JP4132192B2 - Exhaust gas purification method - Google Patents
Exhaust gas purification method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4132192B2 JP4132192B2 JP06539998A JP6539998A JP4132192B2 JP 4132192 B2 JP4132192 B2 JP 4132192B2 JP 06539998 A JP06539998 A JP 06539998A JP 6539998 A JP6539998 A JP 6539998A JP 4132192 B2 JP4132192 B2 JP 4132192B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- alumina
- exhaust gas
- oxide
- nitrogen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
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Landscapes
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、窒素酸化物と共に炭化水素や一酸化炭素等を含む排ガスを触媒に接触処理して、これら窒素酸化物と共に炭化水素や一酸化炭素等をも除去して浄化するための排ガス浄化方法に関する。詳しくは、本発明は、工場、自動車等から排出される排ガス中の有害成分を除去して、排ガスを浄化するための方法であって、酸素過剰雰囲気下において、排ガス中の一酸化窒素を触媒上で二酸化窒素に転換し、次いで、当初から排ガス中に存在する二酸化窒素と共に、これら二酸化窒素を触媒上に吸着させ、そこで、燃料等の還元剤を排ガス中に間欠的に短時間、即ち、脈動的に加えて、排ガス雰囲気を周期的に還元雰囲気とすることによって、接触還元すると共に、上記炭化水素、一酸化炭素等の有害成分を酸化雰囲気下で酸化除去する排ガス浄化方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、工場、自動車等から排出される排ガス中の窒素酸化物を除去する方法として、その窒素酸化物を酸化した後、アルカリに吸収させる方法や、アンモニア、水素、一酸化炭素、炭化水素等の還元剤を用いて窒素に変換する方法等が知られている。しかしながら、前者の方法によれば、生成するアルカリ廃液を処理して、公害の発生を防止する方策が必要である。他方、後者の方法によれば、還元剤としてアンモニアを用いるときは、これが排ガス中の硫黄酸化物と反応して塩類を生成し、その結果、触媒の還元活性が低下する問題がある。また、水素、一酸化炭素、炭化水素等を還元剤として用いる場合でも、これらが低濃度に存在する窒素酸化物よりも高濃度に存在する酸素と反応するため、窒素酸化物を低減するためには多量の還元剤を必要とするという問題がある。
【0003】
このため、最近では、還元剤の不存在下に窒素酸化物を触媒にて直接分解する方法も提案されているが、しかし、従来、知られているそのような触媒は、窒素酸化物分解活性が低いために、実用に供し難いという問題がある。
【0004】
また、炭化水素や含酸素有機化合物を還元剤として用いる新たな窒素酸化物接触還元用触媒として、種々のゼオライト等が提案されており、特に、Cu−ZSM−5やH型ZSM−5(SiO2 /Al2 O3 モル比=30〜40)が最適であるとされている。しかしながら、このようなCu−ZSM−5やH型ZSM−5でも、未だ十分な還元活性を有するものとはいい難く、特に、排ガス中に水分が含まれるとき、ゼオライト構造体中のアルミニウムが脱アルミニウムして、性能が急激に低下するので、一層高い還元活性を有し、更に、排ガスが水分を含有する場合にも、すぐれた耐久性を有する窒素酸化物接触還元用触媒が要望されている。
【0005】
そこで、銀又は銀酸化物を無機酸化物に担持させてなる触媒等、種々の触媒が提案されているが、そのような触媒のうち、反応速度が速い触媒は、酸化活性が高く、窒素酸化物に対する選択反応性が低いために、窒素酸化物の除去率が低く、他方、アルミナ等の反応選択性の高い触媒は、反応速度が遅く、高SV(空間速度)での使用が困難である等、実用上大きい問題点を有している。更に、硫黄酸化物の共存下での触媒活性の劣化が著しいという問題もある(特開平5−317647号公報)。また、従来の窒素酸化物接触還元用触媒は、耐熱性が十分ではなく、用途によっては、一層の耐熱性が強く要望されている。
【0006】
そこで、このような問題を解決する一つの方法として、酸素過剰下(リーン条件下)に触媒上で一酸化窒素(NO)を二酸化窒素(NO2 )に転換し、かくして、生成した二酸化窒素を触媒上に吸着させ、これに還元剤、例えば、燃料等の炭化水素や含酸素有機化合物を間欠的に短時間、即ち、脈動的に噴射して(以下、「パルス的に」噴射して、という。)、還元雰囲気下(リッチ条件下)で窒素酸化物を窒素に還元するという窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒が提案されている(特開平9−122486)。しかしながら、通常、排ガス中には、硫黄酸化物が含まれているので、この方法によれば、窒素酸化物の吸着点に硫黄酸化物が吸着して、燃料等の炭化水素類をパルス的に噴射し、又は燃料を化学両論量以上にパルス的にエンジン室に供給する等して、排ガスの処理雰囲気を還元雰囲気にしても、この硫黄酸化物が触媒上から脱離せず、従って、触媒上での窒素酸化物の吸着量が徐々に低下し、窒素酸化物除去率が急激に低下するという問題がある。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、このような窒素酸化物吸蔵型排ガス浄化触媒を用いる従来の排ガス浄化方法における上述したような問題を解決するためになされたものであって、その目的とするところは、酸素過剰下において、触媒上にて一酸化窒素を二酸化窒素に高効率に転換し、かくして、生成した二酸化窒素を触媒上に吸着させ、これに還元剤をパルス的に噴射して、排ガス雰囲気を還元雰囲気として、窒素酸化物を窒素に還元し、併せて、酸素過剰下に炭化水素や一酸化炭素をも酸化除去するという窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒を用いる排ガス浄化触媒において、排ガスが硫黄酸化物を含む場合においても、窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒の上記窒素酸化物の吸蔵機能が低下せず、しかも、耐熱性にもすぐれ、従って、長期間にわたって、排ガス中の窒素酸化物を安定して効率よく還元することができる排ガス浄化方法を提供するにある。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によれば、窒素酸化物吸蔵型排ガス浄化触媒を用いて、排ガスの処理雰囲気を酸素過剰雰囲気と還元雰囲気との間で交互に振動させることによって、排ガス中の窒素酸化物、炭化水素及び一酸化炭素の三元成分を浄化する排ガス浄化方法において、第1段階として、
(1)Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が金属換算にて、 0. 1〜10重量%の範囲で担体に担持されてなる第1の触媒に接触させ、次いで、第2段階として、
(2)表面層がPt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が金属換算にて、 0. 1〜10重量%の範囲で担体に担持されてなり、内部層が(a)アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属及び希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種の酸化物か、又はアルカリ金属及びアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種とアルミニウム及びチタンから選ばれる少なくとも 1 種との複合酸化物の25〜75重量%と(b)Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が担体に 0. 1〜10重量%の割合で担持されてなるもの75〜25重量%からなる2層構造を有する第2の触媒に接触させることを特徴とする排ガス浄化方法が提供される。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明において、酸素過剰雰囲気(リーン条件)とは、排ガスに含まれる炭化水素、一酸化炭素、水素等の可燃成分が排ガスに含まれる酸素によって完全燃焼するに足るよりも、酸素を多く含んでいる雰囲気条件をいう。即ち、排ガスが理論空気燃料比条件(ストイキ条件)よりも多くの酸素を含んでいる雰囲気条件をいう。これに対して、還元雰囲気(リッチ条件)とは、上記リーン条件とは反対に、排ガスに含まれる炭化水素、一酸化炭素、水素等の可燃成分が排ガスに含まれる酸素によって完全燃焼するに足る量の酸素を含んでいない雰囲気条件をいう。
【0010】
本発明によれば、排ガスを第1の触媒及び第2の触媒にこの順序にて接触させる。第1の触媒は、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素からなり、第2の触媒は、表面層がPt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素からなり、内部層が(a)アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルミニウム、チタン及び希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種の酸化物又は複合酸化物(窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒)と (b)Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素とからなる2層構造を有するものである。
【0011】
本発明においては、好ましくは、上記第1の触媒は、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素がアルミナ、チタニア、ジルコニア、シリカ、シリカ・アルミナ等、従来より知られている任意の酸化物担体に、金属換算にて、0.1〜10重量%、好ましくは、0.5〜5重量%の範囲で担持されてなるものである。
【0012】
上記第2の触媒も、好ましくは、表面層は、Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素がアルミナ、チタニア、ジルコニア、シリカ、シリカ・アルミナ等、従来より知られている任意の酸化物担体に、金属換算にて、0.1〜10重量%、好ましくは、0.5〜5重量%の範囲で担持されてなるものからなり、内部層は、(a) アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルミニウム、チタン及び希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種の酸化物又は複合酸化物の25〜75重量%と、(b) Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素がアルミナ、チタニア、ジルコニア、シリカ、シリカ・アルミナ等、従来より知られている任意の酸化物担体に0.1〜10重量%、好ましくは、0.5〜5重量%の割合で担持されてなるもの75〜25重量%とからなるものである。
【0013】
特に、本発明によれば、第2の触媒の内部層は、(a) バリウム酸化物か、又はバリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物からなる成分25〜75重量%と、(b) Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が前記担体に0.1〜10重量%、好ましくは、0.5〜5重量%の割合で担持されてなる成分75〜25重量%とからなる。
【0014】
バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物は、既に、知られているように、バリウムとアルミニウムと酸素から構成される複合酸化物であって、BaO・Al2 O3 又はBaO・6Al2 O3 で表わされる(荒井弘通、町田正人、「金属」1989年6月号、耐熱性セラミック微粒子)。また、カリウムとバリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物としては、例えば、0.8BaO・0.2K2 O・6Al2 O3 等が知られている。
【0015】
前記第1の触媒は、排ガス中の炭化水素及び一酸化炭素をリーン条件下に酸化して、二酸化炭素と水とに転換する。従って、自動車等がエンジンの始動時に排ガス中に排出する炭化水素類を低温で酸化するのに有用である。また、第1の触媒は、排ガスの雰囲気をリーン条件とリッチ条件とに交互に振動させることによって、主として、リーン条件下において、窒素酸化物を窒素に還元する。また、第1の触媒は、リーン条件下に排ガス中の硫黄酸化物を吸着し、リッチ条件下にこれを容易に脱着して、第2の触媒中の窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒の硫黄酸化物による性能劣化を防止する。
【0016】
前記第2の触媒は、表面層と内部層とからなる2層構造を有する触媒であって、表面層は、リーン時、排ガスに含まれる硫黄酸化物を捕捉し、いわば硫黄酸化物のバリヤーとして機能して、内部層の窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒が硫黄酸化物を吸着して、性能が劣化するのを防止すると共に、リーン時に、一酸化窒素(NO)を二酸化窒素(NO2 )に転換し、これを捕捉することなく、内部層に供給する。第2の触媒の内部層も、白金等の(b) 成分がリーン条件下に一酸化窒素(NO)を二酸化窒素(NO2 )に転換する。そして、内部層のバリウム・アルミニウム複合酸化物等の(a) 成分がこれら二酸化窒素を触媒上に吸着し、リッチ条件下に(b) 成分がこの吸着された二酸化窒素を還元剤で窒素に還元する。また、第2の触媒の表面層も、リッチ時、窒素酸化物を窒素に還元する。
【0017】
従って、第1の触媒は、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の担体への担持量が金属換算にて0.1重量%よりも少ないときは、排ガス中の硫黄酸化物の吸着能のみならず、上記低温酸化性能と窒素酸化物還元性能に劣り、他方、担持量が10重量%を越えても、それに見合うこれらの性能の向上が認められず、触媒の製造費用を徒に高めるので不利である。
