JP4131773B2 - Calculation method of cutoff wavelength of optical fiber - Google Patents
Calculation method of cutoff wavelength of optical fiber Download PDFInfo
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- JP4131773B2 JP4131773B2 JP2000098732A JP2000098732A JP4131773B2 JP 4131773 B2 JP4131773 B2 JP 4131773B2 JP 2000098732 A JP2000098732 A JP 2000098732A JP 2000098732 A JP2000098732 A JP 2000098732A JP 4131773 B2 JP4131773 B2 JP 4131773B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、光ファイバの原材として用いられるプリフォームについて測定した屈折率分布に基づき光ファイバのカットオフ波長を精度よく計算する方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
シングルモード光ファイバは、基本伝搬モードであるLP01モードのみを伝搬させて、高次モードであるLP11モードや更に高次のモードを伝搬させない光ファイバである。LP01モードでは全ての波長で伝搬可能であるのに対し、LP11モードなどの高次モードではカットオフ波長λcより短い波長を伝搬することができ、カットオフ波長λcより長い波長を伝搬できない。
【0003】
このような光ファイバは、図1に示すように石英ガラス製であって屈折率の高いコア部2と屈折率の低いクラッド部3との厚み等を調整して所定の屈折率分布の形状を有する、光ファイバ用プリフォーム1を線引したものである。光ファイバ用プリフォームの屈折率分布から、光ファイバのカットオフ波長を計算する方法がいくつか知られている。
【0004】
例えばプリフォームのコア部とクラッド部との比屈折率差Δと半径rとの値、および定数kから、
λc=k・r・Δ1/2 (2)
で示される式(2)によって光ファイバのカットオフ波長λcを計算するk−Value法がある。この方法は屈折率分布が理想的なステップ形状であると仮定しているため、kの値を統計的に求める必要があるうえ精度が低く、複雑な屈折率分布の形状を有する分散シフトファイバには適さない。
【0005】
分散シフトファイバなどのカットオフ波長λcを計算するために、屈折率分布を弱導波近似し、スカラー波動方程式を有限要素法で計算する方法が開示されている(Okamoto,Applied Optics,vol.18,No.13,p.2199-2206,1979)。この方法はクラッド部の外周以遠の屈折率を外周の屈折率と同一であると外挿して計算するものである。しかし、プリフォームアナライザーによる屈折率分布測定の際、プリフォームの浸っているマッチングオイルの温度変化等の影響のため、プリフォームの外周近傍で屈折率の測定値にばらつきが生じる。その結果、再現精度が低かったり、計算値と光ファイバのカットオフ波長の実測値との差異の標準偏差が数10nmにも達し実測値との乖離が大きいという問題があった。
【0006】
従来の光ファイバのカットオフ波長の計算方法では、その計算結果の信頼性が低く、所望のカットオフ波長を得ることのできない不適格なプリフォームを選別するために利用することができなかった。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は前記の課題を解決するためなされたもので、光ファイバ用プリフォームの屈折率分布測定を行った屈折率に基づき、光ファイバのカットオフ波長を精度よく計算する方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前記の目的を達成するためになされた本発明の光ファイバのカットオフ波長の計算方法は、コア部とクラッド部とを有する光ファイバ用プリフォームの半径方向の屈折率の分布を測定後、屈折率測定値に基づき下記スカラー波動方程式(1)
【0009】
【式2】
【0010】
(式(1)中、rは光ファイバ用プリフォームの半径、Ψ(r)は電界分布、kは伝搬定数であって波長λの光の波数、nは屈折率、mはLPml伝搬モードの次数、βは伝搬モードの位相定数。)
を解き、伝搬定数の解の有無の境界となる波長λcを光ファイバのカットオフ波長とする計算方法において、式(1)中のnとして、該光ファイバ用プリフォームの中心から半径rの0.7倍の範囲までは該屈折率測定値を採用し、該半径rの0.7倍から無限遠まではクラッド部のうち半径rの0.15〜0.7倍までの屈折率の測定値の平均値を一定値として採用し、この範囲を外れ無限遠までは一定値を採用することを特徴としている。
【0011】
このカットオフ波長は、計算機を用いて、スカラー波動方程式(1)に屈折率等を代入して、伝搬定数kの解の有無を計算し、解のなくなる境界の伝搬係数k、すなわち波長λの光の波数の関数を求め、その波長をカットオフ波長λcとして計算したものである。
【0012】
式(1)中のnとして、半径rの0.95倍以下の範囲までは屈折率実測値を採用することにより、屈折率分布測定の際のプリフォームアナライザ中のマッチングオイルの影響を除外することができるので、再現精度が標準偏差で約20nmとなり、再現精度を向上することができる。半径rの0.95倍以下の任意の範囲までとすることができるが、少なくともこの範囲内にクラッド部を含んでいることが好ましい。0.7倍以下の範囲までとすると、再現精度を標準偏差で約10nmにすることができるため一層好ましい。
【0013】
一定値が、クラッド部の屈折率の代表値とすることで好適に実施することができる。代表値としては、最大値、最小値、平均値、いずれかの測定値を用いることができる。
