JP4153505B2 - Method for forming hollow structure and lamp shade designed based on this method - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a method of forming a hollow structure, and more particularly to a method of forming a hollow structure suitable for designing a lamp shade of a ceiling hanging type or a floor lamp type as a lighting fixture.

Geometry is a field in mathematics, and its range of application extends to the structure of forms related to the technical field and the organization and understanding of spaces. The development has also influenced the fields of art such as architecture, sculpture, and painting since the birth of civilization. Among the geometries, the field dealing with solids in particular is called polyhedral geometry, but the basic axes of these polyhedral structures are based on regular polyhedrons, so-called Plato solids. Euclidean geometry, which is the basis of geometry, is summarized in the 13th volume of "Theory", but the last three volumes are devoted to solid geometry, and the point of arrival is directed to the elucidation of this regular polyhedron ( Non-patent document 1).

Today, the technology applying polyhedral geometry is used in various fields ranging from large buildings to small molecular structure models. Taking lighting fixtures, there are several things that apply a polyhedral structure especially in the form of a lamp shade. Before describing these lamp shades in detail, first, the developmental stage of polyhedral geometry will be described following its historical history. This description shows the polyhedron steps used in the prior art.

A regular polyhedron is also called a Plato solid. The reason for this is that Plato treats the polyhedron in his book during the ancient Greek period. Therefore, it is called a Plato solid below. Later, this solid was proved by Euclidean geometry "principle", and in a later era, Archimedes discovered solid groups that were regularly deformed from Plato solids.

These solids are called Archimedean solids after his name. This solid is a solid in which two or more kinds of regular polygons are collected around each vertex, and at the same time has the same rotational symmetry property as a Plato solid. Today, this Archimedean solid may be called a semi-regular polyhedron or a quasi-regular polyhedron, depending on the classification based on the regularity of polyhedral geometry.

From the beginning of the era to the middle ages, as well as various science and technology, this discipline has not developed significantly. Later, Archimedean bi-allelic bodies and star-shaped regular polyhedrons were gradually discovered after the Middle Ages. Here, the bi-antagonism refers to a solid in which the number of vertices and the number of faces of the original solid are interchanged.

In early modern times, the rhomboid 30-hedron in the bi-antagonist was discovered by Johannes Kepler, an astronomer and mathematician. And until modern times, the laws and proofs have been carried out by many mathematicians and scientists.

In modern times, star-shaped polyhedrons and rhomboided polyhedrons have been studied by geometries whose vertices are H, S, M, and Coxseter. Today, the rhomboid polyhedron has been developed by creating the category of zone polyhedron. Conventionally, the polyhedron has been interpreted by a surface configuration or a frame configuration, but a method of interpreting by a configuration using a wire or a shaft has been found. (See Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 4)

Some lamp shades using a polyhedral structure apply a Plato solid or a polyhedral structure derived from it to the basic structure. Hereinafter, specific examples of these lamp shades will be given and their characteristics will be described with reference to the drawings.

The ceiling-suspended lamp shade (see Non-Patent Document 5) is designed using a regular icosahedron in one of the Plato solids. FIG. 183 is an external perspective view. The lamp shade 1 has a spherical shape, and petals-like undulations are regularly arranged on the shade. This shade is made up of 20 sheets of polypropylene sheets 2 having a thin light-transmitting shape as shown in FIG.

In the connection mechanism, the shades are connected by manually fitting each groove 3 of the sheet into the groove 3 of another sheet. Since this sheet is flexible, in the assembling process, it is possible and easy to fit another sheet into a groove and connect the sheets by bending the end 4 of the sheet. These sheets can be stored flat in a relatively small box in a non-assembled state of the lamp shade, so that storage space and transportation costs can be reduced.

The feature of the structure of the lamp shade is that the design is performed in such a way that the surface of each sheet constituting the lamp shade is in contact with each surface of the regular icosahedron. More specifically, the sheet is designed with a setting in which a regular triangle surrounded by a two-dot broken line of the sheet 2 shown in FIG. 184 overlaps the surface of the regular icosahedron 5 shown in FIG. 185. FIG. 186 shows a regular icosahedron that overlaps the inside of the lamp shade 1. Each vertex of the regular icosahedron 5 indicated by a solid line corresponds to a place where five end portions 4 of the sheet 2 gather. As can be seen from this figure, the lamp shade 1 includes a regular icosahedron, in other words, the regular icosahedron is set as a nuclear model.

Next, the function and irradiation effect of this lamp shade as a lighting fixture will be described with reference to FIG. The light emitting device is installed in the center of the lamp shade through an electric cable from a hole provided in the center of one sheet. At the time of lighting, the light emitted from the light source emits light light to the outside because the sheet is light transmissive, and two indirect lights with different shadows are projected on the shade surface. One is a shaded area similar to the regular icosahedron surface, and reflects bright indirect light. The other is a petal-shaped part that protrudes outward from the previous shade part, and is darker than the previous shade part located inside because it blocks indirect light from the shade surface located inside it. It has become. Moreover, in the petal-like shadow location which is the protruding portion, a slight gradation is formed due to the difference between the location far from the light source and the location close to it. The gradation of the shadow is darkest at the edge of the sheet that is far from the light source, and gradually becomes brighter toward the groove that is the connecting part of the sheets.

Next, an example of a lamp shade using a star-shaped polyhedron will be given. Since the star polyhedron can be formed from a Plato solid or an Archimedean solid (see Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4), there are many types of forms. Therefore, here, one of the Archimedes solids, which is an example of this, is a lamp shade using a star-shaped polyhedron formed from a rhombic octahedron (see Non-Patent Document 3 and Non-Patent Document 6). State.

The lamp shade 6 whose external perspective view is shown in FIG. 187 includes a plurality of pyramid-shaped shade components. The pyramid-shaped shade component that forms the exterior is molded from a light-transmitting synthetic resin, and the inside is hollow and thin and light. At the center of the lamp shade 6, a plastic frame having a rhombic cubic octahedron frame structure shown in FIG. 188 is provided as the shade support frame 7. Two kinds of pyramidal shade parts shown in FIG. 189 are connected to the support frame as components. Shade components can be easily connected by hand.

Specifically explaining the connection of the shade component to the support frame, the shade component (A) is composed of a triangular pyramid, and the triangle side of the bottom surface is connected to the triangular ridge line of the shade support frame 7. The square side of the bottom surface of the shade component (B) made of a quadrangular pyramid is connected to the square ridge line of the support frame 7.

These components can be stored in a relatively small box when the lampshade is not assembled, thus saving storage space and transportation costs. FIG. 190 shows the process of assembling the lamp shade. As can be understood from this drawing, the lamp shade is formed by enclosing a polyhedron that is the shade support frame 7 inside.

Further, the function and irradiation effect of the shade as a lighting fixture will be described. In the light emitting device, a hole is provided at the apex of one pyramidal shade part, and the hole is installed in the center of the shade support frame through an electric cable. At the time of lighting, irradiation light from the light source passes through this support frame and irradiates the inside of each shade. When the shade is viewed from the outside, light indirect light is projected on the shade surface. This indirect light has no noticeable shadow difference, but forms a shaded gradation from the tip of the shade to the center. The shade surface on the center side is the brightest, and it gradually becomes darker as it goes to the tip.

As the next prior art, there is a lamp shade that is commercially available as IQ light. In this lamp shade, a plurality of thin light-transmitting plastic sheets are connected to form a shade, but there are several types of irregular shapes including spherical shapes (see Non-Patent Document 7). ). This lamp shade is a design by Holger Strom, and the sheet constituting the shade is contained in the patent document as one of the structural elements of the hollow body (see Patent Document 1).

The feature is that one type of sheet is used as a component, and a plurality of types of shades are formed by combining a plurality of sheets. In addition, these components can be stored flat in a relatively small box in the unassembled state of the lampshade, thereby reducing storage space and transportation costs.

When the shape of the sheet constituting the lamp shade is described in more detail, it can be understood from the specification of the patent document and FIG. 1 of the drawings that the basic structure is a parallelogram. By disposing a claw-like extension at each corner of the parallelogram, a shade can be formed by interconnecting with a similar claw of another sheet constituting the shade. The sheets are connected manually, but since the sheets are made of polyvinyl chloride, they are flexible and easy to fit between the ridges. This sheet incorporating parallelograms in the basic structure forms a spherical or irregular shape depending on the number of connected sheets, but its appearance shows a structure in which several rhombuses are connected.

Considering from the viewpoint of polyhedral geometry, a polyhedron composed of rhomboids has a zone polyhedron (Zonohedron). Since this IQ light has an appearance similar to that of the zone polyhedron, the structure of the lamp shade is a zone polyhedron. It seems to conform to. However, in light of the formation method of the zone polyhedron, all of the lamp shades do not necessarily conform to the zone polyhedron, but conform to only some of the forms.

Therefore, the relationship between the lamp shade and the polyhedral structure will be specifically described. First, the appearance of the zone polyhedron will be described, and which polyhedron of the polyhedron group corresponds to which form of the IQ light.

A zone polyhedron is a polyhedron composed only of arbitrary parallel polygons. Therefore, it is also called a parallel polyhedron (see Non-Patent Document 3). There are innumerable polyhedrons, but typical ones are constituted only by parallelograms, and several examples are shown in FIGS. 191 to 194. FIG. 191 comprises 42 planes, FIG. 192 comprises 56 planes, FIG. 193 comprises 72 planes, and FIG. 194 comprises 90 planes.

Some polyhedrons derived by the zone polyhedron forming method belong to the category of regular polyhedrons or polyhedrons derived therefrom. Representative examples thereof are shown in FIGS. 195 to 198. The regular hexahedron shown in FIG. 195, the truncated octahedron shown in FIG. 196, the rhombohedral dodecahedron shown in FIG. It is a zone polyhedron.

Therefore, in relation to the IQ light, the layout of the shade (FIG. 4 of the patent drawing) composed of 12 sheets conforms to the surface configuration of the rhomboid dodecahedron of FIG. The arrangement of the sheets of the shade (FIG. 5 of the patent drawing) composed of 30 sheets conforms to the surface configuration of the rhomboid 30-hedron in FIG. This is as described in the patent specification.

Referring to the drawings, how to comply will be described more specifically. FIG. 199 is a perspective view of a lamp shade composed of 12 IQ light sheets, and FIG. 200 is a lamp shade composed of 30 sheets. The shape shown with the dashed-two dotted line in both figures shows a rhombus polyhedron. Each sheet is arranged according to the surface of the polyhedron, and both shades are designed to include the rhomboid polyhedron inside the shade.

However, except for the two lamp shade sheet configurations, the lamp shade sheet configurations of other combinations do not conform to the structure of the zone polyhedron. This is because the number of faces of the polyhedron that can be formed by the zone polyhedron forming method does not match the number of components of the lamp shade group. For example, in a lamp shade composed of 9 sheets (FIG. 201) and a lamp shade composed of 15 sheets (FIG. 202), when the enclosing structure is indicated by a two-dot chain line, the opposing ridge lines of the surface structure are not necessarily This is because they are not all parallel and do not match the properties of the zone polyhedron.

Next, the function and illumination effect of the lamp shade as a lighting fixture will be described. The light emitting device is installed at the center of the shade body, and the electric cable is connected to the light bulb holder through a portion where the claws of the sheet overlap each other.

At the time of lighting, the irradiation light emitted from the light source passes through the sheet and projects light indirect light on the shade surface outside. There are four places where the shade difference clearly appears on the shade surface illuminated by the indirect light. One is the brightest area where the sheets do not overlap. The second is where the sheets overlap with space, where the shadow is darker than the previous part. The third part is a part where the claws hitting the connecting parts of the sheets come into contact with each other and the shadow is further darkened. And the 4th is the location where the sheet | seat which overlaps outward curves in a mountain shape, and forms the space between an inner sheet | seat, ie, the opening part in a shade. Since the irradiation light reflected on the inner side of the sheet is irradiated to the outside from this opening, light that is brighter than indirect light projected on any other shade surface is emitted.

In addition, with regard to the gradation of the shadow reflected on the shade surface, it is possible to recognize two places, a slightly appearing place and a clearly formed place. One of them is a place where the sheets do not overlap. This portion has a slight difference in the distance from the light source to the shade surface because the sheet is gently curved. Therefore, there is a slight difference in the illuminance of the irradiation light, and a faint shade gradation can be recognized at a location far from the light source of the curved sheet. Another shaded gradation is where the sheets overlap. The outline of the edge of the sheet that overlaps inside is reflected as a shadow on the outer surface of the sheet that overlaps outward, and the shadow forms a slight gradation.

In addition, it should be added as a function as a lighting fixture. Since each sheet is curved outward at the time of assembly, a plurality of spaces that pass from the inside of the main body to the outside, so-called openings, are formed. The opening ventilates the heat emitted by the light source that is lit inside, thereby preventing the heat from overheating inside.

As mentioned above, the conventional technologies in the three-point lamp shade are summarized in that the polyhedron structure is used for the structure, and the polyhedron used mainly consists of a single surface as a component. Similarly, the shade can be formed of a single member, and the assembly process is repeatable. This makes it possible to reduce the manufacturing cost, storage space and transportation cost of the member, which is a technical advantage.
“Junior Mathematics Encyclopedia” Supervision: Yoshikazu Baba, Publisher: Otake Publishing, Euclidean Geometry p404 "Polyhedron and Architecture" Author: Kouji Miyazaki, Publisher: Shokokusha, History of polyhedron pp. 1-26, "Encyclopedia of Architecture" Author: Kouji Miyazaki, Publisher: Shokokusha, (Star-shaped polyhedron pp68-70, Archimedes solid and its two-sided appearance list p52, wire / shaft structure pp94-95, star shape (Polyhedral lighting fixture p68, zone polyhedron pp. 88-91) Author: Shin Ichimatsu, Publisher: Tokai University Press “FLAKE LAMP catalog 2005” UPL: http: www. days. co. jp / kagu-080. html, 2005 “SPARKLINK LIGHT Catalog 2005” UPL: http: www. shop-color. net / goods / b / funlummp / details / BIL-018. html, 2005 “IQ Lite Catalog 2005” UPL: http: www. iqlight. jp, 2005 Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 50-4885 (Inventor: Holger Strom)

The design of the lamp shade is also in its shape, but also in the irradiation effect associated therewith. The effects include the balance of shadows reflected on the shade surface, contrast, change, gradation, etc. Especially, the shade gradation has a wide range, and the lamp shade that projects soft indirect light on the shade surface is valuable as an interior. is there. However, it cannot be said that the irradiation effect of the lamp shade shown in the previous section is remarkably excellent.

Therefore, in the following, a lamp shade that is particularly excellent in the irradiation effect will be cited, and the difference will be described by comparing the irradiation effects. Le Clint (Denmark) mainly manufactures and sells ceiling-mounted lighting fixtures. Hereinafter referred to as Les Clintrites. Among them, the lampshade designed mainly by Paul Christiansen is like a valley with a single transparent plastic sheet with curved or straight creases on its surface. It is formed into a folded, hollow spherical or elliptical solid (see Non-Patent Document 8). The lamp shade is characterized by the harmony between the three-dimensional curved surface and the sharply bent ridgeline. On the other hand, the shade on the shaded surface during lighting is varied, and the gradation of the shadow gives a soft impression.

The factor of the light irradiation effect is that the distance from the light source to the shade surface is changed by folding the sheet in a mountain-and-valley shape. The shade surface is uneven, and at the same time, the inner and outer spaces with the shade as a boundary are changed. As a result, the amount of light transmitted through the shade surface and the amount of light diffused inside the shade also change, and a shaded gradation is generated on the shade surface. The shadow stage is more uniform, in other words, the gradation changes from light to dark with a constant tone. A particularly prominent example is the light product numbers LK-172 and LK-157. In LK-170 and LK-171, although the gradation width is long or short, there are several shaded portions and a variety of changes.

When comparing the cited example given in the background section to this lamp shade, it is clear that there is a difference in the shade gradation. In the background art citation, a shaded gradation can be recognized, but it is not clear because there is a difference in light and dark with respect to the shaded surface. In addition, there is little change in shading. Specifically, in the case of a lamp shade using a regular icosahedron, the difference between light and dark is very small. In the case of a star-shaped polyhedral lamp shade, gradation can be recognized, but there is only one type of shadow. In IQ light, the gradation that can be clearly recognized is not uniform because its width is short with respect to the shaded surface.

Another comparative example is the Luis Poulsen (Denmark) lighting fixture, which is known as a PH lamp designed by Paul Henningsen (see Non-Patent Document 9). ). The material of the lamp shade is not necessarily limited to the light transmissive material. A feature of the shade structure is that a plurality of shade members which are constituent elements form a curved surface, and a space is provided between the members, and the members overlap each other. In addition, the inner and outer spaces of the shade are changed by the fact that these components are parallel or at an angle. Thereby, the irradiation light from the light source is reflected and diffused on the inner surface of the shade, and the light from the light source does not enter the viewing angle by illuminating the upper surface of the shade member located below.

In addition, the irradiation light reflected on the inside of the shade illuminates the shade outer surface located below, thereby forming a shaded gradation on the surface. This gradation stage gives a uniform and soft impression because the member shape gently forms a curved surface to diffuse the reflected light. Details of this content are described in the published document specification (see Patent Document 2).

In addition, the technology that enhances the irradiation effect by placing a space on the constituent members of the shade, which is a feature of this PH lamp, and the lamp shade designed by Hans Agne Jacobsson is common. It can be recognized (see Non-Patent Document 10).

On the other hand, in the cited example of the background art, only the IQ light can partially recognize the common points. The place is a space that passes from the inside of the main body to the outside, that is, a place where the sheets overlap. Irradiation light from the light source is reflected on the inner surface of the sheet that overlaps outward, illuminates the upper surface of the sheet that overlaps inward, and slightly diffuses to form a shaded gradation. However, in the space where the sheets overlap, the overlapping width of the sheets is shorter than the length of the sheet, so that no conspicuous shade gradation is formed.

As a result of examining the shade gradation reflected on the shade surface of the comparative example, the present inventor has found that the factor that increases the irradiation effect is the formation and configuration of the shade. And when the point was analyzed locally, it discovered that it could classify | categorize into the following two types. The former is that the sheet surface is folded in a mountain-valley shape to form a shaded surface. The latter is the point that the shade member is configured so that the members constituting the shade are arranged and overlapped so that the irradiation light from the light source is indirectly diffused and radiated to the outside.

However, the lamp shade shown in the background section does not use a method of forming a shaded gradation by folding a sheet. In addition, although the IQ light uses this method at the point where the constituent elements of the shade overlap with each other, the irradiation effect as high as that of the comparative example cannot be recognized.

Here, to clarify the problems in the prior art, the conventional lampshade using a polyhedron draws out the nature of its geometric form by using the polyhedron in the shade structure, and is an excellent technology not found in other lampshades Creating a positive effect. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that the irradiation effect is inferior to the lamp shade of the comparative example. This is because the method for forming and constructing a shade suitable for extracting the irradiation effect described above is not used. In other words, it can be said that there is a limit to the structure of the polyhedron used to enhance the irradiation effect.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a lamp shade that uses a polyhedron structure and takes advantage of its properties, and has an excellent irradiation effect as a shaded gradation compared to the prior art. A further problem is to provide a method of forming a structure suitable for obtaining the irradiation effect.
“LE KLINT Catalog 2005” UPL: http: // www. momoda. co. jp / leklint / leklinttop. html, 2005 “LOUIS POULSEN Catalog 2005” UPL: http: // www. louis-poulsen. com, 2005 “JAKOBSSON LAMP Catalog 2005” UPL: http: // www. yamagiwa. co. jp / interor / lighting / jakobsson, 2005 US Pat. No. 1,757,527 (inventor: Paul Henningsen, May 6,1930)

Description of geometric structure

Zone polyhedrons have been known since the mid-20th century in the development phase of polyhedral geometry. Such a technical problem is achieved by forming a structure in which the outer shell is formed of a shaft structure based on the polyhedral structure, and the outer side surface of each component of the structure is extracted. Can do. Then, the structure is applied to a lamp shade.

The key point of the present invention is to find a new structure category by finding contact points in the two elements of the structure of the zone polyhedron and the shaft and fusing them. Therefore, before describing the means for solving the problem, the two elements will be described and the contact points will be described.

Hereinafter, the zone polyhedron, which is the first element, will be described according to the portion related to the present invention. This polyhedron is the same as the 1960s geographer H.H. S. M.M. It was only discovered in pieces before HSM Coxeter published its structural theory. Since then, however, this theory will be developed by architect Steve Baer and published as a structural system. Bayer named this structural system a zone system and also named a dome-like structure built using this system as a dome. Since then, the method of forming the zone polyhedron has expanded, and to date, the geographer and sculptor George W. Hart has organized this method of formation.

Representative examples belonging to the category of zone polyhedron are shown in the background art section, but in addition to that, what is generally known as a reference is introduced in the figure. FIG. 203 is a rhomboid icosahedron, FIG. 204 is a rhombic truncated cube octahedron, and FIG. 205 is a rhombic truncated Icosadecade.

The zone polyhedron is defined by various methods, and the geometrician coxeter who named this polyhedron defines as follows. “A zone polyhedron is a convex polyhedron composed of parallel 2m squares (parallel polygons: a polygon in which two sides are parallel), and the number of faces is n (n−1). N is the number of different directions of the ridge lines parallel to each other in the polyhedron ”(see Non-Patent Document 11).

Further, as a characteristic of the zone polyhedron, it has a band in which parallelogram surfaces called zones are connected. This band is called a zone (see Non-Patent Documents 12 and 13) because it makes a round on the equator of the polyhedron. By specifically explaining the formation principle of the zone polyhedron, the above definition and the concept of the zone will become clearer.

The basic axis of the formation principle of the zone polyhedron is the configuration of the coordinate axes. The zone multiaxial body is guided based on the configuration. The coordinate axis here refers to a whole straight line passing through the origin, not a half line starting from the origin. For example, the coordinate axis configuration shown in FIG. This figure shows a configuration with four shafts 12a passing through the origin 11a. The coordinate axis configuration to be set is possible by arbitrary setting, but a general zone polyhedron is formed based on a coordinate axis configuration derived from a Plato solid and a polyhedron derived therefrom. The main reasons for using these polyhedrons in setting the coordinate axis configuration are the ease of geometric analysis and classification, as well as the application of the rotational symmetry characteristic of Plato solids.

The coordinate axis configuration shown in the previous figure uses a three-fold rotational symmetry axis provided in a regular hexahedron. FIG. 207 shows the configuration of the coordinate axes penetrating the regular hexahedron 8. Here, the rotational symmetry axis will be explained. When the shape of the object overlaps and coincides with the original shape as seen from the extending direction of the coordinate axis passing through the object (in this case, the polyhedron), the axis is rotationally symmetric. It is called an axis. The number of divisions is indicated by how many rotations of 360 degrees of rotation overlap the original shape.

In the case of a regular hexahedron, the shape of the body viewed from the extending direction of the axis connecting each vertex and the body center 11a is a regular hexagon formed by combining three rhombuses as shown in FIG. Therefore, this shape overlaps and coincides with the original shape by rotating 360 degrees around the axis 12a3 at an angle divided into three, and this axis is called a three-fold rotational symmetry axis provided in the regular hexahedron.

Hereinafter, an example of the zone polyhedron formed based on the coordinate axis configuration shown in FIG. 207 will be shown, and the formation principle will be described. In the parallelogram constituting the zone polyhedron, the angle of the inner angle is the angle formed by the set coordinate axes at the origin. In the case of this example, there are two types of angles formed by the intersection of the four coordinate axes, which are 70.5 degrees and 109.5 degrees, and there is one type of parallelogram having these angles as internal angles. Depending on the coordinate axis configuration to be set, the number of intersecting angles increases, and there may be several types of parallelograms to be formed.

Next, a zone polyhedron is formed by the parallelogram, and the number of faces of the zone polyhedron is determined by the number of set coordinate axes. The number of faces can be indicated by a method n (n-1), where n indicates the number of coordinate axes. In the case of this example, since it is a four-coordinate axis, it is a polyhedron having a 12-plane configuration. If the axis configuration is set to 3 coordinate axes of the 4 coordinate axis configuration, a 6-sided zone polyhedron is obtained.

When these zone polyhedrons are shown in the figure, FIG. 209 is a rhombus dodecahedron 9 with 12 faces, and the configuration with 6 faces is a zone hexahedron. However, the zone hexahedron becomes two polyhedrons as shown in the following figure. One is a zone hexahedron 13 having a vertex where only acute angles gather as shown in FIG. The other is a zone hexahedron 14 having vertices where only obtuse angles gather as shown in FIG. Therefore, if the same attempt is made based on arbitrary n coordinate axes, the zone 20, 30, 42... N (n-1) face body is obtained.

The relationship between the zone polyhedron and the coordinate axis configuration that leads the body can be understood by explaining the concept of zones, which is a characteristic of the zone polyhedron. A zone is a band of connected planes of parallelograms, and the ridge line on the band is located in parallel to the coordinate axis that leads the body. Since the relationship between the zone and the coordinate axis corresponds in this way, hereinafter, the expression “corresponds” is used for this relationship between the two.

Further, the coordinate axis for guiding the zone polyhedron has the same meaning as the zone polyhedron having the coordinate axis, and hence the expression “the coordinate axis provided by the zone polyhedron” is used below.

In the case of the rhombus dodecahedron shown in FIG. 209, there are four zones corresponding to the four coordinate axes 12a included in the body, which are shown in the following figures. The surface connection (zone) 15a1 shown in FIG. 212 corresponds to the coordinate axis 12a1, the surface connection (zone) 15a2 shown in FIG. 213 corresponds to the coordinate axis 12a2, and the surface connection (zone) shown in FIG. A zone 15a3 corresponds to the coordinate axis 12a3, and a surface connection (zone) 15a4 shown in FIG. 215 corresponds to the coordinate axis 12a4. As can be seen from these figures, the ridge lines parallel to each coordinate axis are connected together with a surface, and form a surface band around the body.

The faces constituting the zone are parallelograms, and all zone polyhedrons are constituted by parallelogram faces. However, judging from the appearance, some of the zone polyhedrons have zoned polyhedrons having parallel polygonal surfaces such as regular hexagons and regular octagons, and these tend to be judged not to be constituted by parallelograms. It is. For example, a truncated octahedron shown in FIG. 216 or a truncated cubic octahedron shown in FIG. 217 is used. However, as shown by the two-dot broken lines in the figure, the dihedral angles of the parallelograms to be connected become horizontal and degenerate into a plane, so that a parallel hexagon or octagon is formed. This formation is based on the coordinate axis configuration to be set, and depending on the coordinate axis configuration, a configuration surface may include a parallel polygon other than a parallelogram.

Next, the relationship between zones and methods will be described. FIG. 218 shows the intersection of zones by a conceptual diagram. In this figure, the zone 15 is located on the equator when the coordinate axis 12 is regarded as the ground axis, and goes around the body. The coordinate axis number n is also a number indicating a zone, and two zones 15 correspond to the two coordinate axes 12. The position where the coordinate axes cross each other is one point of the body center 11 of the body, but in the case of the corresponding zone, the positions where the two zones cross each other are two planes, two planes east and west with respect to the ground axis. 16 So-called one zone shares two faces with other intersecting zones.

In terms of mathematical expressions, one zone overlaps (n-1) zones excluding itself. This zone has two (n-1) parallelograms by having two faces shared with other zones. For example, in the case of a rhombus dodecahedron having four coordinate axes, three zones overlap with one zone, and one zone consists of six parallelograms. Therefore, since one zone has 2 (n−1) planes, the number of planes of all zones can be expressed by n × 2 (n−1). However, when the total number of faces of the zone polyhedron is reached, since the parallelograms of the constituent faces share two zones, the number is actually half that of n (n-1) (see Non-Patent Document 13). .

Since the formation of the zone polyhedron follows this principle, it can be seen that the formation method is different from the classic polyhedron group and the star-shaped polyhedron group mentioned above. Comparing this point, the Archimedean solid is formed by cutting out the top of each Plato solid, and this is called truncation. The biallelic Archimedes solid is a dualization of the Archimedean solid. ). A star-shaped polyhedron is formed by setting a polyhedron as a nuclear model at the center of the body, and is called “stellation”. On the other hand, the zone polyhedron is formed by using a coordinate axis configuration. This formation was described by George W. Heart (George W. Hart) has named the zoning. Hereinafter, it is referred to as zoning.

