JP4152771B2 - Lightweight porous body, method for producing the same, carrier and water purification material - Google Patents
Lightweight porous body, method for producing the same, carrier and water purification material Download PDFInfo
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- JP4152771B2 JP4152771B2 JP2003053088A JP2003053088A JP4152771B2 JP 4152771 B2 JP4152771 B2 JP 4152771B2 JP 2003053088 A JP2003053088 A JP 2003053088A JP 2003053088 A JP2003053088 A JP 2003053088A JP 4152771 B2 JP4152771 B2 JP 4152771B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、例えば酵素固定用担体等の担体、水質浄化材、吸着フィルター、濾過材等として用いられる軽量多孔質体及びその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より、食器、衛生器、或いは電気、電子材料等の工業製品として用いられている陶磁器は、粘土、セリサイト、ロウ石等の可塑性原料を用いてこれを高温焼成により焼結または溶融せしめて製造されているが、これらの可塑性原料が近年枯渇化の傾向にあり、この分野においては新たな代替原料の開発が急務となっている。また、従来の陶磁器は一般に重いものが多く、新たな用途の拡がりに伴って軽量化の要請も多くなってきている。
【0003】
一方、稲の脱穀の際に生じるもみ殻は、農業廃棄物として毎年多量に排出され、その一部が燃料として用いられてはいるものの、その殆どが有効利用の途がなく、そのまま廃棄するか、或いは焼却してもみ殻灰としてからこれを廃棄処分にしているのが現状である。近年の資源の有効活用、リサイクル利用の気運の高まりの中、このようなもみ殻やもみ殻灰についても有効利用の具体的方策をたてることが強く望まれていたところである。
【0004】
このような技術的背景の中で、本出願人らは、もみ殻灰にはケイ酸(SiO2 )が多く含有され、もみ殻灰のかさ密度が0.25程度と小さいことに着目し、このようなもみ殻灰は陶磁器の原料成分として利用し得て、かつ得られる焼結体が軽量なものになるのではないかという着想のもとに鋭意研究した結果、もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントを含む固形原料に水が加えられてなる原料組成物を成形して成形体を得た後、セメントの水和反応により成形体を硬化させ、更に高温で焼成することによって、軽量でかつ多孔質の焼結体を製造できることを見出し、特許出願した(特願2001−361039号)。
【0005】
一方、近年、固定化酵素を用いたバイオリアクターの研究が盛んになってきているが、このような酵素固定用の多孔質担体としては、例えばカオリナイト、ベントナイト、多孔質ガラス、シリカ、アルミナ等が知られている(特許文献1参照)。
【0006】
【特許文献1】
特開平9−313179号公報(段落0009)
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記例示の多孔質担体では、酵素は、多孔質担体の表面で固定化されているのが殆どであり、内部の多孔質構造には殆ど固定化されていないので、即ち担体の単位容積当たりの酵素固定量が少ない(高密度に酵素を固定化できない)ので、酵素反応に時間を要するし、バイオリアクター装置が大型化するという問題があった。
【0008】
また、このように酵素を高密度に固定化できないことから、従来では多孔質担体の粒子径を非常に小さくして用いられることもあった。粒子径を小さくすることで表面積を増大させることができて、これにより担体の単位容積当たりの酵素固定量を増大させることができる。しかしながら、バイオリアクター装置としては、酵素が固定化された粒状の多孔質担体を反応用カラム内に充填した構成とし、このカラム内に反応液を通液する方式が採用されることが多いが、この場合には、多孔質担体の粒子径が小さいために通液抵抗が大きくなり反応用カラム内の反応液の流速が顕著に低下するという問題、即ち反応処理効率が悪いという問題を抱えていた。また、多孔質担体の粒子径が小さいと、反応後の酵素固定化担体の回収が困難である。なお、勿論、多孔質担体の粒子径を大きくすれば、反応用カラム内の反応液の流速を増大できるのであるが、この場合には、担体の表面積の低下により担体の単位容積当たりの酵素固定量が顕著に低下する。このように、従来の多孔質担体では、酵素の固定化は表面が殆どであり、内部の多孔質構造には殆ど固定化されていないので、多孔質担体の粒子径によって多孔質担体の単位容積当たりの酵素固定量が大きく変化するものとなっていた。このために、バイオリアクターとして使用条件や反応条件に合わせた最適な設計を行うことは容易ではなかった。
【0009】
そこで、本出願人は、前述した特願2001−361039号の技術、即ちもみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントを含む固形原料に水が加えられてなる原料組成物を成形し、硬化後に高温で焼成して得た軽量多孔質焼結体を、酵素固定用担体として用いることを検討したが、特許文献1に記載された多孔質担体と同様に、酵素は、表面で固定化されているのが殆どであり、内部の多孔質構造には殆ど固定化されなかった。
【0010】
この発明は、かかる技術的背景に鑑みてなされたものであって、酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を表面だけではなく内部の多孔質構造にも十分に固定化することが可能であると共に、これまで廃棄されていたもみ殻灰を有効利用し得て環境保護にも資する軽量多孔質体及びその製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的は、もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントを含む組成物が焼結されてなる粉粒体からなり、前記粉粒体の内部に多孔質構造が形成され、前記粉粒体の表面に外に開口した表面気孔が多数散在して形成され、これら表面気孔が前記内部の多孔質構造に連通していることを特徴とする軽量多孔質体によって達成される。
【0012】
上記多孔質体は、軽量性に優れているが、これにはもみ殻灰を原料の1つに用いていること及び多孔質構造であることが大きく寄与しているものと考えられる。この多孔質構造は、もみ殻灰の有する「micro-shell 」と言われる独特な形状に起因して形成されるものと考えられる。従って、前記多孔質構造を形成させる上でもみ殻灰は重要な必須成分である。また、この多孔質体は、その表面に外に開口した表面気孔が多数散在して形成され、これらが内部の多孔質構造に連通しているので、表面だけではなく内部の気孔(内部の多孔質構造)にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を多く固定化させることができる。このように粉粒体の表面だけではなくその内部にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を多量に固定化できるので、これら酵素や微生物等による作用量(反応量等)が粉粒体の粒径による影響を受けないものとなる、即ち粉粒体の粒径をどのような範囲に設定しても多孔質体の単位容積当たりの作用量(反応量等)は常に大きいものとなる。従って、使用条件や反応条件等にあわせて適宜最適な粒子径のものを使用に供することが可能となる。更に、この多孔質体は、従来未利用のまま廃棄されていたもみ殻灰を主原料の1つとするものであるから、資源の有効利用を図ることができるし、もみ殻やもみ殻灰の廃棄を回避できて環境保護にも貢献できる。
【0013】
前記粉粒体における、もみ殻灰の含有率が20〜95質量%、無機質骨材の含有率が2〜50質量%、セメントの含有率が2〜50質量%の範囲である場合には、多孔質体として十分な強度が得られるものとなる。
【0014】
前記無機質骨材は、珪石及び珪酸塩からなる群より選ばれる1種または2種以上の骨材であるのが好ましく、これによって多孔質体としての強度をさらに向上できる。
【0015】
前記表面気孔の平均径は10〜200μmであるのが好ましい。このような大きさであれば、酵素の固定化がより十分に行われ得るし、また微生物の付着が行われやすくなるし、その培養増殖においても好適な環境を形成できる利点がある。
【0016】
粉粒体の表面の少なくとも一部は、破砕により形成された破砕面であるのが好ましく、このような構成を採用すれば、粉粒体の表面に形成される表面気孔の数が増大する。
【0017】
また、この発明に係る担体は、上記いずれかの軽量多孔質体からなり、酵素、酵母及び微生物からなる群より選ばれる1種または2種以上の物質の固定用として用いられることを特徴とする。この担体では、固定対象物質を表面のみならず内部の多孔質構造にも固定化できる。従って、例えばこの担体に酵素が固定化されたもの(酵素固定化担体)は、酵素活性に優れたものとなり、例えば医薬品中間体の合成、環境汚染物質の浄化等に好適に用いられる。
【0018】
また、この発明に係る水質浄化材は、上記いずれかの軽量多孔質体からなることを特徴とする。この水質浄化材によれば、微生物や藻類が表面のみならず内部の多孔質構造にも十分に付着しやすい上に、該多孔質構造が微生物や藻類に対して好適な増殖環境を提供できるので、優れた水質浄化機能が発揮される。
【0019】
また、この発明に係る軽量多孔質体の製造方法は、もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントを含む固形原料に水が加えられてなる原料組成物を成形して成形体を得る工程と、セメントの水和反応により前記成形体を硬化させる養生工程と、前記養生を行った成形体を高温で焼成して多孔質焼結体を得る焼結工程と、前記多孔質焼結体を破砕する破砕工程とを含むことを特徴とする。