【0018】
また、第2の触媒の表面層において、Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の担体への担持量が金属換算で0.1重量%よりも少ないときは、リーン時に、排ガス中の硫黄酸化物を捕捉する性能が十分でなく、また、リーン時に、一酸化窒素(NO)を二酸化窒素(NO2 )に酸化する能力も十分でない。他方、担持量が金属換算で10重量%を越えても、それに見合う上記性能の向上が認められず、触媒の製造費用を徒に高めるので不利である。
【0019】
更に、第2の触媒の内部層において、前記(a) 及び(b) 成分が前記範囲をはずれるときは、第2の触媒の窒素酸化物の還元活能が大幅に低下する。また、(b) 成分において、白金族元素の担体への担持量が0.1重量%よりも小さいときは、リーン時の一酸化窒素の二酸化窒素への酸化性能とリッチ時の二酸化窒素の窒素への還元性能が十分でなく、延いては、第2の触媒が十分な窒素酸化物の還元活性をもたない。しかし、(b) 成分において、白金族元素の担体への担持量が10重量%を越えても、(b) 成分の上記性能がそれに見合って向上せず、触媒の製造費用を徒に高めるので、不利である。
【0020】
本発明において用いる第1の触媒は、例えば、RhやIrの硝酸塩のような水溶性塩の水溶液にアルミナ等の担体成分を浸積し、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去した後、乾燥し、空気中で焼成し、必要に応じて、還元雰囲気中で焼成することによって、ロジウム及び/又はイリジウムからなる活性成分を担体に担持させてなる第1の触媒を調製することができる。
【0021】
本発明において用いる第2の触媒は、例えば、次のようにして調製することができる。即ち、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルミニウム、チタン又は希土類元素の塩(例えば、炭酸バリウム、酢酸バリウム等)をアルミナと共に水に分散させ、又は溶解させ、これをセラミック質の粉砕媒体を用いて十分に混合粉砕してスラリーとし、これを乾燥させた後、600〜1500℃の温度にて空気中で焼成して、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルミニウム、チタン又は希土類元素(例えば、バリウム)とアルミニウムの混合酸化物又は複合酸化物の粉末(粉末A)を得る。
【0022】
他方、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化チタンや酸化アルミニウムの前駆体の水溶性塩(例えば、硝酸塩)をイオン交換水に溶解し、これにアンモニア等のアルカリを徐々に添加して、スラリーのpHを上記水溶性塩から水酸化物が生成するまで高めて、沈殿を生成させ、次いで、このようにして得られた沈殿を濾過分離、水洗し、乾燥させた後、これを空気等のような酸化雰囲気下で、400〜800℃程度、好ましくは、600〜800℃程度の温度にて加熱焼成することによって、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化チタンや酸化アルミニウムの粉末を得ることができる。
【0023】
次いで、この酸化ジルコニウム、酸化チタンや酸化アルミニウムの粉末を別に用意した白金、ロジウム及び/又はイリジウムのような白金族元素の水溶性塩の水溶液中に浸漬し、乾燥させた後、酸化雰囲気中で焼成し、場合によっては、更に、還元雰囲気中で焼成することによって、上記酸化ジルコニウム、酸化チタン又は酸化アルミニウムに上記白金族元素を担持させてなる粉末(粉末B)を得る。
【0024】
そこで、このようにして得られた粉末Aと粉末Bとを混合すれば、(a) アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルミニウム、チタン又は希土類元素(例えば、バリウム)の混合酸化物又は複合酸化物と、(b) 担体に担持させてなる白金族元素とからなる触媒を粉末として得ることができる。これをコージェライト等のハニカム構造体の表面にコーティングして、内部層としての触媒層を形成する。次に、この触媒層の上に上記粉末Bのみを重ねてコーティングして、表面層としての触媒層を形成することによって、二層構造を有する触媒を得ることができる。
【0025】
第2の触媒の別の調製方法として、例えば、硝酸アルミニウムのようなアルミナの前駆体である水溶性塩か、又は硝酸ジルコニウムのような酸化ジルコニウムの前駆体である水溶性塩の水溶液を調製し、又はこれらの均一な混合水溶液を調製し、この水溶液にアンモニア等のアルカリを徐々に添加し、中和して、沈殿を生成させ、次いで、この沈殿を濾過、水洗、リパルプする操作を繰り返して行なって、ウェットケーキを得、このウェットケーキをイオン交換水中にリパルプし、更に、これに水酸化バリウムを添加し、オートクレーブ中で、100〜300℃の温度で水熱処理を行なう。この水熱処理の後、固形分を濾過水洗し、乾燥させた後、800〜1500の温度で空気中で焼成して、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物を担持させたアルミナ及び/又はジルコニア粉末を得る。
【0026】
次いで、この粉末を別に用意した白金族元素の水溶性塩の水溶液に浸漬し、乾燥させた後、酸化雰囲気中で焼成し、場合によっては、更に、還元雰囲気中で焼成することによって、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物と、酸化ジルコニウム及び/又は酸化アルミニウムに担持させた白金族元素とからなる触媒を粉末(粉末C)として得ることができる。
【0027】
これをコージェライト等のハニカム構造体の表面にコーティングして、内部層としての触媒層を形成する。次に、この触媒層の上に上記粉末Bのみを重ねてコーティングして、表面層としての触媒層を形成することによって、二層構造を有する触媒を得ることができる。
【0028】
第2の触媒の更に別の調製方法として、先ず、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物(BaO・Al2 O3 )のような(a) 成分を調製し、これを、(b) 成分のための担体、例えば、γ−アルミナと混合し、これをウォッシュ・コート用スラリーとして、コージェライトからなるハニカム基材のような基材に塗布して、BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを担持させる。
【0029】
次いで、γ−アルミナをウォッシュ・コート用スラリーとし、これを上記基材に更に塗布して、表面層のための担体とする。次いで、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液のような表面層のための元素の水溶液を調製し、これに上記γ−アルミナ//BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、乾燥し、更に、空気中で焼成して、白金を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得ることができる。
【0030】
即ち、この方法によれば、基材上に、先ず、BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナ(第1層という。)を担持させ、その上に更にγ−アルミナ(第2層)を塗布して、基材上にγ−アルミナ(第2層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナ(第1層)を担持させ、この後にジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液に上記基材を浸漬して、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液を上記第2層と第1層とに含浸させ、かくして、第2層のγ−アルミナに白金を担持させて、表面層を形成すると共に、第1層のγ−アルミナにも白金を担持させることによって、内部層である(b) 成分を形成し、かくして、内部層を得るのである。このような方法によれば、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(従って、白金の担持量)は、第1層と第2層の有するそれぞれの担体の重量にほぼ比例して分配されて、内部層と表面層における成分を形成する。
【0031】
このような第1及び第2の触媒を用いる本発明による排ガスの浄化は、次のような機構によって行なわれる。但し、本発明は、このような機構や理論によっては何ら制約を受けるものではない。即ち、先ず、酸素過剰雰囲気(リーン条件)下に、窒素酸化物、硫黄酸化物と共に、炭化水素や一酸化炭素を含む排ガスを第1の触媒に接触させると、第1の触媒は、排ガス中の硫黄酸化物を吸着すると共に、炭化水素や一酸化炭素を酸化して、無害な二酸化酸素と水とに転換し、更に、主として、このリーン条件下において、上記炭化水素やその他の還元剤の存在下に、窒素酸化物を無害な窒素に還元する。次いで、リーン時、第1の触媒は、上記硫黄酸化物を容易に脱着する。
【0032】
このようにして、第1の触媒は、リーン条件下に硫黄酸化物を捕捉して、第2の触媒における窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒の硫黄酸化物の吸着による性能の劣化を防止しつつ、自ら、窒素酸化物を還元する。
そこで、排ガスを第2の触媒に接触させると、第2の触媒の表面層の白金等の(b) 成分は、排ガスに含まれる硫黄酸化物を捕捉して、内部層の窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒の劣化を防止すると共に、リーン条件下に、一酸化窒素を二酸化窒素に酸化し、このような二酸化窒素を捕捉することなく、内部層に供給し、そこで、内部層の(a) 成分である窒素酸化物吸蔵型触媒がこれら二酸化窒素を吸着する。次いで、リッチ時に、(b) 成分が還元剤によってこの二酸化窒素を窒素に接触還元して、排ガスから窒素酸化物を除去する。また、リッチ条件下、第1の触媒の表面層も、窒素酸化物を窒素に還元する。
【0033】
このように、本発明による排ガス浄化方法によれば、窒素酸化物と共に硫黄酸化物を含む排ガス中の窒素酸化物を窒素に接触還元して、無害化する過程において、上記硫黄酸化物はリーン条件下に第1の触媒に吸着され、リッチ条件下に第1の触媒から容易に脱離されるが、しかし、リッチ条件下では、第2の触媒は、硫黄酸化物を実質的に吸着しない。更に、第2の触媒のみならず、第1の触媒も、窒素酸化物を還元する。
【0034】
かくして、本発明の方法によれば、排ガス中の有害成分である炭化水素及び一酸化炭素を無害化すると共に、排ガスが窒素酸化物と共に硫黄酸化物を含んでいても、触媒の排ガス浄化性能の低下なしに、第1及び第2の触媒の共同作用によって、窒素酸化物を効率よく還元することができる。即ち、触媒の排ガス浄化性能を長期間にわたって高く維持しつつ、安定して、窒素酸化物を炭化水素や一酸化炭素と共に排ガスから除去することができる。
【0035】
従って、本発明による排ガス浄化方法は、例えば、酸素過剰雰囲気下に運転されるリーンバーンガソリン、GDI(Gasoline Direct Injection 、ガソリン直接噴射)車専用の触媒として、好適に用いることができる。更に、本発明による方法において用いる触媒は、耐熱性にもすぐれている。
【0036】
本発明において用いる用いる第1の触媒は、通常、前述したように、粉末乃至粒状物として得ることができるので、従来、知られている通常の成形方法によって、それ自体にて、ハニカム状、球状、環状等の種々の構造体や形状に容易に成形することができる。触媒を所要の構造体や形状に成形するに際して、必要に応じて、従来より知られている種々の成形助剤、成形体補強材、無機繊維、有機バインダー等を適宜配合してもよい。
【0037】
それ自体が上述したような触媒からなるハニカムや球状物等の構造体は、例えば、次のようにして得ることができる。即ち、前述したようにして、それぞれの触媒を粉末として調製し、これを適宜の溶剤を用いて有機バインダーと混練し、ハニカム構造体に成形し、乾燥させた後、焼成すればよい。
【0038】
また、本発明によれば、不活性な基材を予め所要形状に成形し、これに粉末状のそれぞれの触媒をウォッシュ・コート法等の適宜の方法によって被覆担持させ、かくして、それぞれ触媒構造体とすることもできる。上記不活性な基材からなる成形体としては、例えば、ステンレス箔からなるコルゲート状ハニカムや、コージェライトのような鉱物物質からなるハニカム、球状物、環状物等のような構造体を挙げることができ、これらに触媒を担持させて、三次元触媒構造体とすることができる。
【0039】
本発明において用いる第2の触媒における内部層と表面層のためのそれぞれの成分も、通常、前述したように、粉末乃至粒状物として得ることができるので、例えば、上述したような不活性な基材からなる成形体、例えば、ハニカム構造体に内部層のための成分をコーティングし、次いで、表面層のための成分をコーティングすることによって、容易に第2の触媒を得ることができる。
【0040】
本発明において、排ガスをリッチ条件下に置くための還元剤としては、好ましくは、水素、炭化水素又は含酸素有機化合物が用いられる。このうち、炭化水素としては、例えば、気体状のものとして、メタン、エタン、プロパン、エチレン、プロピレン、1−ブテン、2−ブテン等の炭化水素ガス、液体状のものとして、ペンタン、ヘキサン、オクタン、ヘプタン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の単一成分系の炭化水素、ガソリン、灯油、軽油、重油等の鉱油系炭化水素等を挙げることができる。特に、本発明によれば、上記したなかでも、エチレン、プロピレン、イソブチレン、1−ブテン、2−ブテン等の低級アルケン、プロパン、ブタン等の低級アルカン、軽油等が好ましく用いられる。これら炭化水素は、単独で用いてもよく、又は必要に応じて2種類以上併用してもよい。
【0041】
特に、本発明によれば、自動車のエンジン排ガスを浄化する場合、その燃料を還元剤として好適に用いることができる。またエンジンの燃焼をコントロールして(A/F制御)リッチ条件とすることもできる。
【0042】
また、含酸素有機化合物としては、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール、オクタノール等のアルコール類、例えば、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、ジプロピルエーテル等のエーテル類、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、油脂類等のエステル類、例えば、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等のケトン類、アセトアルデヒド、プロピオンアルデヒド等のアルデヒド類等を挙げることができる。これら含酸素有機化合物も、単独で用いてもよく、又は必要に応じて2種類以上併用してもよい。
