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JP4192236B2 - Solar cell - Google Patents
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JP4192236B2 - Solar cell - Google Patents

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JP4192236B2
JP4192236B2 JP2003127299A JP2003127299A JP4192236B2 JP 4192236 B2 JP4192236 B2 JP 4192236B2 JP 2003127299 A JP2003127299 A JP 2003127299A JP 2003127299 A JP2003127299 A JP 2003127299A JP 4192236 B2 JP4192236 B2 JP 4192236B2
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electrode
organic semiconductor
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solar cell
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JP2004335610A (en
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和裕 齊藤
真之 近松
哲也 當摩
郵司 吉田
清志 八瀬
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549Organic PV cells

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
  • Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、n導電型の有機半導体を用いた半導体デバイスに関し、特に、C60に代表されるフラーレンをn導電型の有機半導体として用いた、太陽電池として有用な半導体デバイスに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
有機半導体はそのままでp型になりやすく、p型のものは良好な特性を有するものが多く知られている。これに対し、有機半導体はn型になりにくくその特性がp型のものと比較して大きく劣っていた。比較的良好な特性を有するn型半導体としてはC60に代表されるフラーレンが知られているが、いまだp型有機半導体に匹敵する特性は得られていない。そのため、低コストで作製できることが期待されている有機半導体太陽電池も良好な特性を示すものが得られていない(例えば、特許文献1、2参照)。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特開平6−244440号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平7−74377号公報
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
フラーレンはまたドーピングにより超伝導特性を示す材料として知られ、フラーレンへのドーピングはこの面からの研究が主として行われ、半導体材料としてのドーピングについてはほとんど研究がなされていないのが実情であり、そのためもあって満足のいく特性のn型半導体を得ることができなかった。
本願発明の課題は、良好な特性を有するn型有機半導体を提供することであり、これにより有機半導体太陽電池をはじめとする有機半導体デバイスの特性の向上を図ろうとするものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記の課題を解決するため、本願発明によれば、n導電型のフラーレンとp導電型の有機半導体とが混合された混合有機半導体層と、前記混合有機半導体層の一方の面に形成されたMgを含むn極電極と、前記混合有機半導体層の他方の面に形成されたp極電極とを有する太陽電池であって、該n極電極が、Mg薄層と該Mg薄層上に形成された該Mg薄層より膜厚の厚い金属電極層とを有していることを特徴とする太陽電池、が提供される。
【0007】
上記のMgを含む材料からなる電極は、Mgを含む合金材料により形成された電極であるか、もしくは、Mg薄層と該Mg薄層上に形成された該Mg薄層より膜厚の厚い金属電極層とを有する電極である。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
次に、本発明の実施の形態について図面を参照して詳細に説明する。
図1(a)、(b)は、本発明の第1の実施の形態を示す断面図である。同図に示すように、p型有機半導体層1に接してこれとpn接合を形成するn型有機半導体層2が形成されており、各半導体層のpn接合と反対側の表面にはそれぞれの半導体層とオーミックに接触するp側電極3とn側電極4とが形成されている。
p型有機半導体層1の材料としては、無金属フタロシアニン、各種金属フタロシアニン、トリフェニルアミン誘導体、ヒドラゾン系誘導体、スチルベン系誘導体等を用いることができる。また、p型有機半導体層1の形成方法としては、真空蒸着法や溶媒塗布法を挙げることができる。p型有機半導体が特別なドーピング工程を経ることなくp型を呈している場合にはそのまま用いてもよい。
【0009】
n型有機半導体層2のドーパントにはMgが用いられる。このドーパントは、Mgを含む材料から構成される電極からドープされる。そして、その半導体材料には、C60、C70等のフラーレンが有利に用いられる。フラーレン膜の形成方法としては真空蒸着法が用いられる。あるいは、溶媒への溶解度を高めたフラーレン誘導体を形成し、溶媒塗布法を用いて形成する。
