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JP4149241B2 - Polymer electrolyte forming composition for improving overcharge safety and lithium battery using the same - Google Patents
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JP4149241B2 - Polymer electrolyte forming composition for improving overcharge safety and lithium battery using the same - Google Patents

Polymer electrolyte forming composition for improving overcharge safety and lithium battery using the same Download PDF

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JP4149241B2
JP4149241B2 JP2002341488A JP2002341488A JP4149241B2 JP 4149241 B2 JP4149241 B2 JP 4149241B2 JP 2002341488 A JP2002341488 A JP 2002341488A JP 2002341488 A JP2002341488 A JP 2002341488A JP 4149241 B2 JP4149241 B2 JP 4149241B2
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polymer electrolyte
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lithium battery
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亨 坤 盧
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Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/18Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
    • H01M6/181Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with polymeric electrolytes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0082Organic polymers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はリチウム電池に係り、より詳細には過充電問題を解決できる高分子電解質形成用組成物及びこれを採用したリチウム電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
最近、先端電子機器の発達によって電子装備が小型化及び軽量化され、携帯用電子機器の使用が益々増大している。したがって、このような電子機器の電源として、高エネルギー密度特性を有する電池が要求されている。
【0003】
リチウム電池はカソード、アノード、前記両電極の間にリチウムイオンの移動経路を提供する電解液及びセパレータを含んでなる電池であり、リチウムイオンが前記カソード及びアノードに/から挿入/脱離される時の酸化、還元反応により電気エネルギーを生成する。しかし、充電器誤作動などの原因により電池が過充電されて電圧上昇が急激に進む場合にはカソードからは過量のリチウムが析出され、アノードにはリチウムが過挿入される。この時、カソード/アノードの両極が熱的に不安定になれば電解液の有機溶媒が分解され、急激な発熱反応が発生して熱暴走のような事態が急激に起きて安全性に深刻な問題が発生する恐れがある。
【0004】
このような問題を解決するために、リチウムイオン電池では電解液の組成を変化させるか、電解液に添加剤を加えて電池の過充電を抑制しようとする試みが多く行なわれてきた。例えば、燐酸エステル系物質であるトリメチルフォスフェート、トリ(トリフルオロエチル)フォスフェート、トリ(2−クロロエチル)フォスフェートなどを電解液に添加して電解液の自己消火性を増大させることによって電池異常の発生時に安全性を高める方法が開示されており(例えば、特許文献1参照。)、チオフェン、ビフェニル、フランなどを気体発生剤として添加し、電池に遮断装置を備える技術も開示されている(例えば、特許文献2参照。)。前記開示によれば、電池の過充電時に前記気体発生剤がポリマー化されてリチウムイオンの移動を妨害し、この時に発生する気体が電池内部の圧力を上昇させ、これにより遮断装置が活性化されるために発火以前に電池を遮断することが可能となる。
【0005】
また前記方法と類似して、1,2−ジメトキシ−4−ブロモ−ベンゼン(例えば、特許文献3参照。)、2−クロロ−p−キシレン及び4−クロロ−アニソール(例えば、特許文献4参照。)、2,7−ジアセチルチアントレン(例えば、特許文献5参照。)を各々添加することによって電池の安全性を向上させうる方法が開示されている。
【0006】
しかし、前記のような従来の技術による添加剤は、電池の正常な作動条件においてもポリマー化される恐れがあり、付加的な遮断装置を具備せねばならないために電池の体積が大きくなり、リチウムポリマー電池に適用する時には添加剤の量が増加せざるを得ないので電池の寿命特性などが低下するという問題点がある。
【0007】
【特許文献1】
米国特許第5,580,684号明細書
【特許文献2】
米国特許第5,776,627号明細書
【特許文献3】
米国特許第5,763,119号明細書
【特許文献4】
米国特許第5,709,968号明細書
【特許文献5】
米国特許第5,858,573号明細書
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明が解決しようとする第一の技術的課題は、前記従来の技術の問題点を解決するために、充電器の誤作動などの原因によって過充電された時に電池の発火または爆発などの危険を抑制し、付加的な遮断装置が要らず、電池の寿命特性を低下させない高分子電解質形成用組成物を提供することである。
