, pharmaceutical products such as DDS, and cosmetics such as cream. A W / O emulsion in which a phase is a continuous phase and water droplets are dispersed therein is produced.
[0003]
Pesticides usually show efficacy with an active ingredient of several g to several hundred g per 10 ares, but it is difficult to uniformly spread such a small amount of pesticide raw material on a wide range of fields as it is. The drug substance is in various forms (agrochemical formulations).
For example, powders, granules, wettable powders, emulsions, liquids, oils, sols, emulsions (including microcapsules), etc. are known. Especially, emulsion-type agricultural chemicals are based on organic solvents because they are water-based. It is attracting attention because it is safer than the emulsions described above. (Non-Patent Document 1)
[0004]
In general, the emulsion is not limited to agricultural chemical preparations, and if the emulsion is left as it is, the state where it is separated thermodynamically is a stable state, so that it is finally separated into an aqueous phase and an oil phase. However, in order to increase the commercial value, it is necessary to make the time until separation as long as possible. Therefore, a nonionic or anionic surfactant has been conventionally used. (Patent Document 1)
[0005]
As the nonionic surfactant used in the agricultural chemical preparation, sorbitan fatty acid ester or the like is used, and as the anionic surfactant, alkyl sulfate or the like is used.
In addition to agricultural chemical formulations, nonionic surfactants include polyglycerol fatty acid esters, specifically tetraglycerol monoester, hexaglycerol monoester, polyglycerol oleate, etc. Dialkyl sulfonic acid and the like are used.
[0006]
Further, the emulsion is preferably one in which the dispersed particles are as fine as possible. As an apparatus for producing such an emulsion, a continuous phase and a dispersed phase are separated by a partition wall formed with through holes or grooves, and the dispersed phase is passed through the through holes or grooves by applying pressure to the dispersed phase. An apparatus for supplying particles in the form of particles has been proposed.
(Patent Document 2), (Patent Document 3)
[0007]
[Non-patent literature]
Non-Patent Document 1: Agricultural Chemicals Formulation Guide (Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan Agricultural Chemicals Formulation and Application Method Study Group) 1997 Japan Plant Protection Association [0008]
[Patent Literature]
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-40091 Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-84384 Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-181309
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, a conventional emulsion uses a surfactant in order to maintain a dispersed state for a long period of time. Here, the surfactant has a lipophilic group (hydrophobic group) and a hydrophilic group (oleophobic group), and each surfactant has a unique hydrophilic / lipophilic balance (HLB). . In other words, HLB indicates whether a surfactant is easily soluble in water or oil for a given oil / water system, and what should be selected as a surfactant when producing an emulsion. Significantly impacts results. In other words, an appropriate surfactant must be selected, but the work is troublesome.
[0010]
In addition, in order to produce an emulsion for use as a food, the surfactants that can be used naturally are limited, and even if they can be used, if they are added in a large amount, problems such as foaming occur, so the amount used is limited, and the antifoaming agent Must be used separately.
[0011]
Furthermore, as agrochemical formulations that can be controlled for release, sufficient mechanical strength is required for the dispersed phase particles (microcapsules) constituting the emulsion. Conventionally, an oil phase in which the oil-soluble monomer and the active ingredient are uniformly mixed is dispersed in an aqueous solution containing a water-soluble monomer that forms a film (capsule) by reacting with the oil-soluble monomer. By heating, a film is formed by a polymerization reaction at the interface between the oil phase and the water phase. However, capsules with sufficient mechanical strength have not been obtained.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
An object of the present invention is to obtain an emulsion that can maintain a dispersed state for a long period of time without using a surfactant or by reducing the amount used.
In order to solve the above problems, an emulsion according to the present invention is an emulsion in which dispersed phase particles are dispersed in a continuous phase, and the surface of the dispersed phase particles is an aggregate of hydrophilic silica fine particles having a negative charge. Are covered with a shell composed of a plurality of particles, and a gap exists between the aggregates of the silica fine particles.
As the silica fine particles, those having an average particle diameter of 1 μm or less (for example, 20 nm or less) can be used to obtain a shell composed of a plurality of aggregates of silica fine particles having a thickness of 1 to 10 μm. And the diameter of the dispersed phase particle | grains coat | covered with this aggregate is several tens of micrometers, and since it is tinged with a negative charge, it is thought that it repels each other and maintains the state of an emulsion.
[0013]
A specific application example of the present invention is an agrochemical formulation. Examples of the agrochemical formulation include a microemulsion formulation having a fine dispersed particle diameter and a microcapsule formulation used for controlled release in addition to a normal emulsion formulation.
[0014]
In order to produce the above emulsion, for example, a continuous phase to which fine silica particles are added is prepared, and the continuous phase and the dispersed phase are separated by a partition wall having grooves or through holes. Pressure is applied to the dispersed phase to disperse the dispersed phase in the continuous phase through the grooves or through holes.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of an emulsion production apparatus, FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the apparatus, and FIG. 3 is an enlarged photograph of the main part of the apparatus.
[0016]
The apparatus for producing an emulsion forms a continuous phase supply port 3, a dispersed phase supply port 4, and an emulsion outlet 5 in a main body 2 held in a case 1, and a sealing member provided between the main body 2 and a substrate 6. 7, the dispersed-phase supply port 4 and the emulsion outlet 5 are isolated from each other, and an opening 8 is formed at the center of the substrate 6, between the transparent plate 9 disposed opposite to the substrate 6. In addition, the dispersed phase and the continuous phase are separated by the partition wall 10 provided on the substrate 6, and the dispersed phase and the continuous phase are brought into contact with each other by the microchannel 11 formed on the partition wall 10. It is set as the structure which provided the terrace 12.
