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JP4158189B2 - Single crystal manufacturing method - Google Patents
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JP4158189B2 - Single crystal manufacturing method - Google Patents

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JP4158189B2
JP4158189B2 JP2001399450A JP2001399450A JP4158189B2 JP 4158189 B2 JP4158189 B2 JP 4158189B2 JP 2001399450 A JP2001399450 A JP 2001399450A JP 2001399450 A JP2001399450 A JP 2001399450A JP 4158189 B2 JP4158189 B2 JP 4158189B2
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crystal
temperature
single crystal
crucible
seed crystal
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JP2003201195A (en
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圭二 住谷
セングットバン ナチムス
浩之 石橋
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Resonac Corp
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Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd
Showa Denko Materials Co Ltd
Resonac Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、単結晶、特にフッ化物単結晶、さらに具体的にはCaF2単結晶を製造する方法に関するものである。本発明により製造されるCaF2等の単結晶は、通常の光学機器や光リソグラフィー用の光学系に適し、さらには高度な光学性能が要求される半導体リソグラフィー用ステッパーの光学系に使用可能である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来のCaF2単結晶の製造は通常、垂直ブリッジマン(以下、VBと略記する)法で行われる。VB法は、CaF2原料を封入したルツボをCaF2原料の融点前後の温度勾配を有する結晶成長炉の中で垂直に移動させる方法である。まずルツボを上昇させCaF2原料を融解させて溶融液を形成し、次にルツボを徐々に降下する(すなわち冷却する)ことにより、前記の溶融液を下部から上部に徐々に結晶化させCaF2単結晶を成長させる方法である。
【0003】
一般に種子結晶を用いないVB法による単結晶の製造は結晶配向が目的の配向に沿わない(配向制御不可)という問題があり、多結晶化、クラック、サブグレインバウンダリー、インクルージョンなどの不具合が発生しやすかった。このため、種子結晶を用いて単結晶の配向制御を行う方法が一般的に知られている。この方法は、VB炉内の温度勾配を利用し、ルツボ内の温度勾配を利用することで種子結晶の一部を溶融させた後、溶融しない種子結晶の配向に沿った方向で結晶を育成させる方法である。しかし、用いる材料の物性(特に溶融開始温度)やVB炉の構造上の理由から、種子結晶の一部を溶融させることが困難な場合やルツボ内の温度勾配が不十分な場合が少なくない。そこで、ルツボ下部を冷却して強制的に温度勾配を設けて単結晶を配向育成することが一般的に行われている(例えば、Journal of Crystal Growth 66 (1984)の299頁〜308頁)。
【0004】
特に半導体リソグラフィー用ステッパーの光学系では、直径250mm以上の大型CaF2単結晶レンズが必要であり、そのレベルのCaF2単結晶用の種子結晶を用いて結晶を育成させる場合、種子結晶として特開平11−21197号公報に示されているような結晶成長用の種子結晶が提案され、特開平10−265296号公報に記載されているルツボ下部を冷却して強制的に温度勾配を設けて単結晶を配向育成するようなVB法によるCaF2単結晶の製造方法が提案されている。
【0005】
しかしながら種子結晶を用いてCaF2単結晶を製造する際、種子結晶を単にルツボ底部に収納するだけで結晶育成を行った場合、結晶育成温度である溶融温度付近では種子結晶に温度勾配は与えにくく、種子結晶全体が溶融するか、もしくはそれに近い状態になってしまう可能性が高かった。仮に冷却システムを用いてルツボ底部の温度勾配を大きくし、種子結晶全体の溶融を阻止することができた場合でも、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内において、種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部に温度差が発生する場合が多い。このため、部分溶融した種子結晶の結晶育成は、種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部では結晶育成環境が異なり、最外周部には種子結晶とは異なる方位の結晶が生成する場合や、多結晶化する場合が多かった。このように単に種子結晶を用いても、種子結晶の方位に沿った結晶育成は困難であった。また、単に種子結晶の底部を冷却し、種子結晶全体の溶融が阻止できた場合でも種子結晶の方位を引き継いだCaF2単結晶の育成は極めて困難であった。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