【0009】
本発明が解決しようとする第二の技術的課題は、前記高分子電解質形成用組成物を採用したリチウム二次電池を提供することである。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は前記第1の技術的課題を達成するために、有機溶媒、リチウム塩及び下記式(1)の芳香族化合物を含む高分子電解質形成用組成物を提供する。
【0011】
【化9】

Figure 0004149241
【0012】
本発明は前記第二の技術的課題を達成するために、本発明による高分子電解質を採用して製造されることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池を提供する。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、添付した図面を参照して本発明の望ましい実施例について詳細に説明する。
【0014】
本発明の高分子電解質用組成物は有機溶媒、リチウム塩及び下記式(1)の芳香族化合物を含む。
【0015】
【化10】
Figure 0004149241
【0016】
前記式(1)の化合物は、電池が過充電されて電圧が4.2V超に上昇した場合には電解質内で電気的重合反応によりポリマー化されるので、電池内部の抵抗を高めてリチウムイオンの伝導を遮断して電池を保護するため、過充電安全性を向上させることができる。また、前記化合物は両末端にアクリレート基、エポキシ基またはイソシアネート基を有するので自身の熱重合、紫外線重合によるゲル化が可能である。
【0017】
本発明による前記式(1)の化合物の使用量は、ゲル化させる前の高分子電解質形成用組成物(本明細書中、単に「電解液」とも称する)の総量に対して0.1〜20質量%であることが望ましい。その使用量が0.1質量%未満であれば過充電防止機能が不十分であり、20質量%を超過する時には電池性能に悪影響を及ぼしてしまうためである。前記式(1)の化合物には、両末端にアクリレート基があり、中心に位置した芳香族基がビスフェノールである下記式(2)のビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)を使用できる。
【0018】
【化11】
Figure 0004149241
【0019】
また、前記式(1)の芳香族化合物は下記式(3)の化合物であってもよい。
【0020】
【化12】
Figure 0004149241
【0021】
前記式(3)の化合物の場合、アミンなどの架橋剤を添加すれば両末端のイソシアネート基が架橋されてウレタンゲルを形成できる。
【0022】
また、前記式(1)の芳香族化合物は下記式(4)の化合物であってもよい。
【0023】
【化13】
Figure 0004149241
【0024】
前記式(4)の化合物もアミンなどの架橋剤を添加すれば両末端のエポキシ基が架橋されてエポキシゲルを形成できる。
【0025】
前記高分子電解質形成用組成物に使われる有機溶媒には、リチウム電池を製造するために通常使用されるものであれば特別な制限なしに使用でき、例えば、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン及び2−メチルヒドロフランよりなる群から選択される一または二以上の溶媒を使用することが望ましい。前記溶媒の使用量はリチウムポリマー電池で使用する通常の水準において決定することができる。
【0026】
前記高分子電解質形成用組成物に使われるリチウム塩は有機溶媒中で解離してリチウムイオンを放出するリチウム化合物であれば特別に制限されず、例えば、LiPF6、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO22、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO23よりなる群から選択される一または二以上のイオン性リチウム塩を使用することができ、その含量は0.4〜1.5Mであることが望ましい。0.4M未満ではイオン伝導度が低く、1.5M超ではリチウム塩自体の分解反応が増加してしまうためである。このような無機塩を含有する電解液を使用すれば、電流の方向によってリチウムイオンを移動させる経路として作用することができる。
【0027】
本発明による高分子電解質組成物は、ポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート(PEGDA)またはポリエチレングリコールジメタクリレート(PEGDMA)のうち一または二以上をさらに含んでいてもよい。このような高分子は前記式(1)〜(4)の化合物と共重合体を形成でき、架橋結合によりゲル高分子の機械的物性を向上させて電解液の含湿量を増加させうる。
【0028】
前記PEGDA、PEGDMAまたはこれらの混合物の添加量は高分子電解質形成用組成物の総量に対して0.1〜10質量%であることが望ましい。0.1質量%未満の時には望みの効果を発揮できず、10質量%を超過すればイオン伝導度が低下してしまう恐れがあるためである。
【0029】
本発明の一実施形態によれば、前記PEGDAは、入手しやすさの点から重量平均分子量200〜10,000のオリゴマー(EGDA)であり、オリゴマー内のエチレンオキシドの数が3〜20であることが望ましい。ただし、本発明においてはこれに限定されるものではない。
【0030】
本発明の他の実施形態によれば、前記PEGDMAは、入手しやすさの点から重量平均分子量200〜10,000のオリゴマー(EGDMA)であり、オリゴマー内のエチレンオキシドの数が3〜20であることが望ましい。ただし、本発明においてはこれに限定されるものではない。
【0031】
本発明による高分子電解質形成用組成物は高分子充填剤をさらに含んでいてもよいが、このような充填剤には、高分子電解質の機械的強度を向上させる物質としてシリカ、カオリン、アルミナなどを使用できる。
【0032】
また、本発明による高分子電解質形成用組成物は可塑剤をさらに含むことができる。例えば、エチレングリコール誘導体、これらのオリゴマー及び有機カーボネート系物質を使用でき、エチレングリコール誘導体の具体的な例としては、エチレングリコールジアセテート、エチレングリコールジブチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジブチレート、エチレングリコールジプロピオネート、プロピレングリコールメチルエーテルアセテート及びこれらの混合物があり、有機カーボネート系物質の具体的な例には、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、DEC、DMC及びこれらの混合物がある。