The classical polyhedron is mainly used to set the coordinate axis configuration in zoning. For example, the regular dodecahedron shown in FIG. 219 has 6 rotation symmetry axes, and if it is zoned using all coordinate axes, 6 zones are formed, and the rhomboid 30-hedron shown in FIG. Will form. If five of the six coordinate axes are set to the coordinate axis configuration, the rhombus icosahedron shown in FIG. 203 is formed. Hereinafter, the number of zones is abbreviated as 6 zones and 4 zones.

Steve Baer extends the application of this zoning and proposes 10 and 31 zones in the 1973 published patent document. The 10 zones are zoned by setting a three-fold rotational symmetry axis of the regular dodecahedron, that is, an axis configuration consisting of 10 straight lines connecting the center of the regular dodecahedron and 20 vertices. The 31 zone is a zoning using 31 coordinate axes composed of 10 regular rotation planes, 6 rotation axes, 5 rotation axes, and 2 15 rotation axes. (See Patent Document 3). Today George W. Hart has extended the system of coordinate axes that are the subject of zoning to a classical polyhedron group, and published the theory of zoning (see Non-Patent Document 14). The outline of the first element related to the present invention has been described above.

The next second element is a shaft structure. Today, this structure is applied in different technical fields. This is in the fields of architecture, three-dimensional puzzles, and three-dimensional weaving of chemical fibers. Each field is called with an appropriate name, but since it is located in the developing stage in the field of geometry, the conceptualization is not clearly defined. However, for some of the structures listed here, Kouji Miyazaki called the polyline as a structure in architecture (see Non-Patent Document 15), and Richiro Oka named it a multiaxial body in the paper (non- (See Patent Document 16).

Through the study of geometrics over the years, the present inventor has responded to polyhedrons and those that are described later as polyhedrons, and polyaxials, and non-wrapped spaces, such as faces, etc. It is judged that it is appropriate to simply call the shaft body, and hereinafter referred to as a multi-body shaft body and a shaft body.

Therefore, the concept will be explained concretely using the examples of multiaxial bodies and shaft bodies that have already been announced. However, these geometric concepts differ from Euclidean geometry. Clearly explain the concept. In order to deal with lines, which are the basic objects of geometry, we compare the differences from the Euclidean concept.

In Euclidean geometry, a line is a set of points and is defined as a length with no width (one of the definitions in Vol. 1, Vol. 1, Vol. 1). And this concept extends to plane and solid. For comparison, the frame structure of the regular dodecahedron 17 shown in FIG. 219 is used. From the viewpoint of Euclidean geometry, even if the ridgeline constituting this solid is conceptually enlarged to the limit, its width does not change and does not have an entity of thickness. However, it is also a conceptual fact that a line can be regarded as an entity having a thickness and a width.

FIG. 220 shows a state in which each ridge line of the regular dodecahedron has a thickness. Conceptually, it is a precondition that a line segment has a thickness even when enlarged to the limit. Although it is a line, it is interpreted here as an axis. The intersection of this axis does not intersect unlike that of a line. Thus, the axes regularly intersect according to each vertex of the polyhedron. When the shaft constitutes a polyhedron according to the polyhedron, the shape can be constructed by unifying the intersection of the shafts in either the right lap turning or the left lap turning. While maintaining this regularity, the triangular space 18 formed by the intersection of the axes is gradually expanded. As a result, the contact between the shafts gradually shifts toward the longitudinal center of the shaft, and the shape changes.

The transformation is shown in five stages from FIG. 221 to FIG. If the thickness of the shaft is constant in this series of transformation processes, the size of the polyaxial body gradually decreases from FIG. 221 to FIG. 223 with respect to the thickness of the shaft, and FIG. 223 becomes the smallest. Then, with this state as a boundary, it gradually increases as shown in FIG. In these drawings, the shaft is extended infinitely, but in order to clearly show the transformation of the shape of the polyaxial body, the extended portion on the outer side from the axis crossing portion is cut and omitted.

226 shows the frame structure of the regular icosahedron 5, it can be understood that the polyaxial body of FIG. 225 is a polyaxial body corresponding to this regular icosahedron. From these polyaxial transformation processes, it can be understood that the transformation of the polyaxial body corresponding to the regular icosahedron from the polyaxial body corresponding to the regular dodecahedron is a series of transformations of the shaft configuration.

The regular icosahedron and the regular dodecahedron are in a dual relationship with each other. From the viewpoint of Euclidean geometry, this dual relationship can be explained as showing a relationship in which two independent solids are shown and their forms can be interchanged by exchanging the number of vertices and the number of faces. However, from the viewpoint of a multiaxial body, a topological property can be recognized between two solids. This concept belongs to the category of projective geometry in non-Euclidean geometry in the category of geometry. Based on the interpretation of the infinity line in projective geometry, the line can be interpreted by replacing it with an axis having a thickness (see Non-Patent Document 17).

Hereinafter, the outline will be described using the shaft body and the multi-shaft body that have already been announced as examples. First, in order to clearly show the difference between the multi-shaft body and the shaft body, the shaft body will be cited. The shaft body is a structure according to the connection of surfaces. As an example, Oliver Babelell of the University of Coventry in the UK has proposed to change the technology of shaft connection mainly as a roof structure of a building (Patent Documents 4 and 4). Non-patent document 18).

A perspective view of the component is shown in Reference FIG. 227, which is the same as the crossing of the three axes in the multiaxial body shown above. This patent drawing describes a configuration in which these components are connected in accordance with the connection of quadrangular, hexagonal, and octagonal surfaces, and a representative one is shown in Reference FIG.

The invention proposes that a curved dome roof can be formed by bending the connected shaft bodies. Reference diagram and FIG. 229 show the conceptual structure.

Furthermore, the invention also proposes that a pyramid-shaped dome structure can be formed by incorporating a rhombus configuration in the refracting portion in order to refract the shaft body. A typical example is shown in a reference drawing. FIG. 230 is a plan view of the shaft configuration, and FIG. 231 is an external conceptual diagram of a structure constructed by the configuration. The shaft bodies can be connected to form a solid. However, the configuration conforms to a curved or refracted two-dimensional plane.

On the other hand, the polyaxial body is similar to the polyhedron, and also includes its deformable form. Hereinafter, an example of the multiaxial body will be specifically described. The three-dimensional structure devised by architect Akio Hitsume shown in FIG. 232 corresponds to the configuration of the multiaxial body shown in FIG. 222 described above. In this three-dimensional structure, the constituent elements are not shafts but strips to form a star shape. However, each axis in the multiaxial body of FIG. 222 is formed into a flat band shape from the left and right with the center of the body facing forward, and the band is further extended, and the extended ends are joined to form this star-shaped three-dimensional body. Can be formed. (See Patent Document 5 and Non-Patent Document 15).

As an example corresponding to the multiaxial body shown in FIG. 224, there is a star-shaped multiaxial body devised by scientist Alan Holding (see Non-Patent Document 15). The external appearance is shown in FIG. A feature of this multiaxial body is that each axis is joined at its extended end with an axial core, and a set of three axes forms an equilateral triangle by the joining. There are six sets of equilateral triangles, and the shape is maintained by combining with each other at the center of the body. This star-shaped multiaxial body has the same form as the multiaxial body shown in FIG. 224 when the shaft on the extension side is cut from the contact portion where each axis is in contact with each other.

The multiaxial body shown in FIG. 223 is located in an intermediate form in the transformation process. The judgment can be seen from the fact that the shafts are regularly arranged in parallel in the process in which the shaft contacts move from one end to the other. The puzzle writer Stuart T. The wooden three-dimensional puzzle devised by Coffin corresponds to this structure. This puzzle is composed of puzzle pieces having a diamond-shaped cross section. However, by replacing the cross section of this piece with a round shaft, it can be seen that the configuration is the same as the multiaxial body shown in FIG.

Coffin has devised several other shafts with the same configuration as the puzzle, but with different shaft shapes. For example, the three-dimensional puzzle 19 shown in FIG. 235 is obtained by transforming the previous rhombus-shaped puzzle piece into a triangular prism shape. (See Patent Document 6 and Non-Patent Document 19).

As a further example, Richiro Oka and Masako Kawamoto, who are the names of multiaxial bodies, have published in the paper a process of transformation of multiaxial bodies (see Non-Patent Document 16). These multiaxial bodies show forms in which the axes of the multiaxial bodies shown in FIGS. 222 and 223 are extended. In addition, the Plato solids are regularly nested in the Plato solid, but both have tried the same thing with a multiaxial body (Non-Patent Document 16, Section 121, FIG. 4-d).

By the way, the transformation process of a polyaxial body can also be formed corresponding to Plato solids other than the regular dodecahedron and regular icosahedron shown above. Then, the transformation of the polyhedron conforming to the remaining regular tetrahedron, regular hexahedron, and regular octahedron is shown, and the application example of the polyaxial body corresponding to those transformation processes is given below.

A regular hexahedron and a regular octahedron are in a dual relationship with each other, and a regular tetrahedron is in a dual relationship with itself. From FIG. 236 to FIG. 238, a polyaxial body conforming to the dual relationship between a regular hexahedron and a regular octahedron is shown in three stages. FIG. 236 shows a state close to a regular hexahedron. A triangular space 20 formed by the intersection of each axis corresponds to each vertex of a regular hexahedron. The form gradually changes by expanding the space 20 in the same manner as the multiaxial body shown above. FIG. 237 shows an intermediate form in the transformation process, and FIG. 238 shows a form close to a regular octahedron.

Further, FIGS. 239 to 241 show the transformation process of the polyhedron according to the dual relation between the regular tetrahedron and itself in three stages. FIG. 239 shows a state close to a regular tetrahedron. A triangular space 21 formed by the intersection of each axis corresponds to each vertex of a regular tetrahedron. By expanding the space 21 in the same manner as the multiaxial body shown above, the form changes from FIG. 239 to FIG. 241 through FIG. In the form of FIG. 241, two pairs of axes are parallel and become the smallest in a series of transformation processes. The triangular space 21 has the same size as the other triangular space 22. Furthermore, by gradually expanding the space 22, the form reverses the process and changes to the form corresponding to the regular tetrahedron again.

Stuart T. Coffin has devised a wooden puzzle having the same structure in the transformation process of the two multiaxial bodies. The structure shown in FIGS. 237 and 241 located in an intermediate form in the transformation process is applied to these puzzles. When the appearance is shown in the figure, the three-dimensional puzzle 23 shown in FIG. 242 corresponds to the multi-axis body shown in FIG. 237, and the three-dimensional puzzle 24 shown in FIG. 243 corresponds to the multi-axis body shown in FIG. In these wooden puzzles, the axes are prismatic and the puzzle pieces are designed in a shape suitable for the function of the puzzle, but the configuration of the axes is the same as that of the multi-axis body (see Non-Patent Document 20). .

In the transformation process of the multiaxial body according to the Plato solid described so far, the configuration of the multiaxial body located in the intermediate form is regularly arranged in parallel, so when the shaft is extended, The axes are a set of bundles, and the bundles can be regarded as coordinate axes.

Each form is shown in the figure. The multiaxial body in FIG. 244 shows a configuration in which all the axes in the multiaxial body in FIG. 241 are extended into a square prism shape, and the multiaxial body in FIG. 245 has all the axes in the multiaxial body in FIG. The structure extended in the shape of a square prism. And the multiaxial body of FIG. 246 has shown the structure which extended all the axes | shafts in the multiaxial body of FIG.

In addition, the dashed-dotted arrow in each figure has shown the direction of the axis | shaft which parallels. The dashed line in FIG. 244 indicates three coordinate axes, that in FIG. 245 indicates four coordinate axes, and that in FIG. 246 indicates six coordinate axes.

Further, among these shaft structures, there is an example of a multi-shaft body in which the basic structure shown in FIGS. 244 and 245 is centered and the structure around which the shaft is formed parallel to the original axis is shown. This multi-layered multi-layer structure is currently used for the three-dimensional fiber structure of composite materials. Although the composite fiber is woven in parallel to the coordinate axis, a strong and supple material is made by passing the fiber as if the surroundings are periodically and repeatedly stacked (see Non-Patent Document 21).

In the multiaxial body of FIG. 246, six coordinate axes are formed, and the space occupies a large proportion between the intersecting axes, and a gap is formed as a fiber, so that it is not used as a composite material. However, Akio Hizume has devised a three-dimensional structure using a multi-axis body conforming to these six coordinate axes, and has proposed application to crafts and architectural structures. The three-dimensional structure passes through the multiaxial body several times like the composite material, but the arrangement of the axes in the plan view conforms to the arrangement of the Penrose tile having non-periodicity (Patent Document 5 and Non-patent document 15).

As described above, starting from the geometrical concept of the shaft body and the multi-axis body, various technical changes of the multi-axis body that have already been announced have been described in accordance with the Plato solid. As a result, the characteristics of the multiaxial body can be summarized into the following three.

One is that the Plato solid consists of a polyhedron plane and line configuration from the viewpoint of Euclidean geometry, but it can also be understood from the axis configuration of a polyaxial body from the viewpoint of non-Euclidean geometry. Second, Plato solids can be distinguished as five polyhedrons from the viewpoint of Euclidean geometry, but can be summarized into three when viewed from the viewpoint of non-Euclidean geometry. It is a multi-axis body forming three coordinate axes, four coordinate axes and six coordinate axes. Thirdly, the multiaxial body is used in various technical fields including a single body type and a multi-layer type, and there is a possibility of development.

The inventors of the present invention have found contact points with the zone polyhedron in the following points in the research process of this polyaxial body over many years. That is, the coordinate axis configuration provided in the zone polyhedron and the coordinate axis configuration provided in the polyaxial body are the same.

More specifically, Stuart T.W. It becomes clear by analyzing Coffin's wooden frame puzzle. A rhombus 30-hedron can be assumed in the puzzle 19 corresponding to the multi-axis body forming the six coordinate axes shown in FIG. FIG. 247 shows a state where this puzzle is disassembled and a rhombus 30-hedron is assumed inside. The inward surface of the puzzle piece 19 shares a surface with the rhombus surface of the rhombus 30-hedron 10, and the rhombus 30-hedron fits in the puzzle without any gap.

In the puzzle 23 corresponding to the multi-axis body forming the four coordinate axes shown in FIG. 242, a rhombus dodecahedron 9 can be assumed inside. FIG. 248 shows a state where the puzzle is disassembled and a rhombus dodecahedron is assumed inside. The inward surface of the puzzle piece shares a surface with the rhombus surface of the rhombus dodecahedron 9, and the rhombus dodecahedron fits in the puzzle without any gap.

Furthermore, a regular hexahedron can be assumed in the puzzle 24 corresponding to the multi-axis body forming the three coordinate axes shown in FIG. FIG. 249 shows a state in which this puzzle structure is disassembled and a regular hexahedron is assumed inside. The inward surface of the puzzle piece 24 shares a surface with the surface of the regular hexahedron 8, and the regular hexahedron fits in the puzzle without any gap. These three polyhedrons that fall inside are polyhedrons belonging to the category of classical polyhedrons, but also belong to the category of zone polyhedrons.

Here, the inventor of the present invention has noticed that even in a polyaxial body forming coordinate axes, a zone polyhedron can be included therein. Conversely, this can be paraphrased as follows when the viewpoint is shifted to the zone polyhedron. A polyhedron conforming to the zone polyhedron can be formed by placing the zone polyhedron as the center, forming a nuclear model, and placing an axis on the zone parallel to the coordinate axis of the zone polyhedron.

It will become clearer if another zone polyhedron is set as a nuclear model and its formation is explained with reference to the drawings. As an example, if the zone 42-hedron shown in FIG. 191 is set as a nuclear model and a multi-axis body having a cylindrical axis is formed, the multi-axis body shown in FIG. 250 is obtained. Each axis is infinitely extended, but in the drawing, the outer side is cut away from the vicinity where the respective axes contact each other. And inside it, it has a structure including a zone 42-hedron. In the figure, the polyhedron is shown by a two-dot broken line.

As for the arrangement of the axes corresponding to the zone polyhedron, the axes are arranged on every other plane on each zone so as to be parallel to the ridgeline. At that time, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, an axis can be arranged with respect to two coordinate axes, but one surface on the zone always corresponds to one axis. Each axis can be constructed by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron. In addition, the intersection and overlap of the axes in the shaft configuration may have a mirror image property of right-handed or left-handed turning.

In this way, there is no name indicating a clear concept in the category of today's geometry for a polyaxial body that includes a zone polyhedron and has an axis configuration that conforms to the coordinate axes of the polyhedron. Therefore, the inventor will hereinafter refer to this polyaxial body as a zone polyaxial body in the sense of a polyaxial body conforming to the zone polyhedron.
Author: W. W. R. Ball and H.M. S. M.M. Coxeter "Mathmatic Recreation and Essays, 13th ed." Publisher: Dover, New York, 1987 (pp 141-144) Author: H. S. M.M. Coxeter "Regular Polytopes, 3rd ed." Publisher: Dover, New York, 1973 (pp27-30) Author: Koji Miyazaki “Polyhedron and Architecture” Publisher: Shokokusha, 1st edition of 1979 (Characteristics of zone polyhedron pp176-178, formation method of zone polyhedron pp172-176) Author: George W. Hart "The Mathematical Journal, vol.7 no.3", 1999 Author: Koji Miyazaki "Encyclopedia of Architecture", Publisher: Shokokusha, '00 1st edition (polyline pp94-95, three-dimensional structure of Akio Hitsume and Alain Holding's star-shaped multi-axis p69 9, Fig. 14 of Akio Hizume's three-dimensional structure p94) Publisher of “Culture magazine of shape [4]”: publisher (work shape, sphere and ordered structure-golden axis and multiaxial body pp118-127, drawing 240 of this patent specification corresponds to paragraph 121, figure 4-b FIG. 241 of this patent specification corresponds to 121-section FIG. 4-a, and a multiaxial body conforming to the nesting state of all Plato solids corresponds to 121-section FIG. 4-d) Author: Toshio Niwa "Projective Geometry" Publisher: Jikkyo Publishing “International Journal of Structure Structures Vol. 13, No. 4, 1998, pp 215-218 / Vol. 15, No. 2, 2000, pp 155-159” Publisher: Multi-Science Publishing-Co. LTD Author: Stewart T. Coffin "The Pudding World of Polyhydral Districts" Publisher: Oxford University Press, 1990 Author: Jerry Slocum, Jack Botamans "Puzzles Old and New" p85 Publisher: Nippon Television, 1988 “The feast of shape and symmetry” Part 2 Geometric art and morphology 26. Geometry and crystallography of self-holding structures with rods pp258-266, authors: Ogawa Yasushi, Teshima Yoshinori, Watanabe Yoshinori, 2003 U.S. Pat. No. 3,722,153 (inventor: Steve Baer, Mar. 27, 1973) British Patent 228,696A (inventor: Olivier Baverel, Mar. 03, 1999) Patent Kaihei 9-202100 (inventor: Akio Hitsume) US Patent Des. 232,571 (inventor: Stewart T. Coffin, 1974) Japanese Patent No. 6-288499 (Inventor: Akio Hizume)

Means for solving the problem

In forming the lamp shade of the present invention, a zone multiaxial body having a triangular prismatic axis is used. The object can be achieved by forming a hollow structure based on the zone multiaxial body and using the structure as the basic structure of the lamp shade.

First, a zone polyhedron is set as a nuclear model 25, a zone polyhedron 33 composed of a triangular columnar shaft 32 is formed based on the zone polyhedron, and a structure in which an outer side surface 34 of the triangular columnar shaft is extracted is a hollow structure. The body 36 is assumed. Only when the nuclear model is a zone hexahedron, an extension surface 94 is added to the outer side surface 34 of the hollow structure 36 to maintain structural rigidity. Next, after holding the place where the components (outer side surface 34) of both hollow structures are in contact with each other, the outer extension of the component is cut off, and the component on the side in contact with the remaining nuclear model is removed. This structure is referred to as final hollow structures 63 and 95.

Then, these two kinds of final hollow structures are used as the basic structure of the lamp shade, the light emitting device is set at the center of the inside, and each constituent element is made of a light-transmitting material to form the intended lamp shade. be able to.

Hereinafter, a method for forming the final hollow structure and a lamp shade formed based on the structure will be described. In deriving the final hollow structure, the zone polyhedron is set as the nuclear model 25 in the first step. However, depending on the selected zone polyhedron, the contents of the forming step are different, so there are two types of forming methods.

In the forming method according to claim 1, a zone polyhedron having 12 or more constituent faces consisting of a plane configuration is set as the nuclear model 25, and in the forming method according to claim 3, the number of constituent faces consisting of a plane configuration is A six-plane zone polyhedron is set as a nuclear model.

In addition, in the zone polyhedron consisting of 12 or more constituent faces, there are those that include a polyhedron having a plane configuration of parallel polygons other than a parallelogram by the dihedral angle in the ridgeline of the body being horizontal. On the basis of the zone polyhedron, it is impossible to lead the intended hollow structure.

In addition, a polyhedron having a concave surface due to the combination of a plurality of zone polyhedrons may be included in the category of the zone polyhedron, but it is impossible to derive a target hollow structure even based on such a zone polyhedron. Therefore, the zone polyhedron set as the nuclear model 25 in the forming method according to claim 1 is a convex zone polyhedron having 12 or more constituent faces composed of a parallelogram .

In the second step of the forming method according to both claims, a zone multiaxial body 33 having a triangular columnar axis is guided based on the nuclear model 25. A triangular prismatic axis is formed for each face of the zone polyhedron, and as a first step, the inner side of the triangular prismatic axis is formed on the outer shell of the three sides of the triangular prismatic axis, with the nucleus model at the center. A side surface (hereinafter referred to as an inward surface) is formed. And the structure 30 which consists of all this inner surface 29 is formed.

Specifically, first, every other plane in each zone 15 of the zone polyhedron is extended in parallel to the direction of extension of the coordinate axis 12 corresponding to the zone to which the other plane belongs, and the inner surface 29 of the triangular prismatic axis. Form.

During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes. Therefore, by setting that one surface on the zone always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular prismatic axis, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic shaft can be configured to alternately intersect the outer surface of the zone polyhedron. Thereby, the structure 30 composed of the inner surface is formed.

As a second stage of this process, a cross section 31 of the triangular prismatic shaft is formed with reference to the inner surface 29 of the triangular prismatic shaft. In this stage of the forming method according to claim 1, in the structure 30 viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12 provided in the zone polyhedron serving as a nuclear model, of the triangular prism-shaped axes positioned parallel to the coordinate axis 12. A line segment corresponding to a cross section of the direction is defined as an inward side, and a triangular space surrounded by three lines of the side and an extension line corresponding to the inner side surface 29 of another triangular columnar axis located at both ends 41 of the triangular columnar axis A cross section 31 is used.

On the other hand, when a hexahedron zone polyhedron is set as a nuclear model, at this stage of the forming method according to claim 3, the structure 30 viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12 provided in the zone polyhedron as a nuclear model. In FIG. 5, there are no two outer sides of a triangle that is a reference for forming a triangle that is a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. Therefore, a line segment corresponding to a cross section of the inner surface 29 of the triangular prism-shaped shaft positioned in parallel to the coordinate axis 12 is defined as an inner side, which corresponds to the inner surface 29 of the other triangular prism-shaped shaft positioned at the side and both ends 41 thereof. Assuming a circle inscribed in the three lines with the extension line, the space surrounded by the three lines of the inner side and the line segment connecting from the center of the circle to both ends 41 of the inner side is triangular. A cross section 31 of the columnar shaft is used.

Then, the triangular columnar shaft 32 is formed by translating the cross section 31 in the forming method according to both claims along the extending direction of the inner surface 29 of the triangular columnar shaft with which the inner side of the cross section is in contact.

In both claims last stage of this step in the forming method according to claim, by forming the same manner triangular shaft 32 with respect to all of the triangular shaped shaft inside surface, the zone multiaxial made of the triangular prism axis A body 33 is formed.

The third step in the forming method described in both claims is to extract the outer side surface 34 of each triangular columnar shaft 32 of the zone multiaxial body 33 and to form a hollow structure 36 having the outer side surface as a constituent element. Form.

In addition, in the forming method according to claim 3, since the portion of the outer side surface 34 of each triangular prismatic shaft of the hollow structure that is in contact with each other is the point 93 of the inner side edge portion of the outer side surface 34, When this structure is later diverted to the basic structure of the lamp shade, it is difficult to keep the shape of the shade structurally.

Therefore, the hollow structure 36 is a first hollow structure (36-1), and the inner edge on the outer side from the intersection 93 in the inner edge portion 38 of the outer side surface 34 of each triangular columnar shaft. The outer surface is extended from the portion, and an extension surface 94 is added to the point 64 where the outer side surface of the other triangular prism-shaped shaft intersecting the inner side of the outer surface is in contact with the line segment. The outer side surface is used as a component of the hollow structure.

And the 2nd hollow structure (36-2) which consists of all this component is formed. The components formed in this way can be brought into contact with each other with a line segment by means of their extended surfaces, whereby the structure can be held.

In this process, each component of the hollow structure described in both claims is extended infinitely geometrically. Therefore, each component is cut in the next step and led to the final form.

In the fourth step of the forming method according to claim 1, in order to hold the portion 64 where each component of the hollow structure 36 is in contact with each other by a line segment, the outward extension portion of each component is an arbitrary location. Disconnect with. Then, the structure composed of the remaining components on the nuclear model side is defined as a final hollow structure 63.

On the other hand, in this step in the forming method of claim 3, each component of the second hollow structure (36-2) holds the portion 64 in contact with the other component intersecting inwardly. Each of the constituent elements is cut at an arbitrary location, and the extension side is cut off. Then, the structure composed of the remaining components on the nuclear model side is defined as a final hollow structure 95.

In the fifth step of the forming method according to both claims, each component of the final hollow structure 63 or 95 is used as a lamp shade member, and this structure is used as a basic structure of the lamp shade. The apparatus can be installed, and a material having optical transparency can be used as a material of the member, thereby forming a target lamp shade.

The invention's effect

The reason for the excellent shade gradation is the local characteristics of the shade. There are two features, one of which is the configuration in which the sheet is folded in a mountain fold shape as recognized by the Les Crent lampshade. The other is a configuration in which the shade components overlap with each other as recognized by the Luis Paulsen lamp shade.

The lamp shade of the present invention has a final hollow structure as a basic structure, and this structure can form a lamp shade that has two points of the local configuration of the shade described above. As a result, it is possible to project a shaded gradation on the shade surface that is superior to the prior art mentioned in the background section. In addition, the difference in shade and the kind of shading reflected on the shade surface are more varied than in the past, and the irradiation effect is excellent in design.

A further feature of the lamp shade of the present invention is its versatility in form. There are various forms of zone polyhedra. Therefore, the form of the lamp shade whose basic structure is the final hollow structure guided from this polyhedron is also diverse. Accordingly, the lamp shade of the present invention can provide various forms according to the user's or viewer's preference, and can also provide a form adapted to various indoor spaces.

For example, if the number of faces of the zone polyhedron, which is a nuclear model, is relatively small, a star-shaped lamp shade can be formed. If the number of faces is relatively large, the lamp has a form inscribed in a spherical or elliptical ball shape. Shades can be formed.

A further feature of the lamp shade of the present invention is that the lamp shade can be formed from a single component or several components. As a result, the work relating to the manufacture of the shade member becomes a single operation, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced as compared with a lamp shade made of a plurality of constituent members made of the same material of the same scale.

As a further feature of the lamp shade of the present invention, when the component is a sheet-like shade member made of a relatively thin material, the shade member can be a fitting type as well as a joining type. The fitting type shade member is easier to assemble the shade than the joining type, and can reduce the time required for the assembly.

In addition, in the unassembled state of the lamp shade, the shade member can be stored flat in a relatively small box, so that storage space and transportation costs can be reduced. In addition, if the boxed non-assembled shade member is sold together with the assembly instructions, it requires a certain level of talent for the formation of the shade, so that the assembly is very fully intellectually practiced or playable as a puzzle. give.

The effect of the lamp shade of the present invention is that the structure can efficiently release the heat emitted from the light source to the outside and circulate the air inside and outside. Structurally, the shade has a plurality of openings, which can efficiently ventilate the air inside the lamp shade. As a result, internal heating that occurs when a light source such as an incandescent lamp is lit inside can be avoided.

Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the invention and various modes of the embodiments will be described, so that the above-described effects can be further understood.

The method for forming a hollow structure of the present invention has five aspects of the invention. Hereinafter, based on those viewpoints, the best mode of this forming method and the lamp shade formed by this method will be described with reference to the drawings.

Here, in order to describe the content of the invention most specifically, the zone dodecahedron having the smallest number of faces is used from among the zone polyhedrons serving as a nuclear model based on the method for forming a hollow structure according to claim 1. I will decide. Further, in the method for forming a hollow structure according to claim 3, in which the zone hexahedron is set as a nuclear model, there is a difference from the above-mentioned claim in the process of forming the hollow structure, and therefore, I will explain in.

The first aspect of the present invention lies in the formation of a zone polyaxial body according to the zone polyhedron. For this purpose, a zone polyhedron is formed by setting the zone polyhedron as a nuclear model and configuring its outer shell with an axis.

The polyaxial body corresponding to the rhomboid dodecahedron has already been mentioned in the description of the polyaxial body. FIG. 237 corresponds to the zone polyaxial body, and the shaft configuration includes a rhomboid dodecahedron at the inner center. The internal structure of the multiaxial body showing its inclusion can be more clearly understood from FIG. 248, which shows the decomposition of the puzzle shown in the example of the change in the axial cross-sectional shape of the zone multiaxial body.

The arrangement of the axes has a certain regularity in any zone polyhedron. The regularity will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 shows the arrangement direction of cylindrical axes corresponding to the rhomboid dodecahedron nuclear model 25a. One coordinate axis 12a in the drawing is one of coordinate axes for guiding the rhomboid dodecahedron, that is, one of the coordinate axes provided in the rhombus dodecahedron. Each cylinder axis extends indefinitely, but is omitted in the figure.

To configure the cylinder axis, first, the cylinder axis is arranged in the same direction on every other surface of each zone, but the direction is parallel to the coordinate axis corresponding to the zone to which the every other surface belongs. To place. For example, the cylindrical axis 26a is arranged on the surface of the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12a, but the axis is parallel to the coordinate axis on every other surface of the zone surface. At that time, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, it may be possible to place a cylindrical axis with respect to two coordinate axes, but one cylindrical axis is always placed on one surface. With this setting, each triangular prismatic axis can be formed by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron. Thereby, a zone multiaxial body composed of this cylindrical axis is formed.

This regularity is due to the property of the axis according to the zone polyhedron. In the plane of the parallelogram constituting the zone polyhedron, there are two sets of parallel sides facing each other, which are the ridge lines of the polyhedron. Surfaces are connected via this ridgeline, and the connection of the surfaces becomes a band of a surface that goes around the body called a zone. Therefore, one surface has the property of sharing two zones and corresponding to two coordinate axes.

On the other hand, the axis arranged on the zone has a property corresponding to one zone and one coordinate axis by having only one direction from the substance. Due to this difference, the number of axes on the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis is half the number of faces constituting the zone. Further, there are two types of shaft arrangement, as shown by the intersection of the three axes in FIG. 1, that is, left-handed turning of the shaft and right-handed turning as shown by the same place in FIG. 2.

The axial arrangement on the zone is configured in this way to form a zone multiaxial body. However, some of the zone polyhedrons cannot be arranged in the axes by the above-described method and cannot form the zone polyhedron. One has a parallel polygonal surface other than a parallelogram, and the other has a concave surface.

Some examples of zone polyhedrons having parallel polygonal faces other than parallelograms are the truncated octahedron of FIG. 196, the oblique truncated cubic octahedron of FIG. 204, and the oblique truncated 20.12 of FIG. It is a mask. What is common to these polyhedrons is that the dihedral angle of the surface in the zone changes to horizontal, making it impossible to arrange the axes.

Specifically, with reference to the figures, FIG. 3 shows the orientation of the axes on each zone of the truncated octahedron. In the figure, the hexagonal zone plane that has been turned into a plane has three axes arranged horizontally, and this part of the axis passes through each other, and the target axis is formed by intersecting each other. The formation of is impossible.

Further, a form having a concave surface by connecting a plurality of zone polyhedrons is also included in the category of zone polyhedrons. However, even in these polyhedrons, the shafts arranged on the concave surface portions pass through the shafts and cannot be configured to intersect with each other.

Therefore, when a zone polyhedron having a surface configuration of 12 or more constituent surfaces is set as a nuclear model, the constituent surface is made up of only a parallelogram, and the zone polyhedron is made up of a convex surface.

Next, the second aspect of the present invention is that the axial cross-sectional shape of the zone polyaxial body is triangular. Examples of the axial cross-sectional shape include a polygonal shape other than a circular shape, as described in the description of the multiaxial body. The lamp shade of the present invention can lead to the structure of the target lamp shade by making the axial shape of the zone multiaxial body a triangular prism.

In order to make the shaft shape a triangular prism, a description will be given from the stage of transformation of the shaft cross-sectional shape as compared to the configuration with a cylindrical shaft. FIG. 4 shows a rhomboid dodecahedron set as the nuclear model 25a and one coordinate axis 12a provided in the body. A cylindrical shaft 26a indicated by a two-dot broken line assumes a shaft configuration arranged on a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. In order to clearly show the axial shape of the triangular prism, a plan view of this cylindrical axis is used.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of the nuclear model of FIG. 4 viewed from the direction of extension of the coordinate axis 12a. The hexagon at the center of the figure is a cross section of a rhombus dodecahedron, and its outline is also a cross section of the zone 15a. In the case of a cylindrical shaft, the shaft is arranged such that the shaft side surface is in contact with the zone 15a by a line, and in the drawing, the shaft section 27a is in contact with the zone 15a at a point.

On the other hand, when the axis is a triangular prism, the inner surface (inner surface) is in contact with the zone centering on the inner core model of the three side surfaces of the triangular columnar axis, and the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis is the partial cross section 28 of the zone. Will match. The partial cross section of this zone is the cross section of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis.

Then, the inner surface of the triangular prism is formed by translating the plane of the zone, which is the cross section, along the corresponding coordinate axis 12a. Further, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis is formed in the same manner on the surface of the zone that is another zone partial cross section in the figure.

FIG. 6 is a plan view showing only the configuration of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis and showing from the same direction as FIG. The inward surfaces 29a1 and 29a2 are infinitely extended, but are omitted in the figure. And the inward surface corresponding to all the coordinate axes with which the said nuclear model is equipped is formed similarly to the above.

During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes. Therefore, by setting that one surface on the zone always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular prismatic axis, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic shaft can be configured by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron. FIG. 7 shows a structure 30a composed of the inner surfaces 29a .

Next, in order to form a triangular prism-shaped axis, the structure 30a will be described with reference to a plan view from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12a. FIG. 8 is a plan view thereof. First, the setting for forming the cross section of the triangular prism-shaped shaft will be described with reference to FIG. A line segment corresponding to a cross section of the inner surface 29a1 of the triangular prism-shaped shaft positioned in parallel to the coordinate axis 12a is defined as an inner side, and the two extended lines corresponding to the inner surface 29a2 of the triangular columnar shaft positioned at both ends 41a. A space surrounded by the three lines is a cross section 31a of a triangular prismatic axis.

Next, a triangular prism axis is formed by translating the cross section 31a along the triangular prism axis inner surface 29a1 with which the inner side is in contact. On the other hand, in order to form a zone polyaxial body in which the cylinder axes are in contact with each other, the inscribed circle of the triangle, which is the section 31a of the triangular columnar axis, may be set as the section of the cylinder axis. I understand.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing the formation of the triangular prism shaft 32a by translating the triangular prism section 31a along the inner surface 29a1 of the triangular prism shaft with which the inner side of the section contacts.

Then, by forming the cross section 31a of the triangular prismatic shaft with reference to the inner surfaces of all the triangular prismatic shafts, and further converting the shaft into a total triangular prism by the same method as described above, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft is inward. It will be in contact with the outer side surface of the other triangular prismatic shaft that intersects and overlaps. The overall appearance is a zone multiaxial body 33a shown in FIG.

The triangular columnar shaft 32a of the zone multiaxial body 33a is conceptually extended infinitely, but is omitted in the drawing and shown cut. The inside of the zone polyaxial body is hollow by the space of the zone polyhedron set as a nuclear model.

A third aspect of the present invention is to convert a polyaxial body having the triangular prismatic shaft into a hollow structure. The outer side surface of the triangular prismatic axis is extracted to form a structure composed of the outer side surface. If one triangular prism-shaped axis in front of FIG. 10 is shown as a representative, the two outer side surfaces 34a are mountain-folded surfaces at the outer ridge line 35a of the triangular prism-shaped axis. A structure having the outer side surface 34a as a constituent element is formed.

FIG. 11 shows an external perspective view of the structure including the outer side surface 34a. As a result of this conversion, the inside of the triangular prismatic shaft becomes hollow and the inner surface disappears, and the space inside the polyaxial body is further expanded. Since this structure has a high proportion of space in its interior, this structure is hereinafter referred to as a hollow structure 36a.

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, each component constituting the hollow structure 36a is regarded as a light-transmitting material, and a light source is placed at the center of the structure so that the outer surface is shaded. The point is to form a gradation. At this stage, each component extends parallel to the corresponding coordinate axis, but in a later step, the longitudinal extension is cut into a lamp shade form.

A light-transmitting material is used for the shade member which is a constituent element. For example, a material having a light transmittance of 40% to 60%, such as opal glass, synthetic resin material, and paper, can obtain a preferable irradiation effect. However, the light transmittance is not necessarily limited.

The point to be noted in the design of the shade member is that it is designed in consideration of the thickness of the material. In order to show a cross section of the surface of the shade member that is to be folded, a description will be given with reference to FIG. 11 and FIG. The cross section 37a of the shade member in the drawing corresponds to the outer side of the cross section triangle of the original triangular prismatic axis. However, this side also overlaps with the inner edge of the outer surface of another component that intersects and overlaps from both sides. When the component is replaced with a shade member, the thickness of the shade member actually needs to be set to either side because the shade member has a thickness. In order to clarify the setting, explanation will be made using an enlarged view of a range A of a circular broken line in the drawing.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged view, and the hatched portion in the drawing exaggerates the cross section 37a of the shade member. In setting the position of the member cross section, the outer side surface of the original triangular prismatic axis is set as the outer side surface of the member. With this setting, it is possible to form a structure with components having a thickness. If this setting is reversed and the inside of the member is outside the original triangular prismatic axis, the outer edge 38a of the component overlaps with the region of the other component that intersects outward. This makes it difficult to assemble the members. The shade structure can be maintained by joining a portion where the inner edge 38a of the shade member is in contact with the outer side surface of another component intersecting the inner side. Details thereof will be described later in the shade forming process.

Next, assuming that the hollow structure is a lamp shade, a light source is assumed at the center of the inside, and the irradiation effect will be described. Each component of the lamp shade is made of a relatively thin sheet material having a light transmittance of 60%.

In order to clearly explain the irradiation effect, the configuration of components arranged in one zone of the hollow structure will be described. FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a configuration in which components to be arranged on a zone corresponding to the one coordinate axis 12a are extracted. The center two-dot broken line indicates a rhomboid dodecahedron which is the nuclear model 25. A light source 39 is set at the inner center. The exact position of the light source is the intersection of the coordinate axis of the nuclear model and the zone polyhedron to be set. Then, six elements 34a1 to 34a4 are arranged in one zone of the zone polyhedron. These components intersect with each other to form a space 40a that connects the inside and the outside at the intersection.

Next, FIG. 15 shows a plan view of this configuration viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12a. This figure shows the light rays emitted around the light source 39. The light emitted from the light source is roughly divided into three states and emitted to the outside. Furthermore, in order to explain the irradiation of the light beam in more detail, it will be described with reference to an enlarged view of this figure.

FIG. 16 is an enlarged view of the right side of the previous figure. In this figure, description will be made by taking as an example the light rays that irradiate the component 34a3 and the two components 34a1 intersecting inside thereof. The first ray passes between the two components 34a1, that is, between the line segments 41a-41a in the plan view, passes through the internal space of the component 34a3, further passes through this component, and is lightly indirect to the outside. Light 42 will be emitted. Since this light ray is blocked by the inner end 41a of the component 34a1, a difference in shadow is reflected on the outer surface of the component 34a3.

In the second light beam, the light beam passing between the line segments 41a-41a is reflected on the inner surface of the component 34a3, and the reflected light 43 is emitted in the longitudinal extension direction of the component. This reflected light irradiates the space 40a formed by the intersecting components. The reflected light 43 in this space gradually decreases in the amount of light in the longitudinal extension direction of the component, thereby forming a shaded gradation outside the component 34a3 corresponding to that location. Further, transmitted light 44 from the inside is added to the outer surface of the component 34a1 located on the inner side of the space 40a, and this surface emits light more brightly. Is the brightest shade surface.

The third light beam is transmitted light that passes through the component when the two light beams shown above are viewed from the component cross-sectional direction. The transmitted light is indicated by a light ray 44 that passes through the cross section of the component 34a1 in the drawing. From the point 41a corresponding to the inner edge of the shade member closest to the light source to the point 45a corresponding to the ridge line of the component, there is a change in the luminous intensity of the light beam transmitted through the component. This change in luminous intensity depends on the difference in distance from the light source, but is largely due to the space inside the member that is mountain-folded. Due to the shape of the cross-section of the component opened in the reverse V shape, the light beam reflected on the inner surface of the component is bent and always gathers inward. As a result, the bundle of light rays passing through the component surface gradually increases from the outer end 45a to the inner end 41a of the sheet cross section, and a shaded gradation is projected on the outer surface of the component.

The above-described change in light rays is due to the space inside the component formed by the components forming mountain folds intersecting each other with a space in addition to the point that the component has light transmittance. Thereby, a difference in shadow and a gradation of shadow are formed on the outer surface of the component. The irradiation effect is shown with reference to the next drawing.

FIG. 17 shows a hollow structure made up of all the components. A light source is installed at the center of the hollow structure and shows a shadow reflected on the shade surface. In order to clearly show the irradiation effect, the extension of each component in the figure is omitted. Since the shading reflected in each component has regularity, a few components in the front of the figure will be described as a representative.

The first light beam reflects the difference in shadow between a relatively dark portion 46a and a bright portion 47a on the shade surface. The shadow 46a shows the shadow of the component that intersects inward. However, the shadow is not in a uniform state, and forms a gentle gradation from the intersection of the concave portions formed by the components intersecting each other to the outside. The factor of this gradation formation is due to the second light beam, and the light beam 43 reflected from the inner surface of the component illuminates this portion.

The effect of the transmitted light 44, which is the third light beam, also appears in a brightly shaded portion 47a, with a slight shade gradation from the intersection of the recesses formed by the three components intersecting each other to the outside. Will be formed.

In the space 40a connecting the inside and outside where the components shown in FIG. 16 intersect each other, the irradiation light of the second and third light rays irradiates the inside of the space, and the irradiation portion 48a is in contrast to the outer surface. It is getting brighter.

Moreover, the reflected light 43 is added to the transmitted light 44 shown in FIG. 16, and the outer surface part 49a of the component located inside this space is brighter than any other surface. In addition, although the extension part of each component is abbreviate | omitted, luminous intensity becomes low and a shadow part becomes darker as it goes to a component extension direction.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in order to maintain a place where the constituent elements of the hollow structure are in contact with each other, each constituent element is cut at an arbitrary position, and the final hollow composed of the constituent elements on the side in contact with the nuclear model. The structure is the basic structure of the lamp shade.

The cutting of the component can function as a lamp shade even if it is cut at an arbitrary position, as shown by the appearance in which the extension of the component in FIG. 17 is omitted. However, even when the components are cut to the shortest length, it is necessary to retain the locations where the components contact each other. This is for holding the structure and for maintaining the structural rigidity of the lamp shade. If the component is relatively long, depending on the viewing angle, the cut end portion of the component may block the shadowed part reflected on the other sheet from the viewing angle, which may impair the irradiation effect. Therefore, it is preferable that the component is cut relatively short. However, the length is not necessarily limited.

In order to make the irradiation effect more effective, it is preferable that all portions with differences in shadows, changes, or gradations reflected on the component surface are within the viewing angle. For that purpose, it is necessary to form a component in a preferable shape. In view of this, a setting example of cutting most preferable for the intended irradiation effect is shown below. Then, it will be understood that the cutting setting of the previous example is the best mode by showing two lamp shades according to other different cutting settings.

In order to clearly show the cut state, components to be arranged on one zone of the nuclear model of the hollow structure are extracted and described using the plan view. FIG. 18 is a plan view of the hollow structure shown in FIG. 14 as viewed from the direction in which the coordinate axis 12a extends. Since the hollow structure formed in the final stage can be composed of twelve structural elements having the same shape, the structural element 34a2 on the left side in the figure will be described as a representative. In addition, since cutting at both ends of each component is performed with the same setting, the cutting setting at one end will be described as a representative. Here, in order to clarify the cut portion, the corresponding portion is shown enlarged.

FIG. 19 is an enlarged view of a range D indicated by a circular broken line in the figure. In this figure, the component 34a1 shows a cross section, and the components 34a2 and 34a3 intersect from both sides, and the portions where they contact each other are indicated by line segments 45a-41a. This contact portion needs to be held in order to maintain the structural rigidity of the lamp shade formed in the final stage.

Therefore, the cutting start point of the component 34a2 is on the extension line of the component inner edge 50 outside the position of the point 45a. The best irradiation effect can be obtained by setting the length in the extending direction of each component to the shortest. Therefore, the cutting start point is set to 45a, and a cutting line is set from this starting point. The cutting line is a line parallel to a diagonal line of a parallel polygon which is a cross section of a zone polyhedron serving as a nuclear model.

Specifically, as shown in the drawing, the outline of the zone cross section is always a parallel polygon, and in the case of the hollow structure, the zone outline is a regular hexagon as shown in the figure, It has three diagonal lines. Of these diagonal lines, there are always two diagonal lines in contact with the component side to be cut. Of these two lines, a line parallel to the diagonal line 51a closer to the cutting side is set as the cutting line 52a from the starting point 45a. The other diagonal will correspond to the cutting line in the opposite direction of the component. Then, the component is cut along the cutting line 52a in parallel with the coordinate axis 12a corresponding to the zone. This setting is performed for all the components in the same manner, thereby determining the shape of the final hollow structure, that is, the lamp shade.

Factors that cause the setting of the cutting line to be parallel to the diagonal line 51a include the function, irradiation effect, form, etc. of the lamp shade, but the largest factor to be determined is the shape of the shaded gradation surface reflected on the shade surface. This point will be described in detail in this example.

Assuming a light source 39 in the configuration of the components shown in FIG. 19, the light rays spread radially. Of the rays, the boundary line of the rays passing through the inner end 41a indicated by the cross section of the component 34a1 and irradiating the inner surface of the component 34a2 can be indicated by an extension line 53a of the diagonal line 51a. The shadow of the component 34a1 that intersects inward is reflected on the outer surface of the component 34a2 in the outward extension direction with the extension line as a boundary. At the same time, the irradiation light from the light source is blocked by the component 34a1 with the extension line 53a as a boundary, and gradually decreases in the outward extension direction of the component 34a2. As a result, a gentle shade gradation is formed at the shaded portion of the outer surface of the component 34a2.

The gradation is formed from the inner side to the outer side of the diagonal on the long side of the parallelogram plane delimited by the line 52a parallel to the extension line 53a of the outer side surface of the component 34a2. Then, by setting the outer side line 52a of the parallelogram as a cutting line, this shaded gradation can be conspicuous and kept at a viewing angle.

The lamp shade having the final hollow structure thus formed as a basic structure and its irradiation effect are shown in the following drawings. The lamp shade shown in the figure is provided with a light source inside, and the shade member is made of a material having a relatively thin light transmittance of 60%.

FIG. 20 is a plan view showing the lamp shade from the direction of the coordinate axis extension. Since the shape of the lamp shade is rotationally symmetric three times with respect to the center of the drawing, the shade surface corresponding to the upper third of the drawing will be described as a representative. The shade viewed from this direction has three types of shade surfaces with different shadows within the viewing angle.

One is a shadow portion 46a forming a shadow gradation. The second is a shaded portion 47a that forms a slight shade gradation from the edge of the shade to the inside, located next to the surface. And the 3rd is the irradiation location 48a which hits the inside of the shadow location 46a. Since the reflected light from the inside radiates to the viewing angle side, this part keeps the irradiation light brighter than any other shaded part at the viewing angle, and a faint shaded surface from the cut to the inside. Forming.

In addition, the triangular space 55a formed by the shade member positioned perpendicularly to the drawing is in a state of being out of the cylinder, and the reflected light is not irradiated in the viewing angle direction, but the space behind the shade enters the viewing angle. If the space surrounding the shade is assumed to be dark in this drawing, the dark space behind the shade enters the viewing angle in this triangular space.

By setting the cutting lines of the components as described above, it is possible to set the viewing angle 48a on the shade inner side surface and the brightly shaded portion 47a on the shade outer side surface. However, when the cutting setting of the component is relatively longer in the component extension direction than in the example, the shaded surface of the shaded portion 46a on the shade outer surface extends in the shade member longitudinal direction, and other shaded portions are viewed from the viewing angle. It will be in a state of blocking.

The setting of the cutting line is a factor that determines the shape of the shadow. The shaded portion 46a forms a diamond-like shade shape. The reason for the formation is that the shade cutting line 56a is set to be parallel to the contour 57a of the inner end portion at this location.

Next, a lamp shade viewed from the direction of the arrow in the drawing is shown in FIG. Since the shape of the shade is rotationally symmetrical twice with respect to the center of the figure, the shade surface in the upper half of the figure will be described as a representative. From this direction, in addition to the three shaded locations shown in the previous plan view, another shade irradiation location 49a enters the viewing angle. This location is the brightest location compared to other shaded locations. Further, the brighter part is the inner side part of the shade inner side surface shadow part 48a. This portion is irradiated with direct light from the light source, and the reflected light enters the viewing angle direction. In the case where the length of the component is set to be longer in the extending direction than the setting, the shaded portion 46a is extended, and this portion blocks other shaded surfaces from the viewing angle in the center of the figure.

Furthermore, this lamp shade is shown in a plan view (FIG. 22) viewed from the direction of the arrow in the figure. Since the shape of the lamp shade in this figure is four-fold rotationally symmetric with respect to the center of the figure, the shade surface portion of the upper quarter of the drawing is shown as a representative. From this direction, three types of shadows are within the viewing angle. When the length of the component becomes longer in the extending direction than the setting, the shaded portion 46a is extended. In the center of the figure, this location blocks other shaded surfaces from the viewing angle.

Although the above has shown the irradiation effect by the top view, the irradiation effect will be grasped | ascertained further with a solid by showing a perspective view. FIG. 23 is a perspective view thereof, and part of the reference numerals of shaded portions in the center of the drawing are omitted to prevent grasping of the shaded state. At the position in this figure, all four types of shaded parts are within the viewing angle.

Next, an example in which the constituent elements are set longer than that of the lamp shade 54a1 will be described. The setting of the cutting line of the component will be described again with reference to FIG. The cutting line is set by shifting the previously set cutting line 52a outward without changing the starting point 45a. Then, a plan view and a perspective view of the lamp shade in the case where a line 59 that extends from the coordinate axis point 12a corresponding to the center of the cross section of the nuclear model to the outward extension line 58 through the start point 45a is set as a cutting line are shown.

FIG. 24 is a plan view showing the lamp shade 54a2 from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12a provided in the nuclear model. Since the shape of the lamp shade shown in this figure is rotationally symmetrical three times with respect to the center of the figure, the description will be made mainly with the shade portion in the upper half of the figure as a representative. Compared with the plan view of the lamp shade 54a1 shown above and FIG. 20, both ends of each component are longer and have acute angles, and the whole has a star shape. The change in the shaded portion also appears in the outer surface shaded portion 61 of the component extension portion 60. The shaded portion 61 is darker than any other shaded portion, with no noticeable shade gradation as much as the shaded portion 46a. However, the shadow portion 62 and the bright irradiation portion 48a on the inner side surface form a gentle shade gradation from the inside to the outside. Further, the extension portions 61 of the three constituent elements in the center of the figure block the shadow spot 47a and the shadow spot 48a by about half from the viewing angle.

Next, a plan view from the direction of the arrow in the figure is shown in FIG. Since the shape of the lamp shade shown in this figure is rotationally symmetrical twice with respect to the center of the figure, the description will be made mainly with the shade portion in the right half of the figure as a representative. As seen from the same direction, the plan view of the lamp shade 54a1 shown above, the change of the shadow which is conspicuous compared with FIG. Although there is no noticeable gradation of gradation in the outer shadow part 61 of this part, the inner shadow part 62 forms a gentle shadow gradation from the inside to the outside together with the brighter irradiation part 48a. In addition, the component extension part 60 located in the center of the figure blocks the bright spot 49a of the same spot in FIG. 21 from the viewing angle. In this lamp shade, it is difficult to keep the bright spot 49a within the viewing angle from other different directions.

Next, another plan view seen from the direction of the arrow in the figure is shown in FIG. Since the shape of the lamp shade shown in this figure is four-fold rotationally symmetric with respect to the center of the figure, the description will be made mainly with the shade portion in the right half of the figure as a representative. As seen from the same direction, a plan view of the lamp shade 54a1 shown above, and the change in shadow that is conspicuous compared with FIG. The outer shadow portion 61 is darker than any other shadow portion. In addition, the inner shadow portion 62 of the shade extension 60 forms a gentle shade gradation surface from the inside to the outside together with the brighter irradiation portion 48a. Further, the extended portion 60 blocks the shadow spot 47a and the shadow spot 48a from the viewing angle by about half.

Finally, by showing a perspective view of the lamp shade, the irradiation effect associated with the three-dimensional object can be further understood. FIG. 27 is a perspective view thereof. The description of the shaded portion in the center of the figure is partially omitted because it obstructs the grasp of the irradiation effect. If this lamp shade is compared with the perspective view of the lamp shade 54a1 shown above and FIG. 23, the change of the shadow can be recognized in the outer shadow portion 61 and the inner irradiation portion 62 of the component extension portion 60. The irradiation effect is the same as that described in the plan view. In addition, it can be seen from FIG. 23 that the brightest portion 49a that can be recognized in FIG. 23 is blocked by the seat extension 60 and is difficult to recognize.

When the cutting of the shade component is set to be relatively long as shown in this example, it can be understood that the irradiation effect changes with the change of the shape of the lamp shade. Compared to the best cutting setting, the number of shaded areas is reduced, but the shaded gradation is formed differently, showing the desired irradiation effect.

Next, the form of the lamp shade and the irradiation effect when the constituent elements are set to the shortest will be described with reference to the drawings. The condition for setting the shortest is to hold a place where each component touches each other. Under this condition, the rigidity of the lamp shade structure is maintained, and a structure in which direct light does not enter the viewing angle when the light source is turned on can be secured. In order to specifically explain this point, a final hollow structure that is a basic structure of a lamp shade is used.

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of the final hollow structure 63a. When the front component in the figure is shown as a representative, the component 34a1 intersects and overlaps with the component 34a1 inside the component 34a2. The cutting setting of the component is indicated by a component 34a1. The cutting start point of the component 34a1 is on the ridge 35a of the component 34a4, and is a point 65a at the outer end of the component joint portion 64a. The shortest component is formed by setting a line 66 connecting the starting point 65a and the point 65a at the outer end of the joint portion 64a to the component 34a2 intersecting and overlapping the outside of the component 34a1 as a cutting line. It will be. A plan view showing the cutting setting shown above, and returning to FIG. 19 to show this cutting line, a dashed line 66 in the component 34a2 is obtained.

Hereinafter, the form and the irradiation effect of the lamp shade formed by this setting will be shown by a plan view and a perspective view. FIG. 29 is a plan view showing the lamp shade 54a3 from the direction of the coordinate axis extending of the hollow structure. This figure is shown from the same direction as the lamp shade 54a1 shown in FIG. 20 and the lamp shade 54a2 shown in FIG. Comparing the shape of the lamp shade with those shapes, the tip of the shade is shortened, and the contour changes from a star shape to a polygon.