【0020】
本製造方法によれば、軽量で多孔質の粉粒体を得ることができる。また、得られた多孔質体は、その内部に内部気孔が連通した多孔質構造を有すると共に、その表面には破砕によって多数の表面気孔が露出したものとなり、かつこれら表面気孔が内部の多孔質構造に連通したものとなる。従って、得られた多孔質体は、表面だけではなく内部の気孔(内部の多孔質構造)にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を十分に固定化させることができる。このように粉粒体の表面だけではなくその内部にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を多く固定化できるので、これら酵素や微生物等による作用量(反応量等)が粉粒体の粒径による影響を受けないものとなる、即ち粉粒体の粒径をどのような範囲に設定しても単位容積当たりの作用量(反応量等)は常に大きいものとなる。従って、使用条件や反応条件等にあわせて適宜最適な粒子径のものを使用に供することが可能となる。更に、この多孔質体は、従来未利用のまま廃棄されていたもみ殻灰を主原料の1つとするものであるから、資源の有効利用を図ることができるし、もみ殻やもみ殻灰の廃棄を回避できて環境保護にも貢献できる。
【0021】
上記製造方法では、固形原料における、もみ殻灰の含有率を20〜95質量%、無機質骨材の含有率を2〜50質量%、セメントの含有率を2〜50質量%の範囲に設定するのが好ましい。上記特定範囲に設定することにより、1500℃以下の温度で焼結を行うことができるものとなる(即ち高温の焼成温度を要しない)し、養生工程後の(焼結前の)成形体の強度が十分に得られて成形体のハンドリング性に優れ、かつ得られる焼結体の強度も十分に向上させることができる。
【0022】
前記原料組成物は、固形原料100質量部に対して水が10〜200質量部混合されたものからなるのが、好ましい。水の配合量をこのような範囲に設定することにより、セメントの水和反応を十分に促進させることができると共に、成形しやすいものとなる。
【0023】
無機質骨材としては珪石及び珪酸塩からなる群より選ばれる1種または2種以上の骨材を用いるのが、多孔質体の強度をより向上できる点で、好ましい。
【0024】
焼結工程での焼成温度は800〜1500℃に設定するのが好ましい。このような範囲に設定すれば、焼結体の製造効率を向上できると共に、良好な多孔質構造を備えた多孔質体を確実に製造できる。
【0025】
また、この発明に係る担体は、上記いずれかの製造方法によって製造された軽量多孔質体からなり、酵素、酵母及び微生物からなる群より選ばれる1種又は2種以上の物質の固定用として用いられることを特徴とする。この担体では、固定対象物質を表面のみならず内部の多孔質構造にも十分に固定化できる。従って、例えばこの担体に酵素が固定化されたもの(酵素固定化担体)は、酵素活性に優れたものとなり、例えば医薬品中間体の合成、環境汚染物質の浄化等に好適に用いられる。
【0026】
また、この発明に係る水質浄化材は、上記いずれかの製造方法によって製造された軽量多孔質体からなることを特徴とする。この水質浄化材によれば、微生物や藻類が表面のみならず内部の多孔質構造にも十分に付着しやすい上に、該多孔質構造がこれら微生物や藻類に対して好適な増殖環境を提供できるので、優れた水質浄化機能が発揮される。
【0027】
【発明の実施の形態】
この発明に係る軽量多孔質体は、もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントを含む組成物が焼結されてなる粉粒体(粉体又は/及び粒体)からなるものであり、前記粉粒体の内部に内部気孔が連通した多孔質構造が形成され、前記粉粒体の表面に外に開口した表面気孔が多数散在すると共に、これら表面気孔が前記内部の多孔質構造に連通した構成からなる。
【0028】
この発明の一実施形態に係る軽量多孔質体の表面の電子顕微鏡写真を図1に示す。図1に示されるように、多孔質体の表面には、外に開口した表面気孔が多数散在した構成になっているから、この多孔質体では、その表面だけではなく内部の気孔(内部の多孔質構造)にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を十分に固定化させることができる。このように表面のみならずその内部にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を多く固定化できるので、これら酵素や微生物等による作用量(反応量等)が粉粒体の粒径による影響を受けないものとなる、即ち粉粒体の粒径をどのような範囲に設定しても、多孔質体の単位容積当たりの作用量(反応量等)は常に大きいものとなる。従って、使用条件や反応条件等にあわせて適宜最適な粒子径のものを使用に供することが可能となる。
【0029】
前記表面気孔の平均径は10〜200μmであるのが好ましい。10μm未満では、酵素の内部多孔質構造への固定化が容易でなくなるし、微生物の内部多孔質構造への付着が行われ難くなる傾向があるので好ましくないし、一方200μmを超えると多孔質体の強度が低下するので好ましくない。
【0030】
また、多孔質体(粉粒体)の径は、特に限定されないものの、通常は0.1〜10mmに設定される。中でも、酵素固定用担体として用いる場合には、粒径を2〜5mmの範囲に設定するのが好ましい。
【0031】
この発明の軽量多孔質体は、例えば次のような製造方法で製造できる。即ち、この発明の軽量多孔質体の製造方法は、もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントを含む固形原料に水が加えられてなる原料組成物を成形して成形体を得る工程と、セメントの水和反応により前記成形体を硬化させる養生工程と、前記養生を行った成形体を高温で焼成して多孔質焼結体を得る焼結工程と、前記多孔質焼結体を破砕する破砕工程とを含むことを特徴とする。
【0032】
本製造方法によれば、もみ殻灰を原料の1つに用いると共に、得られたものが多孔質構造を呈するので、非常に軽量化された多孔質体を製造することができる。また、多孔質焼結体を破砕する破砕工程を設けているから、表面気孔がより多く外に露出した多孔質粉粒体を製造することができる。また、もみ殻灰を原料に用いているので、焼結による収縮が非常に小さく、従って歪みが小さく強度に優れた多孔質構造を形成できる。更に、従来は廃棄されていたもみ殻灰を有効利用しているので、低コストで軽量多孔質体を製造できるし、もみ殻やもみ殻灰の廃棄を回避できて環境保護にも貢献できる。
【0033】
この発明において、製造原料として用いるもみ殻灰は、精米脱穀等によって得られるもみ殻を燃焼して得られる灰であれば、どのようなものでも用いることができ、もみ殻を燃料として用いた後の灰(通常、黒色)も含む。一般に、燃焼温度が低いと灰の色は黒く、燃焼温度が500℃程度では灰は非晶質シリカであり、燃焼温度が1000℃程度では結晶化が進み白色を呈し、このようにもみ殻灰の色調や結晶の種類は、焼成の際の雰囲気や焼成温度、焼成時間によって異なるが、これらのいずれをも使用することができ、もみ殻灰の色調や結晶の種類等は特に問わない。
【0034】
もみ殻灰の組成の典型例を表1に示す。
【0035】
【表1】
【0036】
前記固形原料中のもみ殻灰の含有率は20〜95質量%の範囲とするのが好ましい。20質量%未満では、養生後の成形体の耐火度が高くなって焼結するのに著しく高温の焼成温度が必要となる上に、軽量化を十分に図ることができなくなるし、焼結時の収縮の抑制が不十分となって多孔質構造の形成割合が低下するので、好ましくない。一方、95質量%を超えると、十分な強度を確保するのが困難となって、例えば手で触れても表面がぼろぼろと欠落する恐れがあるので、好ましくない。
【0037】
また、無機質骨材は、強度の向上のために必須の原料成分である。この無機質骨材としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば二酸化珪素を主成分とする珪石(石英等)、川砂、山砂、海砂、或いは珪酸塩等が挙げられる。前記珪酸塩としては、例えば粘土、長石、高炉滓(スラッグ)、フライアッシュ等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、珪石や珪酸塩を用いるのが、多孔質体の強度をより向上できる点で、好ましい。特に好ましいのは無機質骨材として珪石を用いる構成であり、多孔質体の強度をより一層向上できる利点がある。
【0038】
前記固形原料中の無機質骨材の含有率は2〜50質量%の範囲とするのが好ましい。2質量%未満では、十分な強度を確保するのが困難となって、例えば手で触れても表面がぼろぼろと欠落する恐れがあるので、好ましくない。一方、50質量%を超えると、養生後の成形体の耐火度が高くなって焼結するのに著しく高温の焼成温度が必要となるので好ましくない。
【0039】
また、製造原料として用いるセメントとしては、どのような種類のものでも用いることができ、例えばポルトランドセメント、マグネシアセメント、アルミナセメント、混合セメント、天然セメント等を例示でき、これらの1種を単独で用いても良いし、2種以上を混合して用いても良い。このようなセメントを必須成分として含有せしめることで、セメントと、もみ殻灰及び無機質骨材との間の水和反応により、養生工程後の(焼結前の)成形体の強度を確保することができ、該成形体のハンドリング性が良好なものとなる。中でも、アルミナセメントを用いるのが好ましい。
【0040】
前記固形原料中のセメントの含有率は2〜50質量%の範囲とするのが好ましい。2質量%未満では、養生工程後の(焼結前の)成形体の強度が低下してハンドリング性が悪くなるので、好ましくない。一方、50質量%を超えると、養生後の成形体の耐火度が高くなって焼結するのに著しく高温の焼成温度が必要となるので好ましくない。
【0041】
前記原料組成物には、更に、パルプ繊維、合成繊維、ガラス繊維、炭素繊維及び鉱物繊維からなる群より選ばれる1種または2種以上の繊維を含有せしめるのが好ましく、かつ前記もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントの総量100質量部に対して前記繊維の配合量を2〜5質量部に設定するのが好ましい。このような特定繊維を特定量含有せしめることで、養生前の成形体の保形性を向上できるし、養生工程後の(焼結前の)成形体の強度、更には多孔質体の強度や軽量性を向上できると共に、多孔質体の寸法安定性も向上できる。配合量が2質量部未満では前記効果(強度の向上等)が殆ど得られないし、配合量が5質量部を超えても同様に前記効果が期待できないので、好ましくない。