【0033】
本発明によるリチウム電池は、カソード、アノード並びに有機溶媒、リチウム塩及び下記式(1)の芳香族化合物を含む高分子電解質形成用組成物を含む。
【0034】
【化14】
Figure 0004149241
【0035】
また、本発明によるリチウム電池は多孔性セパレータをさらに含むことが望ましいが、リチウム電池に使われるものであればいずれも制限なしに使用できる。例えば、有機溶媒との反応性が低くて安全性に適したポリエチレンまたはポリプロピレン多孔性膜を使用できる。
【0036】
前記式(1)の芳香族化合物の添加量は、高分子電解質形成用組成物の総量に対して0.1〜20質量%であることが望ましい。その使用量が0.1質量%未満であれば過充電防止機能が不十分であり、20質量%を超過する時には電池性能に悪影響を及ぼしてしまうためである。
【0037】
前記式(1)の化合物には、両末端にアクリレート基があり、中心に位置した芳香族基がビスフェノールである下記式(2)のビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)を使用できる。
【0038】
【化15】
Figure 0004149241
【0039】
また、前記式(1)の化合物は下記式(3)の化合物であってもよい。
【0040】
【化16】
Figure 0004149241
【0041】
また、前記式(1)の化合物は下記式(4)の化合物であってもよい。
【0042】
【化17】
Figure 0004149241
【0043】
本発明のリチウム電池に使われる高分子電解質形成用組成物は、PEGDAまたはPEGDMAのうち一または二以上をさらに含んでいてもよい。前記ポリマーは化学式(1)〜(4)の化合物と共重合体を形成でき、架橋結合によりゲル高分子の機械的物性を向上させて電解液の含湿量を増加させることができるために全体的な電池性能の向上を期待できる。前記PEGDA、PEGDMAまたはこれらの混合物は高分子電解質形成用組成物の総量に対して0.1〜10質量%で使用できる。
【0044】
以下、本発明によるリチウム電池の製造方法について説明する。まず、本発明による電解質形成用組成物を電極及び/またはセパレータに塗布した後、これを利用して電極組立体を形成し、次いで前記電極組立体を電池ケースに収納した後、電池内で重合してリチウム電池を製造し、前記組成物は熱重合または紫外線重合によりゲル化させることができる。
【0045】
本発明のリチウム電池はそのタイプに特別な制限はなく、一次電池及び二次電池いずれであってもよい。
【0046】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例により詳細に説明するが、本発明がこれに限定されることではない。
【0047】
<実施例1>
1−(1)カソードの製造
カソード活物質のLiCoO2、導電剤のスーパー−P(M.M.M社製)及び結着剤のポリビニリデンフルオライド(PVDF)を有機溶媒のN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)に溶解した混合物(スラリーまたはペースト)をアルミニウム集電体の両面に均一に塗布して活物質層が塗布されたカソードを製造した。次いで、活物質層が塗布されたカソードを乾燥させて有機溶媒を除去した後、ロールプレスで圧延して幅が4.9cmで厚さが147μmのカソードを製造した。
【0048】
1−(2)アノードの製造
アノード活物質のMCF(Mesophase Carbon Fiber)(Petoca社製)及び結着剤のPVDFを有機溶媒のNMPに溶解した混合物(スラリーまたはペースト)を銅集電体の両面に均一に塗布して活物質層が塗布されたアノードを製造した。次いで、活物質層が塗布されたアノードを乾燥させて有機溶媒を除去した後、ロールプレスで圧延して幅が5.1cmで厚さが178μmのアノードを製造した。
【0049】
1−(3)高分子電解質形成用組成物の製造
エチレンカーボネート(EC)/DMC/DECの混合比(体積比)が3:3:4である混合溶媒にリチウム塩としてLiPF6を1.15Mの濃度になるように混合し、混合溶液100gに対して下記式(2)のビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)(Aldrich社製)4g、過充電時の重合促進剤として3−クロロアニソール3g及び触媒のベンゾイルパーオキシド0.1gを添加混合して目的の高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0050】
【化18】
Figure 0004149241
【0051】
<実施例2>
ビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)を2g添加したことを除いては前記実施例1と同じ方法で高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0052】
<実施例3>
ビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)を6g添加したことを除いては前記実施例1と同じ方法で高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0053】
<実施例4>
ビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)2g及び分子量550のPEGDMAオリゴマー(Aldrich社製)2gを混合して添加したことを除いては前記実施例1と同じ方法で高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0054】
<実施例5>
ビスフェノールAエトキシレート((1E0/フェノール)ジアクリレート)2g及び分子量575のPEGDAオリゴマー2gを混合して添加したことを除いては実施例1と同じ方法で高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0055】
<実施例6>
リチウムポリマー電池の製造
実施例1で製造されたカソード及びアノードを、厚さ18μmのポリエチレン多孔性膜を介在して巻取って複数の電池組立体を製造した後、前記実施例1〜5で得られた高分子電解質形成用組成物を2.9gずつ入れて900mAh容量の角形電池を製造し、熱重合を通じてゲル化させた。重合条件は85℃で3時間であった。
【0056】
<比較例1>