従って、本発明の目的は、高品質な単結晶を容易に作製できる単結晶の製造方法を提供することである。
本発明の他の目的は、半導体リソグラフィー用ステッパー向けのフッ化物、特にCaF2の単結晶を高歩留りで製造する方法を提供することである。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の第1は、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内において、種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部の温度差を6℃以下に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする単結晶の製造方法を提供するものである。
本発明の第2は、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内において、種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部の温度差を6℃以下に保持するとともに、種子結晶の結晶育成方向の一端(A)の温度を単結晶原料の溶融開始温度とし、他端(B)の温度を、(A)の温度の97%以下に相当する温度(℃)に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする単結晶の製造方法を提供するものである。
本発明の第3は、ルツボ内の種子結晶位置の周辺に空洞を設けることにより、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内の種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部の温度差を6℃以下の状態に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする上記第1又は第2の単結晶の製造方法を提供するものである。
本発明の第4は、ルツボを支持するシャフトの内部を、冷媒循環冷却システム及び/又は冷却機を用いて冷却することによりルツボ内に温度勾配を形成し、他端(B)の温度を、一端(A)の温度の97%以下に相当する温度(℃)に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする上記第1又は第2の単結晶の製造方法を提供するものである。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明において製造される単結晶として好ましいものは、フッ化カルシウム、フッ化マグネシウム、フッ化バリウム等のフッ化物単結晶であり、特に好ましいものは、フッ化カルシウム(CaF2)単結晶である。
以下、本発明の単結晶の製造方法をフッ化カルシウム(CaF2)単結晶の製造方法を具体例として説明するが、本発明はCaF2単結晶の製造方法に限定されるものではなく、上記フッ化物単結晶をはじめとして、他の種々の単結晶の製造に利用することができるものである。
【0009】
特に高度な光学性能が要求される半導体リソグラフィー用ステッパーの光学系に使用可能な大口径のCaF2単結晶の場合、単にルツボの大きさや形状、単結晶育成装置(例えば、真空VB炉など)の規模を大きくするだけでは、高品質で大口径のCaF2単結晶が容易に得られないことは公知である。特開平10−265296号公報記載の種子結晶を用いたVB法によるCaF2単結晶の製造方法によっても、また特開平11−21197号公報記載の結晶成長用の種子結晶を用いて結晶育成を行っても、実際には大きなCaF2単結晶は容易に得られていない。
【0010】
本発明は、結晶を育成する際、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内において、種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部の温度差を6℃以下に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする単結晶の製造方法である。
本発明において「種子結晶」とは、結晶成長用の種子結晶であって、結晶の主成長面に接する面のうち少なくとも1つが該主成長面と原子配列が等価な結晶面を有する結晶であることを意味する。またこの主成長面の面方位は特に限定されないが、(1、1、1)または(1、0、0)に属する面は単結晶特性に優れるため好適と考えられる。
「結晶育成方向軸」とは、結晶成長させる方向軸すなわち単結晶を育成するために種子結晶を移動させる方向軸を意味し、垂直ブリッジマン法では垂直方向が軸となり、水平ブリッジマン法では水平方向が軸となる。その「結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内」とは、その方向軸に対して90度傾斜した同一面内を意味する。「軸中心部」とは、図1に示すように、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内で軸中心点と最も離れた点(面が円の場合は種子結晶の最外周)との距離Lの10%の長さを半径とする軸中心点周辺部分を意味し、「最外周部」とは最外周から、該距離Lの10%の幅を有する内側部分を意味する。
【0011】
温度差の測定法は特に限定されないが、B型熱電対による測定は容易で比較的正確であるため好適である。軸中心部と軸の最外周部の温度差は6℃以下であることが必要であり、好ましくは4℃以下、より好ましくは2℃以下、さらに好ましくは温度差0℃である。
温度差が6℃を超えると、種子結晶の軸の最外周部と軸中心部で溶融状態及び結晶成長状態が異なってくる。すなわち、最外周部と軸中心部では、結晶成長速度が微妙に異なり、さらには最外周部と軸中心部では結晶成長状態が異なる結果、境界が生じやすくなる。この結果、当初は単結晶であった種子結晶は、結晶育成時の最外周部と軸中心部における僅かな温度差から、複数以上の異なる結晶方位の形成や、種子結晶の結晶方位がずれた単結晶の形成の可能性が極めて高くなり、目的の結晶方位の単結晶作製が困難となる。