【0010】
p側電極3の材料としては、Al、Au、Ni等の金属材料、ITO、SnO2、ZnO等の透明導電材等が用いられるが、太陽電池の応用を考える場合には、透明導電材を用いることが望ましい。金属材料を薄く成膜することにより、透明導電膜として用いることもできる。
n側電極の材料としては、金属材料一般が用い得るが少なくとも半導体層と接触する部分にはMgを含む金属材料が用いられる。すなわち、図1(a)に示すように、単一材料からなる電極を用いる場合には、Mgを構成要素とする合金の電極が用いられ、また、図1(b)に示すように、2層の金属膜により電極を構成する場合には、n側電極4を、膜厚の薄いMg薄層4と、それを覆うAl、Au等の高導電率材料からなる、Mg薄層4より膜厚の厚い低抵抗電極膜4とから構成される。Mg薄層4と低抵抗電極膜4との間にバリア膜や密着層を介在させることができる。
【0011】
本発明においては、電極からの拡散によりn型半導体のドーパントを実現しているため、合金材料電極としては、Mg含有率が85mol%以上99 mol%以下とすることが望ましい。85%以下である場合には半導体への十分なドーパントの供給が期待できなくなるからであり、99%以上では合金としての性質が失われ酸化などの好ましくない現象が現れるからである。また、Mg薄層4を下層としてn側電極4を形成する場合には、Mg薄層の膜厚は2nm以上20nm以下とすることが好ましい。2nm以下では面内均一な膜厚の成膜が困難となり、均一なドーピングが困難となるからであり、20nm以上では側面からの酸化などの好ましくない現象が生じるからである。
【0012】
図1に示される本実施の形態の有機半導体デバイスは、一般的には支持体上に形成される。支持体としては、ガラス、セラミックスなどの無機材料、Alやステンレスなどの金属、ポリエチレンテレフタレートや液晶ポリマーなどの有機材料のものが使用可能である。p側電極、n側電極のいずれの側を支持体側とすることもできる。金属支持体を用いる場合には、支持体により図1(b)に示す低抵抗電極膜4を兼ねるようにしてもよい。p側電極3が透明導電膜であってこれが支持体上に設けられる場合には、支持体はガラスやポリエチレンテレフタレート等の無機または有機の透明基板が用いられる。
【0013】
図2は、本発明の第2の実施の形態を示す断面図である。同図に示すように、n型有機半導体層2の一方の面にはこれとショットキー接合を形成するショットキー電極5が設けられ、n型有機半導体層2の他方の面にはこれとオーミックに接触するオーミック電極6が設けられる。本実施の形態におけるn型有機半導体層2とオーミック電極6とは、図1に示した第1の実施の形態のn型有機半導体層2とn側電極2と同様であるので、これらに関する説明は省略する。ショットキー電極5の材料としては、Al、Au、Ni等の金属材料、ITO、SnO2、ZnO等の透明導電材等が用いられるが、太陽電池の応用を考える場合には、透明導電材を用いることが望ましい。
図2に示される本実施の形態の有機半導体デバイスも、一般的には支持体上に形成される。その支持体は第1の実施の形態の場合と同様である。
【0014】
図3は、本発明の第3の実施の形態を示す断面図である。本実施の形態においては、p型有機半導体とn型有機半導体との混合物が用いられる。すなわち、図3に示すように、p・n有機半導体混合薄膜7が用いられ、その表裏面にn側電極4とp側電極3とが形成される。n側電極4はn型有機半導体とオーミックに接触しており、p側電極3はp型有機半導体とオーミックに接触している。n側電極4とp側電極3の材料、構成は第1の実施の形態の場合と同様であり、また、n型有機半導体のn型ドーパントがMgであり、このドーパントがMgを含む材料から構成される電極からドープされる点も第1の実施の形態の場合と同様である。
p型有機半導体の材料としては、無金属フタロシアニン、各種金属フタロシアニン、トリフェニルアミン誘導体、ヒドラゾン系誘導体、スチルベン系誘導体等を用いることができる。n型有機半導体材料には、C60、C70等のフラーレンが有利に用いられる。
【0015】
また、p・n有機半導体混合薄膜の形成方法としては、真空蒸着法(共蒸着)や溶媒塗布法を挙げることができる。溶媒に溶けにくい材料を塗布法により形成する場合にはその材料について溶媒可溶化処理が行われる。
p・n有機半導体混合薄膜中のn型有機半導体とp型有機半導体の混合比(n型有機半導体/p型有機半導体)は、低分子量分子同士の場合にはmol比で、少なくとも一方が高分子材料であるときには重量比で、0.8以上1.25以下である。この範囲を外れると高い変換効率が得られなくなるからである。一層好ましいmol比または重量比は0.9以上1.11以下である。
【0016】
【実施例】
次に、本発明の具体的な実施例について図面を参照して説明する。
[実施例1]
図4は、本発明の実施例1を示す断面図である。ガラス基板15上に設けられたITO電極13上に、p型半導体層として化1に示されるポリ(2−メトキシ、5−(2’−エチル−ヘキシロキシ)−パラ−フェニレンビニレン(MEH-PPV)をスピンコート法により成膜して、厚さ約15nmのMEH-PPV薄膜11を形成した。
【0017】
【化1】

Figure 0004192236
その上にn型半導体層として、フラーレン(C60)を真空蒸着法により堆積して厚さ約60nmのC60薄膜12を形成した。次に、n型半導体であるC60層へMgによるドーピングを施す目的で、真空蒸着法によりMgAg合金を堆積してMgAg電極14を形成した。MgAg合金のMg含有率は、98mol%であった。このようにして形成されたMgAg電極14からのMgドーピングによりC60層12のn型化が促進される。太陽電池としての有効電極面積は4mm2であった。