EC/DMC/DECの混合比(体積比)が3:3:4である混合溶媒にリチウム塩としてLiPF6を1.15Mの濃度になるように混合し、混合溶液100gに対してPEGDMAオリゴマー4gを添加して高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0057】
<比較例2>
PEGDMAオリゴマーの代りにPEGDAオリゴマー4gを添加したことを除いては比較例1と同じ方法で高分子電解質形成用組成物を製造した。
【0058】
<試験例1:過充電試験>
前記実施例1で得られた高分子電解質組成物を採用したリチウムポリマー電池を室温で500mA(1C)の充電電流で電池電圧が4.1Vになるように充電し、4.1Vの定電圧で3時間充電して満充電状態とする。このように満充電されたリチウムイオン電池のカソード/アノード端子の間に500mA(1C)の充電電流を流して過充電して、過充電開始から電流遮断部材が作動するまでの時間、及びその時の電池の最高温度とを測定してその結果を図2に示した。図2に示されたように、本発明によるリチウムポリマー電池は、4.2V以上の電圧を加える場合も温度が80℃以上に上昇しないため熱暴走による発火が防止されることが分かる。なお、図2には電圧データの記載がないが、これは、本発明においては電圧が4.2Vを超えれば電気的重合反応が起こり抵抗体として働くため、これ以上リチウムイオンが移動できず電圧が上昇できないためである。
【0059】
<試験例2:放電容量テスト>
実施例1〜5並びに比較例1及び2で製造したリチウムポリマー電池を用いて、放電容量及び300サイクル充放電実験後の放電容量を測定して初期放電容量に比べて示した。放電容量及び充放電寿命特性は1A容量の充放電KI(Maccor社製)を利用して測定し、充電及び放電は各々25℃で1Cで実施し、充電電圧は2.75〜4.2Vであった。
【0060】
前述した方法によって実施例1〜5及び比較例1及び2によって製造された電解液を採用した電池性能テスト結果を下の表1に示した。
【0061】
【表1】
Figure 0004149241
【0062】
【発明の効果】
前記説明したように、本発明による高分子電解質形成用組成物を採用したリチウムポリマー電池は過充電抑制効果はもちろん、充放電特性も優秀であることが分かる。
【0063】
本発明による高分子電解質形成用組成物は、いろいろな原因により電池が過充電されて電圧が4.2V超に上昇した場合には電解質内で電気的重合体が形成されて電池内部抵抗が増加し、リチウムイオンの伝導が遮断されて電池を保護するので過充電安全性が向上される。また、電池内部に別の遮断装置を具備する必要がないので電池の体積及び製造コスト面で有利な効果がある。一方、本発明による芳香族化合物は、それ自体イオン伝導度が高いために多量が添加されても電池の充放電特性または寿命特性の低下などの副作用を改善でき、リチウムポリマー電池に有用である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 従来の技術による高分子電解質(本発明の高分子電解質形成用組成物を含まない)を採用した電池に対する1C 12V過充電テストに関する結果を示す図面であり、熱暴走によって発火が起きることが分かる。
【図2】 本発明による実施例1による高分子電解質形成用組成物を採用した電池に対する過充電テストに関する結果を示す図面である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a lithium battery, and more particularly, to a composition for forming a polymer electrolyte capable of solving the overcharge problem and a lithium battery employing the composition.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Recently, with the development of advanced electronic devices, electronic equipment has become smaller and lighter, and the use of portable electronic devices has been increasing. Therefore, a battery having high energy density characteristics is required as a power source for such an electronic device.
[0003]
A lithium battery is a battery comprising a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte that provides a migration path for lithium ions between the electrodes, and a separator. When lithium ions are inserted / extracted to / from the cathode and anode, Electric energy is generated by oxidation and reduction reactions. However, when the battery is overcharged due to a malfunction of the charger and the voltage rises rapidly, an excessive amount of lithium is deposited from the cathode, and lithium is excessively inserted into the anode. At this time, if the cathode / anode electrodes become thermally unstable, the organic solvent in the electrolyte will be decomposed, and a sudden exothermic reaction will occur, causing a situation such as a thermal runaway that will be serious in safety. Problems can occur.