【0043】
更に、本発明においては、上記炭化水素と含酸素有機化合物との混合物を還元剤として用いてもよい。
本発明においては、上記還元剤は、用いる具体的な炭化水素や含酸素有機化合物によっても異なるが、通常、排ガス中の酸素が還元剤と反応して、酸素濃度が0%となるに必要な最少の還元剤の量(即ち、化学量論量)に対して、モル比で0.9〜10程度の範囲で用いられる。還元剤の使用量が上記最少量(化学量論量)に対するモル比にて0.9よりも少ないときは、窒素酸化物が十分に還元されず、他方、上記モル比が10を越えるときは、未反応の還元剤の排出量が多くなるために、排ガス中の窒素酸化物の浄化処理の後に、これを除去するための後処理が必要となる。
【0044】
本発明において、排ガス中の窒素酸化物を酸化して、触媒上に吸着させるリーン条件と、吸着した窒素酸化物を還元剤によって還元除去するリッチ条件とのそれぞれの時間は、排ガス処理条件により適宜に定めることができるが、通常、リーン条件が30秒から1分、リッチ条件が1秒から1分である。
【0045】
本発明による触媒が窒素酸化物に対して還元活性を示す最適の温度は、用いる還元剤や触媒種により異なるが、通常、100〜800℃である。この温度領域においては、空間速度(SV)5000〜100000hr-1程度で排ガスを流通させることが好ましい。本発明において特に好適な反応温度領域は、200〜500℃の範囲である。
【0046】
【実施例】
以下に実施例を挙げて本発明を説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例により何ら限定されるものではない。以下において、第2の触媒の表面層と内部層は、表面層//内部層のように、//なる記号をもって、分離して示す。
【0047】
(1)触媒の調製
実施例1
(第1の触媒の調製)
硝酸ロジウム水溶液(Rhとして106.21g/L)12.30mLと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2 O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水100mLに分散させた。このスラリーをスプレードライヤーにて乾燥し、500℃にて3時間焼成して、アルミナにロジウム2重量%を担持させてなる粉末を得た。
【0048】
この粉末60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、Rh/γ−アルミナを約150g/L(層厚み75μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0049】
(第2の触媒の調製)
炭酸バリウム(BaCO3 )75.00gと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74gをイオン交換水200mLに分散させた。このスラリーに粉砕媒体としてジルコニアボール100mLを加え、遊星ミルで30分間、湿式粉砕した。このようにして得たスラリーを濾過分離し、乾燥させた後、空気中、1100℃で3時間焼成して、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物(BaO・Al2 O3 )を得た。
【0050】
このバリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物の粉末30gとγ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)30gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを約50g/L(層厚み27μm)の割合で担持させた。ここに、このγ−アルミナは、内部層の(b) 成分のための担体である。
【0051】
更に、γ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、γ−アルミナを約20g/L(層厚み12μm)の割合で担持させた。ここに、このγ−アルミナは、表面層のための担体である。
【0052】
次いで、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(白金として15.09重量%)6.25gをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中に上記γ−アルミナ//BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、白金2重量%を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。
【0053】
この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Pt/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/γ−アルミナ(内部層)=1.6/76.9//96.2/2.0/96.2であった。
【0054】
実施例2
(第1の触媒の調製)
塩化イリジウム水溶液(Ir含有率8.67重量%)8.94gと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2 O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水100mLに分散させた。このスラリーをスプレードライヤーにて乾燥し、500℃にて3時間焼成して、アルミナにイリジウム2重量%を担持させてなる粉末を得た。
【0055】
この粉末60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、Ir/γ−アルミナを約150g/L(層厚み75μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0056】
(第2の触媒の調製)
炭酸バリウム(BaCO3 )75.00gと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2 O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水200mLに分散させた。このスラリーに粉砕媒体としてジルコニアボール100mLを加え、遊星ミルで30分間、湿式粉砕した。このようにして得たスラリーを濾過分離し、乾燥させた後、空気中、1100℃で3時間焼成して、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物(BaO・Al2 O3 )を得た。
【0057】
このバリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物の粉末30gとγ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)30gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを約50g/L(層厚み27μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0058】
更に、γ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、γ−アルミナを約20g/L(層厚み12μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0059】
次いで、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(白金として15.09重量%)6.25g、硝酸ロジウム(Rhとして106.21g/L)2.22mLをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中に上記BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、白金2重量%とロジウム0.5重量を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナ/Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)=1.6/0.40/76.8//96.2/2.0/0.76/96.2であった。
【0060】
実施例3
(第1の触媒の調製)
硝酸ロジウム水溶液(Rhとして106.21g/L)6.15mL、塩化イリジウム水溶液(Ir含有率8.67重量%)4.47gと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2 O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水100mLに分散させた。このスラリーをスプレードライヤーにて乾燥し、500℃にて3時間焼成して、アルミナにロジウム1重量%とイリジウム1重量%を担持させてなる粉末を得た。
【0061】
この粉末60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、Rh−Ir/γ−アルミナを約150g/L(層厚み75μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0062】
(第2の触媒の調製)
炭酸バリウム(BaCO3 )75.00gとアルミナゾル(日産化学工業(株)製A−20、アルミナ含量20重量%)193.70g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水200mLに分散させた。このスラリーに粉砕媒体としてジルコニアボール100mLを加え、遊星ミルで30分間、湿式粉砕した。このようにして得たスラリーを蒸発乾固させた後、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物(BaO・Al2 O3 )を得た。
【0063】
一方、硝酸アルミニウム(Al(NO3 )3 ・9H2 O)275.96gと四塩化チタン(TiCl4 )水溶液(チタンを酸化チタンとして10重量%含有する。)125.01gをイオン交換水2Lに溶解させた。これに1/10規定のアンモニア水を、攪拌下、pH8に設定したpHコントローラにてpHを調節しながら滴下した。滴下終了後、1時間熟成して、水酸化アルミニウムと水酸化チタンの混合物のスラリーを得た。このスラリーを濾過、水洗した後、700℃で3時間、空気中で焼成して、γ−アルミナとチタニアとの重量比75/25の混合物を得た。
【0064】
次に、前記バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物粉末30gとγ−アルミナ・チタニア混合物粉末30gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物とγ−アルミナ・チタニアを約50g/L(層厚み29μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0065】
更に、γ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、γ−アルミナを約20g/L(層厚み12μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0066】
次いで、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(白金として15.09重量%)6.25g、硝酸ロジウム(Rhとして106.21g/L)2.22mLをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中に上記γ−アルミナ//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、白金2重量%とロジウム0.5重量%を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。
【0067】
この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ・TiO2 (内部層)=1.6/0.40/76.8//96.2/2.0/0.76/96.2であった。
【0068】
実施例4
(第1の触媒の調製)
硝酸ロジウム水溶液(Rhとして106.21g/L)3.07mLと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2 O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水100mLに分散させた。このスラリーをスプレードライヤーにて乾燥し、500℃にて3時間焼成して、アルミナにロジウム0.5重量%を担持させてなる粉末を得た。
【0069】
この粉末60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、Rh/γ−アルミナを約150g/L(層厚み77μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0070】
(第2の触媒)
実施例3と同様にして調製した。
【0071】
実施例5
(第1の触媒の調製)
実施例1と同様にして調製した。
【0072】
(第2の触媒の調製)
実施例1の第2の触媒の調製において、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液に代えて、硝酸ロジウム水溶液(Rhとして8.45重量%)11.21gをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中にγ−アルミナ//BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、ロジウム2重量%を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。
【0073】
この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Rh/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)=1.6/76.8//96.2/2.0/96.2であった。
【0074】
実施例6
(第1の触媒の調製)
実施例1と同様にして調製した。
【0075】
(第2の触媒の調製)