In the drawing, the shape of the lamp shade is rotationally symmetric about three times with respect to the center of the drawing, so that the irradiation effect is compared and explained in the shade portion of the right third in the drawing. Since the shadow portion 46a forming the shadow gradation is cut off the outer half as compared with the lamp shade 54a1 of the previous example, the length of the shadow gradation is shortened from the inside to the outside. Further, in the lamp shade 54a1 of FIG. 23, the irradiation spot 49a is the brightest in the entire shade, but the irradiation spot 49a corresponding to the same spot of the lamp shade has a component that overlaps outwardly. Since the reflected light from the inner surface no longer exists, the irradiation effect is almost the same as that of the shaded portion 47a.

Next, FIG. 30 shows a plan view from the direction of the arrow in the figure. In this figure, the shape of the lamp shade is rotationally symmetrical twice with respect to the center of the figure, so that it is mainly shown by the shade part in the right half of the figure. The irradiation spot 49a in the center of the figure is within the viewing angle up to the inner side. Further, the inner space 67 on the inner side is also within the viewing angle. When the light source is turned on, this portion is irradiated with the brightest light, thereby adding a shadow difference to the entire shade, and this shade surface reflects a variety of shadows.

Then, the top view from the direction of the arrow in a figure is shown in FIG. In this figure, the shape of the lamp shade is rotationally symmetrical four times with respect to the center of the figure, so that it is indicated by the shade part of the right quarter of the figure. Since the tip of the component is shorter than the previous example, the irradiation spot 49a is sufficiently within the viewing angle. Further, the difference in shadow is about the same as that of the shadow portion 47a.

Finally, a perspective view of this lamp shade is shown in FIG. 32, so that a further grasp of the irradiation effect with a three-dimensional object will be made. This figure is a perspective view showing from the same direction as the lamp shade 54a1 shown in FIG. Compared with that, it can be seen three-dimensionally that the tip of each component is shorter and the shape is changed from a star shape to a polygonal shape. The description of the reference numerals indicating the shaded portions is omitted in the center of the figure in order to hinder grasping of the shaded locations.

In the lamp shade, since the leading end portion of the prominent shade gradation portion 46a in the previous two lamp shades is cut, the width of the shade gradation is shortened accordingly. In addition, as each component is shortened, the space 40a formed by the intersection of each component opens outward, and thereby the bright irradiation spot 49a on the inner side of the space enters a viewing angle. Become.

In the two-point lamp shade shown above, the irradiation spot 49a was the brightest spot in the entire shade due to the reflected light from the inner side surfaces of the components that crossed and overlapped outward. However, in the case of the example in which the constituent elements are set to be short, the reflected light from the outside is extremely small, and it can be seen that this irradiated portion forms a slight shade gradation. As described above, by giving two comparative examples of the cutting setting of the components in the hollow structure, it can be understood that the first example is the best mode.

Next, a method for assembling the lamp shade and a method for joining the components will be described. Even if the component is a relatively thick and plate-like material, the above-described irradiation effect can be obtained as long as it has light transmittance. For example, if a milky white acrylic plate or opal glass is used, a suitable irradiation effect can be obtained. In that case, each component is joined using an adhesive or the like. However, when a plate-like material that is difficult to bend or mold is selected, it is necessary to divide the constituent elements into two at the ridgeline and subdivide them in advance. Then, it is possible to assemble the lamp shade by joining the subdivided components at the ridge line before assembling the shade, and later joining the components together.

In the case of a shade member made of a sheet-like material with relatively thin components, it is difficult to fix it using an adhesive or the like because the joint portion is linear, and the rigidity of the lamp shade is maintained. It is also difficult. Therefore, in order to secure a sufficient bonding area, the rigidity of the structure can be maintained by adding a band-like surface to the bonding portion of the member and bonding each member by the surface. A specific example will be described using a lamp shade having a basic structure of a final hollow structure according to the cutting setting of the best component.

FIG. 33 shows an extracted part of the components in the lamp shade 54a1 of FIG. Shade member 68a2 and shade member 68a3 are located inward of shade member 68a1 positioned horizontally in the figure. In the final hollow structure, the constituent elements are in contact with each other via a line corresponding to the joint 65a. When the component is a sheet-like shade member, a band-like surface having the same length as the tangent may be added to the tangent. In the drawing, the surface is indicated by a diagonal line with a broken line. The band-like surface 69a is folded in a mountain at a tangent line 64a, folded inside the member, and joined to the outer surface of the member located inside the member. Thus, the rigidity of the lamp shade can be maintained by adding a surface having a sufficient joining area to the joining portion.

In order to clarify the shape of the shade member to which the band-like surface is added, the developed view is shown below. FIG. 34 shows the outer surface of the shade member 68a developed on a plane. Since the shape of this member is left-right rotationally symmetrical with respect to the central mountain fold line 70a, the right half is shown as a representative. The belt-like surface 69a is an extended surface of the member, and is folded at a tangent line 64a indicated by a broken line, and the outer surface of the belt-like surface intersects the inside of the member and joins the outer surface of another member. Will be joined. When the band-shaped surface 69a is in contact with the band-shaped surface 69a, it is a portion 71a surrounded by a one-dot broken line.

When the width of the band-like surface 69a is set to be relatively wider than the width shown in the drawing, the width of the joining portion 71a is also widened, and the strength of the lamp shade structure can be further increased as the joining area is increased. However, since the thickness of the joint surface is doubled by joining, the shadow of the part is reflected on the shade member located outside. As a result, the shade of the entire shade is changed, and the irradiation effect is adversely affected. Therefore, it is preferable that the width of the belt-like surface 69a is as narrow as possible within the range that maintains the rigidity of the lamp shade.

Further, depending on the material of the member, there is a member that cannot be bonded to each other by an adhesive or the like. In that case, the hole 72a1 is provided in the belt-like joining surface 69a, and at the same time, the same hole 72a2 is provided at the joining location corresponding to that location, the joint location 71a as shown in the member, and the holes are joined by rivets. Members can be joined together.

If the rivet material does not have the same light transmittance as that of the shade member, the shadow is reflected on the member surface when the lamp seed is turned on, which may reduce the shadow effect. Therefore, the rivet is preferably made of the same material as the member or a material having the same light transmittance as the member.

In addition, the fixing of the member is not limited to the fixing method by adhesion or rivet, and a fitting type in which a claw and a groove through which the member can penetrate can be provided in the member. Hereinafter, the fitting type member will be specifically described with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 35 is a development view of a shade member 73a in which the constituent elements of the hollow structure are made of a sheet-like thin material and provided with claws and grooves into which the claws penetrate. Since the shape of this member is left-right rotationally symmetrical with respect to the central mountain fold line 70a, the right side of the figure is mainly shown as a representative. A claw 74a is provided at the outer end portion 65a of the tangential portion 64a1 of the shade member. The outline of the claw is drawn circularly around the point 65a corresponding to the outer end, and is curved so as to gradually merge toward the outer end of the cutting line 52a of the basic component. . When the shade is assembled, the claw penetrates into a groove of another shade member that intersects the inside of the shade. When the groove is shown in the shade member of the drawing, it is a groove 75a corresponding to an outer end portion of a tangent line 64a2, which is a place where the members are in contact with each other.

Next, the penetration of the claws is shown in FIG. The shade member 73a1 shown in the figure is combined with a shade member 73a2 that intersects the lower side thereof having grooves 75a1 and 75a2 into which the claws are fitted via the claws 74a1 and 74a2. When assembling, the shade member is moved in the direction of the arrow in the figure, and the claw is inserted into the groove.

In the process of assembling the shade, much of the work for fitting the claw into the groove is performed by bending the claw portion manually. For this reason, it is preferable that the claw be at least as large as it can be pinched with a finger.

FIG. 37 shows a lamp shade 76a made of a member provided with claws like this. The shade members maintain the shape of the shade by assembling each other through the claws and grooves. Further, it is preferable to set the shape of the claw so that the claw penetrates deeply into the groove so that the members constituting the lamp shade do not easily come off due to external pressure.

The feature of the lamp shade 76a made up of this fitting type shade member is different from the joining type shade member 68a described above, because it does not use an adhesive or a rivet and can be assembled relatively easily and in a short time. In the point.

Finally, a method for installing the light source will be described. A series of light emitting devices such as a light bulb / bulb holder and a power cable is provided with a hole in a concave portion of the lamp shade and inserted therethrough. A frame is attached to the portion where the hole is provided in order to fix the cutting opening of the shade member. By fixing the light emitting device to this frame, the light source can be installed at the center of the lamp shade. When the lamp shade is suspended from the ceiling, the power cable supports the lamp shade through the frame. In addition, since the weight of the lamp shade is added to this frame, the portion where the hole is provided needs strength. Therefore, the location is preferably a concave-shaped portion with the largest number of intersections of shade members.

Specifically, the lamp shade shown in FIG. 37 will be described as an example. In the case of the lamp shade, it is preferable to provide a hole in the concave shape portion where the four shade members intersect, and the lamp shade 76a in FIG. 38 has a hole in the concave shape portion, and a frame around the cutting opening of the shade member. The state where 77a is attached is shown. A series of light emitting devices such as an incandescent lamp bulb 78, a bulb holder 79, and a power cable 80 are attached to a support plate 81 that can be connected to the lamp shade body. When the lamp shade is a ceiling hanging lamp, the power cable 80 suspends the lamp shade from the ceiling and supports the lamp shade through the support plate 81 and the frame 77a to which the lamp shade is connected.

Therefore, hereinafter, the connection between the support plate 81 and the frame 77a and the shade member to which the frame is attached will be described in more detail. First, in order to provide a hole in the shade member corresponding to the location where the frame is attached, the member is cut.

FIG. 39 shows partial cutting of the shade member 73a. A portion 82a indicated by hatching in the figure indicates a cut-off portion. The belt-like portion 83a is folded in a valley shape along a broken line 84a and becomes a place where one side of the frame is attached. The partial cut angle 85 of the shade member is designed so that the valley fold line 84a is positioned at right angles to the direction in which the light emitting device is inserted, that is, the coordinate axis 12a provided in the structure of the lamp shade. As a result, the frame is positioned at right angles to the light-emitting device insertion direction, and the incandescent lamp can be placed at the center of the lamp shade.

Further, it is preferable that the shade member cut-off portion 82a has a minimum area into which the light bulb can be inserted. If this surface is made wider than necessary, the ratio of the seat area connecting the frame supporting the lamp shade and the main body becomes narrow, and the rigidity of the shade becomes inferior.

A quadrangular hole is opened in a shade concave portion where four shade members cut in this way intersect, and a belt-like surface 83a to which a frame is attached is reserved. A frame is attached thereto, and a support plate for the light emitting device is connected to the frame. It is preferable that the connection between the frame and the support plate can be easily removed for bulb replacement, cleaning of the lamp shade, and the like. Here, a specific example is shown in the figure.

FIG. 40 is a perspective view of the light emitting device insertion port cross section showing the cross section of the frame 77a and the cross section of the support plate 81 along the broken line C in FIG. By tightening the knob screw 86 attached to the support plate 81, the rubber grip accommodated therein can tighten the power cable 80, and the power cable 80 is fixed to the support plate 81. Claws 87 are provided on both sides of the support plate 81, and the claws fit in the vertical grooves 88 of the frame 77a.

The frame 77a is composed of two layers, an upper frame having a groove in which the claw 87 of the support plate is accommodated, and a lower frame sandwiched from the inside with the belt-like surface 83a of the shade member in between. The frame and the shade member may be fixed by fixing several points with screws 89 from the inner side of the lower frame.

In the horizontal direction of the vertical groove 88 of the frame 77a, a horizontal groove is provided so that the claw 87 rotates around the knob screw 80 after the support plate is inserted into the frame. The frame and the support plate can be mounted by rotating the support plate 81. Further, in order to prevent rotation and detachment of the support plate after the mounting, a fastening screw 90 is attached to the upper part of the lateral groove of the frame. In the above, in addition to the viewpoint of this invention, the main point for becoming a lighting fixture was described.

Next, a lamp shade forming process will be described. The formation process is roughly divided into five stages. The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron set as a nuclear model. Assuming the lamp shade form as the final form, the form of the zone polyhedron as the nuclear model is selected.

The form of the lamp shade is diverse, such as a star shape, an ellipse shape, or a shape inscribed in a spherical shape. For example, a star-shaped lamp shade can be formed from a 6-, 12-, and 20-plane nuclear model with a relatively small number of faces, as shown in the following examples. A form of contact can be made. Then, the selected nuclear model is formed based on the formation principle of the zone polyhedron.

In the second step, a polyaxial body is formed based on the zone polyhedron. The shaft shape is set to be a triangular prism. Various quantities required for the design are calculated through geometric analysis from the zone polyhedron, which is a nuclear model.

In the third step, the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic axis of the zone polyaxial body is extracted, and the structure is made a hollow structure. When a six-sided zone polyhedron is used as a nuclear model, an extension surface is added to the outer side surface in order to secure structural rigidity, and a second hollow structure having the extension surface as a constituent element is formed. .

In the fourth step of the forming method according to claim 1, after holding the place where the constituent elements of the hollow structure are in contact with each other, the outer extension portion of the constituent elements is cut at an arbitrary place, Let the structure which consists of the component on the model side be a final hollow structure.

On the other hand, in this step of the forming method according to claim 3, the components of the second hollow structure are held at positions where they are in contact with other components intersecting inside thereof, and The outer extension is cut at an arbitrary location, and the structure composed of the components on the nuclear model side is defined as the final hollow structure.

The fifth step is formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure in both claims as a basic structure. That is, the lamp shade is designed and manufactured and the shade is assembled based on this structure. For example, when the lamp shade member is made of a thin sheet material, design is performed at this stage by determining whether the assembly method of each component is a fitting type or a joining type. Next, a shade member and a mounting part for mounting the light emitting device are manufactured based on this design, and finally the lamp shade is assembled.

In order to embody the above forming process, a lamp shade formed based on the method for forming a hollow structure according to claim 3 will be described as an example. A regular hexahedron is used for the zone hexahedron set as the nuclear model.

FIG. 41 shows the nuclear model 25b and the coordinate axis 12b of the nuclear model. In the first step, the regular hexahedron is generally easy to grasp and easy to form. However, by grasping this solid based on the coordinate axes forming the zone polyhedron, it is possible to easily grasp the formation of the zone polyhedron in the next step. Since system n (n-1) represents the number of faces of the zone polyhedron, it can be seen that there are three coordinate axes represented by n. Since these coordinate axes are parallel to the ridge line on the corresponding zone, they can be indicated by lines connecting the face centers of the regular hexahedron and the body center.

In the second step, a zone polyaxial body is formed by a triangular prismatic axis corresponding to a regular hexahedron. As the first step, of the three side surfaces of the triangular prismatic shaft, the side surface in contact with the nuclear model side is formed as the inward surface. For this purpose, every other face in each zone of the regular hexahedron is extended in parallel to the coordinate axis extending direction corresponding to the zone to which the every other face belongs, thereby forming the inner face of the triangular prismatic axis.

During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes. Therefore, by setting that one surface always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular prismatic axis, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic shaft can be formed by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron. Thereby, a structure having the inner surface as a constituent element is formed.

FIG. 42 shows a structure 30b constituted by the inner surface 29b of the triangular prismatic shaft. The inward surface in the figure is conceptually extended infinitely, but is omitted. In addition, including the examples described later, the infinitely extending form of each component in the multiaxial body and the hollow structure in the figure is omitted as in this figure.

The second step in this process is to set the cross-section of the triangular prismatic axis. When a zone hexahedron including this configuration is used as a nuclear model, there is a difference from the setting at this stage of claim 1. That is, there is no triangular space formed by intersecting the inner surfaces for forming a triangular axial cross section at a set point of the axis. In other words, there are no lines corresponding to the two outer sides of the triangle serving as a reference for forming the axial cross section.

Therefore, the setting is performed by the following method. FIG. 43 is a plan view showing the structure 30b formed from the triangular prismatic axis inner surface 29b from the direction in which the coordinate axis 12b extends. Since the shape of this figure is rotationally symmetrical twice with respect to the center of the figure, it is mainly shown in the upper part of the figure. In the case of a multiaxial body having cylindrical axes, the cross section of the cylindrical axis 26b corresponding to the coordinate axis 12b is at the position shown in the figure.

However, when forming a triangular columnar axis, a line segment corresponding to a cross section of the inner surface 29b1 of the triangular columnar axis positioned parallel to the coordinate axis is defined as an inner side, and the other triangular columnar shape positioned on the side and both ends 41b thereof. Assuming a circle that is inscribed in three lines with the extension line corresponding to the axis 29b2, the circle is surrounded by three lines, the line segment connecting the both ends 41b of the inner side from the center of the circle and the inner side. Let the space be a section of a triangular prismatic axis.

Alternatively, a triangular cross section can be similarly formed by the setting shown in the following figure. FIG. 44 shows a cross section of a triangular prismatic axis corresponding to the coordinate axis 12b. First, the triangular prismatic shaft inner surface cross section 29b1 is set to the inner side of the triangle, and the opposite ends 41b are used as starting points, and the two diagonal lines 51b of the parallelogram, which is the cross section of the nuclear model, are spaced diagonally. An extension line 92b that is parallel to the line is drawn from the starting point. Next, a triangular space surrounded by the two extension lines 92b and the three lines on the inner side is defined as a cross section 31b of the triangular prismatic axis.

Then, this section is translated in the extending direction of the inner surface 29b1 of the triangular prismatic axis with which the inner side of the sectional surface is in contact, thereby forming a triangular prismatic axis. FIG. 45 shows the formation of the triangular prismatic shaft 32b.

In the final stage of this process, the zone polyaxial body of the total triangular prismatic axis is formed by performing the axial formation through the cross-sectional formation in the same manner as described above with reference to the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis located parallel to all the coordinate axes. Form. FIG. 46 shows the zone multiaxial body 33b. The point where each axis touches each other corresponds to the ridgeline of a regular hexahedron set as a nuclear model, and the point 93b corresponding to the point where the three axes intersect with each other corresponds to the apex of the regular hexahedron.

In the third step, the outer side surface of each triangular prism-shaped shaft constituting the zone multiaxial body is extracted, and a hollow structure having the outer side surface as a constituent element is formed. FIG. 47 shows a hollow structure 36b1 in which the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic axis is extracted and used as a constituent element. In the formation method of Claim 1, it progresses to the next process from the hollow structure body in this step.

However, only when the zone polyhedron consisting of six faces is set as the nuclear model, the constituent elements 34b1 to 34b1 are in contact with each other at the intersecting points 93b, so that the basic structure of the lamp shade is this structure. This is inferior in terms of structural rigidity. Even if the junction 93b is joined, the structure becomes unstable.

Therefore, the structure is a first hollow structure 36b1, and in order to maintain the structure, an extension surface is added to each component so that each component can be in contact with each other by a line segment. Keep the rigidity of the.

If it demonstrates concretely with reference to FIG. 48, the location 94b shown by the oblique line in the figure is the extension surface. In each component, there are four extension surfaces 94b. Here, the extension surface on the right side of the component 34b3 in the drawing will be described as a representative. Extending the surface of the component 34b3 from the inner edge 38b outward from the intersection 93b at the inner edge of the component 34b3 toward the other component 34b2 that intersects the inner side of the component; A line segment in which the extended surface 94b is in contact with the component 34b2 is defined as a tangent line 64b. As shown in this figure, by adding an extended surface to each component, the hollow structure can maintain its structure, and this structure is referred to as a second hollow structure 36b2.

In the fourth step, each component of the second hollow structure is cut and formed to form a final hollow structure that is the basic structure of the lamp shade. As the condition, the outer extension portion of each component is cut while holding the portion 64b where each component contacts the other component intersecting inward. The cutting of each component is performed by setting the best mode shown in the previous section.

FIG. 49 is a partial plan view of the second hollow structure 36b2 viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12b. In order to clearly show the cutting setting, this figure extracts only the components located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12b and shows the cutting setting at the component 34b2. Since the shape of this figure is two-fold rotationally symmetric with respect to the center of the figure, it is mainly shown in the upper part of the figure.

If a light source is assumed at this stage, the light source is the center of a zone polyhedron that is a nuclear model. In the drawing, the cross section of the polyhedron is a square which is a cross section of the zone, and the light source 39 is located at the intersection of the diagonal lines. Of the light rays emitted from this light source, the light rays passing through the portion 41b corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34b1 irradiate the inner side surface of the component 34b2. This light ray passes on the diagonal line 51d and its extension line 53b in the parallelogram which is a cross section of the nuclear model. Then, since the irradiation light from the light source decreases from the extension line 53b to the extension direction of the component 34b2, a shaded gradation is formed on the outer side surface of the component 34b2.

In order to effectively project the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component is determined as a point 45b corresponding to the ridge line of the component 34b1, and a line parallel to the extension line 53b of the diagonal line 51b in contact with the component 34b2 on the cutting side. 52b is set as a cutting line from the starting point. Then, along this line, cutting is performed in parallel to the coordinate axis 12b corresponding to the component 34b1 on the start point side, and the component on the side in contact with the nuclear model is left.

FIG. 50 shows a hollow structure formed by cutting all the constituent elements according to the same cutting setting as described above and including the remaining constituent elements on the nuclear model side. When a six-sided zone polyhedron is used as a nuclear model, the final hollow structure 95b is formed at this stage, and the structure is applied to a lamp shade. The two-dot broken line in each component corresponds to the inner edge of the component of the base of the component, and the surface 94b positioned inward is an extended surface. Each component is in contact with each other at a tangent line 64a.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. Based on this structure, the shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled. Each component of the structure shown in FIG. 50 is designed through geometric analysis. When the component is made of a plate-like material having a relatively large thickness, the component is divided at the ridge line portion of the component, and the number of members is twelve. Further, when the component is a sheet-like relatively thin material, the sheet is folded inward at the ridge line portion. The description of the lamp shade composed of plate-like components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like one. Therefore, hereinafter, a lamp shade composed of sheet-like components will be shown.

FIG. 51 is a development view of the component, that is, the shade member. The lamp shade is formed by combining six shade members. A broken line in the figure indicates a broken line of the member. At the time of assembly, the member is mountain-folded at the center broken line 70b. Since this member shape is symmetrical, the right half is shown as a representative. When the lamp shade is assembled by joining the members, the belt-like joining surface 69b is extended and added from the broken line 64b which is a tangent portion of each component, and the broken line 64b becomes a fold line. The joint surface 69b is joined to the joint portion 71b of another shade member that intersects the inside of the shade member at the time of assembly.

The members may be joined via rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, the hole 72b1 is provided in the belt-like joining surface 69b, and the joint part corresponding to that part, the same hole 72b2 is provided in the joint part 71b as shown in the shade member, and the rivet is joined through these holes. The member can be fixed with. Considering the working efficiency, it is preferable that the number of holes is small, but the rigidity can be maintained by providing at least two holes.

This member can be a fitting type as well as a joining type shade member. FIG. 52 is a development view of a shade member 73b in which the components of the hollow structure are thin sheet-like and provided with a claw and a groove through which the claw penetrates. Since the shape of the shade member is vertically symmetrical in the figure, the upper part of the figure is mainly shown as a representative.

The claws 74b are provided at the four corners of the shade member, that is, at the outer end 65b of the tangent portion 64b1 of the member. The contour line forming this claw 74b is drawn circularly around a point 65b corresponding to the outer end portion of the tangent line 64b1, and toward the tip end portion of the shade member corresponding to the outer end portion of the cutting line 52b in the base component. A curve is drawn so that it gradually merges with the cutting line.

Then, when the shade is assembled, the claw penetrates into a groove of another shade member that intersects the inside thereof. When the groove is shown in the shade member of the drawing, it is a groove 75b corresponding to the outer end portion of the tangent line 64b2, which is a place where the members are in contact with each other. The groove for fitting the claws is provided on the extended line where the tangent line 64b2 exceeds the sheet folding line 70b. If the flexibility of the material of the member is used, the shade can be arranged on the mountain folding line of the member as shown in the figure. There is no hindrance to assembly.

In order to provide the light emitting device insertion port in the shade, a hole is made in a shade concave portion formed by the intersection of three shade members. The member corresponding to the portion is formed by combining three shade members obtained by cutting off the portion 82b shown by the hatched portion in the drawing. In addition, when the component of the lamp shade is made of a plate-shaped material, it is not necessary to provide the hook-shaped surface 83b for attaching the frame, and the broken line portion 84b may be a cutting line and the frame may be joined to the cutting opening. .

The shade member thus produced is assembled according to the original hollow structure. FIG. 53 shows a process in which the shade members are combined. The lamp shade can be easily assembled by assembling each member with the mountain fold lines closed at one end.

FIG. 54 shows a lamp shade 76b in which all shade members are assembled. The front triangular hole in the figure becomes the light emitting device insertion port, and the frame is attached to the bowl-shaped surface 83b around the insertion port. In the case of the lamp shade, the shape of the frame is a triangle corresponding to the shape of the hole.

FIG. 56 is an example showing the light-emitting device insertion port of the lamp shade, and shows a process of attaching the frame 77b to the triangular hole and inserting the light-emitting device into the circular hole of the frame. Since the attachment method of the frame 77b to the main body, the attachment method of the support plate 81 attached to the light emitting device, and the attachment of the support plate to the frame are the same as those of the lamp shade described above, the description thereof is omitted. Note that the light bulb 78 must be placed at the center of the lamp shade body, precisely at the center of the zone polyhedron, which is a set nuclear model. This is because if the light bulb is positioned out of this body, the shadow reflected on the shade surface is distorted and the irradiation effect is impaired. The position of the light bulb 78 may be determined by adjusting the length of the power cable from the support plate 81 to the light bulb holder 79 with the fastening screw 86.

When the lamp shade is a ceiling hanging lamp, the power cable 80 may be suspended from the ceiling. Further, depending on the form of the lamp shade, it is possible to set the floor. In that case, it is preferable that the light-emitting device insertion port is directed to the floor surface for aesthetic reasons. However, there is a risk that the bulb suspended inside the shade will ignite when the bulb generating heat is in contact with the shade. Therefore, it is necessary to fix the power cable straight between the support plate 81 and the light bulb holder 79 so as not to bend. For fixing, the bulb holder 79 and the support plate 81 are connected by a tube, and the power cable 80 is passed through the inside.

FIG. 56 shows a cross-sectional view of the portion of the light-emitting device. In the drawing, a hollow tube 97 is attached to a light bulb holder 79 and a support plate 81 with screw grooves at both ends. The hollow tube is made of a heat-resistant material because the bulb holder becomes hot during lighting of the bulb. In addition, when the light emitting device is tilted, the weight is applied to the shade member of the light emitting device insertion port of the lamp shade. Therefore, particularly when the component is made of a sheet-like flexible material, the material of the tube 97 is light. Is preferred.

As for the construction examples of the light emitting device and the insertion port described above, the same method can be applied to the lamp shade shown in the following embodiments. Therefore, the detailed description of this part is abbreviate | omitted in an Example.

Finally, the form of this lamp shade is shown by a plan view and a perspective view from three different directions. Further, in order to explain the irradiation effect, the lamp shade in each figure shows a state where the light source is turned on.

FIG. 57 shows the lamp shade from the direction of the coordinate axis extending in the zone polyhedron that is the nuclear model. Since the shape of the lamp shade 76b in this plan view is rotationally symmetrical twice with respect to the center of the drawing, the irradiation effect will be described with the shaded portion at the upper right portion in the drawing as a representative. The lamp shade viewed from this direction projects two types of shaded surfaces on the shade surface.

One is a shaded portion 46b forming a clear shade gradation. The other shade member that intersects the inside of this portion forms a shadow at this portion 46b that intersects the outside by blocking the direct light from the light source. The shaded portion 46b is formed from the point 93b where the three sheets intersect by the transmitted light from the other shade member intersecting the inside and the reflected light from the inner surface of the other shade member intersecting the outside. A gentle gradation is formed over the outer edge of the.

Another shaded portion is a shaded shaded portion 47b in the center of the figure. The inside of this portion is irradiated with direct light from the light source, and the light beam passes through the shade member and is irradiated to the outside. In addition to this, the reflected light from the inner side surface of the other shade member intersecting the outside is added to this portion, and is relatively brighter than the shaded portion shown above. Then, due to the shape of the shade member that has become a mountain fold, the light beam from the light source diffuses inwardly, and a slight shade gradation is formed from the ridge line to the edge of the shade member at the shaded portion.

