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JP4136056B2 - Plain bearing - Google Patents
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JP4136056B2 - Plain bearing - Google Patents

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JP4136056B2
JP4136056B2 JP07744598A JP7744598A JP4136056B2 JP 4136056 B2 JP4136056 B2 JP 4136056B2 JP 07744598 A JP07744598 A JP 07744598A JP 7744598 A JP7744598 A JP 7744598A JP 4136056 B2 JP4136056 B2 JP 4136056B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
overlay
bearing
lining
alloy
film
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JP07744598A
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JPH11270561A (en
Inventor
貴志 冨川
荘司 神谷
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Taiho Kogyo Co Ltd
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Taiho Kogyo Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、すべり軸受に関するものであり、さらに詳しく述べるならば、銅系軸受合金よりなるライニングになじみ性を発揮させるオーバレイを被着した内燃機関用すべり軸受に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
代表的銅系軸受合金であるケルメットは、軟質金属又は樹脂からなるオーバレイを一般に10〜20μm被着して内燃機関部品に使用されている。すべり軸受の使用初期にオーバレイは相手軸となじんで摩耗し、油膜が軸と軸受の間に介在するので焼付が起こり難くなる。
従来オーバレイとしては以下の材料が使用されてきたが一長一短があり、性能は改善の余地があった。
【0003】
(イ)Pb系オーバレイ(例えばドイツ特許DE3000279明細書)
このオーバレイはPbの軟質性を利用してなじみ面を早期に作り出す利点があるが、潤滑油に対する耐食性が不十分である。さらにPbは環境汚染物質である。
(ロ)Sn系オーバレイ
Pb系オーバレイよりも耐食性は優れているが、融点が232℃であるために耐熱性が不足している。したがって潤滑油の温度が140℃程度に上昇する条件ではSn系オーバレイは性能に不安がある。
(ハ)Ag系オーバレイ
摩擦係数が高いために、軸の粗さと整合した摩耗が起こり難く、金属接触を招き焼付が起こり易い。
(ニ)樹脂系オーバレイ(例えば米国特許第5,525,486号明細書)
ポリアミドイミド(PAI)樹脂などの熱硬化性樹脂中にMoS2 樹脂を分散した皮膜をライニング上に形成したものであり、金属系オーバレイよりも耐食性が優れており、またMoS2 のへき開によりなじみ面が作られる。しかしながら、樹脂はMoS2 のバインダであり、へき開による良好ななじみ作用を有していない。
【0004】
ところで、本出願人の出願にかかる欧州特許公開0795693A2号明細書においては、Cuマトリックスに固溶しているAgとSnが、銅合金摺動面に向かって拡散し摺動特性が優れた化合物を形成することが解明された。すなわち、Cuマトリックスに固溶しているAgとSnは摺動面での摩擦熱の発生やライニング表面組織の変化と並行してライニング表面に移動して、部分的に添加元素の濃縮層を形成し、濃縮がある程度進行すると、h −Ag3 Sn(ε)、h −Ag−Sn(ζ)、Ag−Sn共晶が形成される。別の表現をすると、AgとSnはこれらの化合物などを形成する傾向が非常に強いから、マトリックス中のSnとAgは発熱部に向かって拡散し、安定化する。これらの化合物の他にAg2 S、SnO,SnO2 などが潤滑油と反応して摺動面上にて形成される。これらの物質は固体潤滑作用が優れており、高面圧下でも摺動特性が優れており、かつ耐食性も良好である。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記した従来のオーバレイ(イ)〜(ニ)に内在する問題は、合金の組成調節や樹脂とMoS2 の配合調節などによっては解決できない。