[0004]
In order to solve such problems, many attempts have been made to suppress overcharge of the battery by changing the composition of the electrolyte in the lithium ion battery or adding an additive to the electrolyte. For example, by adding phosphoric acid ester materials such as trimethyl phosphate, tri (trifluoroethyl) phosphate, tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, etc. to the electrolyte to increase the self-extinguishing properties of the electrolyte, (For example, refer to Patent Document 1), and a technique of adding a thiophene, biphenyl, furan or the like as a gas generating agent and providing a battery with a cutoff device is also disclosed ( For example, see Patent Document 2.) According to the disclosure, when the battery is overcharged, the gas generating agent is polymerized to obstruct the movement of lithium ions, and the gas generated at this time increases the pressure inside the battery, thereby activating the shut-off device. Therefore, the battery can be shut off before ignition.
[0005]
Similar to the above method, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-bromo-benzene (see, for example, Patent Document 3), 2-chloro-p-xylene, and 4-chloro-anisole (see, for example, Patent Document 4). ), 2,7-diacetylthianthrene (see, for example, Patent Document 5), and a method that can improve the safety of the battery is disclosed.
[0006]
However, the conventional additives as described above may be polymerized even under normal operating conditions of the battery, and the battery must be provided with an additional shut-off device. When applied to a polymer battery, the amount of the additive must be increased, so that there is a problem that the battery life characteristics and the like deteriorate.
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
US Pat. No. 5,580,684 [Patent Document 2]
US Pat. No. 5,776,627 [Patent Document 3]
US Pat. No. 5,763,119 [Patent Document 4]
US Pat. No. 5,709,968 [Patent Document 5]
US Pat. No. 5,858,573
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The first technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to solve the problems of the prior art, such as danger of battery ignition or explosion when it is overcharged due to malfunction of charger or the like. It is an object of the present invention to provide a composition for forming a polymer electrolyte that suppresses the above, does not require an additional shut-off device, and does not deteriorate the battery life characteristics.
[0009]
The second technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery employing the polymer electrolyte forming composition.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the first technical problem, the present invention provides a composition for forming a polymer electrolyte comprising an organic solvent, a lithium salt and an aromatic compound represented by the following formula (1).
[0011]
[Chemical 9]
Figure 0004149241
[0012]
In order to achieve the second technical problem, the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery manufactured using the polymer electrolyte according to the present invention.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0014]
The composition for a polymer electrolyte of the present invention contains an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an aromatic compound represented by the following formula (1).
[0015]
[Chemical Formula 10]
Figure 0004149241
[0016]
When the battery is overcharged and the voltage rises to over 4.2 V, the compound of the formula (1) is polymerized by an electropolymerization reaction in the electrolyte. Therefore, the overcharge safety can be improved. Further, since the compound has an acrylate group, an epoxy group or an isocyanate group at both ends, it can be gelled by its own thermal polymerization or ultraviolet polymerization.
[0017]
The amount of the compound represented by formula (1) according to the present invention is 0.1 to 0.1% based on the total amount of the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte before gelation (also simply referred to as “electrolyte” in the present specification). It is desirable to be 20% by mass. If the amount used is less than 0.1% by mass, the overcharge prevention function is insufficient, and if it exceeds 20% by mass, the battery performance is adversely affected. The compound of the above formula (1) uses bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) of the following formula (2) having an acrylate group at both ends and an aromatic group located at the center being bisphenol. it can.
[0018]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0019]
The aromatic compound of the formula (1) may be a compound of the following formula (3).
[0020]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0021]
In the case of the compound of the formula (3), if a crosslinking agent such as an amine is added, the isocyanate groups at both ends can be crosslinked to form a urethane gel.
[0022]
The aromatic compound of the formula (1) may be a compound of the following formula (4).
[0023]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0024]
If the compound of formula (4) is added with a crosslinking agent such as amine, the epoxy groups at both ends can be crosslinked to form an epoxy gel.
[0025]
The organic solvent used in the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte can be used without particular limitation as long as it is usually used for producing a lithium battery. For example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate ( It is desirable to use one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane and 2-methylhydrofuran. The amount of the solvent used can be determined at a normal level used in a lithium polymer battery.
[0026]
The lithium salt used in the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it is a lithium compound that dissociates in an organic solvent and releases lithium ions. For example, LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 One or two or more ionic lithium salts selected from the group consisting of LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiSCN, LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 can be used. Is preferably 0.4 to 1.5M. If it is less than 0.4M, the ionic conductivity is low, and if it exceeds 1.5M, the decomposition reaction of the lithium salt itself increases. If an electrolytic solution containing such an inorganic salt is used, it can act as a path for moving lithium ions depending on the direction of current.