Moreover, the indirect light irradiated from this location illuminates the inner side surface of the other shade member that intersects the outside. The part can be seen from another different direction, and the part can be recognized by the shade seen from the direction of the arrow in the drawing.

FIG. 58 shows the lamp shade 76b from that direction. Since the shape of the shade in this figure is two-fold rotationally symmetric with respect to the center of the figure, the description of the shaded part is shown with the right shade part as a representative. The portion illuminated by the shade shade portion 47b described above is a shade shade portion 48b. In addition to the irradiation light from the shaded portion 47b, direct light from the light source is reflected at this location on the inner shade surface. In the same place at the lower left in the figure, the reflected light enters the viewing angle more. The shaded portion 48b has an inner shade surface that illuminates brighter than the outer edge side, and forms a gentle and light shade gradation from the inside to the outside. In the lamp shade viewed from this direction, the most clear portion 46b of the shadow is added, and three types of shadows can be recognized in total.

The next view from a different direction is a plan view, FIG. 59, showing from the extension direction of the line connecting the intersection 93b of the shade members and the core of the nuclear model. From this direction, two types of shaded areas can be recognized. The shaded part 48b is brighter than the shaded part 46b, the direct light from the light source is reflected on the inner shade surface of the shaded part 48b, and the bright indirect light is radiated outward.

In addition, the shaded portion 46b shows two different shapes from this direction, and at the same time, the inner side of the shaded portion 46b on the outer peripheral side in the figure is bright and adjacent to the dark portion of the shaded portion 46b on the center side. Stands out from the light and dark. The shape of the lamp shade can be clearly recognized due to the difference in the shade.

Finally, FIG. 60 shows an external perspective view in which the lamp shade 76b is suspended from the ceiling. Of the indirect light emitted by the lamp shade, the brightest part is the shade opening side. Further, direct light from the light source does not enter the viewing angle from any direction. The structure of the shade which becomes the factor is based on a hollow structure. Therefore, this irradiation effect can be recognized similarly in the examples described later.

Since the lamp shade of the present invention is formed based on a zone polyhedron that is a nuclear model, there are many types of forms. In addition, there are three types of the basic shapes of the components constituting the lampshade, and two of them exist, and two of them are the rhomboid dodecahedron and the regular hexahedron shown above as a nuclear model. A lamp shade to be formed. The remaining one is a lamp shade that forms the rhomboid 30-hedron 10 shown in FIG. 198 as a nuclear model, and the number of components is the largest among the three types.

Since these three types of lamp shades have only one type of component, it is possible to unify the manufacturing work. Compared to the lamp shades consisting of two or three types of components shown in later examples. Even manufacturing costs can be reduced.

In Example 1, a configuration method of a hollow structure formed by setting the rhomboid 30-hedron as a nuclear model and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is the selection and formation of a zone polyhedron to be a nuclear model. The rhomboid 30-hedron, which is a nuclear model, is formed based on the configuration of six coordinate axes by calculating backwards, where n is the number of coordinate axes and n (n-1) indicates the number of faces. The coordinate axes for guiding the zone polyhedron can be extracted mainly from a regular dodecahedron or a regular icosahedron in the Plato solid. If a regular dodecahedron is used, the coordinate axis is constituted by a line connecting each face center and the body center.

Specifically, it is the coordinate axis 12c shown in FIG. 219, and is also a 5-fold rotational symmetry axis provided in the regular dodecahedron. If the coordinate axis is indicated by a regular icosahedron, the axis 12c is constituted by a line connecting each vertex of the regular icosahedron 5 in FIG. 61 and the body center 11c. Since both polyhedra are in a dual relationship with each other, it can be seen that both coordinate axes are the same.

This coordinate axis configuration is composed of six coordinate axes, and the angle formed by each axis at the intersection is 63.4 degrees and its complementary angle is 116.6 degrees. And there is one kind of parallelogram with this angle as the inner angle. The number of zones is the same as the number of coordinate axes.

FIG. 62 is a plan view showing the coordinate axis configuration from the extension direction of one coordinate axis, and shows the formation of a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. In the figure, the one-dot broken line indicates the coordinate axis 12c, and the solid line indicates the zone 15c corresponding to the coordinate axis 12c in the center of the figure. In the figure, the intersection of the zone 15c and the coordinate axis corresponds to a connecting portion of the parallelogram, that is, a ridge line on the zone. Further, this zone 15c shows a cross section of the band connected by the parallelogram, and each side corresponding to each surface is located in parallel to the corresponding other coordinate axis.

Then, zones are formed for all coordinate axes, and are connected to each other to form a zone polyhedron shown in FIG. The zone 15c is indicated by hatching in the drawing, and corresponds to the coordinate axis 12c penetrating vertically through the nuclear model 25c which is a rhomboid 30-hedron.

The second step uses the zone polyhedron as a nuclear model, and forms a zone polyhedron with a triangular prism axis based on the model. As the first step, of the three side faces of the triangular prismatic axis, the side face in contact with the nuclear model side is formed as the inward face.

Referring to FIG. 63, every other face in each zone of the rhomboid 30-hedron to be the nuclear model 25c is extended in parallel to the coordinate axis extending direction corresponding to the zone to which the every other face belongs. Forms the inner surface of the columnar shaft.

FIG. 64 shows the formation of the inner surface 29c of the triangular prismatic axis. During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes. Therefore, by setting that one surface on the zone always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular columnar axis, the inner surface of each triangular columnar axis can be configured by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron, Thereby, a structure 30c having the inner surface as a constituent element can be formed.

In addition, since description of the code | symbol which shows the inward surface of all the triangular prismatic axes obstructs grasp of a figure, description other than the inner surface 29c1 of the triangular prismatic axis located in parallel with one coordinate axis 12c is abbreviate | omitted. In the case of the structure, the crossing of the inner surfaces of the triangular prismatic shafts, which is a set of five, has a configuration of either a right overlap turning or a left overlap turning. The configuration in the drawing shows the left overlap turning.

The second step in this process is to form a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. FIG. 65 is a plan view showing the structure 30c configured from the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis from the direction in which the coordinate axis 12c extends. In this figure, a space 31c indicated by oblique lines is a cross section of a triangular prismatic axis.

Specifically, the line segment 29c1 which is a cross section of the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis positioned in parallel to the coordinate axis is defined as the inner side, and the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis positioned at both sides of the side A triangular space surrounded by three lines with the extension line 29c2 shown is defined as a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. A triangular prismatic axis is formed by translating the cross section 31c along the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis with which the inner side is in contact.

In the last step, a triangular prism-shaped section is formed with reference to the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis corresponding to all coordinate axes, and the section is formed into a triangular prism-shaped axis in the same manner as described above. A shaft body is formed.

FIG. 66 shows the zone multiaxial body 33c. In the drawing, reference numerals indicating all triangular prism-shaped axes are shown only for the triangular prism-shaped shaft 32c positioned parallel to one coordinate axis 12c, and the others are omitted in order to prevent grasping of the figure. Each axis overlaps in contact with each other on the inner surface and the outer surface of the shaft intersecting inward and outward.

In the third step, the outer side surface of each triangular prismatic shaft is extracted to form a hollow structure having the component as a constituent element. FIG. 67 shows a hollow structure 36c in which the outer side surface of each triangular prismatic axis is extracted and used as a constituent element. In the drawing, since the description of the reference numerals indicating all the outer side surfaces obstructs the grasping of the drawing, descriptions other than the outer side surface 34c1 positioned in parallel with one coordinate axis 12c are omitted. The location where each component touches each other is a line segment where the inner edge of the component touches the outer side surface of another component that intersects the inside.

In the fourth step, after holding the place where each component of this hollow structure is in contact with each other, the outer extension of each component is cut, and the final hollow shape consisting of the remaining components on the nuclear model side Form a structure. The cutting start point and the cutting line are set according to the best mode setting shown in the previous section. In order to clearly show the cutting setting of the component, only the component located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12c is extracted and shown.

FIG. 68 shows the extracted configuration, and the cutting setting will be described with a plan view of the configuration. FIG. 69 is a plan view showing the configuration from the direction of extension of the coordinate axis 12c. The polygonal space in the center of the figure corresponds to the cross section of a rhomboid 30-hedron set as a nuclear model. The outline of this cross section is a regular decagon as shown in the figure.

If a light source is set in this step, the light source 39 is positioned at the center of a polyhedron that is a nuclear model, that is, at the intersection of polygonal diagonal lines in this plan view. In order to further clarify the cutting state, the constituent element 34c2 is a cutting target as a representative, and a circular range D indicated by a one-dot broken line is enlarged and described.

FIG. 70 is an enlarged view thereof. Of the light rays emitted from the light source 39, the light rays passing through the portion 41c corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34c1 illuminate the inner surface of the component 34c2, and the polygonal diagonal line 51c indicated by the cross section of the zone 15c and its extension. Passes on line 53c. Then, from the extension line 53c toward the outward extension direction of the component 34c2, the amount of light emitted from the light source is blocked by the component 34c1 intersecting inward and gradually decreases. As a result, a shaded gradation is formed on the outer surface of the component 34c2 corresponding to the location.

In order to effectively display the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component element is set to a point 45c corresponding to the ridge line of the component element 34c1, and a line parallel to the extension line 53c of the diagonal line 51c contacting the component element 34c2 on the cutting side. 52c is drawn from the starting point 45c, and the line is set as a cutting line. Then, the component 34c2 is cut in parallel to the coordinate axis 12c corresponding to the component 34c1 on the starting point side along the cutting line, leaving the component on the nuclear model side.

Further, all the components are cut according to the same cutting settings as described above, and the hollow structure formed of the components on the nuclear model side is defined as the final hollow structure. FIG. 71 is a plan view showing the final hollow structure 63c from the direction of the coordinate axis extension.

The fifth step is formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure 63c as a basic structure. That is, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled based on this structure. The shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis.

When the component is a shade member made of a plate-like material having a relatively large thickness, each component is separated by its ridgeline, and the number of members is 60, which is twice the total component. When the component is made of a sheet-like relatively thin material, the member is mountain-folded at the ridgeline. In this embodiment, the description of the formation of the lamp shade composed of the plate-like components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like one.

Therefore, FIG. 72 shows a development view of the sheet-like shade member. The lamp shade is formed by combining 30 members. The front side surface of the shade member in the figure becomes the outer side surface of the lamp shade during assembly. At that time, the respective members are folded in a central broken line 70c and combined with each other. Since the shape of this member is left-right rotationally symmetrical, the right half is shown as a representative.

When the lamp shade is assembled by joining the members, a belt-like joining surface 69c is added to the tangential portion 64c of the basic shape component indicated by the broken line, and the fold is folded at the tangential portion 64c. The combination of shade members is assembled according to the final hollow structure as the basic structure.

At that time, the belt-like joining surface 69c1 is joined to the joining portion 71c1 when shown in the joining portion of the other member surface intersecting inward, that is, the shade member. On the other hand, the belt-like joining surface 69c2 at the lower right in the drawing is joined to the joining portion of another shade member that intersects inward, that is, the joining member 72c2 shown in the shade member. The members may be joined using rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, the hole 72c is provided in each joining location, and it joins through a rivet in this hole.

The shape of the lamp shade assembled by the sheet-like shade member and the plate-like shade member formed in this way is shown in the drawing. In the lamp shades 54c and 98c shown in FIG. 73, the final hollow structure in FIG. 71 is regarded as a lamp shade, and its form is shown from the direction of the arrow in the drawing. FIG. 74 shows the lamp shade viewed from the extending direction of the line connecting the intersection of the three shade members and the center of the lamp shade. Further, by showing a perspective view of the lamp shade in FIG. 75, the form can be grasped more.

Next, the shape of a fitting-type shade member in which the constituent elements of the lamp shade are made of a relatively thin sheet-like material and the lamp shade assembled by this member will be described. FIG. 76 is a development view of the shade member 73c provided with a claw in the shape of the component of the final hollow upper structure. When the shade is assembled, the member is folded in a mountain at the center broken line 70c. Since the shape of this member is left-right rotationally symmetrical, the right half is shown as a representative. In the figure, a two-dot broken line 52c indicates a cutting line of the basic shape component.

In order to form this shade member, the claw 74c is provided at the four corners 65c of the basic shape, and the groove 75c through which the claw penetrates is provided on another member that intersects the inside of the shade member at the time of assembly. The upper tangent line 64c1 in the drawing overlaps with the tangent line 64c1 located at the center of the other shade member that intersects inward during assembly, and the claw 74c1 penetrates into the groove 75c1 of the other member that intersects inward. . On the other hand, the tangent line 64c2 at the lower right of the figure overlaps with the tangent line 64c2 located on the end side of the other shade member that intersects inward, and the claw 74c2 penetrates into the groove 75c2.

Next, a shape of a lap shade made of a shade member having a fitting light transmittance of 60% is shown in the drawings. The irradiation effect reflected on the shade surface by the lamp shade will be described. The following four drawings show a lamp shade having a light source installed therein. In addition, since description of the code | symbol which shows a shadow location in a figure obstructs grasping | ascertainment of an irradiation effect, it mainly shows the right half in a figure as a representative.

FIG. 77 is a perspective view of the lamp shade suspended from the ceiling. There is a change in the intensity of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadows can be recognized. In order from the brightest, the shade member outer surface 49c illuminated by the transmitted light from the inside of the shade member and the reflected light from the outside radiates the brightest.

The shaded portion 48c of the shade member that intersects the outside of this surface is illuminated with the same level of brightness by the transmitted light from the shade member outer surface 49c and the reflected light from the light source. A slight shade gradation can be recognized.

The next brightest part is the shade member outer surface 47c. In this place, direct light from the light source that irradiates the inner surface of the shade member is transmitted to the outside as transmitted light. Since the shade member is mountain-folded, light is directly refracted on the inner side of the member, whereby a slight shade gradation is formed on the outer surface portion of the member.

The shaded portion 46c forms the most prominent shaded gradation. In this place, the shadow of the shade member intersecting inward is reflected, and the reflected light from the inside is added, so that the change in the amount of light is conspicuous compared with other places.

Next, the irradiation effect of the lamp shade is shown by plan views from three different directions. FIG. 78 shows the lamp shade 76c viewed from the direction of extension of the coordinate axes of the hollow structure. From this direction, all four types of shadow changes can be recognized. The shade member positioned perpendicular to the drawing forms a triangular space 55c. This space is in a state of being out of the tube and looking into the space behind the lamp shade. Therefore, when this lamp shade is placed in a non-light space and lit, this space shows the darkness of the back space, and further changes the difference in shadows reflected on the lamp shade.

The lamp shade viewed from the direction of the arrow in the figure is shown in FIG. All shaded parts can be recognized also from this direction. Further, FIG. 80 shows the lamp shade viewed from the extending direction of the line connecting the intersection of the three shade members and the center of the nuclear model. From this direction, all four types of shaded areas can be recognized, and the light source does not enter the eyes from any angle.

The attachment of the light emitting device insertion slot is performed in the same manner as the lamp shade described above. In the case of the lamp shade, it is most preferable to provide a hole in the concave portion where the five structural elements intersect to maintain the most structural rigidity, the central concave portion of the lamp shade shown in FIG. preferable. For the series of light emitting devices, the same devices as those described in the section of the best mode for carrying out the invention can be applied not only to the lamp shade but also to all the lamp shades of the present invention. Therefore, the description regarding the light-emitting device is also omitted in the examples described later.

The shape of the frame of the light-emitting device insertion slot is a pentagon in order to match the shape of the recess where the hole is to be provided. FIG. 81 shows a light-emitting device insertion slot in which a frame is attached to a lamp shade formed by a fitting-type shade member. The mounting method of the frame and the mounting of the light emitting device are the same as the lamp shade described above.

In order to provide a hole in the concave portion of the lamp shade and attach the mounting frame 77c, it is necessary to cut the shade member at the corresponding location. The cutting will be described with a fitting shade member.

Although there are five members corresponding to the positions where the holes are provided, the cut shapes of the respective members are the same, and therefore, only one member is shown. FIG. 82 is a development view of the member. At the time of assembly, this member is fold-folded by a vertical broken line in the center of the figure, and the band-shaped joint surface 83c is fold-folded by a broken line 84c. A portion surrounded by a one-dot broken line in the figure is a cut-off portion 82c, and the frame is connected to the band-shaped joining surface 83c.

Since the length in the longitudinal direction of the band-shaped joint surface corresponds to the length of one side of the pentagonal frame, the length depends on the size of the frame, and the area of the cut-off portion 82c also changes accordingly.

The zone polyhedron has the same number of faces, but the shape of the body is different due to the different internal angles of the parallelograms of the constituent faces. By using such a zone polyhedron as a nuclear model, the lamp shade can be formed in different forms. In order to compare with the lamp shade that forms the regular hexahedron and rhomboid dodecahedron shown above as a nuclear model, the lamp shade that forms a zone polyhedron composed of 6 and 12 faces different from the previous one as a nuclear model is shown below. This is shown in the example. Thereby, it will be understood that the diversity of the shape of the zone polyhedron also reflects the shape of the lamp shade.

In Example 2, a method of forming a hollow structure formed by setting a zone hexahedron as a nuclear model in Example 3 and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron that will be a nuclear model. The zone hexahedron is formed based on three coordinate axes. The regular hexahedron handled earlier is also included in the category of the zone hexahedron, and the three coordinate axes in that case are the four-fold rotational symmetry axes of the body itself. However, according to the formation principle of the zone polyhedron, the zone hexahedron can be formed by any three coordinate axes extracted from other polyhedrons.

In this embodiment, a coordinate axis obtained by extracting three axes 12d out of six five-fold rotational symmetry axes provided in the regular dodecahedron shown in FIG. 219 is used to form a zone 6 polyhedron. There are two forms of the zone hexahedron, as already described in the description of the outline of the zone polyhedron. In this embodiment, one of them has a vertex where only acute angles gather as shown in FIG. The zone hexahedron is a nuclear model.

The three coordinate axis configuration in FIG. 83 is composed of the three coordinate axes 12d. In this coordinate axis configuration, the angle between the coordinate axes at the intersection is 63.4 degrees and its complement angle is 116.6 degrees. And there is one kind of parallelogram with this angle as the inner angle. The number of zones is the same as the number of coordinate axes.

FIG. 84 is a plan view showing the coordinate axis configuration from the direction of extension of one coordinate axis, and shows the formation of a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. A dashed line in the figure indicates the coordinate axis 12d, and a solid line indicates a zone 15d corresponding to the coordinate axis 12d in the center of the figure. The zone 15d shows a cross section of a band of surfaces connected by the parallelogram, and each side corresponding to each surface is located in parallel to the corresponding other coordinate axis. Then, zones are formed for all coordinate axes, and are connected to each other to form a zone hexahedron shown in FIG.

The second step uses the zone polyhedron as a nuclear model, and forms a zone polyhedron with a triangular prism axis based on the model. As the first step, of the three side faces of the triangular prismatic axis, the side face in contact with the nuclear model side is formed as the inward face. Explaining with reference to FIG. 85, every other plane constituting each zone of the zone polyhedron to be the nuclear model 25d extends in parallel with the coordinate axis 12d corresponding to the zone to which the every other plane belongs. Forms the inner surface of the columnar shaft.

FIG. 86 shows the formation of the inner surface 29d of the triangular prismatic axis. During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes. Therefore, by setting that one surface on the zone always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular columnar axis, the inner surface of each triangular columnar axis can be configured by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron, A structure 30d composed of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis can be formed.

The second step in this process is to form a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. The cross section formation of the triangular prismatic axis when the zone hexahedron including the example is set as a nuclear model is different from the formation at this stage in claim 1. That is, there is no triangular space formed by intersecting the inner surfaces for forming a triangular axial cross section at a set point of the axis. In other words, there are no lines corresponding to the two outer sides of the triangle serving as a reference for forming the axial cross section.

Therefore, the setting is performed by the following method. FIG. 87 is a plan view showing the structural body 30d formed of the triangular prismatic shaft inner surface 29d from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12d. Since the shape of this figure is rotationally symmetrical twice with respect to the center of the figure, it is mainly shown in the upper part of the figure. In the case of a multiaxial body configuration with cylindrical axes, the cross section of the cylindrical axis 26d corresponding to the coordinate axis 12d is at the position shown in the figure. In order to perform the setting so that all the cylinder axes are in contact with each other, the outline of the circular cross section may be in contact with the inner surface 29d of the triangular prism axis.

However, in the case of a triangular prism-shaped axis, a line segment corresponding to the cross section of the inner surface 29d1 of the triangular prism-shaped axis positioned parallel to the coordinate axis 12d is defined as the inner side, and the other triangular prism-shaped axes positioned at the side and both ends 41d thereof. Assuming a circle 26d that is inscribed in three lines with two extension lines corresponding to the inner surface 29d2, the two line segments connecting the center 91d of the circle with both ends 41d of the inner side 29d1 and the inner line A space surrounded by three lines with the side 29d1 is defined as a cross section 31d of a triangular prismatic axis.

Alternatively, the triangular cross section can be similarly formed by the following setting method. FIG. 88 is a plan view showing the structure 30d formed by the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12d. The hatched portion in the drawing indicates a cross section 31d of the triangular prismatic axis corresponding to the coordinate axis 12b. First, starting from the points 41d at both ends of the inner side of the triangle serving as the cross section, the two parallelogram diagonal lines 51d as the cross section of the nuclear model are parallel to the diagonal lines positioned at intervals. An extension line 92d is drawn from the starting point. Next, a triangular space surrounded by the two left and right extension lines 92d and the inner side is defined as a cross section 31d of a triangular prismatic axis. Then, the prismatic axis can be formed by translating the cross section along the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis with which the inner side is in contact.

In the final stage of this process, the triangular prismatic shaft is formed by forming the triangular prismatic shaft through the cross-sectional formation of the triangular prismatic shaft in the same manner as described above with reference to the inner surface 29d of the triangular prismatic shaft corresponding to all coordinate axes. A zone multiaxial body is formed. FIG. 89 shows the zone multiaxial body 33d. A portion of each triangular prism-shaped shaft 32d in contact with each other corresponds to a ridge line of a zone hexahedron set as a nuclear model, and a point 93d at which three solid axes intersect corresponds to the vertex.

In the third step, the outer side surface of the triangular columnar shaft constituting the zone multiaxial body is extracted, and a hollow structure body is formed by adding an extension surface to each outer side surface in order to maintain the structure. FIG. 90 shows a first hollow structure 36d1 in which the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft is extracted and the outer side surface is a constituent element. In the case of the forming method of claim 1, the hollow structure at this stage is entered into the next step.

However, only when a zone polyhedron consisting of six faces including the embodiment is set as a nuclear model, the intersecting components 34d1 to 34d1 are in contact with each other at a point 93d. For this reason, using this structure as the basic structure of the lamp shade is inferior in terms of structural rigidity. Even if the junction 93d is joined, the structure becomes unstable. Therefore, in order to hold the structure, an extension surface is added to each component so that the components can contact each other with a line segment.

This will be specifically described with reference to FIG. This figure shows a hollow structure to which the extended surface 94d is added. The portions indicated by diagonal lines in the figure are the extended surfaces, and each component has four extended surfaces. Here, the extended surface 94d on the right side of the component 34d3 in the drawing will be described as a representative. The surface of the component 34d3 extends from the inner edge 38d on the outer side of the intersection 93d at the inner edge of the component 34d3 toward the other component 34d2 that intersects the inner side of the component, and the extension surface A line in which 94d is in contact with the component 34d2 positioned inward is defined as a tangent line 64d.

As shown in this figure, by adding an extended surface to each component, the hollow structure can maintain its structure, and the structure is a second hollow structure 36d2. Note that the tangent line 64d between the extended surface and the component is a line segment extending from the contact point 93d to the intersection 65d that intersects the ridge line of the component on the contact side, thereby sufficiently maintaining the rigidity of the lamp shade. .

In the fourth step, each component of the second hollow structure is held at a position where it contacts with another component that intersects inward. Cut to form the final hollow structure composed of the remaining components on the nuclear model side. The cutting start point and the cutting line are set according to the best mode setting shown in the previous section.

FIG. 92 is a plan view of the second hollow structure 36d2 viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12d. In order to clearly show the cutting setting, in this figure, only the component located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12d is extracted, and the cutting setting is indicated by the component 34d2. In addition, since the shape of this figure is two-fold rotational symmetry with respect to the center of the figure, the reference numerals are mainly shown in the upper part of the figure.

If a light source is assumed in this step, the light source is the center of a zone polyhedron that is a nuclear model. In the drawing, the cross section of the polyhedron is a parallelogram which is a cross section of the zone, and the light source 39 is located at the intersection of the diagonal lines. Of the light rays emitted from this light source, the light rays passing through the portion 41d corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34d1 illuminate the inner surface of the component 34d2, and the parallelogram diagonal 51d that is the cross section of the zone and its It passes over the extension line 53d. The amount of light irradiated from the extension line 53d to the outward extension direction of the component 34d2 is blocked by the component 34d1 intersecting inward and gradually decreases. As a result, a shaded gradation is formed on the outer side surface of the component 34d2.

In order to effectively display the gradation on the shade surface, when setting a cutting line, first, the starting point is determined as a point 45d corresponding to the ridge line of the component 34d1, and the component 34d2 to be cut from that point. On the other hand, a line parallel to the extension line 53d of the diagonal line 51d in contact with the component is drawn, and the line is defined as a cutting line 52d.

Then, the component 34d2 is cut in parallel with the coordinate axis 12d located in parallel with the component 34d1 on the starting point side along the cutting line, leaving the component on the nuclear model side.

Further, by cutting all components according to the same cutting settings, a hollow structure composed of components on the nuclear model side is obtained, and this structure becomes the final hollow structure.

FIG. 93 shows the final hollow structure 95d obtained by cutting all the components according to the same cutting settings as described above, and the hatched portion is the extended surface 94d of each component. By this extended surface, the respective components come into contact with each other at a line segment 64d. FIG. 94 shows a perspective view of the final hollow structure 95d.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. That is, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled based on this structure. The final hollow structure 95d shown in FIG. 94 is regarded as a lamp shade structure, and the shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis. When the constituent elements are made of a plate-like material having a relatively large thickness, each constituent element is divided by a ridgeline, and the number of members is twelve times that of all the constituent elements. When the component is made of a relatively thin material in the form of a sheet, the sheet is folded at the ridgeline. In this embodiment, the description of the formation of the lamp shade composed of the plate-like components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like one.

For the shade member made of a sheet-like material, a joining type or a fitting type may be used as in the previous embodiment. First, the lamp shade assembled by the joining type shade member will be described. FIG. 95 is a developed view of the shade member. The front side surface of the shade member in the figure becomes the outer side surface of the lamp shade during assembly. At that time, the respective members are folded in a central broken line 70d and combined with each other.

There are two types of shapes of the shade members that constitute the lamp shade. The shape of the shade member 68d1 is a shape obtained by reversing the shape of the shade member 68d2, and the shapes of the two sheets are the upper and lower mirror images in the figure. In order to form this shade member, a band-shaped joining surface 69d is extended from a broken line 64d, which is a tangent portion of a base component, and the broken line 64d becomes a mountain fold line. There are three shade members, and the shade member 68d2 corresponds to a member on the issuing device insertion port side. The combination of shade members is assembled according to the final hollow structure as the basic structure. At that time, the joint surface 69d overlaps with a corresponding joint portion 71d of another member to be joined inward.

In order to provide the light-emitting device insertion port in the shade, the insertion port can be formed by combining three members obtained by cutting off the portion 82d indicated by the hatched portion in the drawing. When the lamp shade is made of a plate-like material, the hook-like surface 83d for attaching the frame of the light-emitting device holding plate is not necessary, and the broken line 84d is a cutting line, and the frame is directly joined to the cutting opening. May be. The shape of the frame is triangular according to the shape of the corresponding shade recess. The sheets may be joined using rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, as shown in the drawing, a hole is provided in each joint portion, and the hole is joined through a rivet.

Next, the shape of the lamp shade formed by a component having a light transmittance of 60% made of a sheet or plate is shown in the drawing. In these drawings, a light source is installed inside to show the irradiation effect of the lamp shade. FIG. 96 is a plan view showing the lamp shades 54d and 98d from the direction of extension of the coordinate axes. The lamp shade in FIG. 97 is a plan view showing from the extension direction of the line connecting the intersection where the shade members intersect and the core of the nuclear model.