また金属系オーバレイのめっき組織を特定方向に配向させることも提案され(日本金属会報Vol 33(1993)No.4, P247〜249)、学会や産業界で評価されているが、配向を行っても組成に依存する性質の影響を大きく変えることはできない。したがって、これらのオーバレイは高面圧下の条件での長時間使用では十分に性能が発揮できず、焼付が起こるおそれがある。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者はAg−Sn系材料、特にAg−Sn系金属間化合物はライニングに被着されるオーバレイとして次の点で非常に優れていることを見出した。
(イ)Ag−Sn合金は純金属よりも摩擦係数が著しく低下するので、摩擦摩耗による焼付が起こり難くなる。
(ロ)Ag3 Snは六方晶構造を有し、C面がへき開することにより容易になじみ面を形成する。すなわちPb系オーバレイよりもAg−Sn系材料は硬質であり軸の粗さとなじみ難い面はあるが、へき開により良好ななじみ性が発揮される。
(ハ)ライニング全面にAg−Sn系材料を最初から被着することにより、上記した性質を軸受の使用当初から上記性質が発揮させることができる。本出願人の前掲欧州特許公開公報で開示されたオーバレイなしすべり軸受でも、ある程度自動車の走行距離が進むと六方晶Ag3 Snがライニング表面に生成され、この化合物は既に形成されたなじみ面に存在して主として耐焼付性を発揮する。別の表現をすると、この六方晶Ag3 Snの低摩擦性やへき開性によるなじみの作用もあるが、この時期でのなじみ性は遅過ぎて発現したとも言える。すなわち、走行距離が少なく、銅合金自体が軸と摺動している初期の時期に良好ななじみ作用が存在していないと、軸受性能が不安定になり易い。
(ニ)Ag−Sn系材料はライニングの銅合金と密着性が良好であるので、バインダーが不必要である。
【0007】
上記知見(イ)〜(ニ)に基づいて完成した本発明は、裏金に接着されたもしくは軸受合金の軸との摺動面に、六方晶Ag3Snからなるオーバレイを電気めっき又はスパッタにより被着したことを特徴とするすべり軸受である。以下、本発明にかかるすべり軸受の裏金、軸受合金及びオーバレイにつき説明する。
【0008】
裏金は、通常は厚さが0.5〜5mmの低炭素鋼、合金鋼などの帯状材料であり、要するに、バイメタル型軸受においてすべり軸受合金を支持する基材である。すべり軸受合金と裏金の接合は圧接、焼結、鋳造などにより行う。
【0009】
軸受合金は軸受として適する一般的銅合金やアルミニウム合金を使用することができる。
【0010】
上記したすべり軸受合金の圧延材もしくは焼結材を裏金に接着してバイメタル状すべり軸受とすることができ、また裏金に接着しないソリッド軸受とすることもできる。本発明に係る軸受合金はブシュ用の場合はオーバレイを被着しないで使用され、エンジン各用種軸受、コンロッド軸受、その他の内燃機関用軸受の場合はオーバレイを被着してすべり軸受として使用されることが多いが、軸受構造がこれらに限定されるものではない。
【0011】
続いて、本発明が最も特長とするオーバレイを、図1に示すAg−Sn二元系平衡状態図とスティックスリップ試験法(図3参照)で求められた摩擦係数(図2参照)を引用して説明する。
図3は、バウデン・テーバー式スティックスリップ試験機を示し、図中11はピン、12は試験片、13はヒーターである。
試験条件は以下のとおりである。
すべり速度:0.06m/s
荷重:5N
潤滑条件:無潤滑
相手材:SUJ2(直径8mm)
図1に示す状態図によると、Ag側からSn側に向かって順に、純Ag,Ag固溶体、六方晶ζ相、六方晶ε相(Ag3 Sn)及び純Snが表れ、これら6個の相の中間ではこれらの相の混合相となっている。すなわち、Ag−ζ包晶、ζ−ε包晶及びε−Sn共晶である。一方、スパッタ法で成膜したオーバレイ皮膜の摩擦係数(図2)を参照すると、摩擦係数は六方晶Ag3 Snの組成で最も低くなっており、またこの六方晶Ag3 Snが存在しない組成域でも純金属よりは摩擦係数が低くなっていることが分かる。
【0012】
一方従来のオーバレイの摩擦係数をステッィクスリップ試験で測定した結果を以下に示す。
【0013】

Figure 0004136056
【0014】
表1のNo.1は前掲従来技術(1)に該当し、同じくNo.2は前掲従来技術(4)に該当する。本発明のAg−Sn系材料の摩擦係数はNo.1と比較すると極めて低い値である。本発明のAg−Sn系材料の摩擦係数はNo.2と比較すると同等もしくは低い値である。このような結果から上記した単一相もしくは混合相組織をもつAg−Sn系材料は固体潤滑剤と同等の摩擦係数をもつ金属オーバレイである。
【0015】
本発明に係る Ag-Sn 系材料は Ag 3 Sn からなる Sn25.2 26.6 重量%の組成となる。この組成の残部は Pb,In,Sb,Cu などの不純物である。