【0042】
更に、前記原料組成物に、水溶性繊維素類及び水溶性ポリマーからなる群より選ばれる1種または2種以上の粘性付与剤を含有せしめるものとし、前記もみ殻灰、無機質骨材及びセメントの総量100質量部に対して前記粘性付与剤の配合量を0.5〜4質量部に設定する場合には、成形性を顕著に向上できる利点がある。即ち、成形を押出成形で行う場合等には原料組成物に粘性や滑性が不足していると成形が困難になって良好な成形体が得られがたいのであるが、このような場合であっても、前記特定の粘性付与剤を特定量含有せしめることで、成形性良く成形体を得ることができ、ひいては高品質の多孔質体を製造できる。また、前記粘性付与剤は、焼成時に燃えて揮散してしまうので、より多孔度の大きい多孔質体を製造することができ、ひいては得られる多孔質体のかさ密度をより小さく設計できるし、多孔質体の吸水率もより大きいものとなる。配合量が0.5質量部未満では前記効果(成形性向上)が殆ど得られないし、配合量が4質量部を超えても同様に前記効果が期待できないので、好ましくない。
【0043】
前記水溶性繊維素類としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えばカルボキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、微小パルプ等を例示できる。また、前記水溶性ポリマーとしては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えばポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニルのケン化物等を例示できる。
【0044】
前記原料組成物中における水の配合量は、前記固形原料(もみ殻灰、無機質骨材、セメント等)100質量部に対して10〜200質量部に設定するのが好ましい。10質量部未満では十分な成形体が得られないばかりでなく、セメントの水和反応の進行が遅くなるので、好ましくない。また200質量部を超えると余剰水が多くなって養生前の成形体の保形性が低下するので、好ましくない。
【0045】
なお、前記原料組成物を成形する際の成形法として押出成形法を採用する場合には、原料組成物中における水の配合量は、前記固形原料100質量部に対して30〜50質量部に設定するのが特に好ましい。
【0046】
前記原料組成物を作成するに際しては、各材料成分の配合順序は特に限定されない。例えば、水を最後に配合せしめるようにしても良いし、途中段階で配合せしめるようにしても良い。
【0047】
また、前記原料組成物には、必要に応じて、この発明の効果を阻害しない範囲で、その他の添加剤等を配合せしめることもできる。
【0048】
前記原料組成物を成形する際の成形法は、特に限定されず、例えば型枠成形、加圧成形、押出成形、造粒成形等を例示できる。中でも、高品質の多孔質体を生産性良く製造できる点で、加圧成形又は押出成形で成形するのが好ましい。
【0049】
また、養生工程での養生法についても特に限定されず、例えば自然養生、水中養生、蒸気養生、オートクレーブ養生等を例示できる。このような養生工程を経てセメントの水和反応を進行させて凝結、硬化させることによってハンドリングに必要な強度を確保する。
【0050】
また、焼結工程における焼成温度は、高温であれば特に限定されないものの、800〜1500℃の範囲とするのが好ましい。800℃未満では焼結を完了させるのに時間を要して多孔質体の製造効率が低下するので好ましくない。一方、1500℃を超えると原料が溶融して多孔質構造が得られなくなるので好ましくない。中でも、焼成温度は1000〜1300℃の範囲に設定するのがより好ましく、この焼成温度で1〜2時間保持するのが最も良い。
【0051】
なお、前記焼成温度に到達するまでの昇温速度は5〜10℃/分に設定するのが好ましい。また、一般に陶磁器原料を焼成して陶磁器を製造する時には、焼成温度から常温にまで降温する際の降温速度は、その際のひび割れ、クラック発生を防止するために、極力遅くする必要があるが、本発明の多孔質体では焼結時の収縮率が非常に小さいので、例えば5〜10℃/分程度の速い降温速度で降温してもひび割れ等が発生しない。従って、焼成後の降温速度を大きく設定することもできるので、生産効率良く軽量多孔質体を製造できる利点もある。
【0052】
また、破砕工程における破砕手法としては、焼成して得られた焼結体を小さくする手法であれば特に限定されない。このような破砕手法としては、例えば破砕、粉砕、表面切削(表面を薄く削る等)等を例示できる。
【0053】
この発明の製造法で得られた軽量多孔質体は、酵素固定用担体等の担体、水質浄化材、吸着フィルター、断熱材、遮音材、調湿性建材、土木材、濾過材等として用いることができる。なお、この発明の軽量多孔質体の用途は、前記例示の用途に特に限定されるものではない。
【0054】
【実施例】
次に、この発明の具体的実施例について説明する。
【0055】
<実施例1>
もみ殻灰(平均粒径350μm、黒色)60質量部、珪石(平均粒径4.63μm)20質量部、アルミナセメント(平均粒径14.5μm)20質量部、水15質量部を十分に混合して均一な原料組成物を得た。なお、ここで用いたもみ殻灰、珪石、アルミナセメントは、それぞれ表1に示す組成からなる。
【0056】
次に、この原料組成物を金型に入れ、20Paの圧力で加圧成形することによって、成形体を得た。この成形体を、25℃、湿度90%の養生槽中で24時間保持して水和反応により硬化させた(養生工程)。次いで、50℃において24時間乾燥させた後、成形体を大気中において1300℃の焼成温度で1時間焼成して焼結体を得た。なお、1300℃に到達するまでの昇温速度は10℃/分とし、この後の降温速度は10℃/分とした。
【0057】
次いで、得られた焼結体をスタンプミルを用いて粉砕して、平均粒径3mmの多孔質粉粒体を得た。
【0058】
(酵素の固定化)
市販されているリパーゼ(酵素)は安定保存のために珪藻土との混合品になっていることから、酵素単体に精製するために、市販のリパーゼ酵素(天野エンザイムリパーゼPS)0.1gを6mLのリン酸緩衝液(0.1M、pH7)に溶解させて10分間放置した後、遠心分離(2500rpm、900G)を10分間行い、その上澄み液をNo.2濾紙で濾過してリパーゼ溶液を作成した。このリパーゼ溶液3mL中に、前記多孔質粉粒体0.3gを浸漬して1時間撹拌を行った後、多孔質粉粒体を取り出してアセトン溶媒で水を置換し、次いで真空ポンプにより24時間乾燥処理を行うことによって、酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0059】
<実施例2〜5>
原料組成物の組成及び組成比、成形圧力、焼成温度を表2に示すような条件に設定した以外は、実施例1と同様にして酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0060】
<実施例6>
もみ殻灰(平均粒径350μm、黒色)60質量部、珪石(平均粒径4.63μm)20質量部、アルミナセメント(平均粒径14.5μm)20質量部、パルプ繊維2質量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース(信越化学製、商品名「メトロース90SH15000」)2.5質量部、水50質量部を十分に混合して均一な原料組成物を得、該原料組成物を混練して押出圧力2.0〜2.1Paで押出成形して成形体を得た。この成形体を、25℃、湿度90%の養生槽中で24時間保持して水和反応により硬化させた(養生工程)。次いで、50℃において24時間乾燥させた後、成形体を大気中において1300℃の焼成温度で1時間焼成して焼結体を得た。なお、1300℃に到達するまでの昇温速度は10℃/分とし、この後の降温速度は10℃/分とした。
【0061】
次いで、得られた焼結体をスタンプミルを用いて粉砕して、平均粒径3mmの多孔質粉粒体を得た。この多孔質粉粒体に対して実施例1と同様に酵素固定化を行うことによって、酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0062】
<実施例7、8>
原料組成物の組成比を表2に示すような割合に設定した以外は、実施例6と同様にして酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0063】
<比較例1>
もみ殻灰60質量部に代えて、火山噴出物シラスを加熱発泡して得られるシラスバルーン60質量部を原料組成物に含有せしめるものとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0064】
【表2】
【0065】
<実施例9>
実施例1で得られた多孔質粉粒体を篩にかけることによって、粒径2mm未満のものだけを分級し、これに実施例1と同様に酵素固定化を行うことによって、酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0066】
<実施例10>
実施例1で得られた多孔質粉粒体を篩にかけることによって、粒径2〜4.75mmのものだけを分級し、これに実施例1と同様に酵素固定化を行うことによって、酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0067】
<実施例11>
実施例1で得られた多孔質粉粒体を篩にかけることによって、粒径4.75mm以上のものだけを分級し、これに実施例1と同様に酵素固定化を行うことによって、酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0068】
<比較例2>
もみ殻灰(平均粒径350μm、黒色)60質量部、珪石(平均粒径4.63μm)20質量部、アルミナセメント(平均粒径14.5μm)20質量部、水15質量部を十分に混合して均一な原料組成物を得、該原料組成物を混練して押出圧力2.0〜2.1Paで押出成形して成形体を得た。この成形体を、25℃、湿度90%の養生槽中で24時間保持して水和反応により硬化させた(養生工程)。次いで、50℃において24時間乾燥させた後、成形体を大気中において1300℃の焼成温度で1時間焼成して焼結体(直径2.5mmの多孔質円柱体)を得た。なお、1300℃に到達するまでの昇温速度は10℃/分とし、この後の降温速度は10℃/分とした。この焼結体に対して実施例1と同様に酵素固定化を行うことによって、酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0069】