このように作製された太陽電池に対し、強度約100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光をITO電極側から照射した状態で、電流−電圧特性を測定したところ、図5に示す特性が得られ、そのエネルギー変換効率は0.5%であった。
【0018】
[比較例1]
比較例1として、図6に示すように、実施例1と同様の方法でガラス基板上にC60薄膜12までを形成し、MgAg電極に代えて、C60薄膜12上に真空蒸着法によりAl電極24を形成した。このように作製された太陽電池に対し、実施例1と同じ条件で電流−電圧特性を測定したところ、図7に示す特性が得られ、そのエネルギー変換効率は、0.0015%と、実施例1に比較して非常に低い値しか得られなかった。
【0019】
[実施例2]
図8は、本発明の実施例2を示す断面図である。ガラス基板35上に設けられたITO電極33上に、p型半導体層として化2に示されるメロシアニン色素(MC)を厚さ約100nmに真空蒸着法により堆積し、MC薄膜31を形成した。
【0020】
【化2】
Figure 0004192236
その上にn型半導体層となるフラーレン(C60)を真空蒸着法により厚さ約100nmに堆積して、C60薄膜32を形成した。次に、n型半導体であるC60薄膜へのMgドーピングを目的として、C60薄膜32の上にMgを真空蒸着法により約10nmの厚さに堆積してMg薄層36を形成した。その上にさらにAlを真空蒸着して厚さ約50nmのAl電極34を形成した。太陽電池としての有効電極面積は4mm2であった。このように形成されたMg薄層36からのC60薄膜32へのMg拡散により、C60薄膜のn型化が促進される。
図8に示すように作製された太陽電池に対し、強度約100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光をITO電極側から照射した状態で、電流−電圧特性を測定したところ、図9の示す特性が得られ、そのエネルギー変換効率は0.15%であった。
【0021】
[比較例2]
比較例2として、図10に示すように、実施例2と同様の方法でガラス基板上にC60薄膜32までを形成し、Mg/Al電極に代えて、C60薄膜32上に真空蒸着法により膜厚50nmのAl電極44を形成した。このように作製された太陽電池に対し、実施例2と同じ条件で電流−電圧特性を測定したところ、図11に示す特性が得られ、そのエネルギー変換効率は、0.0028%であった。
【0022】
[実施例3]
図12は、本発明の実施例3を示す断面図である。ガラス基板55上に設けられたITO電極53上に、n型半導体層となるフラーレン(C60)を真空蒸着法により堆積して厚さ約100nmのC60薄膜52を形成した。ITO電極53はC60薄膜52に対してショットキー電極となる。次に、n型半導体であるC60薄膜へのMgドーピングを目的として、C60薄膜52の上にMgを真空蒸着法により約10nmの厚さに堆積してMg薄層56を形成した。その上にさらにAlを真空蒸着して厚さ約50nmのAl電極54を形成した。太陽電池としての有効電極面積は4mm2であった。
図12に示すように作製された太陽電池に対し、強度約100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光をITO電極側から照射した状態で、電流−電圧特性を測定したところ、そのエネルギー変換効率は0.15%であった。
【0023】
[実施例4]
図13は、本発明の実施例4を示す断面図である。ガラス基板65上に設けられたITO電極63上に、n型半導体であるフラーレン(C60)とp型半導体であるMCとをmol比が1となるように真空蒸着法により共蒸着して厚さ約200nmのC60-MC混合薄膜62を形成した。次に、n型半導体であるC60へのMgドーピングを目的として、C60-MC混合薄膜62の上にMgを真空蒸着法により約10nmの厚さに堆積してMg薄層66を形成した。その上にさらにAlを真空蒸着して厚さ約50nmのAl電極64を形成した。太陽電池としての有効電極面積は4mm2であった。
図13に示すように作製された太陽電池に対し、強度約100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光をITO電極側から照射した状態で、電流−電圧特性を測定したところ、そのエネルギー変換効率は0.45%であった。
【0024】
以上好ましい実施例について説明したが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲内において適宜の変更が可能なものである。例えば、実施例は太陽電池に係るものであったが、本発明は太陽電池に限定されるものではなく、Mg電極からMgのドーピングを受けたn型有機半導体を備えた他の半導体デバイスについても適用が可能なものである。
【0025】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明は、Mgを含有する電極からのMgドーピングによって形成したn導電型有機半導体を用いて半導体デバイスを構成するものであるので、良好な特性を有するn導電型有機半導体を用いた半導体デバイスを提供することができる。したがって、本発明によるn導電型有機半導体を用いて太陽電池を構成する場合には、低コストの有機半導体太陽電池の特性を向上させることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の第1の実施の形態を示す断面図。
【図2】 本発明の第2の実施の形態を示す断面図。
【図3】 本発明の第3の実施の形態を示す断面図。
【図4】 本発明の実施例1の断面図。
【図5】 本発明の実施例1の電流−電圧特性図。
【図6】 比較例1の断面図。
【図7】 比較例1の電流−電圧特性図。
【図8】 本発明の実施例2の断面図。