【0016】
本発明に係るオーバレイ層の厚さを、Ag3 Sn膜の厚さとピンディスク試験法で測定した焼付荷重の結果(図5)を参照して説明する。
Cu−5%Snよりなる組成をもつライニング上に形成したスパッタ膜をX線回折で分析したところAg3 Snが検出された。これを供試材として図4に示すピンディスク試験機を行った。図4において、5は給油パッド、6は油圧シリンダー、7は試験片、8はディスク、9はバランスウェイト、10はロードセルである。試験条件は次のとおりであった。
すべり速度:15m/s
荷重:荷重漸増(ステップ式)500N/10min
油種:10W−30
油温:室温
相手材:S55C焼入れ(Hv550〜650)、粗さ;0.5〜0.8μmRz
この試験条件で従来の上記した三元Pb系オーバレイを施したケルメット軸受で達成できる焼付荷重は70MPaであった。
【0017】
図5に示すように厚さが0.01〜30μmのAg3 Sn膜は80MPa以上を達成している。特に0.1〜10μmの範囲で高い焼付荷重が得られている。焼付いた軸受の表面を観察したところ、膜厚が薄い場合は下地のライニングが露出しており、ライニングと軸との金属接触の痕跡が検出され、厚い場合はAg3 Sn膜が層内で剥離し、粗さが大きくなったためと推察された。
【0018】
上記したCu−Sn合金の代わりにCu−10%Sn−10%Pbよりなる組成のライニングを使用して同様の試験を行ったところ、0.01〜30μmのAg3 Sn膜厚範囲で80MPa以上の焼付荷重が得られた。
【0019】
続いてAg−Sn系オーバレイ膜の形成方法を説明する。
電気めっきによる場合は、ヨウ化カリウム浴がめっき作業が容易である。この浴組成はメタスルホン酸銀が55g/L、ヨウ化カリウムが500g/L、メタスルホン酸錫が10g/L程度であり、pH=3〜6、温度50℃の条件で操業することができる。
次に、スパッタ法による場合は、Ag−Snターゲットを陰極に正に帯電したアルゴンイオンを500wのエネルギーで衝突させ、ターゲットに対向したライニング上にAg−Sn膜を被着させる。
Ag−Sn系オーバレイ膜と銅合金との接着性を良好にする目的で極薄くSnめっきなどを施すこともできる。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
以上説明したように、本発明は従来のオーバレイが直面していた諸問題を抜本的に解決するので、内燃機関用すべり軸受の各種ライニングにすぐれたなじみ性を付与することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】Ag−Sn二元系平衡状態図である。
【図2】Ag−Sn系材料の摩擦係数を示すグラフである。
【図3】バウデン・テーバー式スティックスリップ試験機の図である。
【図4】ピンオンディスク試験機の図である。
【図5】Ag3 Sn膜の膜厚と焼付荷重を示すグラフである。
【符号の説明】
1 裏金
2 ライニング
2a バルク
3 Agめっき層
4 濃縮層
5 給油パッド
6 油圧シリンダー
7 試験片
8 ディスク
9 バランスウェイト
10 ロードセル
11 ピン
12 試験片
13 ヒーター[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a sliding bearing, and more specifically, to a sliding bearing for an internal combustion engine that is covered with an overlay that exhibits adaptability to a lining made of a copper-based bearing alloy.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Kelmet, which is a representative copper-based bearing alloy, is generally used for an internal combustion engine component by depositing an overlay made of a soft metal or a resin to a thickness of 10 to 20 μm. In the initial stage of use of the slide bearing, the overlay is worn with the mating shaft, and an oil film is interposed between the shaft and the bearing, so that seizure hardly occurs.