[0017]
Then, the dispersed phase supplied via the dispersed phase supply port 4 enters the gap between the substrate 6 and the plate 9 through the opening 8 of the substrate 6, and further passes through the microchannel 11 and enters the continuous phase. Is formed.
[0018]
The dimensions of the microchannel 11 of the apparatus used in this example are 16 μm wide, 7 μm high, and 60 μm long terraces, but these dimensions can be changed, and the microchannel 11 can be used as a manufacturing apparatus. Instead of the type, a through hole may be formed.
[0019]
In the present invention, hydrophilic silica particles having an average particle diameter of 20 nm are prepared, MilliQ water in which 0.4% by weight of the silica particles are dispersed is used as a continuous phase, and tricaprylin (or triolein) is used as a dispersed phase. An emulsion was produced using a production apparatus. If the average particle size of the silica particles is 1 μm or less as a result of the experiment, it is presumed that aggregates are likely to be formed.
[0020]
FIG. 4 is an enlarged photograph of an emulsion produced with the same apparatus. From this photograph, it can be seen that an emulsion having a uniform particle size distribution with an average particle size of several tens of μm is obtained. The diameter of the dispersed phase particles substantially depends on the height of the microchannel, and dispersed phase particles having a diameter several times the height of the microchannel are formed.
[0021]
5A is an enlarged photograph of dispersed phase particles (microcapsules) constituting the emulsion, FIG. 5B is an image diagram, and FIG. 6A is an enlarged photograph of a cross section of the dispersed phase particles (microcapsules). b) is an image diagram, and FIG. 7 is an SEM photograph of dispersed phase particles (microcapsules).
[0022]
From these photographs and figures, the diameter of the dispersed phase particles is several tens of μm, and the silica fine particles having an average particle diameter of 20 nm become aggregates having a thickness of about 5 μm. The aggregates form a shell-like surface on the oil droplets (dispersed phase). You can see that it is covered with a film.
And the obtained emulsion was very stable. This is presumably because the dispersed phase particles repel each other due to negative charges and maintain the dispersed state.
[0023]
From the above forms, application to agricultural chemical formulations is conceivable. For example, a microcapsule having a structure in which fenitrothion is held as a dispersed phase in a shell made of an aggregate of silica fine particles can be obtained. Fenitrothion is effective for termite control, but when it is directly applied to soil, it is degraded by microorganisms and loses its effectiveness.
Therefore, by encapsulating as in the present application, it is conceivable that a shell made of an aggregate of silica fine particles serves as a shelter for soil microorganisms and maintains the medicinal effect for a long time.
[0024]
Further, as can be seen from the photograph, there is a gap between the aggregates of the silica fine particles constituting the shell, and it is considered that the active ingredient gradually oozes out from this gap. Therefore, it can be effectively used for PDS as a sustained release agricultural chemical preparation.
[0025]
In addition, although it showed about the oil-in-water emulsion in experiment, it is guessed that a stable emulsion is obtained similarly about a water-in-oil emulsion.
[0026]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain an emulsion that has a constant particle size and is stable for a long period of time without using a surfactant or suppressing the amount used. Therefore, the degree of freedom of the form of the agrochemical formulation, particularly the emulsion formulation is expanded. In addition, it is effectively applied to foods, pharmaceuticals (DDS: drug delivery system), and cosmetics for which side effects of surfactants have been regarded as problems.
[0027]
In addition, the emulsion obtained by the present invention has a completely new structure in which the surface of the dispersed phase particle is covered with an aggregate of silica, is thermally stable, has excellent mechanical strength, and has various surface properties on the surface of the dispersed phase particle. It is also possible to add functions.
[Brief description of the drawings]
1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of an emulsion production apparatus. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the apparatus. FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the main part of the apparatus. FIG. 4 is an enlarged photograph of an emulsion produced by the apparatus. 5A is an enlarged photograph of dispersed phase particles (microcapsules) constituting the emulsion, FIG. 5B is an image view, and FIG. 6A is an enlarged photograph of a cross section of the dispersed phase particles (microcapsules). Fig. 7 (b) is an image. Fig. 7 SEM photograph of dispersed phase particles (microcapsules).
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Case, 2 ... Apparatus main body, 3 ... Continuous phase supply port, 4 ... Dispersed phase supply port, 5 ... Emulsion outlet, 6 ... Substrate, 7 ... Seal member, 8 ... Opening, 9 ... Transparent plate, 10 ... partition wall, 11 ... microchannel, 12 ... terrace.
Claims (4)
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| JP2003058994A JP4131676B2 (en) | 2003-03-05 | 2003-03-05 | Emulsion and production method thereof |
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| JP2003058994A JP4131676B2 (en) | 2003-03-05 | 2003-03-05 | Emulsion and production method thereof |
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| JP2004267837A JP2004267837A (en) | 2004-09-30 |
| JP4131676B2 true JP4131676B2 (en) | 2008-08-13 |
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| JP2003058994A Expired - Fee Related JP4131676B2 (en) | 2003-03-05 | 2003-03-05 | Emulsion and production method thereof |
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| JP4704672B2 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2011-06-15 | 花王株式会社 | Production method of monodispersed solid particles |
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