Compared with the lamp shade 76b that forms the regular hexahedron shown in FIG. 57, FIG. 58, and FIG. 59 shown in FIG. 57, FIG. 58, and FIG. 59, the shape of the nuclear model is transformed into a flat shape. It can be seen that the final form is also changing in synchronization. The same applies to the irradiation effect. Therefore, the description of the effect will be omitted because it is an iterative change.

The lamp shade is a form in which the form of the lamp shade 76b shown in FIG. 60 is extended in one direction, and is suitable for a floor-standing lamp-type shade in addition to being suspended from the ceiling in a vertically long state. . The lamp shade shown in FIGS. 98 and 99 shows the row lamp type. The shade of FIG. 99 is a form from the same position where the shade of FIG. 98 is rotated 30 degrees to the right when viewed from above. In the case of this floor-mounted row lamp type, the insertion port of the light emitting device may be installed in the floor direction, and the aesthetic appearance and irradiation effect are not impaired.

Next, the lamp shade that is assembled from the fitting type shade member will be described. FIG. 100 is a development view of a shade member in which a claw is provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. The shade members 73d2 are combined in pairs to form a shade portion on the light emitting device insertion port side, and the shade members 73d1 are combined in pairs to form the remaining shade portion. The two-dot broken line 52d at both ends of the shade member indicates a cutting line of the base component. Further, a two-dot broken line 64d2 is a portion in contact with the edge portion 64d1 of another shade member that intersects the outside of the member and is combined.

In order to make the shade member into a fitting type, a claw is provided at the outer end portion 65d of the tangential place 64d1 of each member, and the claw claw crosses inwardly and is combined with a corresponding portion of the other shade member. A groove 75d is provided. The shade member formed in this way is assembled according to the final hollow structure.

FIG. 101 shows a lamp shade 76d made of this fitting type shade member. The drawing shows a floor-standing type like the lamp shade shown in FIG. 98, and the shade inside shows a gradation of shadows reflected on the shade on the assumption that a light emitting device is mounted and a light bulb is lit.

In Example 3, a configuration method of a hollow structure formed by setting a zone dodecahedron as a nuclear model and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron that will be a nuclear model. The rhombus dodecahedron shown above is also included in the category of the zone dodecahedron, and the four coordinate axes forming the body are the three-fold rotational symmetry axes of the regular hexahedron. Due to the formation principle of the zone polyhedron, the zone dodecahedron can be formed by any four coordinate axes extracted from other coordinate axis configurations. In this embodiment, a zone dodecahedron formed based on four of the six rotation symmetry axes of the regular hexahedron is selected as a nuclear model. This polyhedron has a shape obtained by transforming a rhomboid dodecahedron into a flat shape.

FIG. 102 shows a regular hexahedron and a two-fold rotational symmetry axis of the body. The axes are six lines connecting the center of each ridge line of the regular hexahedron 8 and the body center 11e. The zone polyhedron set as the nuclear model is formed based on the coordinate axes 12e formed from four of the six coordinate axes. In the coordinate axis configuration, the angles at which the coordinate axes fold at the intersections are 60 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees, and there are two types of parallelograms having these angles as inner angles. Therefore, the zone dodecahedron is formed by these two types of parallelograms. The number of zones is four, the same as the number of coordinate axes.

FIG. 103 is a plan view showing the coordinate axis configuration from the extension direction of one coordinate axis 12e, and shows the formation of a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. A dashed line in the figure indicates the coordinate axis 12e, and a solid line indicates a zone 15e corresponding to the coordinate axis 12e in the center of the figure. In the figure, the intersection of the zone 15e and the coordinate axis 12e corresponds to a ridgeline connecting parallelograms on the zone. Further, this zone 15e shows a cross section of a band of surfaces connected by the parallelogram, and each side corresponding to each surface is positioned in parallel to the corresponding other coordinate axis. Then, zones are formed for all coordinate axes and connected to each other to form a zone dodecahedron shown in FIG.

The second step uses the zone polyhedron as a nuclear model, and forms a zone polyhedron with a triangular prism axis based on the model. The first step will be described with reference to FIG. 104. Every other plane in each zone of the zone polyhedron to be the nuclear model 25e is extended in parallel to the coordinate axis 12e corresponding to the zone to which the every other plane belongs. Thus, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis is formed.

FIG. 105 shows the formation of the inner surface 29e of the triangular prismatic axis. During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes. Therefore, by setting that one face on the zone always corresponds to the inner face of one triangular prismatic axis, the inner face of each triangular prismatic axis can be configured by alternately intersecting the outer envelope of the zone polyhedron, Thus, a structure 30e composed of the inner surface 29e of the triangular prismatic axis is formed.

In the structure, the intersection of the inner surfaces of a set of four turns into a right overlap turn or a left overlap turn. The said structure is shown with the structure of the right overlapping rotation. It should be noted that in the drawing, the reference numerals indicating the inner surfaces of all the triangular prismatic shafts obstruct the grasp of the drawing, and therefore only the inner surface 29e1 positioned in parallel with one coordinate axis 12e is omitted, and the others are omitted.

The second step in this process is to form a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. FIG. 106 is a plan view showing the structure 30e from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12e. In this figure, a space 31e indicated by diagonal lines is a cross section of a triangular prismatic axis.

Specifically, the line segment that is a cross section of the inner surface 29e1 of the triangular prism-shaped axis positioned parallel to the coordinate axis 12e is defined as the inner side, and other triangular prism-shaped axes positioned on the side and both ends 41e. A triangular space surrounded by three lines with the extension line indicated by the inner surface 29e2 is defined as a cross section 31e of the triangular prismatic axis. Then, this section is translated along the inner surface 29e1 of the triangular prism axis with which the inner side of this section is in contact, thereby forming a triangular prism axis.

At the final stage of this process, a triangular prism section is formed on the basis of the inner surface of the triangular prism axis that is parallel to all the coordinate axes, and this section is converted into a triangular prism axis in the same manner as described above. A zone multiaxial body with columnar axes is formed.

FIG. 107 shows the zone multiaxial body 33e. In the figure, the description of the reference numerals indicating all the triangular prismatic axes obstructs the grasping of the figure, so the description other than the triangular prismatic axis 32e1 corresponding to one coordinate axis 12e is omitted. Each triangular prismatic shaft is in contact with and overlaps with each other on the inner surface and the outer surface of the shaft that intersects and overlaps the inner and outer sides. A point 93e at which each triangular prism axis intersects corresponds to a vertex of a zone dodecahedron set as a nuclear model.

In the third step, a hollow structure having the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft as a constituent element is formed. FIG. 108 shows a hollow structure 36e in which the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft is extracted and the outer side surface 34e is a constituent element. In the drawing, since the description of the reference numerals indicating all the outer side surfaces obstructs the grasp of the drawing, the description other than the outer side surface 34e1 positioned in parallel to one coordinate axis 12e is omitted.

In the fourth step, after holding the place where each component of this hollow structure is in contact with each other, the outer extension of each component is cut, and the final hollow shape consisting of the remaining components on the nuclear model side Form a structure. The cutting start point and the cutting line are set according to the best mode setting shown in the previous section.

FIG. 109 is a plan view of the hollow structure 36e viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12e. In order to clearly show the cutting setting, only the component on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12e located in the center of the figure is extracted, and the cutting setting is indicated by the component 34e2.

FIG. 110 shows the cutting setting by the extracted component. If a light source is assumed in this step, the light source 39 is located at the center of a zone polyhedron that is a nuclear model, that is, at the intersection of diagonal lines of parallel hexagons that are cross sections of the zone in this plan view. In this embodiment, the cutting setting of each component is shown by using one component as a representative.

Of the light rays emitted from the light source 39, the light rays passing through the portion 41e corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34e1 illuminate the inner side surface of the component 34e2, and the hexagonal diagonal 51e that is the cross section of the zone 15e and its It passes over the extension line 53e. And since the light quantity of the irradiation light from a light source is intercepted by the component 34e1 which cross | intersects inward from this extension line 53e to the outward extension direction of the component 34e2, it is the component corresponding to the location. A shaded gradation is formed on the outer side surface of 34e2.

In order to effectively project the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component element is set to a point 45e corresponding to the ridge line of the component element 34e1, and the diagonal line contacting the component element with respect to the component element 34e2 to be cut from that point A line parallel to the extension line 53e of 51e is drawn, and the line is set as a cutting line 52e. Then, cutting is performed in parallel with the coordinate axis 12e positioned parallel to the starting point side component 34e1 along this line, leaving the nuclear model side component.

Further, by cutting all the components according to the same cutting settings, a hollow structure composed of the components on the nuclear model side is obtained, and this structure is used as the final hollow structure. FIG. 111 is a plan view showing the final hollow structure 63e from the coordinate axis direction. Moreover, in order to grasp | ascertain this hollow-shaped structure in three dimensions, the perspective view is shown in FIG.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. That is, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled based on this structure. The shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis.

When the component is made of a plate-like and relatively thick material, the component is divided by its ridgeline, and the number of members is 24, which is twice the total components. When the component is made of a relatively thin material in the form of a sheet, the sheet is folded at the ridgeline. In this embodiment, the description of the formation of the lamp shade made of the plate-like component is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like material, and the joining type made of the sheet-like material is omitted. The shape of the shade member and the lamp shade assembled by this member will be described.

FIG. 113 is a developed view of the shade member. The front side surface of the shade member in the figure becomes the outer side surface of the lamp shade during assembly. At that time, the respective members are folded together at the center broken line 70e and combined with each other. There are two types of shape of the shade member, one is the shade member 68e1, and the other is the shade member 68e2. The number of the shade members 68e1 is four, four members that do not require the cut-out portion 83e shown by the hatched portion of this member, and four shade members 68e2 in addition to the four shade members 68e1.

When joining members, a band-like joining surface 69e is added from a broken line 64e that is an edge tangent portion of the base component, and the broken line of the broken line 64e is a mountain fold. The combination of shade members is assembled according to the final hollow structure as the basic structure. At this time, the joining surface 69e overlaps with a corresponding joining portion 71e of another shade member that crosses inwardly and is joined. The shade member 68e1 is formed by combining the four members to form a light emitting device insertion port side shade portion. Further, the four shade members that do not require the member cut-off portion 82e form a shade portion corresponding to the pole opposite to the light emitting device insertion opening side shade portion. The four shade members 68e2 form a shade in the middle part of the lamp shade.

In order to provide the lamp shade with the light-emitting device insertion port, the insertion port can be formed by combining four shade members 68e1 with cut-off portions 82e, and the light-emitting device holding frame is attached to the bowl-shaped surface 83e of these members. When the component of the lamp shade is made of a plate-like material, it is not necessary to provide this bowl-shaped surface 83e, and the broken line 84e may be a cutting line and the frame may be joined to the cutting opening.

Note that the shape of the light-emitting device holding frame is a quadrangle corresponding to the corresponding shade recess shape. The members may be joined using rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, as shown in the drawing, a hole is provided in each joining portion, and the hole is preferably joined through a rivet.

Next, the shape of the lamp shade formed by a component made of a sheet-like or plate-like material having a light transmittance of 60 percent is shown in the drawing. In these figures, in order to show the gradation of the shadow reflected on the shade surface and the irradiation effect, a light source is installed inside.

The lamp shade shown in FIG. 114 shows the form and irradiation effect of the lamp shades 54e and 98e as viewed from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12e. Next, a lamp shade viewed from the direction of the arrow in this drawing is shown in FIG. Further, FIG. 116 shows a lamp shade viewed from the extending direction of the line connecting the shade intersection 99 of the concave portion formed by the intersection of four shade members in the lamp shade of this figure and the center of the nuclear model.

From these drawings, the shape of the lampshade is the amount that the shape of the nuclear model is flattened compared to the lampshade 54a1 that forms the rhomboid dodecahedron shown in FIGS. 20 to 22 as a nuclear model. It can be seen that the final form is also changing. Further, the basic structure of the shaded portion formed by the lamp shade is the same as that of the lamp shade 54a1, and it can be seen that the shade gradation changes with the form. Therefore, the description of the irradiation effect is repeated and will be omitted.

The form of the lamp shade is different in the ratio of length to width, and the form of the lamp shade 54a1 described above is extended in one direction. As a result, it is suitable for hanging from the ceiling in a vertically long position, as well as making it a floor lamp. FIG. 117 shows a row lamp type in which the lamp shade is placed on the floor. In the case of this row lamp type, the main body may be installed so that the insertion opening of the light emitting device faces downward in the floor direction, and the aesthetic appearance and irradiation effect are not impaired.

As mentioned above, an example of forming a variety of lamp shades by using different forms having the same number of faces in the zone polyhedron set in the nuclear model has been shown.

In Example 4, a configuration method of a hollow structure formed by setting a zone icosahedron as a nuclear model and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron that will be a nuclear model. The zone icosahedron is formed based on the configuration of five coordinate axes by calculating backwards, where the number of coordinate axes is n and the method of n (n-1) indicates the number of faces. In this embodiment, a zone icosahedron formed on the basis of five of the 15 rotation symmetry axes of the regular icosahedron is selected as a nuclear model. The polyhedron is not inscribed in the sphere, but is a shape obtained by transforming the sphere into a flat shape. An example in which the lamp shade formed based on this nuclear model is inscribed in an elliptical solid is shown in this embodiment.

FIG. 118 shows a regular icosahedron and a two-fold symmetry axis of the body. There are 15 symmetry axes in total, and each axis is a line connecting the center of each ridge line of the regular icosahedron 5 and the body center 11f. The zone polyhedron set as the nuclear model is formed on the basis of its configuration by extracting five coordinate axes 12f out of 15 coordinate axes that are symmetry axes. Since the configuration of the five coordinate axes in the drawing is unclear, a diagram obtained by extracting the configuration is shown in the following drawing.

FIG. 119 shows the coordinate axis configuration. The intersection 11f of the coordinate axes is indicated by a reduced regular icosahedron 5 located at the body center 11f of the regular icosahedron in the previous drawing. In this coordinate axis configuration, the angle between the coordinate axes at the intersection is 63.4 degrees and its complement angle of 116.6 degrees, and there is one type of parallelogram with this angle as the interior angle. The parallelogram forms the zone icosahedron, and the number of zones is five, which is the same as the number of coordinate axes.

FIG. 120 is a plan view of the coordinate axis configuration as viewed from the extending direction of the single coordinate axis 12f, and shows the formation of a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. A dashed line in the figure indicates the coordinate axis 12f, and a solid line indicates a zone 15f corresponding to the coordinate axis 12f in the center of the figure. Further, the zone 15f shows a cross section of the band of the surface to which the parallelogram is connected. Then, zones are formed for all coordinate axes and connected to each other to form a zone icosahedron shown in FIG.

The second step uses a zone polyhedron as a nuclear model, and forms a zone polyhedron with a triangular prism axis based on the model. As the first step, of the three side faces of the triangular prismatic axis, the side face in contact with the nuclear model side is formed as the inward face.

Referring to FIG. 121, every other face of each zone of the zone polyhedron to be the nuclear model 25f is extended in parallel to the coordinate axis 12f corresponding to the zone to which the every other face belongs, thereby forming a triangular prism shape. Forms the inner surface of the shaft.

FIG. 122 shows the formation of the inner surface 29f of the triangular prismatic axis. During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes.

Therefore, by setting that one surface on the zone always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular prismatic axis, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic shaft can be configured to alternately intersect the outer surface of the zone polyhedron. Then, as shown in the drawing, a structure 30f composed of the inner surface 29f of the triangular prismatic axis can be formed. It should be noted that in the figure, the reference numerals indicating the inner surfaces of all the triangular prismatic shafts obstruct the grasp of the figure, so that only the inner surface 29f1 positioned parallel to one coordinate axis 12f is used, and the others are omitted.

The second step in this process is the formation of a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. FIG. 123 is a plan view of the structure 30f formed from the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis when viewed from the direction in which one coordinate axis 12f of the coordinate axis extends. In this figure, a space 31f indicated by oblique lines is the cross section.

Specifically, the line segment that is a cross section of the inner surface 29f1 of the triangular prismatic axis located in parallel to the coordinate axis is defined as the inner side of the triangle that is the cross section of the triangular prismatic axis, and the side and both end portions 41f thereof. A triangular space surrounded by three lines with the extension line 29f2 indicated by the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft located at is defined as a cross section 31f of the triangular prismatic shaft. A triangular prism axis is formed by translating the section along the inner surface of the triangular prism axis in contact with the inner side.

In the last stage, the triangular prismatic shaft cross section is formed with reference to the inner surface of all triangular prismatic shafts, and the triangular multiaxial body with the total triangular prismatic shaft is formed by making the cross section into the triangular prismatic shaft in the same manner as described above. Will be.

FIG. 124 shows a zone polyaxial body 33f constituted by the triangular prismatic axis. In the drawing, the description of the reference numerals indicating the triangular prismatic axes is complicated and obstructs the grasping of the drawings, and therefore description of the triangular axes other than the triangular prismatic axis 32f1 positioned in parallel to one coordinate axis 12f is omitted. The triangular prismatic shafts are in contact with each other and overlap with each other on the surfaces of the axes intersecting inward and outward. Note that a point 93f at which the triangular prism axis intersects corresponds to the apex of the zone icosahedron set as a nuclear model.

In the third step, a hollow structure having the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft as a constituent element is formed. FIG. 125 shows a hollow structure 36f in which the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft is extracted and used as a constituent element. In the drawing, since the description of the reference numerals indicating all the outer side surfaces obstructs the grasp of the drawing, the description other than the outer side surface 34f1 corresponding to one coordinate axis 12f is omitted.

In the fourth step, after holding the place where each component of this hollow structure is in contact with each other, the outer extension of each component is cut, and the final hollow shape consisting of the remaining components on the nuclear model side Form a structure. In order to clearly show the cutting setting of the component, only the component located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12f is extracted and shown. FIG. 126 shows the extracted configuration. The internal space of this configuration is shown assuming a nuclear model 25f. The cutting setting will be described with reference to a plan view of this configuration.

FIG. 127 is a plan view showing the configuration from the extension direction of the coordinate axis 12f. The space in the center of the figure corresponds to the cross section of the zone icosahedron set as a nuclear model. The outline of the cross section is a parallel octagon as shown in the figure. If a light source is assumed in this step, the light source 39 is located at the center of a polyhedron that is a nuclear model, that is, at the intersection of diagonal lines of a parallel octagon in this plan view. In this embodiment, the cutting setting of a component is shown by using one component as a representative.

Of the light rays emitted from the light source 39, the light rays passing through the portion 41f corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34f1 illuminate the inner surface of the component 34f2, and the parallel octagonal diagonal line 51f which is a cross section of the zone 15f and its It passes over the extension line 53f. The amount of light emitted from the light source is blocked by the component 34f1 that intersects inward, and gradually decreases from the extension line 53f to the outward extension direction of the component 34f2. As a result, a shaded gradation is formed on the outer side surface of the component 34f2 corresponding to the location.

In order to effectively project the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component element is set to a point 45f corresponding to the ridge line of the component element 34f1, and a line parallel to the extension line 53f of the diagonal line 51f contacting the component element 34f2 on the cutting side. Is drawn from the starting point to the component on the cutting side, and the line is set as the cutting line 52f. Then, cutting along the cutting line is performed in parallel with the coordinate axis 12f located in parallel with the starting point side component 34f1, leaving the nuclear model side component.

Further, by cutting all the components according to the same cutting settings as described above, a hollow structure composed of components on the nuclear model side is obtained, and this structure is used as the final hollow structure.

FIG. 128 is a plan view showing the final hollow structure 63f from the direction of the coordinate axis. Further, in order to grasp the hollow structure in a three-dimensional manner, a shadow is drawn in the perspective view of the hollow structure in FIG.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. That is, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled based on this structure. The shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis.

When the component is made of a plate-like material having a relatively large thickness, each component is divided by its ridgeline, and the number of members is 40, which is twice the total components. When the component is made of a relatively thin sheet-like material, the sheet is mountain-folded at the ridgeline. In this embodiment, the description about the formation of the shade composed of the plate-like components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like one.

Therefore, in this embodiment, the shape of a fitting type shade member made of a sheet-like material and a lamp shade assembled by the shade member will be described. 130 and 131 are development views of a shade member in which a claw and a groove through which the claw penetrates are provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. There are four basic shapes of the constituent elements, but two of the member shapes are mirror-image symmetrical with the other two member shapes.

Specifically, the shape of the shade member 73f1 and the shape of the shade member 73f3 are in a mirror image relationship with each other, and the shape of the shade member 73f2 and the shape of the shade member 73f4 are in a mirror image relationship with each other. A broken line 70f passing through the center of each shade member indicates a fold line of the shade member, and at the time of assembling the members, the respective members are folded in the broken line 70f and combined with each other. Two-dot broken lines 52f at both ends of each shade member in the figure indicate cutting lines of the base component. Further, a two-dot broken line 64f2 is a portion that is in contact with the edge portion 64f1 of another shade member that intersects the outside of the member and is combined. In order to make the shade member into a fitting type, a claw 74f is provided at the outer end portion 65f of the tangential portion 64f1 of each member, and the claw claw is overlapped inward, and the shade member 74f is attached to a corresponding portion of the other shade member. A groove 75f is provided.

The shade member formed in this way is assembled according to the final hollow structure. The shade member 73f1 hits the light emitting device insertion port side, and by combining five of these members, the space of the member cut-off portion 82f forms the light emitting device insertion port. Further, by combining five shade members 74f3, a shade portion opposite to the light emitting device insertion opening side shade portion is formed. Then, the shade member 74f2 and the shade member 74f4 are each five to form an intermediate portion of the shade.

In order to provide the light emitting device holding frame for connecting the lamp shade and the light emitting device with the insertion opening, the light emitting device holding frame is attached to the bowl-shaped surface 83f of the shade member 73f1. The shape of the light-emitting device holding frame is a pentagon corresponding to the shape of the shade recess corresponding to the insertion slot.

Next, the form of the lamp shade formed by the shade member having the fitting type light transmittance of 60% is shown in the drawings. The gradation of the shadow reflected on the shade surface by the lamp shade and the irradiation effect will be described. The following three drawings show a lamp shade in which a light source is installed. In addition, since description of the code | symbol which shows a shadow location in a figure obstructs grasping | ascertainment of an irradiation state, the shade part of the right half in a figure is mainly shown as a representative.

FIG. 132 is a plan view of the lamp shade as viewed from the extending direction of one coordinate axis 12f included in the hollow structure. There is a change in the intensity of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadows can be recognized. Explaining in order of brightness, the shade outer surface 49f illuminated by the transmitted light from the inside of the sheet and the reflected light from the outside irradiates brightest. The shaded portion 48f of the shade member that intersects the outside of the surface is illuminated with the same level of brightness by the transmitted light from the shade member outer surface 49f and the reflected light from the light source, but from the outer end of the shade member. A slight shade gradation can be recognized inward.

The next brightest part is the shade member outer surface 47f. In this place, direct light from the light source that irradiates the inner surface of the shade member is transmitted to the outside as transmitted light. Since the shade member is mountain-folded, the light is directly refracted inside the shade member, thereby forming a slight shade gradation on the shade member outer surface portion 47f.

The most prominent shaded gradation is the shaded portion 46f. In this place, the shadow of the shade member located intersecting inward is reflected, and reflected light from the inside is added, so that the change in the amount of light is conspicuous compared to other places.

The shade member positioned perpendicular to the drawing direction forms a triangular space 55f. This space 55f is in a state of being out of the tube and looking into the space behind the lamp shade. As a result, when the lamp shade is lit and placed in a non-light space, this space shows the darkness of the back space, and further changes the shade of the shade of the lamp shade.

Next, FIG. 134 shows a plan view of the lamp shade shown from the extending direction of the line connecting the member intersection 100 of the recess formed by the intersection of the five shade members in the figure and the center of the nuclear model. Also from this direction, all four types of shaded portions can be recognized.

Finally, the lamp shade is shown as a ceiling hanging type. FIG. 134 is a perspective view of the lamp shade. From this figure, it can be seen that the lamp shade is inscribed in an elliptical ball-shaped solid. In addition, from the angle of this figure, four types of shaded gradations with different shades can be recognized at the shade location. Note that the light source does not enter the eye no matter what angle the shade is viewed from.

In the fifth embodiment, a configuration method of a hollow structure formed by setting a zone 42-hedron as a nuclear model and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron that will be a nuclear model. The zone 42-hedron is formed on the basis of the configuration of seven coordinate axes by calculating backwards, where the number of coordinate axes is n and the method of n (n-1) indicates the number of faces. In this embodiment, a zone 42-hedron formed on the basis of an axis configuration composed of seven axes connecting the apex of a regular heptagon and the body center is selected as a nuclear model.

The zone polyhedron used in this embodiment is in a form inscribed in an elliptical ball-shaped solid, not inscribed in a sphere therein. The zone polyhedron is used as a nuclear model, and a lamp shade formed based on the model is inscribed in an elliptical solid. In this embodiment, an example of a form in which the shape is changed by cutting off a part of a shade member constituting the lamp shade and an opening is provided in the lower part of the shade is shown.

FIG. 135 shows a regular heptagonal prism 101 and seven shafts 12g passing through the body. Each axis 12g passes through the body center 11g, the extension of one axis passes through the apex of the body, and the other passes through the midpoint of the body ridgeline corresponding to the side of the heptagon.

When the ratio of the length of the line segment connecting the face center and apex of the regular heptagon to the apex of the regular heptagon is 2 to 3, the angle at which each coordinate axis in the coordinate axis configuration is folded at the intersection is 40.65. The angle and its complementary angle are 139.35 degrees and 77.4 degrees, and its complementary angle is 102.6 degrees. There are two types of parallelograms having these angles as internal angles. Therefore, the zone 42-hedron is formed by these two types of parallelograms. Note that the number of zones is seven, the same as the number of coordinate axes.

FIG. 136 is a plan view showing the coordinate axis configuration from the extension direction of the single coordinate axis 12g, and shows the formation of a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. A dashed line in the figure indicates the coordinate axis 12g, and a solid line indicates a zone 15g corresponding to the coordinate axis 12g in the center of the figure. In the figure, this zone shows a cross section of a band of a surface where the two types of parallelograms are connected. Then, zones are formed for all coordinate axes, and are connected to each other to form a zone 42-hedron shown in FIG. This polyhedron is also called a polar zone polyhedron and has two poles in the body, and has symmetry with respect to this.

In the second step, the zone polyhedron is used as a nucleus model, and a zone polyhedron with a triangular columnar axis is formed based on the model. As a first step, with reference to FIG. 137, every other face of each zone of the zone polyhedron to be the nuclear model 25g is extended in parallel to the coordinate axis 12g corresponding to the zone to which the every other face belongs. By doing so, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis is formed.

FIG. 138 shows the formation of the inner surface 29g of the triangular prismatic axis. During the formation, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis overlaps with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft of another zone. That is, since one surface on the zone shares two zones, the inner surface of the triangular prism axis can be formed with respect to the two coordinate axes.

Therefore, by setting that one surface on the zone always corresponds to the inner surface of one triangular prismatic axis, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic shaft can be configured by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron. Then, as shown in the drawing, a structure 30g composed of the inner surface 29g of the triangular prismatic axis can be formed. It should be noted that in the drawing, the reference numerals indicating the inner surfaces of all the triangular prismatic shafts obstruct the grasp of the drawing, so that only the inner surface 29g1 positioned in parallel with one coordinate axis 12g is omitted, and the others are omitted.

The second step in this process is the formation of a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. In FIG. 139, the inner surface 29g of the triangular prismatic axis located on the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis 12g of the coordinate axis is extracted from the structure 30g composed of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis, and the configuration by the inner surface is shown. It is a top view shown from the extension direction of this coordinate axis 12g. In this figure, a space 31g indicated by diagonal lines is a cross section of a triangular prismatic axis.

Specifically, in the structure 30g with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis viewed from the extending direction of the one coordinate axis 12g, a line segment 29g1 which is a cross section of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis located parallel to the coordinate axis 12g. Is the inner side of the triangle which is the cross section of the triangular prismatic axis, and the triangular space surrounded by the three lines of the side and the extension line indicated by the inner surface 29g2 of the triangular prismatic axis located at both ends of the triangular prismatic axis The cross section is 31 g. A triangular prism axis is formed by translating the section along a triangular prism axis inner surface 29g1 with which the inner side is in contact.