【0014】
この代表値は、光ファイバ用プリフォームの中心から半径rの0.15〜0.7倍までの範囲にあるクラッド部の屈折率の代表値であることが好ましい。平均値であるとなお一層好ましい。この範囲より大きいと、カットオフ波長λcの計算値と、光ファイバとした後の実測値との差異の標準偏差が5nmを超え、乖離が大きくなってしまう。一方この範囲より小さいと、コア部の形状のばらつきを反映して、実測値と計算値との差異の標準偏差が大きくなってしまう。
【0015】
スカラー波動方程式(1)が、屈折率分布をN個に分割して、式(1)中の屈折率nをni(i=0,1・・・N)とする有限要素法により解かれることで好適に実施することができる。有限要素法は、連続する屈折率分布を多くの有限の大きさを持つ要素に細分割し、要素特性を組み立ててスカラー波動方程式の系を解析するというものである。
屈折率分布が、弱導波近似されていると、なお好ましい。
【0016】
この計算方法によれば、様々な屈折率分布の形状を有する実際の光ファイバ用プリフォームからでも、再現精度よく、また実測値との乖離が小さく、光ファイバのカットオフ波長を計算して得ることができる。そのため、線引きしたときに所望のカットオフ波長にならない不適格なプリフォームを、線引きする前に予め的確に効率よく選別して除外しておくことができるので、生産効率がよい。
【0017】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施例を詳細に説明する。
本発明の光ファイバのカットオフ波長の計算方法は、光ファイバ用プリフォームの屈折率分布を測定した後、計算機を用いて屈折率に基づいてスカラー波動方程式を解くことにより、光ファイバのカットオフ波長λcを計算するというものである。
【0018】
先ずプリフォームは、プリフォームアナライザにより屈折率分布が測定される。プリフォームをアナライザのマッチングオイルに浸し、プリフォームの軸心と垂直な方向からレーザー光線を照射し、その屈折量を測定すると、プリフォームの半径方向での屈折率分布が求められる。
【0019】
この屈折率分布から、光ファイバのカットオフ波長を計算する方法について、第2次モードがLP11モードである光ファイバを例にして説明する。
【0020】
計算には弱導波近似した屈折率分布を用いる。屈折率分布は、光ファイバ用プリフォームの中心から半径rの0.7倍までは、屈折率の測定値を用い、一方、半径rの0.7倍から無限遠までは、クラッド部のうち半径rの0.15〜0.7倍までの屈折率の測定値の平均値を外挿して用いる。屈折率分布を半径方向にN個に分割し、屈折率ni(i=0、1・・・N)とする有限要素を得る。
【0021】
LPml伝搬モードの次数mを1とし、光ファイバのスカラー波動方程式(1)を計算機で解き、伝搬定数kを求める。
【0022】
伝搬定数を求める際に解の有無を判定し、解がなくなる境界の伝搬係数kを求める。この伝搬係数に対しk=2π/λとして求めた波長λ、すなわちカットオフ波長λcが計算される。
【0023】
同一の光ファイバ用プリフォームについて屈折率分布を測定しカットオフ波長λcを計算により求めたところ、その再現精度は、標準偏差が約10nmと良好であり、線引きして光ファイバとした後に測定したカットオフ波長λcの実測値と計算値との差異の標準偏差は5nmと良好であった。
【0024】
【発明の効果】
以上、詳細に説明したように本発明の光ファイバのカットオフ波長の計算方法によれば、様々な屈折率分布の形状を有する現実の光ファイバ用プリフォームからでも、再現精度よくまた実測値との乖離が小さな、カットオフ波長の計算値を得ることができる。線引きすると所望外のカットオフ波長となってしまう不適格なプリフォームを、線引き前に予め的確に効率よく選別して除外しておくことができるので、生産効率がよい。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】光ファイバ用プリフォームの半径方向の屈折率分布を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1は光ファイバ用プリフォーム、2はコア部、3はクラッド部、nは屈折率、rは半径である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for accurately calculating a cutoff wavelength of an optical fiber based on a refractive index distribution measured for a preform used as a raw material of the optical fiber.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A single mode optical fiber is an optical fiber that propagates only the LP 01 mode, which is the fundamental propagation mode, and does not propagate the LP 11 mode, which is a higher order mode, or higher order modes. The LP 01 mode while it is possible propagation at all wavelengths, in the higher order modes, such as LP 11 mode can propagate wavelengths shorter than the cut-off wavelength lambda c, propagates a longer wavelength than the cut-off wavelength lambda c Can not.