Conventionally, the following materials have been used as overlays, but there are advantages and disadvantages, and there is room for improvement in performance.
[0003]
(A) Pb-based overlay (for example, German Patent DE 3000279)
Although this overlay has the advantage of creating a conforming surface at an early stage by utilizing the softness of Pb, the corrosion resistance to the lubricating oil is insufficient. Furthermore, Pb is an environmental pollutant.
(B) Sn-based overlay Corrosion resistance is superior to Pb-based overlay, but heat resistance is insufficient because the melting point is 232 ° C. Therefore, the Sn-based overlay is uneasy in terms of performance under conditions where the temperature of the lubricating oil rises to about 140 ° C.
(C) Since the Ag-based overlay friction coefficient is high, wear consistent with the roughness of the shaft hardly occurs, and metal contact is likely to occur and seizure is likely to occur.
(D) Resin-based overlay (for example, US Pat. No. 5,525,486)
The dispersed coating the MoS 2 resin in a thermosetting resin, such as polyamide-imide (PAI) resin is obtained by forming on the lining, familiar face by than metallic overlay it has excellent corrosion resistance, also of MoS 2 cleavage Is made. However, the resin is a binder of MoS 2 and does not have a good conforming action by cleavage.
[0004]
By the way, in European Patent Publication No. 0795933 A2 of the present applicant's application, a compound in which Ag and Sn dissolved in a Cu matrix are diffused toward a copper alloy sliding surface and have excellent sliding characteristics. It was elucidated to form. In other words, Ag and Sn dissolved in the Cu matrix move to the lining surface in parallel with the generation of frictional heat on the sliding surface and the change of the lining surface structure, partially forming a concentrated layer of additive elements. When the concentration proceeds to some extent, h-Ag 3 Sn (ε), h-Ag-Sn (ζ), and Ag-Sn eutectic are formed. In other words, since Ag and Sn have a very strong tendency to form these compounds, Sn and Ag in the matrix diffuse toward the heat generating portion and stabilize. In addition to these compounds, Ag 2 S, SnO, SnO 2 and the like react with the lubricating oil to form on the sliding surface. These substances have an excellent solid lubricating action, excellent sliding properties even under high surface pressure, and good corrosion resistance.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Problems inherent in the above-mentioned conventional overlay (a) to (d) can not be solved by such blending regulating composition regulatory or resin and MoS 2 alloy. It has also been proposed to orient the plating structure of the metal-based overlay in a specific direction (Japan Metals Journal Vol 33 (1993) No. 4, P247-249). However, the influence of properties depending on the composition cannot be changed greatly. Therefore, these overlays do not exhibit sufficient performance when used for a long time under conditions of high surface pressure, and there is a risk of seizure.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor has found that an Ag—Sn-based material, particularly an Ag—Sn-based intermetallic compound, is very excellent in the following points as an overlay applied to a lining.
(A) Since the friction coefficient of Ag—Sn alloy is significantly lower than that of pure metal, seizure due to frictional wear hardly occurs.
(B) Ag 3 Sn has a hexagonal crystal structure and forms a familiar surface easily by cleaving the C-plane. That is, the Ag—Sn based material is harder than the Pb based overlay and has a surface that is difficult to adapt to the roughness of the shaft, but exhibits good conformability by cleavage.