[0027]
The polyelectrolyte composition according to the present invention may further contain one or more of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) or polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). Such a polymer can form a copolymer with the compounds of the above formulas (1) to (4), and can improve the mechanical properties of the gel polymer by cross-linking and increase the moisture content of the electrolyte.
[0028]
The addition amount of the PEGDA, PEGDMA, or a mixture thereof is preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass with respect to the total amount of the polymer electrolyte forming composition. This is because when the amount is less than 0.1% by mass, the desired effect cannot be exhibited, and when it exceeds 10% by mass, the ionic conductivity may decrease.
[0029]
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the PEGDA is an oligomer (EGDA) having a weight average molecular weight of 200 to 10,000 from the viewpoint of availability, and the number of ethylene oxides in the oligomer is 3 to 20. Is desirable. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
[0030]
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the PEGDMA is an oligomer having a weight average molecular weight of 200 to 10,000 (EGDMA) in view of availability, and the number of ethylene oxides in the oligomer is 3 to 20. It is desirable. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
[0031]
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to the present invention may further contain a polymer filler, and such a filler includes silica, kaolin, alumina, etc. as a substance for improving the mechanical strength of the polymer electrolyte. Can be used.
[0032]
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to the present invention may further contain a plasticizer. For example, ethylene glycol derivatives, oligomers thereof and organic carbonate-based materials can be used. Specific examples of ethylene glycol derivatives include ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyrate, ethylene glycol dipropionate, There are propylene glycol methyl ether acetate and mixtures thereof, and specific examples of organic carbonate-based materials include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, DEC, DMC and mixtures thereof.
[0033]
The lithium battery according to the present invention includes a composition for forming a polymer electrolyte that includes a cathode, an anode, an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an aromatic compound of the following formula (1).
[0034]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0035]
In addition, the lithium battery according to the present invention preferably further includes a porous separator, but any lithium battery can be used without limitation. For example, a polyethylene or polypropylene porous membrane having low reactivity with an organic solvent and suitable for safety can be used.
[0036]
The amount of the aromatic compound of the formula (1) added is desirably 0.1 to 20% by mass with respect to the total amount of the polymer electrolyte forming composition. If the amount used is less than 0.1% by mass, the overcharge prevention function is insufficient, and if it exceeds 20% by mass, the battery performance is adversely affected.
[0037]
The compound of the above formula (1) uses bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) of the following formula (2) having an acrylate group at both ends and an aromatic group located at the center being bisphenol. it can.
[0038]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0039]
The compound of the formula (1) may be a compound of the following formula (3).
[0040]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0041]
The compound of the formula (1) may be a compound of the following formula (4).
[0042]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0043]
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte used in the lithium battery of the present invention may further contain one or more of PEGDA and PEGDMA. The polymer can form a copolymer with the compounds represented by the chemical formulas (1) to (4), and can improve the mechanical properties of the gel polymer by cross-linking and increase the moisture content of the electrolyte. Can be expected to improve battery performance. The PEGDA, PEGDMA or a mixture thereof can be used at 0.1 to 10% by mass with respect to the total amount of the polymer electrolyte forming composition.
[0044]
Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing a lithium battery according to the present invention will be described. First, the composition for forming an electrolyte according to the present invention is applied to an electrode and / or a separator, and then an electrode assembly is formed using the composition. Then, the electrode assembly is stored in a battery case and then polymerized in the battery. Thus, a lithium battery is produced, and the composition can be gelled by thermal polymerization or ultraviolet polymerization.
[0045]
The type of the lithium battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be either a primary battery or a secondary battery.
[0046]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention in detail, this invention is not limited to this.
[0047]
<Example 1>
1- (1) LiCoO 2 cathodes prepared <br/> cathode active material, conductive agent Super -P (manufactured M.M.M Co.) in and polyvinylidene fluoride binder agent (PVDF) of the organic solvent A mixture (slurry or paste) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was uniformly applied to both sides of an aluminum current collector to produce a cathode coated with an active material layer. Next, the cathode coated with the active material layer was dried to remove the organic solvent, and then rolled with a roll press to produce a cathode having a width of 4.9 cm and a thickness of 147 μm.
[0048]
1- (2) Production of anode An anode active material, MCF (Mesophase Carbon Fiber) (manufactured by Petoca) and a mixture (slurry or paste) prepared by dissolving PVDF as a binder in NMP as an organic solvent are collected from copper. An anode having an active material layer applied uniformly on both sides of the electric conductor was manufactured. Next, the anode coated with the active material layer was dried to remove the organic solvent, and then rolled with a roll press to produce an anode having a width of 5.1 cm and a thickness of 178 μm.