【0012】
本発明における種子結晶の結晶育成方向の一端とは、結晶育成方向と同一方向に種子結晶をルツボ内に設置した際に、その方向の最も端の部分(A)を意味する。CaF2原料の溶融開始温度の範囲はその純度によって異なるが、一般的には1380℃から1420℃の範囲が好適である。1380℃未満ではCaF2原料の溶融状態が不十分な場合がある。また、1420℃を超えても、CaF2原料の溶融状態に特に悪影響はないが、より高温になるとルツボ、装置の各部材、温度制御用熱電対などに支障が生じたり、不具合が発生する可能性が高くなるため好ましくない。
種子結晶の一端(A)を、1380℃から1420℃の範囲内に設定した際、種子結晶の他端(B)の温度は(A)の設定温度(℃)の97%以下、好ましくは95%以下、最も好ましくは90%以下に相当する温度(℃)に設定する。(A)と(B)の温度差が3%未満では、種子結晶に温度勾配を与えにくく、種子結晶全体が溶融するか、もしくはそれに近い状態になってしまう可能性が高くなるため好ましくない。
【0013】
種子結晶の形状は特に制限されないが、円柱又は直方体又はこれに近い形状が好ましく、縦方向(ルツボ内では上下方向)の長さが横方向の長さより長いことが好ましい。具体的には、種子結晶の横断面の最大長dと縦断面の最大長lとの比l/dが、好ましくは1以上、より好ましくは3以上、さらに好ましくは5以上であり、dが好ましくは50〜400mm、より好ましくは100〜350mm、さらに好ましくは150〜300mmであることが望ましい。
【0014】
ルツボ材料はCaF2単結晶作製に支障のない材料であれば特に制限されないが、溶融開始温度(1380℃〜1420℃)に耐え、得られたCaF2単結晶の特性に悪影響を及ぼさない材料として、高純度カーボン材料が好ましい。
ルツボ内に種子結晶を収める方法は、結晶育成方式により異なるが、VB法の場合、一般的にルツボ底部に収納するのが好適である。その際に設ける空洞の大きさ、位置は特に制限されない。すなわち、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内の軸中心部と軸の最外周部の温度差が6℃以下の状態に保持され、また、ルツボを支持するシャフトの内部を水、油、各種ガスなどを循環させて冷却するシステム及び/又は冷却機を用いて冷却し、種子結晶の他端(B)を一端(A)に対して冷却することにより、ルツボ内の温度勾配が形成されるような構造であれば、空洞の大きさ、位置は特に制限されない。しかし、ルツボ上部は高温(約1500℃)、下部は水冷却シャフトに接するため急な温度勾配にあり、大型CaF2単結晶育成のためには、このようなルツボに要求される高温時の機械的強度を十分に満たす形状、大きさ、構造であることが必要である。例えば、種子結晶最外周部に近接する部位(ルツボ底部)に、ドーナツ状の空洞を種子結晶と同軸に設けてもよい。
【0015】
また、ルツボを支持するシャフトの材質は結晶育成時の環境及び冷却システムに耐える構造であれば特に制限されない。例えば、耐熱性ステンレスは比較的安価で上記の条件を満たすので好ましい材料である。冷却システムも種子結晶の一端を冷却することでルツボ内の温度勾配を適切に形成することができるものであれば、冷媒も特に制限されず、水、各種油、各種ガス等が使用できる。また冷凍機を用いた際、冷熱を伝達する媒体としては、熱伝導の良い一種以上の金属、合金、セラミックス及び/又はそれらの複合体が使用できる。冷却システム効率が目的通り達成でき、安定して使用できるものであれば特に制限されない。比較的安価で冷却システム効率が目的通り達成でき、安定して使用できるものとして、一定の温度に管理した水を循環する方法が挙げられる。
ルツボ内の温度勾配は、ヒーターとルツボの位置関係、ヒーター温度、ルツボ形状および種子結晶冷却システムなどにより大きく変化するため一概に規定できないが、最終的に種子結晶の方位でCaF2単結晶育成が可能な温度勾配が形成できるように適宜決定すれば良い。
【0016】
【実施例】
以下本発明の実施例を説明する。本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
実施例1〜3

Figure 0004158189
【0017】
上記原料及び添加剤を十分に混合した後、結晶育成方向に合わせて種子結晶を底部に配置した、空洞ありのタイプのルツボ内に封入した。そのルツボを水循環冷却機構を搭載した真空VB炉内に設置し、10-4Pa以下の減圧状態にした。その後、ルツボ位置を炉内底部の位置に設定し、種子結晶原料及び添加剤の混合物が完全に溶融する温度(一般的に1500〜1600℃の範囲内)まで50〜100℃/hの速さで加熱した。その温度に到達したのち、ルツボ位置を上部(高温側)に徐々に一定速度(10mm/h)で移動させ、原料及び添加剤の混合物は完全に溶融しながらも、水循環冷却機構の活用で一端(B)を冷却しながら、種子結晶が一部のみ溶融する位置でルツボを固定し、10時間保持した。その際、Pt-Ptロジウムの熱電対で種子結晶非溶融部の軸中心部と種子結晶最外周部の温度を測定し、両者の温度差を確認した。
【0018】
その後、0.7mm/h以下の速さでルツボ位置を下部側に移動し、種子結晶の方位を引き継いだ結晶となるよう、溶融液から結晶を育成させた。溶融液が結晶となる範囲までルツボを移動させた後、5時間保持した。その後、真空VB炉内を50〜100℃/hの速さで冷却した。ルツボ内の温度が50℃以下になったら、炉内に窒素を大気圧になるまで入れ、ルツボ内の結晶を取り出した。
その結晶を90°ずらした2枚の偏向フィルムではさみ、照明機で照明した場合の光の透過状態を目視で観察し、光の透過が見られないものを単結晶、透過部分があるものを多結晶と判断し、さらに切断機で円盤状(φ300mm×厚さ100mm)に加工し、鏡面研磨機で研磨した後、同様にして単結晶か多結晶かを再確認した。その後、X線−ラウエ法で結晶方位を確認した。各方法の判定は、得られた結晶が多結晶である場合を不良とし、単結晶部分、すなわち種子結晶と同じ結晶方位(1、1、1)である部分の体積が50体積%未満である場合も不良とし、試験数(10個)に対する不良個数(歩留り)により評価した。