【図9】 本発明の実施例2の電流−電圧特性図。
【図10】 比較例2の断面図。
【図11】 比較例2の電流−電圧特性図。
【図12】 本発明の実施例3の断面図。
【図13】 本発明の実施例4の断面図。
【符号の説明】
1 p型有機半導体層
2 n型有機半導体層
3 p側電極
4 n側電極
Mg薄層
低抵抗電極膜
5 ショットキー電極
6 オーミック電極
7 p・n有機半導体混合薄膜
11 MEH-PPV薄膜
31 MC薄膜
12、32、52 C60薄膜
13、33、53、63 ITO電極
14 MgAg電極
24、34、44、54、64 Al電極
15、35、55、65 ガラス基板
36、56、66 Mg薄層
62 C60-MC混合薄膜[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device using an n-conductivity type organic semiconductor, and more particularly to a semiconductor device useful as a solar cell using a fullerene represented by C60 as an n-conduction type organic semiconductor.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Organic semiconductors tend to be p-type as they are, and many p-types have good characteristics. On the other hand, the organic semiconductor is not easily n-type and its characteristics are greatly inferior to those of the p-type. As n-type semiconductors having relatively good characteristics, fullerenes typified by C60 are known, but characteristics comparable to p-type organic semiconductors have not yet been obtained. For this reason, organic semiconductor solar cells that are expected to be manufactured at low cost have not been obtained that have good characteristics (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-6-244440 [Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-74377 [0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Fullerene is also known as a material that exhibits superconducting properties by doping, and the doping of fullerene is mainly studied from this aspect, and the fact is that little research has been done on doping as a semiconductor material. For this reason, an n-type semiconductor having satisfactory characteristics could not be obtained.
The subject of this invention is providing the n-type organic semiconductor which has a favorable characteristic, and aims at improving the characteristic of organic-semiconductor devices including an organic-semiconductor solar cell by this.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above problems, according to the present invention, a mixed organic semiconductor layer in which an n-conducting fullerene and a p-conducting organic semiconductor are mixed, and formed on one surface of the mixed organic semiconductor layer. A solar cell having an n-pole electrode containing Mg and a p-pole electrode formed on the other surface of the mixed organic semiconductor layer , wherein the n-pole electrode is formed on the Mg thin layer and the Mg thin layer And a metal electrode layer having a thickness greater than that of the thin Mg layer .