[0003]
Such an optical fiber is made of quartz glass as shown in FIG. 1, and the thickness of the
[0004]
For example, from the value of the relative refractive index difference Δ and the radius r between the core portion and the cladding portion of the preform, and the constant k,
λ c = k · r · Δ 1/2 (2)
There is a k-Value method for calculating the cutoff wavelength λ c of the optical fiber according to the equation (2) shown below. Since this method assumes that the refractive index distribution has an ideal step shape, it is necessary to statistically obtain the value of k, and the accuracy is low, and a dispersion shifted fiber having a complicated refractive index distribution shape is required. Is not suitable.
[0005]
In order to calculate the cut-off wavelength λ c of a dispersion shifted fiber or the like, a method is disclosed in which the refractive index distribution is approximated by weak waveguide and the scalar wave equation is calculated by the finite element method (Okamoto, Applied Optics, vol. 18, No. 13, p.2199-2206, 1979). In this method, the refractive index beyond the outer periphery of the cladding is extrapolated to be the same as the refractive index of the outer periphery. However, when the refractive index distribution is measured by the preform analyzer, the refractive index measurement value varies in the vicinity of the outer periphery of the preform due to the influence of the temperature change of the matching oil immersed in the preform. As a result, there are problems that the reproduction accuracy is low, and that the standard deviation of the difference between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the cutoff wavelength of the optical fiber reaches several tens of nm, and the deviation from the actual measured value is large.
[0006]
In the conventional calculation method of the cutoff wavelength of an optical fiber, the reliability of the calculation result is low, and it cannot be used to select an unsuitable preform that cannot obtain a desired cutoff wavelength.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and provides a method for accurately calculating the cutoff wavelength of an optical fiber based on the refractive index obtained by measuring the refractive index distribution of an optical fiber preform. Objective.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The optical fiber cut-off wavelength calculation method of the present invention, which has been made to achieve the above object, measures the refractive index distribution in the radial direction of an optical fiber preform having a core portion and a cladding portion, and then refracts The following scalar wave equation (1) based on the rate measurement
[0009]
[Formula 2]
[0010]
(Wherein, r is the radius of the preform for the optical fiber, ψ (r) is the electric field distribution, k is the propagation constant and the wave number of light of wavelength λ, n is the refractive index, and m is the LP ml propagation mode. The order of β, β is the phase constant of the propagation mode.)
In the calculation method in which the wavelength λ c serving as the boundary of the presence or absence of the solution of the propagation constant is defined as n in Equation (1), the radius r The refractive index measurement value is used up to a range of 0.7 times , and the refractive index of the cladding portion from 0.15 to 0.7 times the radius r is from 0.7 times the radius r to infinity . The average value of the measured values is adopted as a constant value , and the constant value is adopted up to infinity outside this range.
[0011]
This cutoff wavelength is calculated by substituting the refractive index or the like into the scalar wave equation (1) using a computer to calculate the presence or absence of a solution of the propagation constant k, and the propagation coefficient k of the boundary where there is no solution, that is, the wavelength λ. A function of the wave number of light is obtained, and the wavelength is calculated as a cutoff wavelength λ c .
[0012]
By adopting measured refractive index values up to a range of 0.95 times the radius r as n in the formula (1), the influence of matching oil in the preform analyzer at the time of measuring the refractive index distribution is excluded. Therefore, the reproduction accuracy is about 20 nm with a standard deviation, and the reproduction accuracy can be improved. Although it can be set to an arbitrary range not more than 0.95 times the radius r, it is preferable that the clad portion is included in at least this range. A range of 0.7 times or less is more preferable because the reproduction accuracy can be about 10 nm with a standard deviation.
[0013]
The constant value can be suitably implemented by setting it as a representative value of the refractive index of the cladding portion. As the representative value, any one of the maximum value, the minimum value, and the average value can be used.
[0014]
This representative value is preferably a representative value of the refractive index of the cladding portion in the range from the center of the optical fiber preform to a radius r of 0.15 to 0.7 times. An average value is even more preferable. If it is larger than this range, the standard deviation of the difference between the calculated value of the cutoff wavelength λ c and the actually measured value after the optical fiber exceeds 5 nm, and the divergence becomes large. On the other hand, if it is smaller than this range, the standard deviation of the difference between the actually measured value and the calculated value will be large, reflecting the variation in the shape of the core part.
[0015]
The scalar wave equation (1) is solved by the finite element method by dividing the refractive index distribution into N and setting the refractive index n in equation (1) to ni (i = 0, 1,... N). It can implement suitably. In the finite element method, a continuous refractive index distribution is subdivided into elements having many finite sizes, element characteristics are assembled, and a system of scalar wave equations is analyzed.