実施例1〜3の実施条件とその結果を表1にまとめて示した。
【0019】
比較例1〜3
ルツボ内の空洞の有無、冷却システムの有無、軸中心部と種子結晶最外周部との温度差を変え、その他は実施例と同様の条件で結晶を製造した。また得られた結晶の評価も実施例と同様の方法で行った。その結果を表1にまとめて示した。
【0020】
【表1】
表1
Figure 0004158189
【0021】
【発明の効果】
本発明は状来の方法に比べ、高品質なCaF2単結晶が比較的容易に作製できる。特に大型で高性能なCaF2単結晶レンズが必要な、半導体リソグラフィー用ステッパー向けのCaF2単結晶が従来法に比べて高歩留りで得られる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1(a)は、本発明の単結晶の製造方法に使用される種子結晶の一例を示す図面であり、図1(b)は、図1(a)のハッチング部分の拡大図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a single crystal, particularly fluoride single crystal, and more specifically to a method of producing a CaF 2 single crystal. A single crystal such as CaF 2 produced according to the present invention is suitable for a normal optical instrument or an optical system for optical lithography, and can be used for an optical system of a stepper for semiconductor lithography that requires high optical performance. .
[0002]
[Prior art]
A conventional CaF 2 single crystal is usually produced by a vertical Bridgman (hereinafter abbreviated as VB) method. VB method is a method of moving vertically the crucible encapsulating CaF 2 raw material in a crystal growth furnace having a temperature gradient of about the melting point of CaF 2 material. First raise the crucible to melt the CaF 2 material to form a molten liquid, by then gradually lowering the crucible (i.e., cooling) that, CaF 2 slowly crystallized on top of the molten liquid from the bottom This is a method for growing a single crystal.
[0003]
In general, the production of single crystals by the VB method without using seed crystals has the problem that the crystal orientation does not conform to the desired orientation (alignment control is impossible), and problems such as polycrystallization, cracks, subgrain boundaries, and inclusions occur. It was easy. For this reason, a method for controlling the orientation of a single crystal using a seed crystal is generally known. This method uses the temperature gradient in the VB furnace, melts a part of the seed crystal by using the temperature gradient in the crucible, and then grows the crystal in the direction along the orientation of the seed crystal that does not melt Is the method. However, there are many cases where it is difficult to melt part of the seed crystal or the temperature gradient in the crucible is insufficient due to the physical properties of the material used (particularly the melting start temperature) and the structure of the VB furnace. Therefore, it is a common practice to cool the lower part of the crucible and forcibly provide a temperature gradient to grow the single crystal by orientation (for example, pages 299 to 308 of Journal of Crystal Growth 66 (1984)).