<比較例3>
多孔質円柱体の直径を5mmに設計した以外は、比較例2と同様にして酵素固定化担体を得た。
【0070】
【表3】
【0071】
実施例1〜11の多孔質粉粒体の表面を電子顕微鏡で観察するといずれも図1に示すように、表面に外に開口した表面気孔が多数散在して形成されていた。これに対し、比較例1の粉粒体では、図2に示すように表面気孔は殆ど認められなかった。
【0072】
上記のようにして得られた各酵素固定化担体に対し下記評価を行った。これらの結果を表2、3に示す。
【0073】
<酵素固定化担体の酵素反応速度の評価>
キャップ付試験管に、ヘキサン5mL、モレキュラーシーブ0.05g、酢酸ビニルモノマー50μL、1−フェニルエタノール20μL、酵素固定化担体0.1gを入れて、30℃で撹拌しながら60分間反応させた。次に、試験管内の液に対してエーテル抽出を行い、その抽出液をガスクロマトグラフ(カラム:DEX−CB、25m×0.25mm径、インジェクション温度:200℃、検出器温度:200℃、カラム温度:160℃、ヘリウム流量:2mL/分)で分析した。反応率は、1−フェニルエタノールのエステル化を指標にして算出した。即ち、
反応率(%)=アセテートの面積/(アセテートの面積+アルコールの面積×1.2)/固定化担体の質量/0.1
【0074】
表2から明らかなように、この発明の酵素固定用担体を用いて構成された実施例1〜8の酵素固定化担体の単位量当たりの酵素反応率は、比較例1のそれと比較して格段に優れていた。
【0075】
また、表3の実施例9〜11の結果から明らかなように、この発明の酵素固定用担体を用いて構成された酵素固定化担体の単位量当たりの酵素反応率は、粒径による影響を受けない、即ち粒径をどのような範囲に設定しても単位量当たりの酵素反応率は格段に大きい。この結果から、この発明の多孔質体では、酵素が表面だけではなく内部の多孔質構造にも多量に固定化されることが確認された。
【0076】
これに対し、表3の比較例2、3の結果から明らかなように、破砕がなされていないものでは、その単位量当たりの酵素反応率は、径による影響を大きく受けるものであった。
【0077】
酵素が内部の気孔にまで付着していることを確認すべく、実施例1の多孔質粉粒体の中心部の断面SEM写真を観察したが、酵素は微細であるために内部への固定化を確認することはできなかった。そこで、実施例1の多孔質粉粒体に酵母を担持した後、この多孔質粉粒体の中心部の断面SEM写真を観察した。このSEM写真(電子顕微鏡写真)を図3に示す。このSEM写真から、3μm程度の酵母が、多孔質粉粒体の中心部の多孔質構造にまで浸透して固定化されていることを確認できた。
【0078】
<水質浄化効果の評価>
実施例1〜11で得られた多孔質粉粒体(酵素固定化が行われていないもの)に酵母菌(微生物)を担持した。この酵母固定化担体による水質浄化効果を調べた。メチレンブルー水溶液(濃度0.1mmol/L)500mLをカラム(300mm×20mm径)に流し込み、カラムから出てきた溶液の吸光度を分光光度計により測定した。カラムに、酵母を担持していない多孔質粉粒体を充填した場合には、吸光度の変化は認められなかったが、カラムに酵母を担持した多孔質粉粒体を充填した場合には、その吸光度が約40%低下した(脱色された)。このように本発明の多孔質体に酵母を固定化したものは、優れた水質浄化効果を備えていることがわかった。
【0079】
【発明の効果】
請求項1の発明によれば、もみ殻灰の有する「micro-shell 」と言われる独特な形状に起因して形成される多孔質構造を備えた軽量の多孔質体が提供される。また、この多孔質体は、その表面に外に開口した表面気孔が多数散在して形成され、これらが内部の多孔質構造に連通しているので、表面だけではなく内部の気孔(内部の多孔質構造)にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を多く固定化させることができ、従ってこれら固定化された酵素や微生物等による作用量(反応量、活性等)が粉粒体の粒径による影響を受けないものとなる、即ち粉粒体の粒径をどのような範囲に設定しても多孔質体の単位容積当たりの作用量(反応量、活性等)は常に大きいものとなる。従って、使用条件や反応条件等にあわせて適宜最適な粒子径のものを使用に供することができる。更に、この多孔質体は、従来未利用のまま廃棄されていたもみ殻灰を主原料の1つとするものであるから、資源の有効利用を図ることができるし、もみ殻やもみ殻灰の廃棄を回避できて環境保護にも貢献できる。
【0080】
請求項2の発明によれば、多孔質体としての強度をより向上させることができる。
【0081】
請求項3の発明によれば、多孔質体としての強度をさらに向上させることができる。
【0082】
請求項4の発明によれば、酵素の固定化がより高密度に行われ得るし、また微生物の付着が行われやすくなるし、その培養増殖においても好適な環境を形成できる利点がある。
【0083】
請求項5の発明によれば、表面気孔の数が増大するので、単位容積当たりの酵素、微生物等の固定量をさらに増大できる。
【0084】
請求項6の発明によれば、酵素活性に優れた酵素固定化担体、酵母活性に優れた酵母固定化担体、作用活性に優れた微生物固定化担体等を提供することが可能となる。
【0085】
請求項7の発明によれば、優れた水質浄化機能を有する水質浄化材が提供される。
【0086】
請求項8の発明によれば、もみ殻灰の有する「micro-shell (ケス)」と言われる独特な形状に起因して形成される多孔質構造を備えた軽量の粉粒体を低コストで製造できる。また、得られる多孔質体は、その内部に多孔質構造を有すると共に、その表面には破砕によって多数の表面気孔が露出したものとなり、かつこれら表面気孔が内部の多孔質構造に連通したものとなるので、表面だけではなく内部の気孔(内部の多孔質構造)にも酵素、微生物等の固定対象物を多く固定化させることができ、従ってこれら固定化された酵素や微生物等による作用量(反応量、活性等)が粉粒体の粒径による影響を受けないものとなる、即ち粉粒体の粒径をどのような範囲に設定しても多孔質体の単位容積当たりの作用量(反応量、活性等)は常に大きいものとなる。
【0087】
請求項9の発明によれば、成形体のハンドリング性及び多孔質体の強度を十分に向上させることができる。
【0088】
請求項10の発明によれば、セメントの水和反応を十分に促進できると共に、養生前の成形体の保形性も向上できる。
【0089】
請求項11の発明によれば、多孔質体の強度をより向上できる。
【0090】
請求項12の発明によれば、生産性を向上できるし、良好な多孔質構造を確実に形成できる。
【0091】
請求項13の発明によれば、酵素活性に優れた酵素固定化担体、酵母活性に優れた酵母固定化担体、作用活性に優れた微生物固定化担体等を提供することが可能となる。
【0092】
請求項14の発明によれば、優れた水質浄化機能を有する水質浄化材が提供される。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】この発明の製造方法で得られた多孔質体の表面の電子顕微鏡写真である。
【図2】比較例1の多孔質体の表面の電子顕微鏡写真である。
【図3】実施例1で用いられた多孔質粉粒体に酵母を担持せしめたものの中心部の断面の電子顕微鏡写真である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a lightweight porous body used as a carrier such as an enzyme immobilization carrier, a water purification material, an adsorption filter, a filtration material, and the like, and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Traditionally, ceramics used as industrial products such as tableware, sanitary ware, and electrical and electronic materials are sintered or melted by high-temperature firing using plastic raw materials such as clay, sericite, and wax. Although these plastic raw materials have been produced, the development of new alternative raw materials is urgently required in this field. In addition, conventional ceramics are generally heavy, and demands for weight reduction are increasing with the expansion of new applications.
[0003]
On the other hand, rice husks produced during rice threshing are discharged in large quantities every year as agricultural waste, and some of them are used as fuel. Or, even after incineration, it is currently disposed of as rice husk ash. In recent years, there has been a strong demand for effective utilization of rice husks and rice husk ash in the wake of increasing utilization of resources and recycling.