[0007]
The electrode made of a material containing Mg is an electrode formed of an alloy material containing Mg, or a metal having a thickness larger than that of the Mg thin layer and the Mg thin layer formed on the Mg thin layer. An electrode having an electrode layer.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
1A and 1B are cross-sectional views showing a first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, an n-type organic semiconductor layer 2 is formed in contact with the p-type organic semiconductor layer 1 to form a pn junction with each of the semiconductor layers. A p-side electrode 3 and an n-side electrode 4 that are in ohmic contact with the semiconductor layer are formed.
As a material of the p-type organic semiconductor layer 1, metal-free phthalocyanine, various metal phthalocyanines, triphenylamine derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives, and the like can be used. Moreover, as a formation method of the p-type organic-semiconductor layer 1, a vacuum evaporation method and a solvent coating method can be mentioned. When the p-type organic semiconductor exhibits p-type without undergoing a special doping process, it may be used as it is.
[0009]
Mg is used as the dopant of the n-type organic semiconductor layer 2. This dopant is doped from an electrode composed of a material containing Mg. As the semiconductor material, fullerene such as C60 and C70 is advantageously used. A vacuum vapor deposition method is used as a method for forming the fullerene film. Alternatively, a fullerene derivative having increased solubility in a solvent is formed and formed using a solvent coating method.
[0010]
The material for the p-side electrode 3 is a metal material such as Al, Au, or Ni, or a transparent conductive material such as ITO, SnO 2 , or ZnO. However, when considering the application of solar cells, a transparent conductive material is used. It is desirable to use it. A thin metal film can be used as a transparent conductive film.
As a material of the n-side electrode, a metal material in general can be used, but a metal material containing Mg is used at least in a portion in contact with the semiconductor layer. That is, as shown in FIG. 1A, when an electrode made of a single material is used, an alloy electrode having Mg as a constituent element is used, and as shown in FIG. In the case of forming an electrode with a metal film of the layer, the n-side electrode 4 is composed of a thin Mg thin layer 41 and an Mg thin layer 4 1 made of a high conductivity material such as Al or Au covering the n thin electrode 4 1. It made up of the large thickness low resistance electrode film 4 2. It can be interposed a barrier layer and adhesion layer between the Mg thin layer 4 1 and the low resistance electrode film 4 2.
[0011]
In the present invention, since the dopant of the n-type semiconductor is realized by diffusion from the electrode, the alloy material electrode preferably has an Mg content of 85 mol% or more and 99 mol% or less. This is because when it is 85% or less, it becomes impossible to expect supply of a sufficient dopant to the semiconductor, and when it is 99% or more, properties as an alloy are lost and undesirable phenomena such as oxidation appear. In the case of forming the n-side electrode 4 and Mg thin layer 4 1 as the lower layer, the thickness of the Mg thin layer is preferably not 2nm or 20nm or less. This is because when the thickness is 2 nm or less, it is difficult to form a film with a uniform in-plane thickness and uniform doping becomes difficult, and when it is 20 nm or more, undesirable phenomena such as oxidation from the side surface occur.
[0012]
The organic semiconductor device of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is generally formed on a support. As the support, inorganic materials such as glass and ceramics, metals such as Al and stainless steel, and organic materials such as polyethylene terephthalate and liquid crystal polymer can be used. Either the p-side electrode or the n-side electrode can be the support side. In the case of using the metal support it may also serve as a low resistance electrode film 4 2 shown in FIG. 1 (b) by a support. When the p-side electrode 3 is a transparent conductive film and is provided on a support, an inorganic or organic transparent substrate such as glass or polyethylene terephthalate is used as the support.
[0013]
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a second embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, a Schottky electrode 5 is formed on one surface of the n-type organic semiconductor layer 2 to form a Schottky junction therewith, and an ohmic contact with this is formed on the other surface of the n-type organic semiconductor layer 2. An ohmic electrode 6 in contact with is provided. The n-type organic semiconductor layer 2 and the ohmic electrode 6 in the present embodiment are the same as the n-type organic semiconductor layer 2 and the n-side electrode 2 in the first embodiment shown in FIG. Is omitted. As a material for the Schottky electrode 5, a metal material such as Al, Au, or Ni, or a transparent conductive material such as ITO, SnO 2 , or ZnO is used. It is desirable to use it.