[0004]
In particular, in the optical system of a stepper for semiconductor lithography, a large CaF 2 single crystal lens having a diameter of 250 mm or more is necessary. When growing a crystal using a seed crystal for CaF 2 single crystal at that level, as a seed crystal, A seed crystal for crystal growth as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-21197 has been proposed, and a lower portion of a crucible described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-265296 is cooled to forcibly provide a temperature gradient to form a single crystal. A method for producing a CaF 2 single crystal by the VB method has been proposed in which the crystal is oriented and grown.
[0005]
However, when a seed crystal is used to produce a CaF 2 single crystal and the crystal is grown by simply storing the seed crystal in the bottom of the crucible, it is difficult to give a temperature gradient to the seed crystal near the melting temperature, which is the crystal growth temperature. There was a high possibility that the whole seed crystal melted or became close to it. Even if the temperature gradient at the bottom of the crucible is increased by using a cooling system to prevent melting of the entire seed crystal, the axis of the seed crystal is in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal. In many cases, a temperature difference occurs between the outermost part and the outermost part. For this reason, the crystal growth of partially melted seed crystals is different when the crystal growth environment is different between the axial center and the outermost periphery of the seed crystal, and crystals with different orientations from the seed crystal are formed in the outermost periphery. In many cases, crystallization occurred. As described above, even if seed crystals are simply used, it is difficult to grow crystals along the orientation of the seed crystals. Moreover, even when the bottom of the seed crystal was simply cooled to prevent melting of the entire seed crystal, it was extremely difficult to grow a CaF 2 single crystal that inherited the orientation of the seed crystal.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a single crystal that can easily produce a high-quality single crystal.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a high-yield fluoride, particularly CaF 2 single crystal, for a semiconductor lithography stepper.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The first feature of the present invention is that the crystal is grown while maintaining the temperature difference between the axis center and the outermost periphery of the seed crystal at 6 ° C. or less in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal. A method for producing a single crystal is provided.
The second aspect of the present invention is to maintain the temperature difference between the central portion of the seed crystal and the outermost peripheral portion at 6 ° C. or less in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal, and to increase the crystal growth direction of the seed crystal. The temperature at one end (A) is set as the melting start temperature of the single crystal raw material, and the temperature at the other end (B) is maintained at a temperature (° C.) corresponding to 97% or less of the temperature (A) to grow a crystal. The present invention provides a method for producing a single crystal.
In the third aspect of the present invention, by providing a cavity around the seed crystal position in the crucible, the temperature difference between the axial center portion and the outermost peripheral portion of the seed crystal in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal is obtained. The present invention provides a method for producing the first or second single crystal, characterized in that the crystal is grown while being maintained at a temperature of 6 ° C. or lower.
In the fourth aspect of the present invention, a temperature gradient is formed in the crucible by cooling the inside of the shaft supporting the crucible using a refrigerant circulation cooling system and / or a cooler, and the temperature of the other end (B) is The first or second method for producing a single crystal is provided, wherein the crystal is grown while maintaining a temperature (° C.) corresponding to 97% or less of the temperature of one end (A).
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Preferred as the single crystal produced in the present invention is a fluoride single crystal such as calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, and barium fluoride, and particularly preferred is a calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) single crystal.
Hereinafter, a method for producing a single crystal of the present invention will be described the method for producing calcium fluoride (CaF 2) single crystal as a specific example, the present invention is not limited to the manufacturing method of the CaF 2 single crystal, the It can be used for the production of various other single crystals, including fluoride single crystals.
[0009]
In the case of a large-diameter CaF 2 single crystal that can be used in a semiconductor lithography stepper optical system that requires particularly high optical performance, the size and shape of the crucible and the single crystal growth equipment (eg, vacuum VB furnace) It is known that a high-quality, large-diameter CaF 2 single crystal cannot be easily obtained only by increasing the scale. Crystal growth is performed by the method for producing a CaF 2 single crystal by the VB method using a seed crystal described in JP-A-10-265296, or by using a seed crystal for crystal growth described in JP-A-11-21197. However, in practice, a large CaF 2 single crystal has not been easily obtained.