実施例1の第2の触媒の調製において、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液に代えて、塩化イリジウム水溶液(イリジウムとして5.00重量%)18.84gをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中にγ−アルミナ//BaO・Al2 O3 /γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、イリジウム2重量%を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Ir/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。
【0076】
この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Ir/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /Ir/γ−アルミナ(内部層)=1.6/76.8//96.2/2.0/96.2であった。
【0077】
実施例7
(第1の触媒の調製)
実施例1と同様にして調製した。
【0078】
(第2の触媒の調製)
酢酸カリウム9.8gとアルミニウムトリイソプロポキシド61.2gとチタンテトライソプロポキシド14.2gとを2−プロパノール345mLに溶解した。この溶液を80℃で2時間攪拌した後、これに2,4−ペンタンジオン18.0gを加え、更に、3時間攪拌した。次いで、これにイオン交換水39.6mLと2−プロパノール40mLの混合溶液を80℃に保ちながら滴下した。更に、80℃で5時間攪拌した後、減圧乾燥し、これを更に空気雰囲気下、800℃で5時間焼成して、カリウムとチタンとアルミニウムの複合酸化物の粉末を得た。
【0079】
このカリウムとチタンとアルミニウムの複合酸化物の粉末30gとγ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)30gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、K2 O・3Al2 O3 ・TiO2 /γ−アルミナを約150g/L(層厚み79μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0080】
更に、γ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、γ−アルミナを約20g/L(層厚み12μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0081】
次いで、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(白金として15.09重量%)6.25gと硝酸ロジウム(Rhとして106.21g/L)2.22mLをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中に上記γ−アルミナ//K2 O・3Al2 O3 ・TiO2 /γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、白金2重量%とロジウム0.5重量%を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//K2 O・3Al2 O3 ・TiO2 /Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。
【0082】
この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//K2 O・3Al2 O3 ・TiO2 /Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)=1.6/0.40/76.8//96.2/2.0/0.76/96.2であった。
【0083】
実施例8
(第1の触媒の調製)
実施例1と同様にして調製した。
【0084】
(第2の触媒の調製)
炭酸バリウム(BaCO3 )75.00gと水和アルミナ(Al2 O3 ・nH2 O、水澤化学工業(株)製GB−45)41.65g(アルミナとして38.74g)をイオン交換水200mLに分散させた。このスラリーに粉砕媒体としてジルコニアボール100mLを加え、遊星ミルで30分間、湿式粉砕した。このようにして得たスラリーを濾過分離し、乾燥させた後、空気中、1100℃で3時間焼成して、バリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物(BaO・Al2 O3 )を得た。
【0085】
このバリウムとアルミニウムの複合酸化物の粉末25gとジルコニア安定化セリア(ジルコニア含有率20%)5gとγ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)30gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、BaO・Al2 O3 /ジルコニア安定化セリア/γ−アルミナを約50g/L(層厚み79μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0086】
更に、γ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)60gとシリカゾル(日産化学工業(株)製スノーテックスN)6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、γ−アルミナを約20g/L(層厚み12μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0087】
次いで、ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(白金として15.09重量%)6.25g、硝酸ロジウム(Rhとして106.21g/L)2.22mLをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中に上記γ−アルミナ//BaO・Al2 O3 /ジルコニア安定化セリア/γ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬した後、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃で3時間焼成して、白金2重量%とロジウム0.5重量%を担持させたγ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /ジルコニア安定化セリア/Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)触媒を得た。
【0088】
この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(表面層)//BaO・Al2 O3 /ジルコニア安定化セリア/Pt/Rh/γ−アルミナ(内部層)=1.6/0.40/76.8//80.2/16.0/2.0/0.76/96.2であった。
【0089】
比較例1
炭酸バリウム(BaCO3 )20gとγ−アルミナ粉末(住友化学工業(株)製AC11K)40gとシリカゾル6gとを適当量の水と混和し、これをジルコニアボール100gを粉砕媒体として、遊星ミルで5分間湿式粉砕して、ウォッシュ・コート用スラリーを調製した。このスラリーをセル数200/平方インチのコージェライトからなるハニカム基材に塗布して、炭酸バリウムとγ−アルミナを約150g/L(層厚み79μm)の割合で担持させた。
【0090】
ジニトロジアンミン白金水溶液(白金として15.09重量%)6.25gをイオン交換水で30mLとし、この水溶液中に上記炭酸バリウムとγ−アルミナを担持させたハニカム基材を浸漬し、付着している過剰の水溶液を除去し、100℃にて12時間乾燥し、更に、空気中、600℃にて3時間焼成して、白金2重量%を担持させた酸化バリウム/γ−アルミナ触媒を得た。この触媒の成分割合(重量比)は、BaO/Pt/γ−アルミナ=96.2/2.0/96.2であった。
【0091】
(2)評価試験
以上の実施例と比較例による触媒を用いて、下記の試験条件にて、窒素酸化物を含む排ガスの浄化(窒素酸化物の接触還元)を行なって、窒素酸化物の除去率をケミカル・ルミネッセンス法にて求めた。この際、窒素酸化物の除去率は、リッチ条件及びリーン条件での窒素酸化物濃度の時間を関数とする積分値から求めた。
【0092】
(試験条件)
(1)ガス組成
▲1▼ リッチ条件
NO 500ppm
O2 0容量%
プロピレン 5000ppm
H2 2容量%
SO2 40ppm
水 6容量%
窒素 残部
【0093】
▲2▼ リーン条件
NO 500ppm
O2 10容量%
プロピレン 500ppm
SO2 40ppm
水 6容量%
窒素 残部
上記リッチ条件とリーン条件を1分間隔で交互に振動させた。
【0094】
(2)空間速度
実施例による触媒を充填した反応器(各実施例において、第1及び第2の触媒をそれぞれ充填して直列に接続した2つの反応器)と比較例による触媒を充填した反応器(比較例による触媒を充填して直列に接続した2つの反応器)にそれぞれ100000hr-1にて排ガスを供給した。
【0095】
(3)反応温度 200℃、250℃、300℃、350℃、400℃
結果を表1に示す。
【0096】
【表1】
【0097】
次に、実施例1、2,3、6及び比較例1にて調製した触媒を用いて、反応温度を600℃とした以外は、上記反応条件で24時間反応を行なった後、上記反応条件下で排ガスの浄化を行なって、触媒の耐熱性及び耐硫黄酸化物性を評価した。結果を表2に示す。
【0098】
【表2】
【0099】
【発明の効果】
表1及び表2に示す結果から明らかなように、本発明の方法によれば、排ガスが硫黄酸化物を含んでいても、また、触媒が高温の環境に置かれた場合であっても、安定して窒素酸化物を効率よく除去することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification method for treating exhaust gas containing hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and the like together with nitrogen oxides with a catalyst, and removing and purifying these nitrogen oxides together with hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and the like. About. Specifically, the present invention is a method for purifying exhaust gas by removing harmful components from exhaust gas discharged from factories, automobiles, etc., and catalyzing nitrogen monoxide in exhaust gas in an oxygen-excess atmosphere. It is then converted to nitrogen dioxide and then adsorbed on the catalyst together with nitrogen dioxide present in the exhaust gas from the beginning, where a reducing agent such as fuel is intermittently introduced into the exhaust gas for a short time, i.e. In addition to pulsating, the present invention relates to a method for purifying exhaust gas in which the exhaust gas atmosphere is periodically reduced to perform catalytic reduction, and harmful components such as hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are oxidized and removed under an oxidizing atmosphere.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a method of removing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas discharged from factories, automobiles, etc., after oxidizing the nitrogen oxides, a method of absorbing them into alkali, ammonia, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. A method of converting to nitrogen using a reducing agent is known. However, according to the former method, a measure for treating the generated alkaline waste liquid to prevent the occurrence of pollution is necessary. On the other hand, according to the latter method, when ammonia is used as a reducing agent, it reacts with sulfur oxides in the exhaust gas to generate salts, resulting in a problem that the reduction activity of the catalyst is lowered. In addition, even when hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. are used as the reducing agent, these react with oxygen present at a higher concentration than nitrogen oxide present at a low concentration, so that nitrogen oxides are reduced. Has the problem of requiring a large amount of reducing agent.