[0004]
In such a technical background, the present applicants added silicic acid (SiO 2) to rice husk ash. 2 ) Is contained, and the bulk density of rice husk ash is as small as about 0.25. Such rice husk ash can be used as a raw material component of ceramics, and the obtained sintered body is lightweight. As a result of earnest research based on the idea of becoming a product, a raw material composition obtained by adding water to a solid raw material containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate, and cement was obtained to obtain a molded body. Later, it was found that a light and porous sintered body can be produced by curing the molded body by a hydration reaction of cement and further firing at a high temperature, and filed a patent application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-361039).
[0005]
On the other hand, in recent years, research on bioreactors using immobilized enzymes has been actively conducted. Examples of such porous carriers for immobilizing enzymes include kaolinite, bentonite, porous glass, silica, and alumina. Is known (see Patent Document 1).
[0006]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-9-313179 (paragraph 0009)
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the porous carrier exemplified above, the enzyme is mostly immobilized on the surface of the porous carrier and is hardly immobilized on the internal porous structure, that is, the unit volume of the carrier. Since the amount of enzyme immobilized per unit is small (the enzyme cannot be immobilized at a high density), the enzyme reaction takes time, and the bioreactor apparatus becomes large.
[0008]
In addition, since the enzyme cannot be immobilized at such a high density as described above, conventionally, the porous carrier may be used with a very small particle size. By reducing the particle size, the surface area can be increased, and thereby the amount of enzyme immobilized per unit volume of the carrier can be increased. However, as a bioreactor device, a structure in which a granular porous carrier on which an enzyme is immobilized is packed in a reaction column and a reaction solution is passed through the column is often adopted. In this case, since the particle diameter of the porous carrier is small, the liquid flow resistance is increased, and the flow rate of the reaction liquid in the reaction column is remarkably reduced, that is, the reaction processing efficiency is poor. . Moreover, when the particle size of the porous carrier is small, it is difficult to recover the enzyme-immobilized carrier after the reaction. Of course, if the particle size of the porous carrier is increased, the flow rate of the reaction solution in the reaction column can be increased. In this case, however, the enzyme immobilization per unit volume of the carrier is reduced by reducing the surface area of the carrier. The amount is significantly reduced. As described above, in the conventional porous carrier, the enzyme is mostly immobilized on the surface, and is hardly immobilized on the internal porous structure. Therefore, the unit volume of the porous carrier depends on the particle size of the porous carrier. The amount of enzyme fixed per hit varied greatly. For this reason, it is not easy to design an optimum bioreactor according to use conditions and reaction conditions.
[0009]
Therefore, the present applicant forms a raw material composition in which water is added to the solid raw material containing the technology of Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-361039 described above, that is, rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate, and cement, and is cured at a high temperature. Although the use of a lightweight porous sintered body obtained by firing as an enzyme immobilization carrier was examined, the enzyme is immobilized on the surface in the same manner as the porous carrier described in Patent Document 1. However, it was hardly fixed to the porous structure inside.
[0010]
This invention has been made in view of such a technical background, and it is possible to sufficiently fix an object to be fixed such as an enzyme or a microorganism not only on the surface but also on the internal porous structure, It is an object of the present invention to provide a lightweight porous body that can effectively utilize rice husk ash that has been discarded so far and contributes to environmental protection, and a method for producing the same.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above-mentioned object consists of a granular material formed by sintering a composition containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate and cement, and a porous structure is formed inside the granular material, and the surface of the granular material is formed. This is achieved by a lightweight porous body characterized in that a large number of surface pores opened to the outside are scattered and these surface pores communicate with the internal porous structure.
[0012]
The porous body is excellent in lightness, but it is considered that the use of rice husk ash as one of the raw materials and the porous structure greatly contribute to this. This porous structure is considered to be formed due to the unique shape called “micro-shell” of rice husk ash. Therefore, rice husk ash is an important essential component in forming the porous structure. In addition, this porous body is formed with a large number of surface pores open to the outside on the surface, and these communicate with the internal porous structure, so that not only the surface but also the internal pores (internal porosity) In addition, a large number of objects to be fixed such as enzymes and microorganisms can be immobilized in the structure. In this way, not only the surface of the granular material, but also a large amount of fixed objects such as enzymes and microorganisms can be immobilized inside, so the amount of action (reaction amount, etc.) by these enzymes and microorganisms is the particle size of the granular material. The amount of action (reaction amount, etc.) per unit volume of the porous body is always large regardless of the range in which the particle size of the granular material is set. Therefore, it is possible to use one having an optimal particle size as appropriate in accordance with the use conditions and reaction conditions. Furthermore, since this porous body uses rice husk ash that has been discarded without being used as one of the main raw materials, it is possible to make effective use of resources, as well as for rice husk and rice husk ash. It can avoid disposal and contribute to environmental protection.
[0013]
When the content of rice husk ash is 20 to 95% by mass, the content of inorganic aggregate is 2 to 50% by mass, and the content of cement is 2 to 50% by mass, Sufficient strength can be obtained as a porous body.
[0014]
The inorganic aggregate is preferably one or more aggregates selected from the group consisting of quartzite and silicate, which can further improve the strength as a porous body.
[0015]
The average diameter of the surface pores is preferably 10 to 200 μm. With such a size, there is an advantage that the enzyme can be more sufficiently immobilized, microorganisms can be easily attached, and a suitable environment can be formed even in the culture growth.
[0016]
It is preferable that at least a part of the surface of the granular material is a crushed surface formed by crushing. If such a configuration is employed, the number of surface pores formed on the surface of the granular material increases.
[0017]
The carrier according to the present invention is made of any one of the above-mentioned lightweight porous materials, and is used for immobilizing one or more substances selected from the group consisting of enzymes, yeasts and microorganisms. . With this carrier, the substance to be immobilized can be immobilized not only on the surface but also on the internal porous structure. Therefore, for example, a substance in which an enzyme is immobilized on this carrier (enzyme-immobilized carrier) has excellent enzyme activity, and is suitably used for synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, purification of environmental pollutants, and the like.
[0018]
The water purification material according to the present invention is characterized by comprising any one of the above-mentioned lightweight porous bodies. According to this water purification material, microorganisms and algae can easily adhere not only to the surface but also to the porous structure inside, and the porous structure can provide a suitable growth environment for microorganisms and algae. Excellent water purification function is demonstrated.
[0019]
Further, the method for producing a lightweight porous body according to the present invention includes a step of forming a raw material composition obtained by adding water to a solid raw material containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate and cement, and obtaining a molded body, A curing step of curing the molded body by a hydration reaction, a sintering step of firing the cured molded body at a high temperature to obtain a porous sintered body, and crushing to crush the porous sintered body And a process.
[0020]
According to this production method, a lightweight and porous powder can be obtained. Further, the obtained porous body has a porous structure in which internal pores communicate with each other, and a number of surface pores are exposed by crushing on the surface, and these surface pores are porous inside. It will be in communication with the structure. Therefore, the obtained porous body can sufficiently immobilize an object to be immobilized such as an enzyme or a microorganism not only on the surface but also on the internal pores (internal porous structure). In this way, not only the surface of the granule but also the inside of it can immobilize a large number of objects such as enzymes and microorganisms, so the amount of action (reaction amount, etc.) by these enzymes and microorganisms is the particle size of the granule. In other words, the amount of action (reaction amount, etc.) per unit volume is always large no matter what range the particle size of the powder is set. Therefore, it is possible to use one having an optimal particle size as appropriate in accordance with the use conditions and reaction conditions. Furthermore, since this porous body uses rice husk ash that has been discarded without being used as one of the main raw materials, it is possible to make effective use of resources, as well as for rice husk and rice husk ash. It can avoid disposal and contribute to environmental protection.
[0021]
In the said manufacturing method, the content rate of the rice husk ash in a solid raw material is set to the range of 20-95 mass%, the content rate of an inorganic aggregate is 2-50 mass%, and the content rate of a cement is 2-50 mass%. Is preferred. By setting the specific range, sintering can be performed at a temperature of 1500 ° C. or less (that is, a high firing temperature is not required), and the molded body after the curing process (before sintering) Sufficient strength is obtained, the handleability of the molded body is excellent, and the strength of the obtained sintered body can be sufficiently improved.
[0022]
The raw material composition preferably comprises 10 to 200 parts by mass of water mixed with 100 parts by mass of the solid raw material. By setting the blending amount of water in such a range, the cement hydration reaction can be sufficiently promoted, and molding can be easily performed.
[0023]
As the inorganic aggregate, it is preferable to use one or two or more aggregates selected from the group consisting of silica and silicate because the strength of the porous body can be further improved.
[0024]
The firing temperature in the sintering step is preferably set to 800-1500 ° C. If it sets to such a range, while being able to improve the manufacture efficiency of a sintered compact, the porous body provided with the favorable porous structure can be manufactured reliably.