[0010]
According to the present invention, when growing a crystal, the crystal is grown while maintaining the temperature difference between the axis center portion and the outermost peripheral portion of the seed crystal at 6 ° C. or less in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal. This is a method for producing a single crystal.
In the present invention, the “seed crystal” is a seed crystal for crystal growth, and is a crystal in which at least one of the surfaces in contact with the main growth surface of the crystal has a crystal surface equivalent in atomic arrangement to the main growth surface. Means that. The plane orientation of the main growth plane is not particularly limited, but planes belonging to (1, 1, 1) or (1, 0, 0) are considered preferable because they have excellent single crystal characteristics.
“Crystal growth direction axis” means a direction axis for crystal growth, that is, a direction axis for moving a seed crystal to grow a single crystal. In the vertical Bridgman method, the vertical direction is the axis, and in the horizontal Bridgman method, the horizontal direction is horizontal. The direction is the axis. The “in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis” means the same plane inclined by 90 degrees with respect to the direction axis. As shown in FIG. 1, the “axial center portion” is a point farthest from the axial center point in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal (when the surface is a circle, the outermost periphery of the seed crystal) Means a portion around the axial center point having a radius of 10% of the distance L, and the “outermost peripheral portion” means an inner portion having a width of 10% of the distance L from the outermost periphery.
[0011]
The method for measuring the temperature difference is not particularly limited, but measurement with a B-type thermocouple is preferable because it is easy and relatively accurate. The temperature difference between the shaft center and the outermost periphery of the shaft needs to be 6 ° C. or less, preferably 4 ° C. or less, more preferably 2 ° C. or less, and still more preferably 0 ° C.
When the temperature difference exceeds 6 ° C., the melted state and the crystal growth state differ between the outermost peripheral part of the axis of the seed crystal and the central part of the axis. That is, the crystal growth rate is slightly different between the outermost peripheral part and the axial center part. Further, the crystal growth state is different between the outermost peripheral part and the axial central part, so that a boundary is likely to occur. As a result, the seed crystal, which was originally a single crystal, was shifted in the formation of a plurality of different crystal orientations and the crystal orientation of the seed crystal from a slight temperature difference between the outermost peripheral portion and the axial center during crystal growth. The possibility of forming a single crystal becomes extremely high, and it becomes difficult to produce a single crystal having a target crystal orientation.
[0012]
One end of the crystal growth direction of the seed crystal in the present invention means the end portion (A) in the direction when the seed crystal is placed in the crucible in the same direction as the crystal growth direction. The range of the melting start temperature of the CaF 2 raw material varies depending on its purity, but generally a range of 1380 ° C. to 1420 ° C. is suitable. If it is less than 1380 ° C. is sometimes molten state CaF 2 raw material is insufficient. Even if it exceeds 1420 ° C, there is no particular adverse effect on the molten state of the CaF 2 raw material. However, if the temperature is higher, the crucible, each component of the device, the thermocouple for temperature control, etc. may be disturbed or malfunctioned. This is not preferable because the property is increased.
When one end (A) of the seed crystal is set within the range of 1380 ° C. to 1420 ° C., the temperature of the other end (B) of the seed crystal is 97% or less of the set temperature (° C.) of (A), preferably 95 % (Most preferably 90% or less). If the temperature difference between (A) and (B) is less than 3%, it is difficult to give a temperature gradient to the seed crystal, and the possibility that the entire seed crystal melts or becomes close to that temperature becomes high.
[0013]
The shape of the seed crystal is not particularly limited, but is preferably a cylinder, a rectangular parallelepiped or a shape close to this, and the length in the vertical direction (vertical direction in the crucible) is preferably longer than the length in the horizontal direction. Specifically, the ratio 1 / d between the maximum length d of the cross section of the seed crystal and the maximum length l of the vertical section is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 3 or more, and even more preferably 5 or more, and d is The thickness is preferably 50 to 400 mm, more preferably 100 to 350 mm, and still more preferably 150 to 300 mm.