It is even more preferable that the refractive index distribution is weakly guided.
[0016]
According to this calculation method, even an actual optical fiber preform having various refractive index distribution shapes can be obtained by calculating the cutoff wavelength of the optical fiber with high reproducibility and small deviation from the actual measurement value. be able to. Therefore, an unsuitable preform that does not have a desired cut-off wavelength when drawn can be accurately and efficiently selected in advance before drawing, so that production efficiency is good.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
The optical fiber cut-off wavelength calculation method of the present invention measures the refractive index distribution of an optical fiber preform and then uses a computer to solve the scalar wave equation based on the refractive index, thereby cutting off the optical fiber cut-off. The wavelength λ c is calculated.
[0018]
First, the refractive index distribution of the preform is measured by a preform analyzer. When the preform is immersed in the matching oil of the analyzer, a laser beam is irradiated from the direction perpendicular to the axis of the preform, and the amount of refraction is measured, the refractive index distribution in the radial direction of the preform is obtained.
[0019]
A method of calculating the cut-off wavelength of the optical fiber from this refractive index distribution will be described by taking an optical fiber whose second mode is the LP 11 mode as an example.
[0020]
The calculation uses a refractive index distribution that approximates weak waveguide. For the refractive index distribution, the measured value of the refractive index is used from the center of the optical fiber preform to 0.7 times the radius r, while from 0.7 times the radius r to infinity, The average value of the measured values of the refractive index up to 0.15 to 0.7 times the radius r is extrapolated and used. The refractive index distribution is divided into N pieces in the radial direction to obtain a finite element having a refractive index n i (i = 0, 1,... N).
[0021]
The order m of the LP ml propagation mode is set to 1, and the scalar wave equation (1) of the optical fiber is solved by a computer to obtain the propagation constant k.
[0022]
When obtaining the propagation constant, the presence or absence of a solution is determined, and the propagation coefficient k at the boundary where the solution disappears is obtained. The wavelength λ obtained with k = 2π / λ for this propagation coefficient, that is, the cutoff wavelength λ c is calculated.
[0023]
Same place where the refractive index distribution for optical fiber preform was determined by calculation of the measured cut-off wavelength lambda c, the reproduction accuracy, the standard deviation is good and about 10 nm, measured after an optical fiber by drawing the standard deviation of the difference between an observed value and a calculated value of the cutoff wavelength lambda c that was good and 5 nm.
[0024]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the calculation method of the cut-off wavelength of the optical fiber of the present invention, it is possible to accurately and accurately measure the actual measurement values from the preforms for optical fibers having various refractive index distribution shapes. It is possible to obtain a calculated cutoff wavelength with a small deviation. Since unqualified preforms that have undesired cut-off wavelengths when drawn can be accurately and efficiently sorted and excluded before drawing, production efficiency is good.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a refractive index distribution in a radial direction of an optical fiber preform.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 is a preform for an optical fiber, 2 is a core portion, 3 is a cladding portion, n is a refractive index, and r is a radius.
Claims (6)
【式1】
(式(1)中、rは光ファイバ用プリフォームの半径、Ψ(r)は電界分布、kは伝搬定数であって波長λの光の波数、nは屈折率、mはLPml伝搬モードの次数、βは伝搬モードの位相定数。)
を解き、該伝搬定数kの解の有無の境界となる波長λcを光ファイバのカットオフ波長とする計算方法において、式(1)中のnとして、該光ファイバ用プリフォームの中心から半径rの0.7倍の範囲までは該屈折率測定値を採用し、該半径rの0.7倍から無限遠まではクラッド部のうち半径rの0.15〜0.7倍までの屈折率の測定値の平均値を一定値として採用することを特徴とする光ファイバのカットオフ波長の計算方法。After measuring the refractive index distribution in the radial direction of an optical fiber preform having a core part and a cladding part, the following scalar wave equation (1) is calculated based on the measured refractive index value.
[Formula 1]
(Wherein, r is the radius of the preform for the optical fiber, ψ (r) is the electric field distribution, k is the propagation constant and the wave number of light of wavelength λ, n is the refractive index, and m is the LP ml propagation mode. The order of β, β is the phase constant of the propagation mode.)
In the calculation method in which the wavelength λ c serving as the boundary of the presence or absence of the solution of the propagation constant k is defined as n in Equation (1), the radius from the center of the optical fiber preform is The refractive index measurement value is adopted up to a range of 0.7 times r, and the refraction of the clad part from 0.15 to 0.7 times the radius r from 0.7 times the radius r to infinity. A method for calculating an optical fiber cut-off wavelength, wherein an average value of measured values of the rate is adopted as a constant value.
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