[0025]
The carrier according to the present invention is a lightweight porous body produced by any one of the above production methods, and is used for fixing one or more substances selected from the group consisting of enzymes, yeasts and microorganisms. It is characterized by being able to. With this carrier, the substance to be immobilized can be sufficiently immobilized not only on the surface but also on the internal porous structure. Therefore, for example, a substance in which an enzyme is immobilized on this carrier (enzyme-immobilized carrier) has excellent enzyme activity, and is suitably used for synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, purification of environmental pollutants, and the like.
[0026]
The water purification material according to the present invention is characterized by comprising a lightweight porous material produced by any one of the production methods described above. According to this water purification material, microorganisms and algae can easily adhere not only to the surface but also to the internal porous structure, and the porous structure can provide a suitable growth environment for these microorganisms and algae. Therefore, an excellent water purification function is exhibited.
[0027]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The lightweight porous body according to the present invention comprises a granular material (powder or / and granular material) obtained by sintering a composition containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate, and cement. A porous structure in which internal pores communicate with each other inside the body is formed, and a large number of surface pores that are open to the outside are scattered on the surface of the granular material, and these surface pores communicate with the internal porous structure. Become.
[0028]
The electron micrograph of the surface of the lightweight porous body which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 1, since the surface of the porous body has a configuration in which many surface pores opened to the outside are scattered, in this porous body, not only the surface but also internal pores (internal pores) It is also possible to sufficiently fix an object to be fixed such as an enzyme or a microorganism to the porous structure. In this way, a large number of fixed objects such as enzymes and microorganisms can be immobilized not only on the surface but also inside thereof, so the amount of action (reaction amount, etc.) by these enzymes and microorganisms is affected by the particle size of the granular material. No matter what range the particle size of the granular material is set, the amount of action per unit volume (reaction amount, etc.) of the porous material is always large. Therefore, it is possible to use one having an optimal particle size as appropriate in accordance with the use conditions and reaction conditions.
[0029]
The average diameter of the surface pores is preferably 10 to 200 μm. If it is less than 10 μm, the enzyme is not easily immobilized on the internal porous structure, and it tends to be difficult for microorganisms to adhere to the internal porous structure. This is not preferable because the strength is lowered.
[0030]
Moreover, although the diameter of a porous body (powder body) is not specifically limited, Usually, it sets to 0.1-10 mm. Among these, when used as an enzyme immobilization carrier, it is preferable to set the particle size in a range of 2 to 5 mm.
[0031]
The lightweight porous body of this invention can be manufactured, for example, by the following manufacturing method. That is, the method for producing a lightweight porous body of the present invention comprises a step of forming a raw material composition obtained by adding water to a solid raw material containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate and cement, to obtain a molded body, Curing step for curing the molded body by hydration reaction, sintering step for firing the cured molded body at a high temperature to obtain a porous sintered body, and crushing step for crushing the porous sintered body It is characterized by including.
[0032]
According to this production method, rice husk ash is used as one of the raw materials, and the resulting product exhibits a porous structure, so that a very lightweight porous body can be produced. Moreover, since the crushing process which crushes a porous sintered compact is provided, the porous granular material with many surface pores exposed outside can be manufactured. In addition, since rice husk ash is used as a raw material, a shrinkage due to sintering is very small, and therefore a porous structure with low distortion and excellent strength can be formed. Furthermore, since the rice husk ash that has been discarded is effectively used, a lightweight porous body can be produced at a low cost, and the disposal of rice husk and rice husk ash can be avoided, contributing to environmental protection.
[0033]
In this invention, the rice husk ash used as a raw material for production can be any ash obtained by burning rice husks obtained by milling rice milling, etc. After using rice husks as fuel Ash (usually black). In general, when the combustion temperature is low, the color of ash is black. When the combustion temperature is about 500 ° C., the ash is amorphous silica, and when the combustion temperature is about 1000 ° C., the crystallization progresses to show a white color. Although the color tone and the kind of crystal differ depending on the atmosphere, the firing temperature, and the firing time during firing, any of these can be used, and the color tone or crystal type of rice husk ash is not particularly limited.
[0034]
Table 1 shows typical examples of the composition of rice husk ash.
[0035]
[Table 1]
[0036]
The content of rice husk ash in the solid raw material is preferably in the range of 20 to 95% by mass. If it is less than 20% by weight, the fire resistance of the molded body after curing becomes high and a significantly high firing temperature is required to sinter, and the weight cannot be sufficiently reduced. This is not preferable because the shrinkage of the film becomes insufficient and the formation ratio of the porous structure is lowered. On the other hand, if it exceeds 95% by mass, it is difficult to ensure sufficient strength. For example, even if it is touched with a hand, the surface may be broken off, which is not preferable.
[0037]
Further, the inorganic aggregate is an essential raw material component for improving the strength. The inorganic aggregate is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include silica stone (quartz or the like) mainly composed of silicon dioxide, river sand, mountain sand, sea sand, or silicate. Examples of the silicate include clay, feldspar, blast furnace slag, fly ash, and the like. Among these, it is preferable to use silica stone or silicate because the strength of the porous body can be further improved. Particularly preferred is a configuration in which silica stone is used as the inorganic aggregate, which is advantageous in that the strength of the porous body can be further improved.
[0038]
The content of the inorganic aggregate in the solid raw material is preferably in the range of 2 to 50% by mass. If it is less than 2% by mass, it is difficult to ensure sufficient strength. For example, even if it is touched by hand, there is a possibility that the surface may be crushed and missing, such being undesirable. On the other hand, if it exceeds 50 mass%, the fire resistance of the molded body after curing becomes high, and a remarkably high firing temperature is required for sintering, which is not preferable.
[0039]
In addition, any kind of cement can be used as a raw material for production, and examples thereof include Portland cement, magnesia cement, alumina cement, mixed cement, natural cement, etc., and one of these can be used alone. Alternatively, two or more kinds may be mixed and used. By including such a cement as an essential component, the strength of the molded body after the curing process (before sintering) is secured by a hydration reaction between the cement, rice husk ash, and inorganic aggregate. Thus, the handleability of the molded body is improved. Among these, it is preferable to use alumina cement.
[0040]
The cement content in the solid raw material is preferably in the range of 2 to 50% by mass. If it is less than 2% by mass, the strength of the molded product (before sintering) after the curing process is lowered and handling properties are deteriorated, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if it exceeds 50 mass%, the fire resistance of the molded body after curing becomes high, and a remarkably high firing temperature is required for sintering, which is not preferable.
[0041]
The raw material composition preferably further contains one or more fibers selected from the group consisting of pulp fiber, synthetic fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber and mineral fiber, and the rice husk ash, It is preferable to set the blending amount of the fibers to 2 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the inorganic aggregate and cement. By containing a specific amount of such a specific fiber, the shape retention of the molded body before curing can be improved, the strength of the molded body after the curing process (before sintering), the strength of the porous body, While being able to improve lightness, the dimensional stability of a porous body can also be improved. If the blending amount is less than 2 parts by mass, the above effects (improvement of strength, etc.) are hardly obtained, and even if the blending amount exceeds 5 parts by mass, the above effect cannot be expected in the same manner, which is not preferable.
[0042]
Further, the raw material composition contains one or more viscosity-imparting agents selected from the group consisting of water-soluble fiber and water-soluble polymer, and the rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate and cement When the blending amount of the viscosity-imparting agent is set to 0.5 to 4 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass in total, there is an advantage that the moldability can be remarkably improved. That is, when molding is performed by extrusion molding, etc., if the raw material composition is insufficient in viscosity or lubricity, molding becomes difficult and it is difficult to obtain a good molded product. Even in such a case, by incorporating a specific amount of the specific viscosity-imparting agent, it is possible to obtain a molded body with good moldability, and thus to manufacture a high-quality porous body. Further, since the viscosity imparting agent burns and volatilizes during firing, it is possible to produce a porous body having a higher porosity, and thus, the bulk density of the resulting porous body can be designed to be smaller, The water absorption rate of the material is also increased. If the blending amount is less than 0.5 parts by mass, the above effect (improving moldability) is hardly obtained, and even if the blending amount exceeds 4 parts by mass, the above effect cannot be expected in the same manner, which is not preferable.
[0043]
The water-soluble fiber is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and fine pulp. The water-soluble polymer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include polyvinyl alcohol and saponified polyvinyl acetate.
[0044]
The amount of water in the raw material composition is preferably set to 10 to 200 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the solid raw material (rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate, cement, etc.). If the amount is less than 10 parts by mass, not only a sufficient molded product cannot be obtained, but also the progress of the hydration reaction of the cement becomes slow, which is not preferable. Moreover, when it exceeds 200 mass parts, since excess water increases and the shape retention of the molded object before curing falls, it is unpreferable.
[0045]
In addition, when employ | adopting an extrusion molding method as a shaping | molding method at the time of shape | molding the said raw material composition, the compounding quantity of the water in a raw material composition is 30-50 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of said solid raw materials. It is particularly preferable to set.
[0046]
In preparing the raw material composition, the blending order of the material components is not particularly limited. For example, water may be blended last, or may be blended at an intermediate stage.
[0047]
Moreover, the said raw material composition can also mix | blend another additive etc. in the range which does not inhibit the effect of this invention as needed.