[0003]
For this reason, recently, a method of directly decomposing nitrogen oxides with a catalyst in the absence of a reducing agent has also been proposed. However, conventionally known such catalysts have a nitrogen oxide decomposing activity. Has a problem that it is difficult to put to practical use.
[0004]
Further, various zeolites and the like have been proposed as new nitrogen oxide catalytic reduction catalysts using hydrocarbons or oxygen-containing organic compounds as reducing agents, and in particular, Cu-ZSM-5 and H-type ZSM-5 (SiO 22/ Al2OThreeMolar ratio = 30-40) is considered optimal. However, such Cu-ZSM-5 and H-type ZSM-5 are still difficult to say that they still have sufficient reduction activity, and particularly when the exhaust gas contains moisture, the aluminum in the zeolite structure is desorbed. There is a need for a catalyst for catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides that has a higher reduction activity because it has a sharp decline in performance due to aluminum, and has excellent durability even when the exhaust gas contains moisture. .
[0005]
Therefore, various catalysts such as a catalyst in which silver or silver oxide is supported on an inorganic oxide have been proposed. Among such catalysts, a catalyst having a high reaction rate has high oxidation activity, and nitrogen oxidation. Due to the low selective reactivity to the product, the removal rate of nitrogen oxides is low. On the other hand, a catalyst having high reaction selectivity such as alumina has a slow reaction rate and is difficult to use at a high SV (space velocity). Etc., and has a large problem in practical use. Furthermore, there is a problem that the catalytic activity is significantly deteriorated in the presence of sulfur oxide (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-317647). Further, conventional nitrogen oxide catalytic reduction catalysts are not sufficiently heat resistant, and there is a strong demand for further heat resistance depending on the application.
[0006]
Therefore, as one method for solving such a problem, nitrogen monoxide (NO) is converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO) on the catalyst under excess oxygen (lean conditions).2Thus, the generated nitrogen dioxide is adsorbed on the catalyst, and a reducing agent such as a hydrocarbon such as fuel or an oxygen-containing organic compound is intermittently injected for a short time, that is, in a pulsating manner. (Hereinafter referred to as “pulsed” injection), a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst has been proposed in which nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen under a reducing atmosphere (rich condition) (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 9-29). 122486). However, since exhaust gas usually contains sulfur oxide, according to this method, sulfur oxide is adsorbed at the adsorption point of nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons such as fuel are pulsed. Even if the exhaust gas treatment atmosphere is reduced to a reducing atmosphere by, for example, injecting or supplying fuel to the engine chamber more than the stoichiometric amount, this sulfur oxide will not be desorbed from the catalyst. There is a problem in that the amount of nitrogen oxide adsorbed on the surface gradually decreases and the nitrogen oxide removal rate rapidly decreases.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems in the conventional exhaust gas purification method using such a nitrogen oxide storage exhaust gas purification catalyst. In the process, nitrogen monoxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide with high efficiency on the catalyst, and thus the produced nitrogen dioxide is adsorbed on the catalyst, and a reducing agent is injected in a pulsed manner to make the exhaust gas atmosphere a reducing atmosphere. When exhaust gas contains sulfur oxides in an exhaust gas purification catalyst using a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst that reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and also oxidizes and removes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide under excess oxygen However, the nitrogen oxide storage function of the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst does not deteriorate, and it also has excellent heat resistance. Therefore, nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas can be stabilized over a long period of time. It is to provide an exhaust gas purifying method capable of efficiently reducing Te.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, by using a nitrogen oxide storage exhaust gas purification catalyst, the treatment atmosphere of the exhaust gas is alternately vibrated between the oxygen-excess atmosphere and the reduction atmosphere, so that nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and In the exhaust gas purification method for purifying ternary components of carbon monoxide, as a first step,
(1) At least one selected from Rh and IrElements are converted into metals, 0. Supported on a carrier in the range of 1 to 10% by weightIn contact with the first catalyst, then as a second stage,
(2)Surface layerIs at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and IrIs in metal equivalent, 0. Supported on a carrier in the range of 1 to 10% by weightThe inner layer is (a)At least one oxide selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and rare earth elements, or at least one selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and at least selected from aluminum and titanium 1 25-75% by weight of complex oxide with seedsAnd (b) at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and IrIs a carrier 0. 75 to 25% by weight of 1 to 10% by weight supportedThere is provided an exhaust gas purification method characterized by contacting with a second catalyst having a two-layer structure.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, the oxygen-excess atmosphere (lean condition) means that the combustible components such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the like contained in the exhaust gas contain more oxygen than it is sufficient to completely burn with the oxygen contained in the exhaust gas. It means the atmospheric conditions. That is, it refers to an atmospheric condition where the exhaust gas contains more oxygen than the theoretical air fuel ratio condition (stoichiometric condition). On the other hand, the reducing atmosphere (rich condition) is sufficient to completely combust combustible components such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and hydrogen contained in the exhaust gas by oxygen contained in the exhaust gas, contrary to the lean condition. An atmospheric condition that does not contain a quantity of oxygen.
[0010]
According to the present invention, the exhaust gas is brought into contact with the first catalyst and the second catalyst in this order. The first catalyst is composed of at least one element selected from Rh and Ir, and the second catalyst is composed of at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and Ir, and the inner layer is (a ) At least one oxide or composite oxide (nitrogen oxide storage catalyst) selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, titanium and rare earth elements; and (b) at least one selected from Pt, Rh and Ir. It has a two-layer structure composed of seed elements.
[0011]
In the present invention, preferably, the first catalyst is an arbitrary oxide known in the art in which at least one element selected from Rh and Ir is alumina, titania, zirconia, silica, silica / alumina, or the like. The carrier is supported in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight in terms of metal.
[0012]
In the second catalyst, preferably, the surface layer is formed of any oxidation known in the art, such as alumina, titania, zirconia, silica, silica / alumina, etc., at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and Ir. The material carrier is supported in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight in terms of metal, and the inner layer is composed of (a) alkali metal, alkaline earth 25 to 75% by weight of at least one oxide or composite oxide selected from the group of metals, aluminum, titanium and rare earth elements, and (b) at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and Ir is alumina, titania , Zirconia, silica, silica / alumina, etc., supported by any conventionally known oxide carrier in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight 75 to 25 layers It consists of the amount%.
[0013]
In particular, according to the present invention, the inner layer of the second catalyst comprises (a) a barium oxide or a component of 25 to 75% by weight composed of a barium and aluminum composite oxide, and (b) Pt, Rh and At least one element selected from Ir consists of 75 to 25% by weight of the component supported on the carrier in a proportion of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight.
[0014]
As already known, a complex oxide of barium and aluminum is a complex oxide composed of barium, aluminum and oxygen, and is composed of BaO · Al2OThreeOr BaO · 6Al2OThree(Hirotsu Arai, Masato Machida, “Metal”, June 1989, heat-resistant ceramic fine particles). As a complex oxide of potassium, barium, and aluminum, for example, 0.8BaO · 0.2K.2O · 6Al2OThreeEtc. are known.
[0015]
The first catalyst oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in exhaust gas under lean conditions and converts them into carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, it is useful for oxidizing hydrocarbons exhausted into exhaust gas at the time of starting the engine at a low temperature. Further, the first catalyst mainly reduces the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen under the lean condition by alternately vibrating the exhaust gas atmosphere in the lean condition and the rich condition. The first catalyst adsorbs sulfur oxides in the exhaust gas under lean conditions, and easily desorbs the sulfur oxides under rich conditions, so that the sulfur oxides of the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst in the second catalyst Prevents performance degradation due to
[0016]
The second catalyst is a catalyst having a two-layer structure composed of a surface layer and an inner layer, and the surface layer captures sulfur oxides contained in the exhaust gas when leaning, so to speak as a barrier for sulfur oxides. It functions to prevent the nitrogen oxide storage type catalyst in the inner layer from adsorbing sulfur oxide and deteriorating its performance, and at the time of lean, it converts nitrogen monoxide (NO) into nitrogen dioxide (NO2) And supply it to the inner layer without capturing it. The inner layer of the second catalyst is also composed of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO) under the lean condition of the component (b) such as platinum.2). The component (a) such as barium / aluminum composite oxide in the inner layer adsorbs the nitrogen dioxide on the catalyst, and the component (b) reduces the adsorbed nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen with a reducing agent under rich conditions. To do. The surface layer of the second catalyst also reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen when rich.
[0017]
Therefore, the first catalyst has only the ability to adsorb sulfur oxides in exhaust gas when the amount supported on at least one carrier selected from Rh and Ir is less than 0.1% by weight in terms of metal. However, the low-temperature oxidation performance and nitrogen oxide reduction performance are inferior. On the other hand, even if the supported amount exceeds 10% by weight, the improvement in these performances is not recognized and the production cost of the catalyst is increased, which is disadvantageous. It is.
[0018]
In addition, in the surface layer of the second catalyst, when the amount supported on at least one carrier selected from Pt, Rh and Ir is less than 0.1% by weight in terms of metal, sulfur in exhaust gas during lean The ability to trap oxides is not sufficient, and when lean, nitric oxide (NO) is converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO2The ability to oxidize is not sufficient. On the other hand, even if the supported amount exceeds 10% by weight in terms of metal, it is disadvantageous because the above-mentioned improvement in performance corresponding to the amount is not recognized and the production cost of the catalyst is increased.
[0019]
Further, when the components (a) and (b) are out of the above range in the inner layer of the second catalyst, the nitrogen oxide reduction activity of the second catalyst is significantly reduced. In addition, in the component (b), when the amount of platinum group element supported on the carrier is less than 0.1% by weight, the oxidation performance of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide at the time of lean and nitrogen dioxide of nitrogen at the time of rich Therefore, the second catalyst does not have sufficient nitrogen oxide reduction activity. However, in the component (b), even if the loading amount of the platinum group element on the support exceeds 10% by weight, the above performance of the component (b) is not improved correspondingly, and the production cost of the catalyst is increased. , Disadvantageous.