(C) By applying an Ag—Sn based material from the beginning to the entire surface of the lining, the above properties can be exhibited from the beginning of use of the bearing. Even in the overlayless plain bearing disclosed in the above-mentioned European Patent Publication of the present applicant, hexagonal Ag 3 Sn is formed on the lining surface when the mileage of the automobile advances to some extent, and this compound exists on the familiar surface that has already been formed. Thus, the seizure resistance is mainly exhibited. In other words, the hexagonal Ag 3 Sn has a familiar effect due to low friction and cleavage, but it can be said that the conformability at this time was too late. That is, if the running distance is short and there is no good conforming action at the initial stage when the copper alloy itself slides with the shaft, the bearing performance tends to become unstable.
(D) Since the Ag—Sn-based material has good adhesion to the copper alloy of the lining, a binder is unnecessary.
[0007]
The present invention completed on the basis of the above findings (a) to (d) is a method in which an overlay made of hexagonal Ag 3 Sn is coated by electroplating or sputtering on a sliding surface bonded to a back metal or with a shaft of a bearing alloy. It is a plain bearing characterized by wearing. Hereinafter, the backing metal, bearing alloy and overlay of the slide bearing according to the present invention will be described.
[0008]
The backing metal is usually a belt-like material such as low carbon steel or alloy steel having a thickness of 0.5 to 5 mm. In short, it is a base material that supports a sliding bearing alloy in a bimetal type bearing. The plain bearing alloy and the back metal are joined by pressure welding, sintering, casting, or the like.
[0009]
As the bearing alloy, a general copper alloy or aluminum alloy suitable as a bearing can be used.
[0010]
The rolling material or sintered material of the above-mentioned sliding bearing alloy can be bonded to the back metal to form a bimetallic slide bearing, or a solid bearing not bonded to the back metal. The bearing alloy according to the present invention is used without applying an overlay when used for bushings, and is used as a slide bearing with an overlay applied for various types of engine bearings, connecting rod bearings, and other internal combustion engine bearings. However, the bearing structure is not limited to these.
[0011]
Subsequently, the overlay that is the most characteristic of the present invention is cited with reference to the Ag-Sn binary equilibrium diagram shown in FIG. 1 and the friction coefficient (see FIG. 2) obtained by the stick-slip test method (see FIG. 3). I will explain.
FIG. 3 shows a Bowden-Taber type stick-slip tester, in which 11 is a pin, 12 is a test piece, and 13 is a heater.
The test conditions are as follows.
Sliding speed: 0.06m / s
Load: 5N
Lubrication condition: Non-lubricating counterpart material: SUJ2 (diameter 8mm)
According to the phase diagram shown in FIG. 1, pure Ag, Ag solid solution, hexagonal ζ phase, hexagonal ε phase (Ag 3 Sn) and pure Sn appear in this order from the Ag side to the Sn side. It is a mixed phase of these phases in the middle. That is, they are Ag-ζ peritectic, ζ-ε peritectic and ε-Sn eutectic. On the other hand, referring to the friction coefficient of the overlay film formed by sputtering (FIG. 2), the friction coefficient is the lowest in the composition of hexagonal Ag 3 Sn, and the composition range in which this hexagonal Ag 3 Sn does not exist. However, it can be seen that the coefficient of friction is lower than that of pure metal.
[0012]
On the other hand, the result of measuring the friction coefficient of the conventional overlay by the stick-slip test is shown below.
[0013]
Figure 0004136056
[0014]
No. in Table 1 No. 1 corresponds to the prior art (1) described above. 2 corresponds to the prior art (4). The friction coefficient of the Ag—Sn based material of the present invention is No. Compared with 1, it is an extremely low value. The friction coefficient of the Ag—Sn based material of the present invention is No. Compared with 2, it is the same or lower value. From these results, the Ag-Sn material having the single phase or mixed phase structure described above is a metal overlay having a friction coefficient equivalent to that of the solid lubricant.
[0015]
Ag-Sn-based material according to the present invention is a composition of Sn25.2 ~ 26.6 wt% consisting of Ag 3 Sn. The balance of this composition is impurities such as Pb, In, Sb, and Cu .
[0016]
The thickness of the overlay layer according to the present invention will be described with reference to the thickness of the Ag 3 Sn film and the result of the seizure load measured by the pin disk test method (FIG. 5).