[0014]
The crucible material is not particularly limited as long as it does not interfere with the preparation of CaF 2 single crystal, but it can withstand the melting start temperature (1380 ° C to 1420 ° C) and does not adversely affect the characteristics of the obtained CaF 2 single crystal. High purity carbon materials are preferred.
The method for storing the seed crystal in the crucible differs depending on the crystal growth method, but in the case of the VB method, it is generally preferable to store it in the bottom of the crucible. The size and position of the cavity provided at that time are not particularly limited. That is, the temperature difference between the axial center portion in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal and the outermost peripheral portion of the shaft is maintained at 6 ° C. or less, and the interior of the shaft that supports the crucible is water, The temperature gradient in the crucible is reduced by cooling the system by cooling oil and various gases and / or using a cooling machine and cooling the other end (B) of the seed crystal with respect to the one end (A). As long as the structure is formed, the size and position of the cavity are not particularly limited. However, the upper part of the crucible has a high temperature (about 1500 ° C), and the lower part has a steep temperature gradient because it contacts the water cooling shaft. For growing large-scale CaF 2 single crystals, the machine at the high temperature required for such a crucible is used. It is necessary that the shape, size, and structure sufficiently satisfy the desired strength. For example, a donut-shaped cavity may be provided coaxially with the seed crystal in a portion (crucible bottom) close to the outermost peripheral portion of the seed crystal.
[0015]
The material of the shaft that supports the crucible is not particularly limited as long as it is a structure that can withstand the environment during crystal growth and the cooling system. For example, heat resistant stainless steel is a preferred material because it is relatively inexpensive and satisfies the above conditions. The cooling system is not particularly limited as long as the cooling system can appropriately form the temperature gradient in the crucible by cooling one end of the seed crystal, and water, various oils, various gases, and the like can be used. Moreover, when using a refrigerator, as a medium for transmitting cold heat, one or more metals, alloys, ceramics and / or composites thereof having good thermal conductivity can be used. There is no particular limitation as long as the cooling system efficiency can be achieved as intended and can be used stably. A method that circulates water controlled at a constant temperature is a relatively inexpensive method that can achieve cooling system efficiency as intended and can be used stably.
Temperature gradient in the crucible, the positional relationship between the heater and the crucible, heater temperature, can not generally be defined to vary widely with crucible shape and seed crystal cooling system, eventually CaF 2 single crystals grown by the orientation of the seed crystal What is necessary is just to determine suitably so that the possible temperature gradient can be formed.
[0016]
【Example】
Examples of the present invention will be described below. The present invention is not limited to these examples.
Examples 1-3
Figure 0004158189
[0017]
After sufficiently mixing the raw materials and additives, seed crystals were placed in the bottom of the crucible with the seed crystal arranged in the bottom according to the crystal growth direction. The crucible was placed in a vacuum VB furnace equipped with water circulation cooling system, and the following reduced pressure 10 -4 Pa. After that, the crucible position is set at the bottom of the furnace, and the speed is 50-100 ° C / h until the temperature at which the seed crystal raw material and additive mixture are completely melted (generally in the range of 1500-1600 ° C). And heated. After reaching that temperature, the crucible position is gradually moved to the upper part (high temperature side) at a constant speed (10 mm / h), and the mixture of raw materials and additives is completely melted. While cooling (B), the crucible was fixed at a position where only a part of the seed crystals melted and held for 10 hours. At that time, the temperature of the shaft center portion of the seed crystal non-melted portion and the outermost peripheral portion of the seed crystal was measured with a Pt—Pt rhodium thermocouple, and the temperature difference between the two was confirmed.
[0018]
Thereafter, the crucible position was moved to the lower side at a speed of 0.7 mm / h or less, and the crystal was grown from the melt so that the crystal inherited the orientation of the seed crystal. The crucible was moved to a range where the melt became crystals, and then held for 5 hours. Thereafter, the inside of the vacuum VB furnace was cooled at a rate of 50 to 100 ° C./h. When the temperature in the crucible became 50 ° C. or lower, nitrogen was introduced into the furnace until atmospheric pressure was reached, and the crystals in the crucible were taken out.