[0048]
The molding method for molding the raw material composition is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include mold molding, pressure molding, extrusion molding, and granulation molding. Especially, it is preferable to shape | mold by press molding or extrusion molding at the point which can manufacture a high quality porous body with sufficient productivity.
[0049]
Moreover, it does not specifically limit about the curing method in a curing process, For example, natural curing, underwater curing, steam curing, autoclave curing etc. can be illustrated. Through such a curing process, the cement hydration reaction proceeds to set and harden, thereby ensuring the strength required for handling.
[0050]
The firing temperature in the sintering step is not particularly limited as long as it is high, but is preferably in the range of 800 to 1500 ° C. If it is less than 800 ° C., it takes time to complete the sintering and the production efficiency of the porous body is lowered, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the temperature exceeds 1500 ° C., the raw material melts and a porous structure cannot be obtained. Among these, the firing temperature is more preferably set in the range of 1000 to 1300 ° C., and it is best to hold at this firing temperature for 1 to 2 hours.
[0051]
In addition, it is preferable to set the temperature increase rate until it reaches the said baking temperature to 5-10 degreeC / min. In general, when producing ceramics by firing ceramic raw materials, it is necessary to slow down the temperature lowering rate when the temperature is lowered from the firing temperature to room temperature in order to prevent cracks and cracks from occurring. In the porous body of the present invention, the shrinkage rate during sintering is very small, so that cracking or the like does not occur even when the temperature is decreased at a high temperature decrease rate of about 5 to 10 ° C./min. Therefore, since the temperature drop rate after firing can be set large, there is also an advantage that a lightweight porous body can be produced with high production efficiency.
[0052]
Further, the crushing technique in the crushing process is not particularly limited as long as it is a technique for reducing the size of the sintered body obtained by firing. Examples of such crushing methods include crushing, crushing, and surface cutting (such as thinning the surface).
[0053]
The lightweight porous material obtained by the production method of the present invention can be used as a carrier such as an enzyme immobilization carrier, a water purification material, an adsorption filter, a heat insulating material, a sound insulating material, a humidity control building material, earthen wood, a filter material, etc. it can. In addition, the use of the lightweight porous body of this invention is not specifically limited to the use of the said illustration.
[0054]
【Example】
Next, specific examples of the present invention will be described.
[0055]
<Example 1>
60 parts by mass of rice husk ash (average particle size 350 μm, black), 20 parts by mass of silica (average particle size 4.63 μm), 20 parts by mass of alumina cement (average particle size 14.5 μm), and 15 parts by mass of water are thoroughly mixed Thus, a uniform raw material composition was obtained. The rice husk ash, silica stone, and alumina cement used here have the compositions shown in Table 1, respectively.
[0056]
Next, this raw material composition was placed in a mold and subjected to pressure molding at a pressure of 20 Pa to obtain a molded body. This molded body was kept in a curing tank at 25 ° C. and a humidity of 90% for 24 hours and cured by a hydration reaction (curing process). Next, after drying at 50 ° C. for 24 hours, the compact was fired in the air at a firing temperature of 1300 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a sintered body. The rate of temperature increase until reaching 1300 ° C. was 10 ° C./min, and the rate of temperature decrease thereafter was 10 ° C./min.
[0057]
Next, the obtained sintered body was pulverized using a stamp mill to obtain a porous granular material having an average particle diameter of 3 mm.
[0058]
(Immobilization of enzyme)
Since commercially available lipase (enzyme) is a mixture with diatomaceous earth for stable storage, 6 g of 0.1 g of commercially available lipase enzyme (Amano Enzyme Lipase PS) is used to purify the enzyme alone. The sample was dissolved in a phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7) and allowed to stand for 10 minutes, followed by centrifugation (2500 rpm, 900 G) for 10 minutes. A lipase solution was prepared by filtering through two filter papers. In 3 mL of this lipase solution, 0.3 g of the porous granular material was immersed and stirred for 1 hour, and then the porous granular material was taken out and water was replaced with an acetone solvent. By carrying out a drying treatment, an enzyme-immobilized carrier was obtained.
[0059]
<Examples 2 to 5>
An enzyme-immobilized carrier was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition and composition ratio of the raw material composition, the molding pressure, and the firing temperature were set to the conditions shown in Table 2.
[0060]
<Example 6>
Rice husk ash (average particle size 350 μm, black) 60 parts by mass, silica stone (average particle size 4.63 μm) 20 parts by mass, alumina cement (average particle size 14.5 μm) 20 parts by mass, pulp fiber 2 parts by mass, carboxymethylcellulose (Made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name “Metroose 90SH15000”) 2.5 parts by mass and 50 parts by mass of water are sufficiently mixed to obtain a uniform raw material composition, and the raw material composition is kneaded and an extrusion pressure of 2.0 to The molded body was obtained by extrusion molding at 2.1 Pa. This molded body was kept in a curing tank at 25 ° C. and a humidity of 90% for 24 hours and cured by a hydration reaction (curing process). Next, after drying at 50 ° C. for 24 hours, the compact was fired in the air at a firing temperature of 1300 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a sintered body. The rate of temperature increase until reaching 1300 ° C. was 10 ° C./min, and the rate of temperature decrease thereafter was 10 ° C./min.
[0061]
Next, the obtained sintered body was pulverized using a stamp mill to obtain a porous granular material having an average particle diameter of 3 mm. Enzyme immobilization support was obtained by carrying out enzyme immobilization in the same manner as in Example 1 on this porous granular material.
[0062]
<Examples 7 and 8>
An enzyme-immobilized carrier was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the composition ratio of the raw material composition was set to the ratio shown in Table 2.
[0063]
<Comparative Example 1>
Instead of 60 parts by mass of rice husk ash, the enzyme-immobilized carrier was the same as in Example 1 except that 60 parts by mass of the shirasu balloon obtained by heating and foaming the volcanic product shirasu was included in the raw material composition. Got.
[0064]
[Table 2]
[0065]
<Example 9>
By sieving the porous powder obtained in Example 1 with a sieve, only those having a particle size of less than 2 mm are classified, and then enzyme immobilization is carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain an enzyme immobilization carrier Got.
[0066]
<Example 10>
The porous powder obtained in Example 1 is sieved to classify only those having a particle size of 2 to 4.75 mm, and enzyme immobilization is performed in the same manner as in Example 1 to An immobilization carrier was obtained.
[0067]
<Example 11>
By subjecting the porous powder obtained in Example 1 to a sieve, only those having a particle size of 4.75 mm or more are classified, and by performing enzyme immobilization in the same manner as in Example 1, enzyme immobilization is performed. A modified carrier was obtained.
[0068]
<Comparative example 2>
60 parts by mass of rice husk ash (average particle size 350 μm, black), 20 parts by mass of silica (average particle size 4.63 μm), 20 parts by mass of alumina cement (average particle size 14.5 μm), and 15 parts by mass of water are thoroughly mixed Thus, a uniform raw material composition was obtained, and the raw material composition was kneaded and extruded at an extrusion pressure of 2.0 to 2.1 Pa to obtain a molded body. This molded body was kept in a curing tank at 25 ° C. and a humidity of 90% for 24 hours and cured by a hydration reaction (curing process). Next, after drying at 50 ° C. for 24 hours, the compact was fired in air at a firing temperature of 1300 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a sintered body (a porous cylindrical body having a diameter of 2.5 mm). The rate of temperature increase until reaching 1300 ° C. was 10 ° C./min, and the rate of temperature decrease thereafter was 10 ° C./min. Enzyme immobilization support was obtained by immobilizing enzyme on the sintered body in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0069]
<Comparative Example 3>
An enzyme-immobilized carrier was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that the diameter of the porous cylinder was designed to be 5 mm.
[0070]
[Table 3]
[0071]
When the surface of the porous granular material of Examples 1-11 was observed with the electron microscope, as shown in FIG. 1, many surface pores opened on the surface were scattered and formed. On the other hand, in the granular material of Comparative Example 1, almost no surface pores were observed as shown in FIG.
[0072]
The following evaluation was performed on each enzyme-immobilized carrier obtained as described above. These results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
[0073]
<Evaluation of enzyme reaction rate of enzyme-immobilized carrier>
In a test tube with a cap, 5 mL of hexane, 0.05 g of molecular sieve, 50 μL of vinyl acetate monomer, 20 μL of 1-phenylethanol, and 0.1 g of enzyme-immobilized carrier were allowed to react at 30 ° C. with stirring for 60 minutes. Next, ether extraction was performed on the liquid in the test tube, and the extracted liquid was gas chromatograph (column: DEX-CB, 25 m × 0.25 mm diameter, injection temperature: 200 ° C., detector temperature: 200 ° C., column temperature. : 160 ° C., helium flow rate: 2 mL / min). The reaction rate was calculated using esterification of 1-phenylethanol as an index. That is,
Reaction rate (%) = Acetate area / (Acetate area + Alcohol area × 1.2) / Mass of immobilized carrier / 0.1
[0074]
As is apparent from Table 2, the enzyme reaction rate per unit amount of the enzyme-immobilized carriers of Examples 1 to 8 configured using the enzyme-immobilized carrier of the present invention is much higher than that of Comparative Example 1. It was excellent.