[0020]
The first catalyst used in the present invention is, for example, a carrier component such as alumina is immersed in an aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt such as a nitrate salt of Rh or Ir to remove an excessive aqueous solution, and then dried. The first catalyst in which the active component made of rhodium and / or iridium is supported on the carrier can be prepared by firing in air and, if necessary, firing in a reducing atmosphere.
[0021]
The second catalyst used in the present invention can be prepared, for example, as follows. That is, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, titanium, or rare earth element salt (for example, barium carbonate, barium acetate, etc.) is dispersed or dissolved in water together with alumina, and this is used with a ceramic grinding medium. After sufficiently mixing and pulverizing to make a slurry, drying this, it is fired in the air at a temperature of 600 to 1500 ° C., and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, titanium or rare earth element (for example, barium) A mixed oxide or composite oxide powder (powder A) of aluminum and aluminum is obtained.
[0022]
On the other hand, a water-soluble salt (for example, nitrate) of a precursor of zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide is dissolved in ion-exchanged water, and an alkali such as ammonia is gradually added thereto to adjust the pH of the slurry to the above water-soluble property. It is increased until a hydroxide is formed from the salt to form a precipitate, and then the precipitate thus obtained is separated by filtration, washed with water, dried, and then subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere such as air. The powder of zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide can be obtained by heating and baking at a temperature of about 400 to 800 ° C., preferably about 600 to 800 ° C.
[0023]
Next, this zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide powder is immersed in an aqueous solution of a platinum group element water-soluble salt such as platinum, rhodium and / or iridium, dried, and then in an oxidizing atmosphere. Firing and, in some cases, further firing in a reducing atmosphere provides a powder (powder B) obtained by supporting the platinum group element on the zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide.
[0024]
Therefore, if powder A and powder B obtained in this way are mixed, (a) mixed oxide or composite oxide of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, titanium or rare earth element (for example, barium) And (b) a catalyst comprising a platinum group element supported on a carrier can be obtained as a powder. This is coated on the surface of a honeycomb structure such as cordierite to form a catalyst layer as an internal layer. Next, a catalyst having a two-layer structure can be obtained by coating only the powder B on the catalyst layer to form a catalyst layer as a surface layer.
[0025]
As another method for preparing the second catalyst, for example, an aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt that is a precursor of alumina such as aluminum nitrate or a water-soluble salt that is a precursor of zirconium oxide such as zirconium nitrate is prepared. Or, prepare a homogeneous mixed aqueous solution of these, gradually add an alkali such as ammonia to the aqueous solution, neutralize it to form a precipitate, and then repeat the operations of filtering, washing and repulping the precipitate. In practice, a wet cake is obtained, and the wet cake is repulped into ion-exchanged water. Further, barium hydroxide is added thereto, and hydrothermal treatment is performed at a temperature of 100 to 300 ° C. in an autoclave. After this hydrothermal treatment, the solid content is washed with filtered water, dried, and then fired in the air at a temperature of 800 to 1500 to obtain alumina and / or zirconia powder supporting barium and aluminum composite oxide. .
[0026]
Next, the powder is immersed in a separately prepared aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt of a platinum group element, dried, and then fired in an oxidizing atmosphere. In some cases, further, by firing in a reducing atmosphere, barium and A catalyst comprising a composite oxide of aluminum and a platinum group element supported on zirconium oxide and / or aluminum oxide can be obtained as powder (powder C).
[0027]
This is coated on the surface of a honeycomb structure such as cordierite to form a catalyst layer as an internal layer. Next, a catalyst having a two-layer structure can be obtained by coating only the powder B on the catalyst layer to form a catalyst layer as a surface layer.
[0028]
As another method for preparing the second catalyst, first, a composite oxide of barium and aluminum (BaO · Al2OThreeThe component (a) is prepared by mixing with a carrier for the component (b), for example, γ-alumina, and this is used as a wash coat slurry to prepare a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite. BaO ・ Al2OThree/ Gamma-alumina is supported.
[0029]
Next, γ-alumina is used as a wash coat slurry, which is further applied to the substrate to form a carrier for the surface layer. Next, an aqueous solution of the element for the surface layer, such as dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution, is prepared, and the above-mentioned γ-alumina // BaO · Al2OThree/ After immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution attached is removed, dried, and further fired in the air to carry γ-alumina carrying platinum (surface layer) ) // BaO · Al2OThree/ Pt / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst can be obtained.
[0030]
That is, according to this method, on the base material, first, BaO.Al2OThree/ Γ-alumina (referred to as the first layer) is supported, γ-alumina (second layer) is further coated thereon, and γ-alumina (second layer) // BaO · Al2OThree/ Γ-alumina (first layer) is supported, and then the substrate is dipped in an aqueous solution of dinitrodiammine platinum so that the second layer and the first layer are impregnated with the aqueous solution of dinitrodiammine. The platinum layer is supported on the γ-alumina of the layer to form the surface layer, and the platinum is also supported on the first layer of γ-alumina, thereby forming the component (b) which is the inner layer, You get a layer. According to such a method, the dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (and hence the supported amount of platinum) is distributed in proportion to the weight of the respective carriers of the first layer and the second layer, and the inner layer and the surface layer Forming a component in
[0031]
The purification of exhaust gas according to the present invention using such first and second catalysts is performed by the following mechanism. However, the present invention is not limited by such a mechanism or theory. That is, first, when an exhaust gas containing hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide together with nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides is brought into contact with the first catalyst in an oxygen-excess atmosphere (lean conditions), the first catalyst is in the exhaust gas. In addition to adsorbing sulfur oxides, it oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to convert them into harmless oxygen dioxide and water. Furthermore, mainly under these lean conditions, the hydrocarbons and other reducing agents In the presence, nitrogen oxides are reduced to harmless nitrogen. Next, during lean, the first catalyst easily desorbs the sulfur oxide.
[0032]
In this way, the first catalyst captures sulfur oxides under lean conditions and prevents deterioration in performance due to adsorption of sulfur oxides of the nitrogen oxide storage catalyst in the second catalyst. Reduce nitrogen oxides.
Therefore, when the exhaust gas is brought into contact with the second catalyst, the component (b) such as platinum in the surface layer of the second catalyst captures the sulfur oxide contained in the exhaust gas, and the nitrogen oxide storage type in the inner layer. While preventing deterioration of the catalyst, it oxidizes nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide under lean conditions, and feeds such nitrogen dioxide to the inner layer without trapping it, where (a) component of the inner layer A nitrogen oxide storage catalyst adsorbs these nitrogen dioxides. Next, when rich, the component (b) reduces this nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen by a reducing agent to remove nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas. Also, under the rich condition, the surface layer of the first catalyst also reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen.
[0033]
Thus, according to the exhaust gas purification method of the present invention, in the process of detoxifying nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas containing sulfur oxides together with nitrogen oxides, the sulfur oxides are subjected to lean conditions. Adsorbed on the first catalyst below and easily desorbed from the first catalyst under rich conditions, but under rich conditions, the second catalyst does not substantially adsorb sulfur oxides. Furthermore, not only the second catalyst but also the first catalyst reduces nitrogen oxides.
[0034]
Thus, according to the method of the present invention, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, which are harmful components in exhaust gas, are rendered harmless, and even if the exhaust gas contains sulfur oxide together with nitrogen oxide, the exhaust gas purification performance of the catalyst can be improved. Nitrogen oxide can be efficiently reduced by the combined action of the first and second catalysts without reduction. That is, it is possible to stably remove nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas together with hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide while maintaining the exhaust gas purification performance of the catalyst high over a long period of time.
[0035]
Therefore, the exhaust gas purification method according to the present invention can be suitably used, for example, as a catalyst exclusively for lean burn gasoline or GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) vehicles operated in an oxygen-excess atmosphere. Furthermore, the catalyst used in the process according to the present invention is also excellent in heat resistance.
[0036]
Since the first catalyst used in the present invention can be usually obtained as a powder or a granular material as described above, the first catalyst used in the present invention itself has a honeycomb shape or a spherical shape by a conventionally known ordinary forming method. It can be easily formed into various structures and shapes such as an annular shape. When the catalyst is molded into a required structure or shape, various conventionally known molding aids, molded body reinforcing materials, inorganic fibers, organic binders, and the like may be appropriately blended as necessary.
[0037]
A structure such as a honeycomb or a sphere formed of the catalyst itself as described above can be obtained, for example, as follows. That is, as described above, each catalyst is prepared as a powder, which is kneaded with an organic binder using an appropriate solvent, formed into a honeycomb structure, dried, and then fired.
[0038]
Further, according to the present invention, an inert base material is previously formed into a required shape, and each catalyst in powder form is coated and supported by an appropriate method such as a wash coat method, and thus each catalyst structure. It can also be. Examples of the molded body made of the inactive base material include corrugated honeycombs made of stainless steel foil, and honeycomb bodies made of mineral substances such as cordierite, spherical bodies, and annular bodies. The catalyst can be supported on these to form a three-dimensional catalyst structure.
[0039]
Since the respective components for the inner layer and the surface layer in the second catalyst used in the present invention can also be usually obtained as a powder or a granular material as described above, for example, an inert group as described above. A second catalyst can be easily obtained by coating a component made of a material, for example, a honeycomb structure, with a component for an inner layer and then coating a component for a surface layer.
[0040]
In the present invention, hydrogen, hydrocarbons or oxygen-containing organic compounds are preferably used as the reducing agent for placing exhaust gas under rich conditions. Of these, as hydrocarbons, for example, as gaseous, hydrocarbon gases such as methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, etc., as liquid, pentane, hexane, octane And single component hydrocarbons such as heptane, benzene, toluene and xylene, and mineral oil hydrocarbons such as gasoline, kerosene, light oil and heavy oil. In particular, according to the present invention, among the above, lower alkenes such as ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-butene and 2-butene, lower alkanes such as propane and butane, light oil and the like are preferably used. These hydrocarbons may be used alone or in combination of two or more as required.