[0049]
1- (3) Production of composition for forming polymer electrolyte LiPF 6 as a lithium salt in a mixed solvent having a mixing ratio (volume ratio) of ethylene carbonate (EC) / DMC / DEC of 3: 3: 4 2 g of bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) (made by Aldrich) of the following formula (2) per 100 g of the mixed solution, polymerization during overcharge As a promoter, 3 g of 3-chloroanisole and 0.1 g of benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst were added and mixed to produce a target polymer electrolyte forming composition.
[0050]
Embedded image
Figure 0004149241
[0051]
<Example 2>
A composition for forming a polymer electrolyte was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2 g of bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) was added.
[0052]
<Example 3>
A composition for forming a polymer electrolyte was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 6 g of bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) was added.
[0053]
<Example 4>
For polymer electrolyte formation in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2 g of bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) and 2 g of PEGDMA oligomer (Aldrich) having a molecular weight of 550 were mixed and added. A composition was prepared.
[0054]
<Example 5>
A composition for forming a polymer electrolyte was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2 g of bisphenol A ethoxylate ((1E0 / phenol) diacrylate) and 2 g of PEGDA oligomer having a molecular weight of 575 were mixed and added.
[0055]
<Example 6>
Production of lithium polymer battery The cathode and anode produced in Example 1 were wound with a polyethylene porous film having a thickness of 18 μm interposed therebetween to produce a plurality of battery assemblies. A square battery having a capacity of 900 mAh was manufactured by adding 2.9 g of the composition for forming polymer electrolyte obtained in ˜5, and gelled through thermal polymerization. The polymerization conditions were 3 hours at 85 ° C.
[0056]
<Comparative Example 1>
LiPF 6 as a lithium salt is mixed to a mixed solvent having a mixing ratio (volume ratio) of EC / DMC / DEC of 3: 3: 4 to a concentration of 1.15M, and 4 g of PEGDMA oligomer is added to 100 g of the mixed solution. Was added to produce a composition for forming a polymer electrolyte.
[0057]
<Comparative example 2>
A composition for forming a polymer electrolyte was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that 4 g of PEGDA oligomer was added instead of PEGDMA oligomer.
[0058]
<Test Example 1: Overcharge test>
The lithium polymer battery employing the polymer electrolyte composition obtained in Example 1 was charged at a room temperature of 500 mA (1 C) with a charging current of 500 mA (1 C) so that the battery voltage was 4.1 V, and a constant voltage of 4.1 V. Charge for 3 hours until fully charged. The charging time of 500 mA (1C) flows between the cathode / anode terminals of the fully charged lithium ion battery in this way to overcharge, the time from the start of overcharging to the operation of the current interrupting member, and at that time The maximum temperature of the battery was measured and the result is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, it can be seen that the lithium polymer battery according to the present invention prevents ignition due to thermal runaway because the temperature does not rise to 80 ° C. or higher even when a voltage of 4.2 V or higher is applied. Although no voltage data is shown in FIG. 2, in the present invention, if the voltage exceeds 4.2 V, an electrical polymerization reaction occurs and acts as a resistor. This is because cannot rise.
[0059]
<Test Example 2: Discharge capacity test>
Using the lithium polymer batteries produced in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the discharge capacity and the discharge capacity after the 300-cycle charge / discharge experiment were measured and shown in comparison with the initial discharge capacity. The discharge capacity and charge / discharge life characteristics were measured using a 1A capacity charge / discharge KI (manufactured by Maccor Corporation). there were.
[0060]
Table 1 below shows the results of battery performance tests employing the electrolyte solutions manufactured in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 by the method described above.
[0061]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004149241
[0062]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, it can be seen that the lithium polymer battery employing the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to the present invention has excellent charge and discharge characteristics as well as an overcharge suppressing effect.
[0063]
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to the present invention increases the internal resistance of the battery by forming an electric polymer in the electrolyte when the battery is overcharged for various reasons and the voltage rises to over 4.2V. In addition, since lithium ion conduction is cut off to protect the battery, overcharge safety is improved. Moreover, since it is not necessary to provide another interruption | blocking apparatus inside a battery, there exists an advantageous effect in terms of the volume and manufacturing cost of a battery. On the other hand, since the aromatic compound according to the present invention itself has high ionic conductivity, even if a large amount is added, it can improve side effects such as deterioration of charge / discharge characteristics or life characteristics of the battery, and is useful for a lithium polymer battery.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of a 1C 12V overcharge test for a battery employing a conventional polymer electrolyte (not including the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte of the present invention), and ignition occurs due to thermal runaway. I understand that.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing results relating to an overcharge test for a battery employing the polymer electrolyte forming composition according to Example 1 of the present invention.