The crystal is sandwiched between two deflected films that are shifted by 90 °, and the light transmission state when illuminated by an illuminator is visually observed. It was judged to be polycrystalline, and further processed into a disk shape (φ300 mm × thickness 100 mm) with a cutting machine, polished with a mirror polishing machine, and then rechecked whether it was single crystal or polycrystalline. Thereafter, the crystal orientation was confirmed by the X-ray-Laue method. In the determination of each method, the case where the obtained crystal is polycrystalline is regarded as defective, and the volume of the single crystal portion, that is, the portion having the same crystal orientation (1, 1, 1) as the seed crystal is less than 50% by volume. The case was also judged as defective, and was evaluated by the number of defects (yield) relative to the number of tests (10).
The execution conditions and results of Examples 1 to 3 are summarized in Table 1.
[0019]
Comparative Examples 1-3
Crystals were produced under the same conditions as in the Examples except for the presence or absence of cavities in the crucible, the presence or absence of a cooling system, and the temperature difference between the shaft center and the outermost periphery of the seed crystal. The obtained crystals were also evaluated in the same manner as in the examples. The results are summarized in Table 1.
[0020]
[Table 1]
Table 1
Figure 0004158189
[0021]
【The invention's effect】
In the present invention, a high-quality CaF 2 single crystal can be produced relatively easily as compared with the conventional method. Particularly required performance CaF 2 single crystal lens large, CaF 2 single crystals for semiconductor lithography steppers is obtained in high yield as compared with the conventional method.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 (a) is a drawing showing an example of a seed crystal used in the method for producing a single crystal of the present invention, and FIG. 1 (b) is an enlarged view of the hatched portion of FIG. 1 (a). FIG.

Claims (5)

横断面の最大長(d)と縦断面の最大長(l)との比(l/d)が1以上である種子結晶の非溶融部の中間における結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内において、種子結晶の軸中心部と最外周部の温度差を6℃以下に保持するとともに、種子結晶の結晶育成方向の一端(A)の温度を単結晶原料の溶融開始温度とし、他端(B)の温度を、(A)の温度の97%以下に相当する温度(℃)に保持して結晶を育成させること、単結晶がCaF 単結晶であることを特徴とする単結晶の製造方法。In the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis in the middle of the unmelted portion of the seed crystal where the ratio (l / d) of the maximum length (d) of the transverse section to the maximum length (l) of the longitudinal section is 1 or more The temperature difference between the axial center of the seed crystal and the outermost periphery is kept at 6 ° C. or less, the temperature at one end (A) in the crystal growth direction of the seed crystal is set as the melting start temperature of the single crystal raw material, and the other end (B ) Is maintained at a temperature (° C.) corresponding to 97% or less of the temperature of (A), and the crystal is grown , and the single crystal is a CaF 2 single crystal. . 横断面の最大長(d)と縦断面の最大長(l)との比(l/d)が3以上であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の単結晶の製造方法。  The method for producing a single crystal according to claim 1, wherein the ratio (l / d) of the maximum length (d) of the transverse section to the maximum length (l) of the longitudinal section is 3 or more. ルツボ内の種子結晶位置の周辺に空洞を設けることにより、種子結晶の結晶育成方向軸に垂直な同一面内の軸中心部と最外周部の温度差を6℃以下の状態に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の単結晶の製造方法。  By providing a cavity around the seed crystal position in the crucible, the temperature difference between the axial center portion and the outermost peripheral portion in the same plane perpendicular to the crystal growth direction axis of the seed crystal is maintained at 6 ° C. or less. The method for producing a single crystal according to claim 1, wherein the single crystal is grown. ルツボを支持するシャフトの内部を、冷媒循環冷却システム及び/又は冷却機を用いて冷却することによりルツボ内に温度勾配を形成し、他端(B)の温度を、一端(A)の温度の97%以下に相当する温度(℃)に保持して結晶を育成させることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の単結晶の製造方法。  A temperature gradient is formed in the crucible by cooling the inside of the shaft that supports the crucible using a refrigerant circulation cooling system and / or a cooler, and the temperature at the other end (B) is set to the temperature at one end (A). The method for producing a single crystal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the crystal is grown while maintaining a temperature (° C) corresponding to 97% or less. 一端(A)の温度が1380〜1420℃の範囲に設定されている請求項4記載の単結晶の製造方法。  The method for producing a single crystal according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of one end (A) is set in a range of 1380 to 1420 ° C.
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