In the last stage, the triangular prismatic shaft cross section is formed with reference to the inner surface of all triangular prismatic shafts, and the triangular multiaxial body with the total triangular prismatic shaft is formed by making the cross section into the triangular prismatic shaft in the same manner as described above. Will be. FIG. 140 shows the zone multiaxial body 33g. Since the description of the reference numerals indicating the triangular prism axes in the drawing is complicated and obstructs the grasp of the drawings, the description other than the triangular prism shaft 32g1 positioned in parallel to one coordinate axis 12g is omitted as a representative.

In the third step, the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft is extracted to form a hollow structure having this as a constituent element. FIG. 141 shows a hollow structural body 36g that extracts the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft and uses it as a constituent element. In the drawing, since the description of the reference numerals indicating all the outer side surfaces obstructs the grasping of the drawing, descriptions other than the outer side surface 34g1 positioned in parallel with one coordinate axis 12g are omitted.

In the fourth step, after holding the place where each component of this hollow structure is in contact with each other, the outer extension of each component is cut, and the final hollow shape consisting of the remaining components on the nuclear model side Form a structure. The cutting start point and the cutting line are set according to the best mode setting shown in the previous section. In order to clearly show the cutting setting of the component, only the component located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12g is extracted and shown. FIG. 142 shows the extracted configuration. In this configuration, a space from which the nuclear model 25g is extracted is reserved. Then, the cutting setting is performed in the plan view of this configuration.

FIG. 143 is a plan view showing the configuration from the extending direction of the coordinate axis 12g. The space in the center of the figure corresponds to the cross section of the zone icosahedron set as a nuclear model. The outline of the cross section is a parallel dodecagon as shown in the figure. If a light source is assumed in this step, the light source 39 is located at the center of a polyhedron that is a nuclear model, that is, at the intersection of diagonal lines of the parallel dodecahedron in this plan view. In this embodiment, the cutting setting of a component is shown by using one component as a representative.

Of the light rays emitted from the light source 39, the light rays passing through the portion 41g corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34g1 illuminate the inner side surface of the component 34g2, and the parallel dodecagon diagonal line 51g which is the cross section of the zone 15g and its Passes over extension line 53g. The amount of light emitted from the light source is blocked by the component 34g1 that intersects inward, and gradually decreases from the extension line 53g toward the outward extension direction of the component 34g2. As a result, a shaded gradation is formed on the outer side surface of the component 34g2 corresponding to the location.

In order to effectively project the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component element is set to a point 45g corresponding to the ridge line of the component element 34g1, and a line parallel to the extension line 53g of the diagonal line 51g contacting the component element 34g2 on the cutting side. Is drawn from the starting point to the component and set as a cutting line 52g. Then, cutting along the cutting line is performed in parallel with the coordinate axis 12g located in parallel to the component 34g1 on the starting point side, leaving the component on the nuclear model side.

Further, by cutting all the components according to the same cutting settings as described above, a hollow structure composed of components on the nuclear model side is obtained, and this structure is used as the final hollow structure. FIG. 144 is a plan view showing the final hollow structure 63g from the coordinate axis direction.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. That is, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled based on this structure. The shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis.

When the component is made of a plate-like material having a relatively large thickness, each component is divided by its ridgeline, and the number of members is 84, which is twice the total components. When the component is made of a relatively thin material in the form of a sheet, the component is folded at the ridgeline. In this embodiment, the description of the formation of the shade composed of the plate-shaped components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by describing the sheet-like one.

In this embodiment, the shape of a joining-type shade member made of a relatively thin sheet-like material and a lamp shade assembled by the shade member will be described. FIG. 145 and FIG. 146 are development views of a shade member in which a joining surface is provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. There are six basic shapes of the constituent elements, and three of them are mirror-image symmetric with the other three types.

Specifically, the shape of the shade member 68g1 and the shape of the shade member 68g4 are mirror images of each other, the shape of the shade member 68g2 and the shape of the shade member 68g5 are mirror images of each other, and the shape of the shade member 68g3 and the shade The shape of the member 68g6 is a mirror image of each other. Therefore, at the time of assembling, the inner surface of the half member can be turned upside down and combined, and the shape of the shade member becomes three types.

Then, the shade member is assembled in accordance with the base hollow structure. A broken line 70g of each shade member indicates a fold line of the shade member, and the member is mountain-folded at the broken line 70g when the member is assembled. When assembling the lamp shade by joining the shade members, a belt-like joining surface 69g is added from the tangential portion 64g of the base component indicated by a broken line, and the mountain fold is formed at the tangential portion 64g. At the time of assembly, the band-shaped joining surface 69g is joined to the joining portion 71g of the other shade member surface that intersects inward.

The shade members 68g1 and 68g4 become shade portions located at the poles of the lamp shade by combining the seven members. The shade members 68g2 and 68g5 are combined with the shade location, and the shade members 68g3 and 68g6 form a shade location located at the equator of the lamp shade. The members may be joined using rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, as shown in the drawing, a hole is provided in each joint portion, and the hole may be joined through a rivet.

Next, the shape of a lamp shade formed by a component having a light transmittance of 60%, in which the shade member is a joint type or a plate shape, is shown in the drawings. The gradation and irradiation state of the shadow reflected on the shade surface by the lamp shade will be described. The following two drawings show a lamp shade having a light source installed therein. FIG. 147 is a perspective view of the lamp shades 54g and 98g. There is a change in the strength of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadow locations can be recognized.

Explaining in order of brightness, the shade outer surface 49g illuminated by the transmitted light from the inside of the sheet and the reflected light from the outside irradiates brightest. The shaded portion 48g of the shade member that intersects the outside of the surface is illuminated with the same level of brightness by the transmitted light from the shade member outer surface 49g and the reflected light from the light source, but from the outer end of the shade member. A slight shade gradation can be recognized inward.

The next brightest part is the shade member outer surface 47g. In this portion, direct light from a light source that irradiates the inner surface of the sheet is transmitted to the outside as transmitted light. Since the shade member is mountain-folded, the light is directly refracted inside the shade member, thereby forming a slight shade gradation on the shade member outer surface portion 47g.

It is the shaded portion 46g that forms the shade gradation most prominently. In this place, the shadow of the shade member that intersects inward is reflected, and reflected light from the inside is added, and the change in the amount of light is conspicuous compared to other places.

Next, FIG. 148 shows a plan view of the lamp shade shown in this figure as viewed from the extending direction of the line connecting the intersection 102 of the shade member of the recess formed by the intersection of the seven shade members and the center of the nuclear model. The lamp shade has a 5-fold rotational symmetry in this drawing. Therefore, since the description of the code indicating the shaded part in the figure is repeated, the shaded part at the upper right in the figure is shown as a representative. Four types of shaded areas can be recognized from this direction as well.

In this embodiment, the shade member constituting the lamp shade is partially cut off so that the shape becomes an onion shape and an opening is provided in the lower part thereof. Therefore, the shading member is cut.

FIG. 149 shows a shade member that performs the cutting process. Seven shade members 68g1 and 68g4 shown in FIG. 146 are prepared and cut off. The shade member 68g1 is a member that is combined above the shade when the lamp shade is a ceiling-suspended type. The shade member 68g4 is a member that is combined below the shade. The shade member 68g1 is provided with a hole 82g1 through which the power cable passes. On the other hand, a cut-off portion 82g2 indicated by hatching is cut off from the shade member 68g4 located below the shade. By cutting off the member, an opening is formed below the shade.

Finally, a lamp shade formed by combining shade members that have been processed in this manner is shown. FIG. 150 is a perspective view showing the lamp shade suspended from the ceiling. An opening is formed below the shade, and the irradiation light from the light source is directly irradiated to the outside. Thus, it is possible to provide a lamp shade suitable for hanging mainly on the table. The power cable may be fixed by attaching a cable clamp to the position of the hole provided in the member located above the shade.

In Example 6, a configuration method of a hollow structure formed by setting a zone 90-hedron as a nuclear model and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron that will be a nuclear model. The zone 90-hedron is formed on the basis of the configuration of 10 coordinate axes by calculating backwards, where the number of coordinate axes is n and the method of n (n-1) indicates the number of faces. In this embodiment, a zone 90-hedron formed on the basis of an axial configuration consisting of 10 axes of 6-fold rotational symmetry axes provided in a regular dodecahedron is selected as a nuclear model. The form of the lamp shade formed based on this nuclear model is a form inscribed in the sphere.

FIG. 151 shows a 6-fold rotational symmetry axis provided in a body penetrating the regular dodecahedron 17. Each axis 12h passes through the apex of the body and the body center 11h. In this coordinate axis configuration, the angle between the coordinate axes at the intersection is 40.64 degrees, its complementary angles of 139.36 degrees and 70.53 degrees, and its complementary angles of 109.47 degrees, and these angles are parallel angles. There are two types of quadrilaterals, and the surface of the zone 90-hedron on the zone is formed by these two types of parallelograms. The number of zones corresponding to each coordinate axis is the same as the number of axes.

FIG. 152 is a plan view showing the coordinate axis configuration from the extension direction of one coordinate axis 12h, and shows the formation of a zone corresponding to the coordinate axis. A dashed line in the figure indicates the coordinate axis 12h, and a solid line indicates a zone 15h corresponding to the coordinate axis 12h in the center of the figure. In the figure, this zone shows a cross section of the band of the plane connected by the parallelogram, and the intersection of the zone and the coordinate axis corresponds to the ridgeline connecting the parallelogram on the zone. Further, each side corresponding to each surface of this zone is positioned in parallel to the corresponding other coordinate axis. Then, zones are formed for all coordinate axes, and are connected to each other to form a zone 90-hedron shown in FIG.

In the second step, the zone polyhedron is used as a nuclear model 25h, and a zone polyhedron with a triangular prismatic axis is formed based on the model. As a first step, with reference to FIG. 153, every other plane in each zone of the zone polyhedron to be the nuclear model 25h is extended in parallel to the coordinate axis extending direction corresponding to the zone to which the every other plane belongs. By doing so, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis is formed.

FIG. 154 shows the formation of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis. At the time of formation, one surface on the zone shares two zones and forms an inner surface with respect to two coordinate axes, but one surface on the zone always corresponds to one inner surface. With this setting, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic axis can be formed by alternately intersecting the outer shells of the zone polyhedron, thereby forming the structure 30h composed of this inner surface.

In addition, since the description of the code | symbol which shows each inner surface in a figure becomes complicated and obstructs grasping | ascertainment of a figure, it shows with the triangular prism-shaped axial inner surface 29h1 located in parallel with one coordinate axis 12h as a representative.

The second step in this process is the formation of a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. FIG. 155 is a plan view showing the inner surfaces of the triangular prismatic shafts located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12h of the structure 30h and showing the configuration of these inner surfaces from the extension direction of the coordinate axes 12h. In this figure, a space 31h indicated by diagonal lines is a cross section of a triangular prismatic axis.

Specifically, in the structure 30h with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis viewed from the extension direction of the one coordinate axis 12h, a line segment 29h1 which is a cross section of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis located parallel to the coordinate axis 12h. Is defined as an inner side, and a triangular space surrounded by three lines of the side and the extension line 29h2 indicated by the inner surface of another triangular columnar axis located at both ends thereof is defined as a cross section of the triangular columnar axis. Then, the triangular columnar axis is formed by translating the triangle of the cross section 31h along the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis with which the inner side is in contact.

At the last stage, the triangular prismatic shaft cross section is formed with reference to the inner surface of all triangular prismatic shafts, and the triangular multiaxial body with the total triangular prismatic shaft is formed by making the cross section into the triangular prismatic shaft in the same manner as described above. Will be.

FIG. 156 shows the zone multiaxial body 33h. In the drawing, the reference numerals indicating the respective triangular prismatic axes are complicated and obstruct the grasp of the drawings, so that they are represented by the triangular prismatic shafts 32h that are positioned parallel to the coordinate axis 12h at one location as a representative.

In the third step, a hollow structure having the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft as a constituent element is formed. FIG. 157 shows a hollow structure 36h in which the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft is extracted and used as a constituent element. In the drawing, the description of the reference numerals indicating all the outer side surfaces is complicated by repetition and obstructs the grasping of the drawing, so that the outer side surface 34h1 positioned parallel to one coordinate axis 12h is representatively shown.

In the fourth step, after holding the place where each component of this hollow structure is in contact with each other, the outer extension of each component is cut, and the final hollow shape consisting of the remaining components on the nuclear model side Form a structure. The cutting start point and the cutting line are set according to the best mode setting shown in the previous section.

In order to clearly show the cutting setting of the component, only the component located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12h is extracted and shown. FIG. 158 shows the extracted configuration. Inside this structure, a space from which the nuclear model 25h is extracted is reserved. Then, the cutting setting is performed in the plan view of this configuration.

FIG. 159 is a plan view showing the configuration from the extension direction of the coordinate axis 12h. The space in the center of the figure corresponds to the cross section of the zone 90-hedron set as a nuclear model. As shown in the figure, the outline of the cross section is a parallel octagon. If a light source is set in this step, the light source 39 is located at the center of a polyhedron that is a nuclear model, that is, at the intersection of diagonal lines of parallel octagons in this plan view. In this embodiment, the cutting setting of each component is shown by using one component as a representative.

Of the light emitted from the light source 39, the light passing through the portion 41h corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34h1 irradiates the inner surface of the component 34h2. This ray passes through a parallel octagonal diagonal line 51h and its extension line 53h, which are cross sections of the zone 15h. And since the irradiation light from a light source reduces from this extension line to the outward extension direction of the component 34h2, the gradation of a shadow is formed in the outer surface of the location.

In order to effectively project the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component element is set to a point 45h corresponding to the ridge line of the component element 34h1, and a line parallel to the extension line 53h of the diagonal line 51h contacting the component element 34h2 to be cut. Is drawn to the component from the starting point, and the line is set as a cutting line 52h. Then, the component 34h2 is cut in parallel with the coordinate axis 12h positioned parallel to the starting point side component 34h1 along this line, leaving the component on the nuclear model side.

Further, by cutting all the components according to the same cutting settings as described above, a hollow structure composed of components on the nuclear model side is obtained, and this structure is used as the final hollow structure. FIG. 160 is a plan view showing the final hollow structure body 64h from the coordinate axis direction.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. Based on this structure, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled. The shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis.

When the component is made of a plate-like material having a relatively large thickness, each component is divided by its ridgeline, and the number of members is 180, which is twice the total components. When the component is made of a relatively thin material in the form of a sheet, the component is mountain-folded at its ridgeline. In this embodiment, the explanation about the formation of the shade composed of the plate-like components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like one, and the joining type and fitting made of the sheet-like material are omitted. The lamp shade assembled by the shade member of the type will be described.

First, the joining formula will be described. FIG. 161 is a development view of a shade member in which a joint surface is provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. There are two basic shapes of components. 30 shade members 68h1 and 60 shade members 68h2 form a lamp shade. A broken line 70h of each shade member indicates a fold line of the shade member. At the time of assembling the member, the member is mountain-folded at the broken line 70h.

When assembling the lamp shade by joining the shade members, a belt-like joining surface 69h is added from the tangential portion 64h of the basic component indicated by a broken line, and the fold is folded at the tangential portion 64h. At the time of assembly, the belt-like joining surface 69h is joined to the joining portion 71h of another shade member surface that intersects inward.

Finally, the shade member formed in this manner is assembled according to the basic hollow structure. The shade member 69h2 becomes a set by combining the five members, and the shade member 68h1 is combined at a position where the six combinations are connected. In addition, the sheets may be joined using rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, as shown in the drawing, a hole is provided in each joint portion, and the hole may be joined through a rivet.

The light emitting device insertion slot is preferably provided in a shade recess formed by combining five shade members. In that case, a part of the shade member corresponding to the part is cut off to provide a hole, and the light emitting device mounting frame is connected to the part. Since the shade shape of each shade member is the same, the location is indicated by one shade member.

FIG. 162 shows a development view of the shade member 68h2. When the frame is attached, the band-shaped joint surface 83h is folded in a mountain at a broken line 84h. In the drawing, a hatched portion is a cut-off portion 82h, and a band-shaped joint surface 83h is a portion to which the frame is connected. Since the length in the longitudinal direction of the joint surface 83h corresponds to the length of one side of the pentagonal frame, the length depends on the size of the frame, and the area of the cut-off portion 82h also changes accordingly.

Next, a lamp shade formed by a component having a light transmittance of 60% in which the shade member is formed of the above-mentioned sheet-like joining type or plate shape is shown in the drawings. FIG. 163 is a perspective view of the lamp shades 54h and 98h, in which a light source is installed. The irradiation effect reflected on the shade surface will be described.

There is a change in the strength of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadow locations can be recognized. Explaining in order of brightness, the shade outer surface 49h illuminated by the transmitted light from the inside of the sheet and the reflected light from the outside irradiates brightest. The shaded portion 48h of the shade member that intersects the outside of the surface is illuminated with the same level of brightness by the transmitted light from the shade member outer surface 49f and the reflected light from the light source, but from the outer end of the shade member. A slight shade gradation can be recognized inward.

The next brightest part is the shade member outer surface 47h. In this place, the direct light from the light source that irradiates the inner surface of the shade member is radiated to the outside as transmitted light, but the direct light is refracted inside the shade member due to the mountain fold shape of the shade member, Accordingly, a slight shade gradation is formed on the shade member outer surface portion 47h.

The shaded portion 46h forms the shaded gradation most prominently. In this place, the shadow of the shade member intersecting inward is reflected, and the reflected light from the inside is added, so that the change in the amount of light is conspicuous compared with other places.

Next, the shape of the fitting type shade member and the lamp shade assembled by the shade member will be described. FIG. 164 is a developed view of a sheet in which a claw is provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. The two-dot broken lines at both ends of each shade member indicate the cutting lines of the basic shape components. In order to form a fitting-type shade member, the claw 74h is provided at the four corners 65h of the original shape, and the claw of the claw is inserted into a corresponding portion of another shade member into which the claw penetrates during assembly. A groove 75h to penetrate is provided. At the time of assembly, the claw 75h penetrates into a groove of another shade member that crosses inward.

And the lamp shade which consists of this shade member is shown with drawing. FIG. 165 is a perspective view of the lamp shade 76h suspended from the ceiling, and shows a state in which a light source is installed inside. There is a change in the intensity of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadow locations can be recognized. The details of the irradiation state are the same as those of the lamp shades 54h and 98h shown in FIG.

In the seventh embodiment, a configuration method of a hollow structure formed by setting a zone 132 plane as a nuclear model and a lamp shade formed using the structure as a basic structure will be described. Hereinafter, it demonstrates with reference to drawings according to a formation process.

The first step is selection and formation of a zone polyhedron that will be a nuclear model. The zone 132 plane is formed based on the 12-axis configuration by calculating backwards, where the number of coordinate axes is n and the n (n-1) method indicates the number of faces. In this embodiment, a zone 132 plane formed on the basis of an axial configuration of 12 axes that pass through an rhombic octahedron is selected as a nuclear model. The form of the lamp shade formed based on this nuclear model is a form inscribed in the sphere.

FIG. 166 shows an oblique cube octahedron 103 and coordinate axes composed of 12 axes indicated by lines connecting each vertex of the body and the body center 11i. In this coordinate axis configuration, the angle formed by each coordinate axis at the intersection is 41.88 degrees and its complementary angles 138.12 degrees, 82.66 degrees and its complementary angles 97.34 degrees and 119.27 degrees and its complementary angles. It becomes 60.72 degrees, and there are three types of parallelograms having these angles as inner angles, and the planes forming the zones of the zone 132 plane are formed by these three types of parallelograms. There are 12 zones corresponding to each coordinate axis, the same as the number of axes.

FIG. 167 is a plan view showing the coordinate axis configuration from the extension direction of one coordinate axis 12i, and shows the formation of a zone 15i corresponding to the coordinate axis. A one-dot broken line in the figure indicates the coordinate axis 12i, and a solid line indicates a zone 15i corresponding to the coordinate axis 12i in the center of the figure. Further, this zone shows a cross section of the band of the surface to which the parallelogram is connected. Then, by forming zones for all coordinate axes and connecting them to each other, a zone 132 plane shown in FIG. 168 is obtained.

The second step uses the zone polyhedron as a nuclear model, and forms a zone polyhedron with a triangular prism axis based on the model. As a first step, referring to FIG. 168, every other plane in each zone of the zone polyhedron to be the nuclear model 25i is parallel to the extension direction of the coordinate axis 12i corresponding to the zone to which the every other plane belongs. By extending, the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis is formed.

FIG. 169 shows the formation of the inner surface 29i of the triangular prismatic axis. At the time of formation, one surface on the zone shares two zones, so an inner surface can be formed for two coordinate axes, but one surface on the zone always corresponds to one inner surface. With this setting, the inner surface of each triangular prismatic axis can be formed by alternately intersecting the outer shell of the zone polyhedron. Then, as shown in the drawing, a structure 30f composed of the inner surface 29f of the triangular prismatic axis can be formed. In the drawing, the reference numerals indicating the respective inward surfaces are complicated and obstruct the grasp of the drawing, so that they are representatively shown as triangular prism-shaped shaft inner surfaces 29i1 positioned parallel to one coordinate axis 12i.

The second step in this process is the formation of a cross section of the triangular prismatic axis. FIG. 170 is a plan view showing only the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12i of the structure 30i, and showing the configuration of the inner surface from the extension direction of the coordinate axis 12i. In this figure, a space 31i indicated by diagonal lines is the cross section.

Specifically, in the structure 30i with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis viewed from the extending direction of the one coordinate axis 12g, a line segment 29i1 which is a cross section of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis located in parallel to the coordinate axis is shown. A triangular space surrounded by three lines including the inner side and the extension line 29i2 indicated by the inner side of the inner side and the inner side of the triangular columnar axis located at both ends thereof is defined as a cross section of the triangular columnar axis. Then, the triangular columnar axis is formed by translating the triangle of the cross section 31i along the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis with which the inner side is in contact.

In the last stage, the triangular prismatic shaft cross section is formed with reference to the inner surface of all triangular prismatic shafts, and the triangular multiaxial body with the total triangular prismatic shaft is formed by making the cross section into the triangular prismatic shaft in the same manner as described above. Will be.

FIG. 171 shows a zone multiaxial body 33i composed of the triangular prismatic axis. In the figure, the description of the reference numerals indicating the triangular prismatic axes is complicated and obstructs the grasping of the drawings, so that it is represented by a triangular prismatic axis 32i positioned parallel to one coordinate axis 12i as a representative.

In the third step, a hollow structure having the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft as a constituent element is formed. FIG. 172 shows the hollow structure 36i. In the drawing, the description of the reference numerals indicating all the outer side surfaces is complicated by repetition and obstructs the grasping of the drawings, so that the outer side surface 34i1 positioned parallel to one coordinate axis 12i is representatively shown.

In the fourth step, after holding the place where each component of this hollow structure is in contact with each other, the outer extension of each component is cut, and the final hollow shape consisting of the remaining components on the nuclear model side Form a structure. The cutting start point and the cutting line are set according to the best mode setting shown in the previous section.

In order to clearly show the cutting setting of the component, only the component located on the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12i is extracted and shown. FIG. 173 shows the extracted configuration. In this configuration, a space from which the nuclear model 25i is extracted is reserved. Then, the cutting setting is performed in the plan view of this configuration.

FIG. 174 is a plan view showing the configuration from the extension direction of the coordinate axis 12i. The space in the center of the figure corresponds to the cross section of the zone 132 plane set as a nuclear model. As shown in the figure, the outline of the cross section is a parallelogram. If a light source is assumed in this step, the light source 39 is located at the center of a polyhedron that is a nuclear model, that is, at the intersection of diagonal lines of parallelograms in this plan view. Furthermore, in order to illustrate the cutting setting more clearly, the right side of the drawing will be enlarged and described.

FIG. 175 is an enlarged view thereof. In this embodiment, the cutting setting of each component is shown by using one component 34i2 as a representative. The disconnection setting of other components is also performed according to the following procedure.

Of the light emitted from the light source 39, the light passing through the portion 41i corresponding to the inner edge of the component 34i1 irradiates the inner surface of the component 34i2. This light ray passes through a parallel 22-diagonal diagonal line 51i and an extension line 53i thereof, which are cross sections of the zone 15i. And since the irradiation light from a light source reduces from this extension line to the outward extension direction of the component 34i2, the gradation of a shadow is formed in the outer surface of the location.

In order to effectively display the gradation on the shade surface, the cutting start point of the component element is set to a point 45i corresponding to the ridge line of the component element 34i1, and a line parallel to the extension line 53i of the diagonal line 51i contacting the component element 34i2 on the cutting side. Is drawn to the component from the starting point, and this line is set as a cutting line 52i. Then, the component 34i2 is cut in parallel with the coordinate axis 12i positioned in parallel with the starting-point-side component 34i1 along this line, leaving the nuclear-model-side component.

Finally, all the constituent elements are cut according to the same cutting settings as described above, thereby forming a hollow structure composed of the constituent elements on the nuclear model side, and this structure is used as the final hollow structure. FIG. 176 is a perspective view showing the final hollow structure 63i.

The fifth step is the formation of a lamp shade having the final hollow structure as a basic structure. Based on this structure, the lamp shade member is designed and manufactured and the lamp shade is assembled. The shape of each component is designed through geometric analysis.

When the component is made of a plate-like material having a relatively thick thickness that is difficult to bend, each component is divided by its ridgeline, and the number of members is 264, which is twice the total component. When the component is made of a relatively thin sheet-like material, the component is mountain-folded at the ridgeline.

In this embodiment, the explanation about the formation of the shade composed of the plate-like components is omitted because it can be easily grasped by explaining the sheet-like one, and is assembled by the joining-type and fitting-type shade members. The lamp shade will be described.

First, the joining formula will be described. FIG. 177 is a development view of a shade member in which a joining surface is provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. There are four basic shapes of components. The lamp shade is formed by 48 shade members 68i1, 48 shade members 68i2, 24 shade members 68i3, and 12 shade members 68i4.

A broken line 70i of each shade member indicates a fold line of the shade member, and each member is mountain-folded at the broken line when the members are assembled. When assembling the lamp shade by joining the shade members, a band-like joining surface 69i is added from the tangential portion 64i of the base component indicated by a broken line, and the fold is folded at the tangential portion 65i. At the time of assembling, the belt-like joining surface 69i is joined to the corresponding joining location 71i of another shade member that intersects inward and is assembled.

Finally, the shade member formed in this manner is assembled according to the basic hollow structure. The eight shade members 68i1 are combined to form a pair, and the shade member 68i2 is combined around them. The three shade members 68i3 are combined with each other to form one set, and are combined with the configuration of the shade member 68i1 together with the shade member 68i4. The sheets may be joined using rivets without using an adhesive or the like. In that case, as shown in the drawing, a hole is provided in each joint portion, and the hole may be joined through a rivet.

The light emitting device insertion slot is preferably provided in a shade recess formed by combining eight shade members. In that case, a part of the shade member corresponding to the part is cut off to provide a hole, and the light emitting device mounting frame is connected to the part. Since the shade shape of each shade member is the same, the location is indicated by one shade member.

FIG. 178 is a developed view of the member showing the cut-off portion of the shade member 68i1. In the drawing, the hatched portion is a cut-off portion 82i, and the light emitting device mounting frame is connected to the band-shaped joining surface 83i. The length in the longitudinal direction of the band-shaped joint surface 83i corresponds to the length of one side of the octagonal frame, so that the length depends on the size of the frame, and the area of the cut-off portion 82i also changes accordingly.

Next, a lamp shade formed by a component having a light transmittance of 60%, in which the shade member is a sheet-like joining type or plate-like shape, is shown in the drawings. FIG. 179 is a perspective view of the lamp shades 54i and 98i, in which a light source is installed. The irradiation effect reflected on the shade surface will be described.

There is a change in the strength of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadow locations can be recognized. Explaining in order of brightness, the shade outer surface 49i illuminated by the transmitted light from the inside of the sheet and the reflected light from the outside irradiates the brightest. The shaded portion 48i of the shade member that overlaps the outside of this surface is illuminated with the same level of brightness by the transmitted light from the shade member outer surface 49i and the reflected light from the light source. A slight shade gradation can be recognized.