Claims (19)

有機溶媒、リチウム塩、3−クロロアニソール及び下記式(1)の芳香族化合物を含む高分子電解質形成用組成物。
Figure 0004149241
A composition for forming a polymer electrolyte, comprising an organic solvent, a lithium salt , 3-chloroanisole and an aromatic compound of the following formula (1).
Figure 0004149241
前記芳香族化合物の添加量は高分子電解質形成用組成物の総量に対して0.1〜20質量%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of the aromatic compound is 0.1 to 20% by mass based on the total amount of the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte. 前記芳香族化合物は下記式(2)の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。
Figure 0004149241
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound is a compound of the following formula (2).
Figure 0004149241
前記芳香族化合物は下記式(3)の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。
Figure 0004149241
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound is a compound of the following formula (3).
Figure 0004149241
前記芳香族化合物は下記式(4)の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。
Figure 0004149241
The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound is a compound of the following formula (4).
Figure 0004149241
前記有機溶媒がエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン及び2−メチルヒドロフランからなる群から選択された一または二以上の混合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The organic solvent is one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane and 2-methylhydrofuran. Item 2. A composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to Item 1. 前記リチウム塩はLiPF6、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO22、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO23からなる群から選択された一または二以上の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The lithium salt is one or two selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiSCN, LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3. It is the above compound, The composition for polymer electrolyte formation of Claim 1 characterized by the above-mentioned. ポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート(PEGDA)またはポリエチレングリコールジメタクリレート(PEGDMA)のうち一または二以上をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising one or more of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) or polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). 前記PEGDA、PEGDMAまたはこれらの混合物の添加量は高分子電解質形成用組成物の総重量に対して0.1〜10質量%であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The amount of the PEGDA, PEGDMA, or a mixture thereof is 0.1 to 10% by mass based on the total weight of the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte. Composition. 前記PEGDAは重量平均分子量200〜10,000のオリゴマー(EGDA)であり、オリゴマー内のエチレンオキシドの数が3〜20であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 8, wherein the PEGDA is an oligomer (EGDA) having a weight average molecular weight of 200 to 10,000, and the number of ethylene oxide in the oligomer is 3 to 20. 前記PEGDMAは重量平均分子量200〜10,000のオリゴマー(EGDMA)であり、オリゴマー内のエチレンオキシドの数が3〜20であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の高分子電解質形成用組成物。The composition for forming a polymer electrolyte according to claim 8, wherein the PEGDMA is an oligomer (EGDMA) having a weight average molecular weight of 200 to 10,000, and the number of ethylene oxide in the oligomer is 3 to 20. カソード、アノード並びに有機溶媒、リチウム塩、3−クロロアニソール及び下記式(1)の芳香族化合物を含む高分子電解質形成用組成物を含むリチウム電池。
Figure 0004149241
A lithium battery comprising a composition for forming a polymer electrolyte comprising a cathode, an anode and an organic solvent, a lithium salt , 3-chloroanisole and an aromatic compound of the following formula (1).
Figure 0004149241
多孔性セパレータをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム電池。The lithium battery according to claim 12, further comprising a porous separator. 前記芳香族化合物の添加量は、高分子電解質形成用組成物の総量に対して0.1〜20質量%であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム電池。The lithium battery according to claim 12, wherein the addition amount of the aromatic compound is 0.1 to 20% by mass with respect to the total amount of the polymer electrolyte forming composition. 前記芳香族化合物は下記式(2)の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム電池。
Figure 0004149241
The lithium battery according to claim 12, wherein the aromatic compound is a compound of the following formula (2).
Figure 0004149241
前記芳香族化合物は下記化学式(3)の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム電池。
Figure 0004149241
The lithium battery according to claim 12, wherein the aromatic compound is a compound of the following chemical formula (3).
Figure 0004149241
前記芳香族化合物は下記化学式(4)の化合物であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム電池。
Figure 0004149241
The lithium battery according to claim 12, wherein the aromatic compound is a compound of the following chemical formula (4).
Figure 0004149241
PEGDAまたはPEGDMAのうち一または二以上をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム電池。The lithium battery according to claim 12, further comprising one or more of PEGDA and PEGDMA. 前記PEGDA、PEGDMAまたはこれらの混合物の添加量は高分子電解質形成用組成物の総重量に対して0.1〜10質量%であることを特徴とする請求項18に記載のリチウム電池。The lithium battery according to claim 18, wherein the addition amount of the PEGDA, PEGDMA or a mixture thereof is 0.1 to 10% by mass with respect to the total weight of the composition for forming a polymer electrolyte.
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