[0075]
Further, as is clear from the results of Examples 9 to 11 in Table 3, the enzyme reaction rate per unit amount of the enzyme-immobilized carrier constituted using the enzyme-immobilized carrier of the present invention is influenced by the particle size. The enzyme reaction rate per unit amount is remarkably large regardless of the range in which the particle size is set. From this result, it was confirmed that in the porous body of the present invention, a large amount of enzyme was immobilized not only on the surface but also on the internal porous structure.
[0076]
On the other hand, as is apparent from the results of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 in Table 3, the enzyme reaction rate per unit amount was greatly affected by the diameter of the sample that was not crushed.
[0077]
In order to confirm that the enzyme was adhered to the internal pores, a cross-sectional SEM photograph of the central part of the porous granular material of Example 1 was observed. Since the enzyme was fine, it was immobilized inside. Could not be confirmed. Then, after carrying yeast on the porous granular material of Example 1, the cross-sectional SEM photograph of the center part of this porous granular material was observed. This SEM photograph (electron micrograph) is shown in FIG. From this SEM photograph, it was confirmed that about 3 μm of yeast had penetrated into the porous structure at the center of the porous granular material and was immobilized.
[0078]
<Evaluation of water purification effect>
Yeast bacteria (microorganisms) were supported on the porous granular material obtained in Examples 1 to 11 (those not subjected to enzyme immobilization). The water purification effect of this yeast-immobilized carrier was investigated. 500 mL of an aqueous methylene blue solution (concentration 0.1 mmol / L) was poured into a column (300 mm × 20 mm diameter), and the absorbance of the solution emerging from the column was measured with a spectrophotometer. When the column was filled with porous particles that did not support yeast, no change in absorbance was observed, but when the column was filled with porous particles that supported yeast, Absorbance decreased by about 40% (decolorized). Thus, it turned out that what fixed yeast to the porous body of this invention was equipped with the outstanding water purification effect.
[0079]
【The invention's effect】
According to the invention of claim 1, a lightweight porous body having a porous structure formed due to a unique shape called “micro-shell” of rice husk ash is provided. In addition, this porous body is formed with a large number of surface pores open to the outside on the surface, and these communicate with the internal porous structure, so that not only the surface but also the internal pores (internal porosity) In addition, a large number of fixed objects such as enzymes and microorganisms can be immobilized in the structure, and the amount of action (reaction amount, activity, etc.) by these immobilized enzymes and microorganisms depends on the particle size of the granular material The amount of action (reaction amount, activity, etc.) per unit volume of the porous body is always large regardless of the range in which the particle size of the granular material is set. Accordingly, particles having an optimal particle size can be used as appropriate in accordance with use conditions, reaction conditions, and the like. Furthermore, since this porous body uses rice husk ash that has been discarded without being used as one of the main raw materials, it is possible to make effective use of resources, as well as for rice husk and rice husk ash. It can avoid disposal and contribute to environmental protection.
[0080]
According to invention of Claim 2, the intensity | strength as a porous body can be improved more.
[0081]
According to invention of Claim 3, the intensity | strength as a porous body can further be improved.
[0082]
According to the invention of claim 4, the enzyme can be immobilized at a higher density, microorganisms can be easily attached, and a suitable environment can be formed even in the culture growth.
[0083]
According to the invention of claim 5, since the number of surface pores increases, it is possible to further increase the fixed amount of enzyme, microorganism, etc. per unit volume.
[0084]
According to the invention of claim 6, it is possible to provide an enzyme-immobilized carrier excellent in enzyme activity, a yeast-immobilized carrier excellent in yeast activity, a microorganism-immobilized carrier excellent in action activity, and the like.
[0085]
According to invention of Claim 7, the water quality purification material which has the outstanding water quality purification function is provided.
[0086]
According to the invention of claim 8, a light-weight granular material having a porous structure formed due to a unique shape called “micro-shell” possessed by rice husk ash at low cost. Can be manufactured. Further, the obtained porous body has a porous structure inside, and a number of surface pores are exposed on the surface by crushing, and the surface pores communicate with the internal porous structure. As a result, not only the surface but also the internal pores (internal porous structure) can immobilize a large number of objects to be immobilized such as enzymes and microorganisms. Therefore, the amount of action by these immobilized enzymes and microorganisms ( The reaction amount, activity, etc.) are not affected by the particle size of the granular material, that is, the amount of action per unit volume of the porous material (whatever the particle size of the granular material is set) The reaction amount, activity, etc.) are always large.
[0087]
According to invention of Claim 9, the handleability of a molded object and the intensity | strength of a porous body can fully be improved.
[0088]
According to the invention of claim 10, the hydration reaction of the cement can be sufficiently promoted, and the shape retention of the molded body before curing can be improved.
[0089]
According to invention of Claim 11, the intensity | strength of a porous body can be improved more.
[0090]
According to invention of Claim 12, productivity can be improved and a favorable porous structure can be formed reliably.
[0091]
According to the invention of claim 13, it is possible to provide an enzyme-immobilized carrier excellent in enzyme activity, a yeast-immobilized carrier excellent in yeast activity, a microorganism-immobilized carrier excellent in action activity, and the like.
[0092]
According to the invention of claim 14, a water purification material having an excellent water purification function is provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an electron micrograph of the surface of a porous body obtained by the production method of the present invention.
2 is an electron micrograph of the surface of a porous body of Comparative Example 1. FIG.
FIG. 3 is an electron micrograph of a cross-section at the center of the porous powder and granule used in Example 1 in which yeast is supported.
Claims (9)
前記粉粒体における、もみ殻灰の含有率が20〜95質量%、無機質骨材の含有率が2〜50質量%、セメントの含有率が2〜50質量%の範囲であり、
前記粉粒体の内部に多孔質構造が形成され、前記粉粒体の表面の少なくとも一部が破砕により形成された破砕面であることによって前記粉粒体の表面に外に開口した平均径10〜200μmの表面気孔が多数散在して形成され、これら表面気孔が前記内部の多孔質構造に連通していることを特徴とする軽量多孔質体。The composition containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate and cement is composed of a granular material having a diameter of 0.1 to 10 mm obtained by sintering at a firing temperature of 800 to 1500 ° C. ,
In the granular material, the content of rice husk ash is 20 to 95% by mass, the content of inorganic aggregate is 2 to 50% by mass, and the content of cement is 2 to 50% by mass,
A porous structure is formed inside the granular material, and at least a part of the surface of the granular material is a crushed surface formed by crushing, whereby an average diameter of 10 opened to the surface of the granular material. A lightweight porous body characterized in that a large number of surface pores of ˜200 μm are scattered, and these surface pores communicate with the internal porous structure.
セメントの水和反応により前記成形体を硬化させる養生工程と、
前記養生を行った成形体を800〜1500℃の焼成温度で焼成して多孔質焼結体を得る焼結工程と、
前記多孔質焼結体を破砕することによって、内部に多孔質構造が形成され、表面に外に開口した平均径10〜200μmの表面気孔が多数散在して形成され、これら表面気孔が前記内部の多孔質構造に連通してなる0.1〜10mm径の粉粒体を得る破砕工程とを含むことを特徴とする軽量多孔質体の製造方法。It is a solid raw material containing rice husk ash, inorganic aggregate and cement, and the content of rice husk ash is 20 to 95% by mass, the content of inorganic aggregate is 2 to 50% by mass, and the content of cement is 2 to 2. Forming a raw material composition obtained by adding water to a solid raw material in a range of 50% by mass to obtain a molded body;
A curing process for curing the molded body by a hydration reaction of cement;
A sintering step of firing the cured body at a firing temperature of 800 to 1500 ° C. to obtain a porous sintered body;
By crushing the porous sintered body, a porous structure is formed inside, and a large number of surface pores having an average diameter of 10 to 200 μm open to the outside are formed on the surface. And a crushing step of obtaining a 0.1 to 10 mm diameter granular material communicating with the porous structure.
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| JP5544763B2 (en) * | 2008-09-25 | 2014-07-09 | 株式会社Lixil | Water-retaining ceramic, method for producing the same, and water-retaining structure |
| JP5133311B2 (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2013-01-30 | 住友重機械エンバイロメント株式会社 | Biological wastewater treatment method and biological wastewater treatment apparatus |
| JP6185953B2 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2017-08-23 | 赤穂化成株式会社 | Water purification body containing useful microorganisms |
| CN115043637B (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2023-03-21 | 邢台建德水泥有限公司 | Cement containing biomass combustion waste material and preparation method thereof |
| AU2024295997A1 (en) * | 2023-07-15 | 2026-03-05 | Hiroyasu Nakamura | Fuel additive, method for producing same, and use thereof |
| JP2026050016A (en) * | 2024-09-09 | 2026-03-19 | 株式会社エコ浄化システム | Water purification materials and water purification treatment equipment |
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