The next brightest part is the shade member outer surface 47i. In this part, the direct light from the light source that irradiates the inner side surface of the shade is radiated to the outside as transmitted light, but the direct light is refracted inside the member due to the mountain fold shape of the shade member, thereby A slight shade gradation is formed.

The shaded portion 46i forms the shade gradation most prominently. In this place, the shadow of the shade member that overlaps inward is reflected, and reflected light from the inside is added, so that the change in the amount of light is conspicuous compared to other places.

Next, the lamp shade assembled by the fitting type shade member having the same permeability as that of the joint type shade member will be described. FIG. 180 is a development view of a shade member in which a claw is provided in the basic shape of the constituent elements of the lamp shade. The two-dot broken lines at both ends of each shade member indicate the cutting lines of the basic shape components. In order to form a fitting-type shade member, the claw 74i is provided at the four corners 65i of the original shape, and the claw penetrates into the corresponding portion of the other shade member that the claw will penetrate when assembled. A groove 75i is provided. A developed view of the shade member 73i1 corresponding to the light emitting device insertion port is shown in FIG. The detailed explanation regarding the mounting of the light emitting device is the same as the case of the above-mentioned joining type shade member.

And the lamp shade which consists of this shade member is shown with drawing. FIG. 182 is a perspective view of the lamp shade 76i suspended from the ceiling, in which a light source is installed. There is a change in the intensity of the shadow on the shade surface, and four types of shadow locations can be recognized. The details of the irradiation state are the same as those of the lamp shades 54i and 98i of FIG. 179 described above.

The perspective view which showed the axial arrangement according to a rhombus dodecahedron concerning this invention. The perspective view which showed the direction of the shaft arrangement | positioning of FIG. 1 in the different direction. The perspective view which showed the axial arrangement according to a truncated octahedron concerning this invention. The perspective view which showed the axial structure which assumes arrangement | positioning to one zone of the rhombus dodecahedron concerning this invention. The top view which showed the axis | shaft structure of FIG. 4 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The top view which replaced and showed the axis | shaft structure in FIG. 5 with the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft. The perspective view which showed the structure which consists of an inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses a rhombus dodecahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The top view which showed the cross-section formation of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft in the structure of FIG. The perspective view which showed formation of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft from cross-sectional formation of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft of FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses a rhombus dodecahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which extracted the outward side surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 10, and showed the hollow-shaped structure which uses this as a component. The top view which showed the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 11 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The enlarged view which showed the cross section of the component of the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. The perspective view which extracted the component on the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis with which the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 11 is equipped, and showed the component. The figure which showed the light ray from the light source in the structure of FIG. 14 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The enlarged view which showed irradiation of the light ray in the structure of FIG. The perspective view of the lamp shade which considered the hollow structure of Drawing 11 as a lamp shade, and showed the irradiation effect. The top view which showed the structure of the component of FIG. 14 from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this structure. The top view which expanded the range B of FIG. 18, and showed the cutting | disconnection setting of the component. The top view which showed the lamp shade which uses a rhombus dodecahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 20 from the drawing arrow direction. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 21 from this drawing arrow direction. It is a perspective view of the lamp shade of FIG. The top view which showed the lamp shade at the time of lengthening the cutting setting of the component in the lamp shade of FIG. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 24 from the said drawing arrow direction. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 25 from the said drawing arrow direction. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. The perspective view which showed the cutting | disconnection setting of the component in the final hollow structure which uses a rhombus dodecahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The top view which showed the lamp shade at the time of shortening the cutting setting of the component in the lamp shade of FIG. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 29 from the drawing arrow direction. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 30 from this drawing arrow direction. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. The perspective view which showed the joining as each component in the lamp shade which uses a rhombus dodecahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention from the thin material. The expanded view which showed the shade member of FIG. The expanded view which showed the component of the lamp shade which uses rhombus dodecahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention with the fitting type | mold shade member which consists of a thin material. The perspective view which showed fitting of the shade member of FIG. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade assembled with the shade member of FIG. The perspective view which showed the issuing apparatus insertion port of the lamp shade of FIG. The developed view which showed the shade member which hits the issuing apparatus insertion port of the lamp shade of FIG. FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view showing a power support plate and a light emitting device insertion slot of the lamp shade in FIG. 38. The perspective view which showed the 4th rotational symmetry axis with which the regular hexahedron which concerns on this invention is equipped. The perspective view which showed the structure which consists of an inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses a regular hexahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The top view which showed the structure of FIG. 42 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction, and showed the cross section of the cylindrical axis | shaft. The top view which showed the structure of FIG. 42 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction, and showed the cross section of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft. The perspective view which showed formation of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft from the cross section of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft of FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body comprised from the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses a regular hexahedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which showed the 1st hollow structure which uses a regular hexahedron as a nuclear model according to this invention. The perspective view which showed the 2nd hollow structure which added the extended surface to each component in the hollow structure of FIG. The top view which showed the cutting | disconnection setting of each component of the hollow structure of FIG. 48 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which showed the final hollow structure which uses a regular hexahedron as a nuclear model according to this invention. The final hollow structure shown in FIG. 50 is regarded as a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are developed with a joining type shade member made of a thin material. The final hollow structure of FIG. 50 is regarded as a lamp shade, and its components are shown in a developed shade member made of a thin material. The figure which showed the assembly process of the lamp shade with the shade member of FIG. The perspective view which assembled the lamp shade of FIG. 53 and showed the light-emitting device insertion port. The perspective view which showed an example of the connection frame with which the light-emitting device inserted in the lamp shade of FIG. 54 and a light-emitting device insertion slot are mounted | worn. The fragmentary sectional view which showed an example of the light-emitting device in the case of putting the lamp shade of this invention on a floor. The top view which showed the form of the lamp shade comprised from the shade member of FIG. 52, and the irradiation effect from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. 57 is a plan view showing the form of the lamp shade and the irradiation effect from the direction of the arrow in the drawing. The top view which showed the form and the irradiation effect of the lamp shade of FIG. 58 from the extension direction of the line which connects the point 93b and the internal center of a lamp shade which this drawing shade member cross | intersects. The perspective view which showed the form and irradiation effect of the lamp shade of FIG. The perspective view which showed the 5-fold rotational symmetry axis of the regular icosahedron concerning this invention. The top view which extracted the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. 61, and showed the cross-section formation of the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis of this coordinate-axis structure from this coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which showed the nucleus model of the rhombus 30-hedron formed based on the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. The perspective view which showed the structure which consists of an inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which makes a rhombus 30-hedron a nucleus model according to this invention. The top view which showed the structure of FIG. 64 from the said one coordinate-axis extension direction, and showed cross-sectional formation of this triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses a rhomboid 30-hedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which showed the hollow-shaped structure which uses a rhombus 30-hedron as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which extracted the component corresponding to one zone with which the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 67 is provided, and showed the component. The top view which showed the structure of FIG. 68 from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this structure, and showed the cutting | disconnection setting of the component. The enlarged view of the circular range D shown with the broken line of FIG. The top three-dimensional figure which showed the final hollow-shaped structure which uses a rhombus 30-hedron as a nucleus model according to this invention from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. FIG. 72 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 71 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are shown as a joining type shade member made of a thin material. FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional view of a lamp shade having a rhomboid 30-hedron as a nucleus model, in which the constituent elements of the lamp shade are made of a thick or thin material, and are formed from a joining type shade member according to the present invention. The three-dimensional view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 73 from the direction different from this drawing. FIG. 74 is a three-dimensional view showing the lamp shade of FIG. 73 from a different direction from the two drawings. FIG. 72 is a development view showing a shade member having the final hollow structure of FIG. 71 as a basic structure of a lamp shade, the constituent elements of which are made of a thin material, and which is fitted. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade which consists of a shade member of FIG. 76 with the irradiation effect. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 77 from the direction different from this drawing. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 77 from the direction different from the said 2 drawing. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 77 from the direction different from the said 3 drawing. The perspective view which showed the light-emitting device insertion port of the lamp shade of FIG. FIG. 78 is a development view showing a shade member corresponding to a light-emitting device insertion port of the lamp shade of FIG. 77. The perspective view which showed the coordinate-axis structure which extracted three out of four three-fold rotational symmetry axes of the regular hexahedron concerning this invention. The top view which showed the cross-section formation of the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis of the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. 83 from this coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which showed the nucleus model of the zone hexahedron formed based on the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. The perspective view which showed the structure comprised from the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis | shaft based on the nuclear model of FIG. The top view which showed the structure by the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 86 from the said one coordinate-axis extension direction, and showed the cross section of the cylindrical axis | shaft. The top view which showed the structure by the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft of FIG. 86 from the said one coordinate axis extension direction, and showed cross-sectional formation of this triangular prismatic axis | shaft. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body comprised from the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses the zone hexahedron of FIG. 85 as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which extracted the outer side surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 89, and showed the 1st hollow structure which uses this outer side surface as a component. The perspective view which showed the 2nd hollow structure which added the extended surface to each component in the hollow structure of FIG. The top view which showed the cutting | disconnection setting of each component of the hollow structure of FIG. 91 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which shows the last hollow-shaped structure which cut | disconnected each component of FIG. The perspective view which showed the final hollow structure which uses a zone hexahedron as a nuclear model according to this invention. 93 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 93 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are shown as a joining type shade member made of a thin material. The top view which showed the lamp shade which consists of a shade member of FIG. 95 from the said coordinate-axis direction with the irradiation effect. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 96 from the direction different from the said drawing. FIG. 98 is an elevation view showing the lamp shade of FIG. 97 as a row lamp type. FIG. 99 is an elevational view showing the lamp shade of FIG. 98 from a different direction from the drawing. FIG. 95 is a developed view showing a shade member having a hollow structure of FIG. 94 as a basic structure of a lamp shade and having a component that is a fitting type made of a thin material. The elevation which showed the lamp shade which consists of the shade member of FIG. 100 with the irradiation effect. The perspective view which showed the 2-fold rotational symmetry axis of the regular hexahedron concerning this invention. The top view which extracted the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. 102, and showed the cross-section formation of the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis of this coordinate-axis structure from this coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which showed the nuclear model of the zone dodecahedron formed based on the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. The perspective view which showed the structure comprised from the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft based on the nuclear model of FIG. The top view which showed the structure of FIG. 105 from the said one coordinate-axis extension direction, and showed the cross-section formation of the said triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses the zone dodecahedron of FIG. 104 as a nucleus model according to this invention. FIG. 108 is a perspective view showing a hollow structure in which the outer side surface of the triangular prismatic shaft in FIG. 107 is extracted and the outer side surface is a constituent element. The top view which showed the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 108 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The top view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 109, and showed this component from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this zone. The top view which cut | disconnected each component of the hollow structure of FIG. 109, and showed the final hollow structure which consists of the component of the said nuclear model side from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. FIG. 111 is a perspective view showing the final hollow structure in FIG. 111. FIG. 113 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 112 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are shown as a joining type shade member made of a thin material. The top view which showed the lamp shade which consists of a shade member of FIG. 113 with the irradiation effect. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 114 from the direction different from this drawing. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 114 from the direction different from said 2 drawing. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. The perspective view which showed the 2nd rotation symmetry axis of the regular icosahedron concerning this invention. 118 is a perspective view showing five of the 15 coordinate axes in FIG. 118 and showing the configuration of the five coordinate axes. 119 is a plan view showing the cross-section formation of a zone corresponding to one coordinate axis in the coordinate axis configuration of FIG. 119 from the direction of the coordinate axis extension. FIG. 119 is a perspective view showing a nuclear model of a zone icosahedron formed based on the coordinate axis configuration of FIG. 119; The perspective view which showed the structure comprised from the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft based on the nuclear model of FIG. The top view which showed the structure by the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis | shaft of FIG. 122 from the said one coordinate-axis extension direction, and showed cross-sectional formation of this triangular prismatic axis | shaft. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses the zone icosahedron of FIG. 121 as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which extracted the outward side surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 124, and showed the hollow-shaped structure which uses this outward side surface as a component. The perspective view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 125, and showed the component. The top view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 125, and showed this component from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this zone. The top view which cut | disconnected each component of the hollow structure of FIG. 125, and showed the final hollow structure which consists of the component of the said nuclear model side from the said coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which showed the final hollow structure of FIG. The final hollow structure of FIG. 128 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its development is shown by a fitting type shade member (two types of four types) made of a thin material. FIG. 3 is a developed view showing the remaining two types of members other than the shade member of the drawing. The top view which showed the lamp shade which consists of a shade member of FIG.130 and FIG.131 from the said coordinate-axis extension direction with the irradiation effect. The top view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 132 from the direction different from this drawing. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 132 as a ceiling suspension type | mold. The perspective view which showed the coordinate axis which penetrates a regular heptagon according to this invention. The top view which extracted the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. 135, and showed cross-sectional formation of the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis of the coordinate-axis structure from this coordinate-axis extension direction. FIG. 136 is a perspective view showing a nuclear model of a zone 42-hedron formed based on the coordinate axis configuration of FIG. 135. The perspective view which showed the structure comprised from the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft based on the nuclear model of FIG. 138 shows the configuration of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis located on one zone of the structure by the inner surface of the triangular prismatic axis in FIG. 138, and shows the cross-sectional formation of the triangular prismatic axis from the coordinate axis extension direction corresponding to the zone. Plan view. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses the zone 42 faceted body of FIG. 137 as a nucleus model according to this invention. The perspective view which extracted the outward side surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 140, and showed the hollow-shaped structure which uses this outward side surface as a component. The perspective view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 141, and showed the component. The top view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow structure of FIG. 141, and showed this component from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this zone. The perspective view which cut | disconnected each component of the hollow structure of FIG. 141, and showed the final hollow structure which consists of the component of the said nuclear model side. FIG. 144 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 144 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are represented by joint-type shade members (three of six types) made of a thin material. 145 is a development view showing the remaining three types of members other than the shade member of FIG. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade which consists of a shade member of FIG. 145 and FIG. 146 with the irradiation effect. The figure which showed the lamp shade of FIG. 147 from the extension direction of the line which connects the point which the eight shade members cross | intersect, and a shade center. FIG. 147 is a development view of the member showing a cut-off portion of the shade member when an opening is provided in the lamp shade of FIG. 147; FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a lamp shade of Example 5. The perspective view which showed the 3-fold rotational symmetry axis of the regular dodecahedron concerning this invention. The top view which extracted the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. 151, and showed the cross-section formation of the zone corresponding to one coordinate axis of the coordinate-axis structure from this coordinate-axis extension direction. The perspective view which showed the nuclear model of the zone 90-hedron formed based on the coordinate-axis structure of FIG. The perspective view which showed the structure comprised from the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft based on the nuclear model of FIG. 154 shows the configuration of the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis located on one zone of the structure by the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis in FIG. 154, and shows the cross-section formation of the triangular columnar axis from the coordinate axis extension direction corresponding to the zone Plan view. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft which uses the zone 90-hedron of FIG. 153 as a nuclear model according to this invention. The perspective view which extracted the outward side surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 156, and showed the hollow structure which uses this outward side surface as a component. The perspective view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow-shaped structure of FIG. 157, and showed the component. The top view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow structure of FIG. 157, and showed this component from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this zone. The perspective view which cut | disconnected each component of the hollow structure of FIG. 157, and showed the final hollow structure which consists of the component by the side of the said nuclear model. 160 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 160 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are shown as a joining type shade member made of a thin material. 161 is a development view of a shade member corresponding to a light-emitting device insertion port of a lamp shade including the shade member of FIG. 161. FIG. The perspective view which showed the form of the lamp shade formed from the shade member of FIG.161 and FIG.162 with the irradiation effect. 160 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 160 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and the constituent elements thereof are shown as fitting-type shade members made of a thin material. The perspective view which showed the lamp | ramp shade formed from the shade member of FIG. The perspective view which showed the coordinate-axis structure which penetrates an orthorhombic cube octahedron concerning this invention. 166 is a plan view showing the cross-sectional formation of a zone corresponding to one coordinate axis of the coordinate axis configuration extracted from the coordinate axis extension direction of FIG. 166. FIG. 167 is a perspective view showing a nuclear model of a zone 132-hedron formed based on the coordinate axis configuration of FIG. 167. FIG. The perspective view which showed the structure comprised from the inner surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft based on the nuclear model of FIG. 169 shows the configuration of the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis located on one zone of the structure by the inner surface of the triangular columnar axis in FIG. 169, and shows the cross-section formation of the triangular columnar axis from the coordinate axis extension direction corresponding to the zone Plan view. 168 is a perspective view showing a zone polyaxial body composed of triangular prism-shaped axes whose core model is the zone 132 plane in FIG. 168 according to the present invention. FIG. The perspective view which extracted the outer side surface of the triangular prism-shaped axis | shaft of FIG. 171 and showed the hollow structure which uses this outer side surface as a component. The perspective view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow structure of FIG. 172, and showed the component. The top view which extracted the component located on one zone in the hollow structure of FIG. 172, and showed this component from the coordinate-axis extension direction corresponding to this zone. 174 is an enlarged view showing the right side of the drawing in FIG. 174; FIG. 172 is a perspective view showing a final hollow structure formed by cutting the components of the hollow structure in FIG. 172 and including the components on the nuclear model side. FIG. 177 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 176 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and its constituent elements are shown as a joining type shade member made of a thin material. The expanded view of the shade member which hits the light-emitting device insertion port of the lamp shade which consists of a joining type shade member. The perspective view which showed the form of the lamp shade formed from a joining-type shade member with the irradiation effect. 176 is a development view in which the final hollow structure in FIG. 176 is a basic structure of a lamp shade, and the constituent elements thereof are shown as fitting-type shade members made of a thin material. The expanded view of the shade member which hits the light-emitting device insertion port of the lamp shade which consists of a fitting-type shade member. The perspective view which showed the form of the lamp shade formed from a fitting-type shade member with the irradiation effect. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade using the regular icosahedron of a prior art. The top view which showed the component of the lamp shade of FIG. The perspective view which showed the regular icosahedron regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which shows the regular icosahedron which overlaps the inside of the lamp shade of FIG. The perspective view which shows the lamp shade of the star-shaped polyhedron shape of a prior art. FIG. 187 is a perspective view showing a frame for fixing a shade part of the lamp shade of FIG. 187; 187 is a perspective view showing a shade part of the lamp shade of FIG. 187. FIG. FIG. 187 is a perspective view showing a process of assembling the lamp shade in FIG. 187; The perspective view which showed the zone 42 face body regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the zone 56-hedron regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the zone 72 face piece regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the zone 90 face body regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the regular hexahedron regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the truncated octahedron regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the rhombus dodecahedron regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the rhombus 30-hedron regarding description of a prior art. The perspective view which showed the lamp shade which consists of 12 sheet | seats of the IQ light of a prior art, and the zone polyhedron which the lamp shade contains. The perspective view which showed the zone polyhedron which the lamp shade which consists of 30 sheet | seats of the IQ light of a prior art, and the lamp shade contains. The perspective view which showed the polyhedron which the lamp shade which consists of nine sheets of the IQ light of a prior art, and the lamp shade contains. The perspective view which showed the polyhedron which the lamp shade which consists of 15 sheet | seats of the IQ light of a prior art, and the lamp shade contains. The perspective view which showed the zone icosahedron regarding description of geometric structure. The perspective view which showed the truncated cube octahedron regarding description of geometric structure. The perspective view which showed the truncated 20.12-hedron regarding description of geometric structure. The figure which showed the coordinate-axis structure comprised from four axes regarding description of a geometric structure. The figure which showed the regular hexahedron and the 3 times rotational symmetry axis with which this body is provided regarding description of geometric structure. The top view which showed the regular hexahedron of FIG. 207 and the rotational symmetry axis from the symmetry axis extension direction. 207 is a perspective view showing a rhombus dodecahedron having the coordinate axes shown in FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone hexahedron which makes only the acute angle side formed based on the structure of three coordinate axes among the coordinate axes shown in FIG. 209, and makes a vertex. 209 is a perspective view showing a zone hexahedron in which only three obtuse angles formed based on the configuration of three coordinate axes of the coordinate axes shown in FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12a1 shown in FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12a2 shown in FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12a3 shown in FIG. The perspective view which showed the zone corresponding to the coordinate axis 12a4 shown in FIG. The figure which showed the zone of the truncated octahedron regarding description of geometric structure. The figure which showed the zone of the truncated cube octahedron regarding description of geometric structure. The conceptual diagram which showed the intersection of a zone regarding description of geometric structure. The figure which showed the 5-fold rotational symmetry axis | shaft which the regular dodecahedron is equipped regarding description of a geometric structure. The perspective view which showed the polyaxial body according to a regular dodecahedron regarding description of a geometric structure. The perspective view which showed the transformation process of the multiaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which showed the transformation process of the multiaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which showed the transformation process of the multiaxial body of FIG. 224 is a perspective view showing a transformation process of the multiaxial body of FIG. 223; FIG. The perspective view which showed the transformation process of the polyaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which shows the frame structure of a regular icosahedron regarding description of geometric structure. The quote perspective view which showed the module for structures of Oliver Babelell device about explanation of geometric structure. FIG. 227 is a citation plan view showing a hexagonal lattice composed of the module of FIG. 227. FIG. 229 is a cited perspective view showing a tunnel-like structure including the lattice of FIG. 228. 228 is a citation plan view showing hexagonal and rhombus lattices by the module of FIG. The quote perspective view which showed the pyramid-shaped structure which consists of a grating | lattice of FIG. The perspective view which showed the three-dimensional structure which Akio Hizume invented regarding description of geometric structure. The perspective view which showed the star-shaped multiaxial body of Alan Holding invention regarding description of a geometric structure. 224 is a perspective view showing a three-dimensional puzzle devised by Stewart Coffin, corresponding to the multiaxial body of FIG. 224 is a perspective view showing a three-dimensional puzzle devised by Stewart Coffin corresponding to the multiaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which showed the polyaxial body according to a regular hexahedron regarding description of geometric structure. 236 is a perspective view showing a process of changing the multiaxial body of FIG. 237 is a perspective view showing a process of changing the multiaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which showed the polyaxial body according to a regular tetrahedron regarding description of geometric structure. 239 is a perspective view showing a process of changing the multiaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which showed the transformation process of the multiaxial body of FIG. FIG. 237 is a perspective view showing a three-dimensional puzzle devised by Stewart Coffin corresponding to the multiaxial body of FIG. 237; The perspective view which showed the three-dimensional puzzle of Stewart Coffin invention corresponding to the multi-axis body of FIG. The perspective view which showed the multiaxial body which makes the axial shape of the multiaxial body of FIG. 241 the square pole. 237 is a perspective view showing a multiaxial body in which the shaft shape of the multiaxial body of FIG. 237 is a hexagonal column. FIG. 224 is a perspective view showing a multiaxial body obtained by extending each axis of the multiaxial body of FIG. The perspective view which decomposed | disassembled the puzzle of FIG. 235 and showed the rhombus 30-hedron which fits in the inside. The perspective view which decomposed | disassembled the puzzle of FIG. 242 and showed the rhombus dodecahedron which fits in the inside. The perspective view which decomposed | disassembled the puzzle of FIG. 243 and showed the regular hexahedron which fits in the inside. The perspective view which showed the zone polyaxial body which consists of a cylindrical axis | shaft which makes a zone 42 face body a nucleus model regarding description of a geometric structure.

Explanation of symbols

12 Coordinate axis 15 Zone 25 Nuclear model 29 Inner surface 30 of triangular prismatic axis Structure 31 composed of inner surface of triangular prismatic shaft 31 Triangular prism section 32 Triangular prism 33 Zone multiaxial body 34 composed of triangular prism Outer side of shaft (component of hollow structure)
36 Hollow structure 38 Inner edge 41 of the components of the hollow structure Both ends 63 in the horizontal cross section of the inner surface of the triangular prismatic shaft Final hollow structure 64 according to claim 1 Each structure of the hollow structure A point 93 where the elements touch each other by a line segment 94 A point where each component of the hollow structure according to claim 3 touches each other at a point 94 An extended surface added to each component of the first hollow structure according to claim 3 95. A final hollow structure according to claim 3.

Claims (4)

In a convex zone polyhedron having twelve or more constituent surfaces composed of parallelogram surface configurations , the zone polyhedron is set as a nuclear model 25, and every other surface in each zone 15 of the nuclear model 25 is set to the An inward surface 29 of a triangular prismatic axis is formed by extending parallel to the coordinate axis 12 corresponding to the zone 15 to which the alternate surface belongs, and one surface of each zone 15 is an inward surface of one triangular prismatic axis. 29, the structure 30 formed by the inner surface 29 of the triangular prismatic axis is taken as a structure 30 and the structure 30 is viewed from the direction of extension of each coordinate axis 12 provided in the nuclear model 25. A line segment corresponding to a cross section of the inner surface 29 of the triangular prismatic shaft positioned parallel to the inner side is defined as an inner side, and three lines of the inner side and an extension line corresponding to the inner surface 29 of the triangular columnar shaft positioned at both ends 41 thereof Triangular space surrounded by lines Of the cross section 31, to form a triangular prism-shaped shaft 32 by moving in parallel along the extending direction of the triangular prism-shaft surface 29 a the cross section 31 is inwardly the sides of the cross section 31 in contact, the respective triangular prism axis 32 This structure is a zone polyaxial body 33 composed of triangular prismatic shafts, the outer side surface 34 of each triangular prismatic shaft 32 of the zone multiaxial body 33 is extracted, and the structure having each outer side surface 34 as a constituent element is hollow. In order to hold the portion 64 where the structural elements of the hollow structural body 36 are in contact with each other, the outwardly extending portions of the structural elements are cut at arbitrary positions and contact the nuclear model 25. A method for forming a hollow structure, in which a structure composed of each component on the side is defined as a final hollow structure 63. The final hollow structure 63 based on the method for forming a hollow structure according to claim 1 is used as a basic structure of a lamp shade, a light emitting device is installed at the center of the structure 63, and each component of the structure 63 is A lamp shade comprising a light transmissive material. In a zone polyhedron having six planes, the zone polyhedron is set as a nuclear model 25, and every other plane in each zone 15 of the nuclear model 25 is a zone to which every other plane belongs. 15 is formed by extending parallel to the coordinate axis 12 corresponding to 15 to form the inner surface 29 of the triangular prismatic axis, and one surface of each zone 15 corresponding to the inner surface 29 of one triangular prismatic axis. The structure to be formed is a structure 30 with an inner surface of a triangular prismatic axis, and the triangular prismatic axis located parallel to each coordinate axis 12 when the structure 30 is viewed from the extending direction of each coordinate axis 12 provided in the nuclear model 25 Assuming a circle that is inscribed in three lines of a line segment corresponding to the cross section of the inner surface 29 of the inner surface 29 and an extension line corresponding to the inner surface 29 of the triangular columnar axis located at both ends 41 of the inner side The inside of the circle touching from the center of the circle A triangular space surrounded by three line segments connecting the two end portions 41 of the side and the inner side is defined as a section 31 of the triangular columnar axis, and the section 31 is an inner side of the section 31. The triangular prismatic shaft 32 is formed by parallel movement along the extending direction of the inner surface 29 of the triangular prismatic shaft that is in contact with each other, and the structure composed of each triangular prismatic shaft 32 is a zone multiaxial body 33 composed of triangular prismatic shafts. The structure obtained by extracting the outer side surface 34 of each triangular columnar shaft 32 of the zone multiaxial body 33 is defined as a first hollow structure 36-1, and the outer side surfaces 34 of the hollow structure 36-1 are mutually connected. An extension surface 94 is added from the inner edge 38 on the outer side of the intersecting point 93 to the point 64 where it is in contact with the other outer side surface 34 intersecting the inner side of each outer side surface 34 with a line segment. A structure having each of the outer side surfaces 34 to which the surface 94 is added as a component is a second hollow shape. In the structure 36-2, each component of the second hollow structure 36-2 holds the portion 64 in contact with the other component that intersects the inside thereof. A method for forming a hollow structure, in which an extension portion is cut at an arbitrary position, and a structure composed of each component on the side in contact with the nuclear model 25 is defined as a final hollow structure 95. The final hollow structure 95 based on the method for forming a hollow structure according to claim 3 is a lampshade structure, a light emitting device is installed at the center of the structure 95, and each component of the structure 95 is A lamp shade comprising a light transmissive material.

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