[0041]
In particular, according to the present invention, when purifying engine exhaust gas of an automobile, the fuel can be suitably used as a reducing agent. It is also possible to control the combustion of the engine (A / F control) to achieve a rich condition.
[0042]
Examples of the oxygen-containing organic compound include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and octanol, for example, ethers such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and dipropyl ether, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and oils and fats. Examples of the esters include ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone, and aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. These oxygen-containing organic compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more as required.
[0043]
Furthermore, in the present invention, a mixture of the hydrocarbon and the oxygen-containing organic compound may be used as a reducing agent.
In the present invention, the above reducing agent varies depending on the specific hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing organic compound used, but it is usually necessary for oxygen in the exhaust gas to react with the reducing agent and to bring the oxygen concentration to 0%. It is used in a range of about 0.9 to 10 in molar ratio with respect to the minimum amount of reducing agent (ie, stoichiometric amount). When the amount of the reducing agent used is less than 0.9 in terms of the molar ratio relative to the minimum amount (stoichiometric amount), the nitrogen oxides are not sufficiently reduced. On the other hand, when the molar ratio exceeds 10. Since the discharge amount of the unreacted reducing agent is increased, a post-treatment for removing the nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is required after the purification treatment of the nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas.
[0044]
In the present invention, the time for each of the lean condition for oxidizing the nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas and adsorbing it on the catalyst and the rich condition for reducing and removing the adsorbed nitrogen oxide with a reducing agent is appropriately determined depending on the exhaust gas treatment condition. Usually, the lean condition is 30 seconds to 1 minute, and the rich condition is 1 second to 1 minute.
[0045]
The optimum temperature at which the catalyst according to the present invention exhibits a reducing activity with respect to nitrogen oxides is usually 100 to 800 ° C., although it varies depending on the reducing agent and catalyst type used. In this temperature range, space velocity (SV) 5000-100000 hr.-1It is preferable to distribute the exhaust gas at a degree. In the present invention, a particularly preferable reaction temperature region is in the range of 200 to 500 ° C.
[0046]
【Example】
EXAMPLES The present invention will be described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the following, the surface layer and the inner layer of the second catalyst are separately shown with a symbol of // as in the surface layer // inner layer.
[0047]
(1) Preparation of catalyst
Example 1
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Rhodium nitrate aqueous solution (Rh: 106.21 g / L) 12.30 mL and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina) was dispersed in 100 mL of ion-exchanged water. The slurry was dried with a spray dryer and fired at 500 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a powder in which 2% by weight of rhodium was supported on alumina.
[0048]
60 g of this powder and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and this is wet pulverized with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a grinding medium. A coating slurry was prepared. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and Rh / γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 150 g / L (layer thickness: 75 μm).
[0049]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
Barium carbonate (BaCOThree) 75.00g and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina was dispersed in 200 mL of ion-exchanged water. To this slurry was added 100 mL of zirconia balls as a grinding medium, and a planetary mill for 30 minutes. The slurry thus obtained was filtered and separated, dried and then calcined in air at 1100 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a composite oxide of barium and aluminum (BaO · Al2OThree)
[0050]
30 g of this complex oxide powder of barium and aluminum, 30 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are mixed with an appropriate amount of water. This was wet pulverized for 5 minutes by a planetary mill using 100 g of zirconia balls as a pulverization medium to prepare a slurry for wash coating. This slurry is applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and BaO · Al2OThree/ Γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 50 g / L (layer thickness 27 μm). Here, this γ-alumina is a carrier for the component (b) of the inner layer.
[0051]
Further, 60 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and 100 g of zirconia balls were mixed with a grinding medium. As a slurry, a wet coat slurry was prepared by wet pulverization with a planetary mill for 5 minutes. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 20 g / L (layer thickness: 12 μm). Here, this γ-alumina is a carrier for the surface layer.
[0052]
Next, 6.25 g of a dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (15.09% by weight as platinum) was made up to 30 mL with ion-exchanged water,2OThree/ After immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution attached is removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further fired in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Γ-alumina (surface layer) carrying 2% by weight of platinum // BaO · Al2OThree/ Pt / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained.
[0053]
The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst is Pt / γ-alumina (surface layer) // BaO · Al.2OThree/ Pt / γ-alumina (inner layer) = 1.6 / 76.9 // 96.2 / 2.0 / 96.2.
[0054]
Example 2
(Preparation of first catalyst)
8.94 g of iridium chloride aqueous solution (Ir content 8.67% by weight) and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina) was dispersed in 100 mL of ion-exchanged water. The slurry was dried with a spray dryer and fired at 500 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a powder in which 2% by weight of iridium was supported on alumina.
[0055]
60 g of this powder and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and this is wet pulverized with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a grinding medium. A coating slurry was prepared. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and Ir / γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 150 g / L (layer thickness: 75 μm).
[0056]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
Barium carbonate (BaCOThree) 75.00g and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina) was dispersed in 200 mL of ion-exchanged water. To this slurry, 100 mL of zirconia balls was added as a grinding medium, and wet milled with a planetary mill for 30 minutes. The slurry thus obtained was separated by filtration, dried, and then fired in air at 1100 ° C. for 3 hours to produce a composite oxide of barium and aluminum (BaO · Al2OThree)
[0057]
30 g of this complex oxide powder of barium and aluminum, 30 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are mixed with an appropriate amount of water. This was wet crushed with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a grinding medium to prepare a slurry for wash coating. This slurry is applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and BaO · Al2OThree/ Γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 50 g / L (layer thickness 27 μm).
[0058]
Further, 60 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and 100 g of zirconia balls were mixed with a grinding medium. As described above, a wet coat slurry was prepared by wet pulverization in a planetary mill for 5 minutes. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 20 g / L (layer thickness: 12 μm).
[0059]
Next, 6.25 g of a dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (15.09 wt% as platinum) and 2.22 mL of rhodium nitrate (106.21 g / L as Rh) were made 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and the BaO.Al2OThree/ After immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution attached is removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further fired in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Γ-alumina (surface layer) supporting 2% by weight of platinum and 0.5% of rhodium //BaO.Al2OThree/ Γ-alumina / Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained. The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst was Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (surface layer) // BaO · Al.2OThree/ Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) = 1.6 / 0.40 / 76.8 // 96.2 / 2.0 / 0.76 / 96.2.
[0060]
Example 3
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Rhodium nitrate aqueous solution (Rh: 106.21 g / L) 6.15 mL, iridium chloride aqueous solution (Ir content 8.67% by weight) 4.47 g and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina) was dispersed in 100 mL of ion-exchanged water. This slurry was dried with a spray dryer and calcined at 500 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a powder in which 1% by weight of rhodium and 1% by weight of iridium were supported on alumina.
[0061]
60 g of this powder and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and this is wet pulverized with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a grinding medium. A coating slurry was prepared. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and Rh—Ir / γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 150 g / L (layer thickness: 75 μm).
[0062]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
Barium carbonate (BaCOThree) 75.00 g and alumina sol (A-20 manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., alumina content 20 wt%) 193.70 g (38.74 g as alumina) were dispersed in 200 mL of ion-exchanged water. To this slurry, 100 mL of zirconia balls was added as a grinding medium, and wet milled with a planetary mill for 30 minutes. After the slurry thus obtained was evaporated to dryness, it was calcined in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a composite oxide of barium and aluminum (BaO · Al2OThree)
[0063]
On the other hand, aluminum nitrate (Al (NOThree)Three・ 9H2O) 275.96 g and titanium tetrachloride (TiClFour) 125.01 g of an aqueous solution (containing 10% by weight of titanium as titanium oxide) was dissolved in 2 L of ion-exchanged water. 1 / 10N aqueous ammonia was added dropwise thereto while stirring, while adjusting the pH with a pH controller set to pH 8. After completion of dropping, the mixture was aged for 1 hour to obtain a slurry of a mixture of aluminum hydroxide and titanium hydroxide. This slurry was filtered, washed with water, and then fired in the air at 700 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a mixture of γ-alumina and titania in a weight ratio of 75/25.
[0064]
Next, 30 g of the composite oxide powder of barium and aluminum, 30 g of γ-alumina / titania mixture powder and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and this was mixed with zirconia. A slurry for wash coating was prepared by wet milling with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of balls as a grinding medium. This slurry is applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and barium / aluminum composite oxide and γ-alumina / titania are supported at a rate of about 50 g / L (layer thickness 29 μm). It was.
[0065]
Further, 60 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and 100 g of zirconia balls were mixed with a grinding medium. As described above, a wet coat slurry was prepared by wet pulverization in a planetary mill for 5 minutes. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 20 g / L (layer thickness: 12 μm).
[0066]
Subsequently, 6.25 g of a dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (15.09 wt% as platinum) and 2.22 mL of rhodium nitrate (106.21 g / L as Rh) were made 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and the above γ-alumina / / BaO ・ Al2OThreeAfter immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying / Pt / Rh / γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution adhering to it was removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Firing γ-alumina (surface layer) supporting 2% by weight platinum and 0.5% by weight rhodium // BaO.Al2OThree/ Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained.
[0067]
The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst was Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (surface layer) // BaO · Al.2OThree/ Pt / Rh / γ-alumina TiO2(Inner layer) = 1.6 / 0.40 / 76.8 // 96.2 / 2.0 / 0.76 / 96.2.
[0068]
Example 4
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Rhodium nitrate aqueous solution (Rh as 106.21 g / L) 3.07 mL and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina) was dispersed in 100 mL of ion-exchanged water. This slurry was dried with a spray dryer and fired at 500 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a powder in which 0.5% by weight of rhodium was supported on alumina.
[0069]
60 g of this powder and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and this is wet crushed with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a grinding medium. A coating slurry was prepared. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and Rh / γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 150 g / L (layer thickness 77 μm).