When a sputtered film formed on the lining having a composition of Cu-5% Sn was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Ag 3 Sn was detected. Using this as a test material, a pin disk testing machine shown in FIG. 4 was conducted. In FIG. 4, 5 is a fueling pad, 6 is a hydraulic cylinder, 7 is a test piece, 8 is a disk, 9 is a balance weight, and 10 is a load cell. The test conditions were as follows.
Sliding speed: 15m / s
Load: Load gradual increase (step type) 500N / 10min
Oil type: 10W-30
Oil temperature: Room temperature Counterpart material: S55C quenching (Hv550-650), roughness; 0.5-0.8 μmRz
Under this test condition, the seizure load achievable with the conventional Kelmet bearing subjected to the above-described ternary Pb-based overlay was 70 MPa.
[0017]
As shown in FIG. 5, the Ag 3 Sn film having a thickness of 0.01 to 30 μm achieves 80 MPa or more. In particular, a high seizure load is obtained in the range of 0.1 to 10 μm. When the surface of the baked bearing was observed, when the film thickness was thin, the underlying lining was exposed, and traces of metal contact between the lining and the shaft were detected, and when it was thick, the Ag 3 Sn film peeled off within the layer However, it was guessed that the roughness became large.
[0018]
When a similar test was performed using a lining having a composition of Cu-10% Sn-10% Pb instead of the Cu-Sn alloy described above, 80 MPa or more in an Ag 3 Sn film thickness range of 0.01 to 30 μm. The seizure load was obtained.
[0019]
Next, a method for forming an Ag—Sn overlay film will be described.
In the case of electroplating, a potassium iodide bath is easy for plating. This bath composition is 55 g / L of silver metasulfonate, 500 g / L of potassium iodide, and 10 g / L of tin metasulfonate, and can be operated under the conditions of pH = 3 to 6 and temperature of 50 ° C.
Next, in the case of the sputtering method, argon ions positively charged on the cathode of the Ag—Sn target are collided with an energy of 500 w, and an Ag—Sn film is deposited on the lining facing the target.
For the purpose of improving the adhesion between the Ag—Sn-based overlay film and the copper alloy, Sn plating or the like can be applied very thinly.
[0020]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As described above, the present invention drastically solves various problems faced by conventional overlays, and therefore, it is possible to impart excellent conformability to various linings of internal combustion engine slide bearings.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an equilibrium diagram of an Ag-Sn binary system.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a friction coefficient of an Ag—Sn based material.
FIG. 3 is a view of a Bowden-Taber type stick-slip tester.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a pin-on-disk tester.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the film thickness and baking load of an Ag 3 Sn film.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Back metal 2 Lining 2a Bulk 3 Ag plating layer 4 Concentrated layer 5 Oil supply pad 6 Hydraulic cylinder 7 Test piece 8 Disc 9 Balance weight 10 Load cell 11 Pin 12 Test piece 13 Heater

Claims (1)

裏金に接着されたもしくはされない軸受合金の軸との摺動面に、六方晶Ag3Snからなるオーバレイを電気めっき又はスパッタにより被着したことを特徴とするすべり軸受。A plain bearing characterized in that an overlay made of hexagonal Ag 3 Sn is applied to a sliding surface with a bearing alloy shaft bonded or not to a back metal by electroplating or sputtering .
JP07744598A 1998-03-25 1998-03-25 Plain bearing Expired - Lifetime JP4136056B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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JP07744598A JP4136056B2 (en) 1998-03-25 1998-03-25 Plain bearing

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP07744598A JP4136056B2 (en) 1998-03-25 1998-03-25 Plain bearing

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JPH11270561A JPH11270561A (en) 1999-10-05
JP4136056B2 true JP4136056B2 (en) 2008-08-20

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Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002295473A (en) * 2001-03-28 2002-10-09 Senju Metal Ind Co Ltd Lead free journal bearing
CN111902643B (en) * 2018-04-11 2024-11-08 大丰工业株式会社 Sliding member

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