[0070]
(Second catalyst)
Prepared in the same manner as in Example 3.
[0071]
Example 5
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0072]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
In the preparation of the second catalyst of Example 1, instead of the dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution, 11.21 g of rhodium nitrate aqueous solution (8.45 wt% as Rh) was made 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and γ-alumina was added to this aqueous solution. // BaO ・ Al2OThree/ After immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution attached is removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further fired in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Γ-alumina (surface layer) supporting 2% by weight of rhodium // BaO.Al2OThree/ Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained.
[0073]
The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst is Rh / γ-alumina (surface layer) // BaO · Al.2OThree/ Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) = 1.6 / 76.8 // 96.2 / 2.0 / 96.2.
[0074]
Example 6
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0075]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
In the preparation of the second catalyst of Example 1, instead of the dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution, 188.84 g of iridium chloride aqueous solution (5.00 wt% as iridium) was made 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and γ-alumina was added to this aqueous solution. // BaO · Al2OThree/ After immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution attached is removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further fired in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Γ-alumina (surface layer) carrying 2% by weight of iridium // BaO · Al2OThree/ Ir / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained.
[0076]
The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst is Ir / γ-alumina (surface layer) // BaO · Al.2OThree/ Ir / γ-alumina (inner layer) = 1.6 / 76.8 // 96.2 / 2.0 / 96.2.
[0077]
Example 7
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0078]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
9.8 g of potassium acetate, 61.2 g of aluminum triisopropoxide, and 14.2 g of titanium tetraisopropoxide were dissolved in 345 mL of 2-propanol. The solution was stirred at 80 ° C. for 2 hours, to which 18.0 g of 2,4-pentanedione was added, and further stirred for 3 hours. Next, a mixed solution of 39.6 mL of ion-exchanged water and 40 mL of 2-propanol was added dropwise thereto while maintaining at 80 ° C. Further, the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. for 5 hours and then dried under reduced pressure. This was further fired at 800 ° C. for 5 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain a composite oxide powder of potassium, titanium and aluminum.
[0079]
An appropriate amount of water is obtained by using 30 g of this complex oxide powder of potassium, titanium and aluminum, 30 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.). The slurry was mixed with the mixture and wet-pulverized with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a grinding medium to prepare a slurry for wash coating. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and K2O.3Al2OThree・ TiO2/ Γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 150 g / L (layer thickness 79 μm).
[0080]
Further, 60 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and 100 g of zirconia balls were mixed with a grinding medium. As a slurry, a wet coat slurry was prepared by wet pulverization with a planetary mill for 5 minutes. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 20 g / L (layer thickness: 12 μm).
[0081]
Next, 6.25 g of a dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (15.09 wt% as platinum) and 2.22 mL of rhodium nitrate (106.21 g / L as Rh) were made 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and the above γ-alumina / / K2O.3Al2OThree・ TiO2/ After immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution attached is removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further fired in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Γ-alumina (surface layer) carrying 2% by weight of platinum and 0.5% by weight of rhodium // K2O.3Al2OThree・ TiO2/ Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained.
[0082]
The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst was Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (surface layer) // K2O.3Al2OThree・ TiO2/ Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) = 1.6 / 0.40 / 76.8 // 96.2 / 2.0 / 0.76 / 96.2.
[0083]
Example 8
(Preparation of first catalyst)
Prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0084]
(Preparation of second catalyst)
Barium carbonate (BaCOThree) 75.00g and hydrated alumina (Al2OThree・ NH2O, 41.65 g (GB-45 manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) (38.74 g as alumina) was dispersed in 200 mL of ion-exchanged water. To this slurry, 100 mL of zirconia balls was added as a grinding medium, and wet milled with a planetary mill for 30 minutes. The slurry thus obtained was separated by filtration, dried, and then fired in air at 1100 ° C. for 3 hours to produce a composite oxide of barium and aluminum (BaO · Al2OThree)
[0085]
25 g of this complex oxide powder of barium and aluminum, 5 g of zirconia stabilized ceria (zirconia content 20%), 30 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and silica sol (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) Snowtex N) (6 g) was mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and this was wet pulverized with a planetary mill for 5 minutes using 100 g of zirconia balls as a pulverization medium to prepare a slurry for wash coating. This slurry is applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and BaO · Al2OThree/ Zirconia stabilized ceria / γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 50 g / L (layer thickness 79 μm).
[0086]
Further, 60 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol (Snowtex N manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed with an appropriate amount of water, and 100 g of zirconia balls were mixed with a grinding medium. As a slurry, a wet coat slurry was prepared by wet pulverization with a planetary mill for 5 minutes. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and γ-alumina was supported at a rate of about 20 g / L (layer thickness: 12 μm).
[0087]
Subsequently, 6.25 g of a dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (15.09 wt% as platinum) and 2.22 mL of rhodium nitrate (106.21 g / L as Rh) were made 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and the above γ-alumina / / BaO ・ Al2OThreeAfter immersing the honeycomb substrate carrying / zirconia-stabilized ceria / γ-alumina, the excess aqueous solution adhered was removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours. Γ-alumina (surface layer) with 2% platinum and 0.5% rhodium supported by firing for a time //BaO.Al2OThree/ Zirconia stabilized ceria / Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) catalyst was obtained.
[0088]
The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst was Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (surface layer) // BaO · Al.2OThree/ Zirconia stabilized ceria / Pt / Rh / γ-alumina (inner layer) = 1.6 / 0.40 / 76.8 // 80.2 / 16.0 / 2.0 / 0.76 / 96.2 Met.
[0089]
Comparative Example 1
Barium carbonate (BaCOThree) 20 g, 40 g of γ-alumina powder (AC11K manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 6 g of silica sol are mixed with an appropriate amount of water. A slurry for wash coat was prepared. This slurry was applied to a honeycomb substrate made of cordierite having 200 cells / square inch, and barium carbonate and γ-alumina were supported at a rate of about 150 g / L (layer thickness 79 μm).
[0090]
6.25 g of dinitrodiammine platinum aqueous solution (15.09 wt% as platinum) is made up to 30 mL with ion-exchanged water, and the honeycomb substrate carrying the barium carbonate and γ-alumina is immersed in this aqueous solution and adhered. Excess aqueous solution was removed, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 hours, and further calcined in air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a barium oxide / γ-alumina catalyst supporting 2% by weight of platinum. The component ratio (weight ratio) of this catalyst was BaO / Pt / γ-alumina = 96.2 / 2.0 / 96.2.
[0091]
(2) Evaluation test
Using the catalysts according to the above examples and comparative examples, purification of exhaust gas containing nitrogen oxides (catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides) was performed under the following test conditions, and the removal rate of nitrogen oxides was determined by chemical luminescence. Obtained by law. At this time, the removal rate of nitrogen oxides was obtained from an integrated value having a function of the time of nitrogen oxide concentration under rich conditions and lean conditions.
[0092]
(Test conditions)
(1) Gas composition
▲ 1 ▼ Rich condition
NO 500ppm
O2 0% by volume
Propylene 5000ppm
H2 2% by volume
SO2 40ppm
6% water
Nitrogen balance
[0093]
(2) Lean conditions
NO 500ppm
O2 10% by volume
Propylene 500ppm
SO2 40ppm
6% water
Nitrogen balance
The rich condition and the lean condition were vibrated alternately at 1 minute intervals.
[0094]
(2) Space velocity
Reactors filled with the catalyst according to the examples (in each example, two reactors filled with the first and second catalysts respectively and connected in series) and the reactor filled with the catalyst according to the comparative example (according to the comparative example) 2 reactors packed in series and connected in series)100,000 hours each-1The exhaust gas was supplied.
[0095]
(3) Reaction temperature 200 ° C, 250 ° C, 300 ° C, 350 ° C, 400 ° C
The results are shown in Table 1.
[0096]
[Table 1]
[0097]
Next, using the catalysts prepared in Examples 1, 2, 3, 6 and Comparative Example 1, the reaction was carried out for 24 hours under the above reaction conditions except that the reaction temperature was 600 ° C. The exhaust gas was purified below to evaluate the heat resistance and sulfur oxide resistance of the catalyst. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0098]
[Table 2]
[0099]
【The invention's effect】
As is apparent from the results shown in Tables 1 and 2, according to the method of the present invention, even if the exhaust gas contains sulfur oxides or the catalyst is placed in a high temperature environment, Nitrogen oxide can be removed efficiently and stably.
Claims (2)
(1)Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が金属換算にて、0.1〜10重量%の範囲で担体に担持されてなる第1の触媒に接触させ、次いで、第2段階として、
(2)表面層がPt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が金属換算にて、0.1〜10重量%の範囲で担体に担持されてなり、内部層が(a)アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属及び希土類元素から選ばれる少なくとも1種の酸化物か、又はアルカリ金属及びアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種とアルミニウム及びチタンから選ばれる少なくとも 1 種との複合酸化物の25〜75重量%と(b)Pt、Rh及びIrから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素が担体に0.1〜10重量%の割合で担持されてなるもの75〜25重量%からなる2層構造を有する第2の触媒に接触させることを特徴とする排ガス浄化方法。In the exhaust gas purification method for purifying ternary components of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas by alternately vibrating the exhaust gas treatment atmosphere between an oxygen-excess atmosphere and a reducing atmosphere, the first stage As follows: (1) contacting at least one element selected from Rh and Ir with a first catalyst supported on a carrier in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight in terms of metal; As the second stage,
(2) The surface layer is formed by supporting at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and Ir on the carrier in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight in terms of metal, and the inner layer is (a) an alkali metal. , 25 of composite oxide of at least one selected from at least one aluminum and titanium are selected from at least one oxide or alkali metal and alkaline earth metal selected from alkaline earth metals and rare earth elements A two-layer structure consisting of 75 to 25 wt% and (b) 75 to 25 wt% of at least one element selected from Pt, Rh and Ir supported on a carrier in a proportion of 0.1 to 10 wt% An exhaust gas purification method comprising contacting with a second catalyst.
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