The organic semiconductor device of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is also generally formed on a support. The support is the same as in the first embodiment.
[0014]
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a third embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, a mixture of a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor is used. That is, as shown in FIG. 3, a p / n organic semiconductor mixed thin film 7 is used, and an n-side electrode 4 and a p-side electrode 3 are formed on the front and back surfaces thereof. The n-side electrode 4 is in ohmic contact with the n-type organic semiconductor, and the p-side electrode 3 is in ohmic contact with the p-type organic semiconductor. The materials and configurations of the n-side electrode 4 and the p-side electrode 3 are the same as those in the first embodiment, and the n-type dopant of the n-type organic semiconductor is Mg, and the dopant is made of a material containing Mg. The point of doping from the configured electrode is the same as in the case of the first embodiment.
As a material for the p-type organic semiconductor, metal-free phthalocyanine, various metal phthalocyanines, triphenylamine derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives, and the like can be used. Fullerenes such as C60 and C70 are advantageously used for the n-type organic semiconductor material.
[0015]
Examples of the method for forming the pn organic semiconductor mixed thin film include a vacuum deposition method (co-evaporation) and a solvent coating method. When a material that is hardly soluble in a solvent is formed by a coating method, a solvent solubilization process is performed on the material.
The mixing ratio (n-type organic semiconductor / p-type organic semiconductor) of the n-type organic semiconductor and the p-type organic semiconductor in the p / n organic semiconductor mixed thin film is a mol ratio in the case of low molecular weight molecules, and at least one is high. When it is a molecular material, the weight ratio is 0.8 or more and 1.25 or less. This is because high conversion efficiency can no longer be obtained outside this range. A more preferable mol ratio or weight ratio is 0.9 or more and 1.11 or less.
[0016]
【Example】
Next, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[Example 1]
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing Example 1 of the present invention. Poly (2-methoxy, 5- (2′-ethyl-hexyloxy) -para-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) represented by Chemical Formula 1 as a p-type semiconductor layer on the ITO electrode 13 provided on the glass substrate 15 Was formed by spin coating to form a MEH-PPV thin film 11 having a thickness of about 15 nm.
[0017]
[Chemical 1]
Figure 0004192236
On top of that, fullerene (C60) was deposited as an n-type semiconductor layer by vacuum vapor deposition to form a C60 thin film 12 having a thickness of about 60 nm. Next, an MgAg alloy was deposited by a vacuum vapor deposition method to form an MgAg electrode 14 for the purpose of doping Mg with the C60 layer, which is an n-type semiconductor. The Mg content of the MgAg alloy was 98 mol%. Mg doping from the MgAg electrode 14 formed in this way promotes n-type formation of the C60 layer 12. The effective electrode area as a solar cell was 4 mm 2 .
When the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell thus fabricated were measured from the ITO electrode side with pseudo solar light having an intensity of about 100 mW / cm 2 , the characteristics shown in FIG. 5 were obtained. The energy conversion efficiency was 0.5%.
[0018]
[Comparative Example 1]
As Comparative Example 1, as shown in FIG. 6, C60 thin film 12 is formed on a glass substrate in the same manner as in Example 1, and instead of MgAg electrode, Al electrode 24 is formed on C60 thin film 12 by vacuum deposition. Formed. When the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell thus fabricated were measured under the same conditions as in Example 1, the characteristics shown in FIG. 7 were obtained, and the energy conversion efficiency was 0.0015%, which was found in Example 1. Only very low values were obtained.
[0019]
[Example 2]
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a second embodiment of the present invention. On the ITO electrode 33 provided on the glass substrate 35, a merocyanine dye (MC) shown in Chemical Formula 2 as a p-type semiconductor layer was deposited to a thickness of about 100 nm by a vacuum evaporation method to form an MC thin film 31.
[0020]
[Chemical 2]
Figure 0004192236
A fullerene (C60) serving as an n-type semiconductor layer was deposited thereon to a thickness of about 100 nm by a vacuum evaporation method, and a C60 thin film 32 was formed. Next, for the purpose of Mg doping of the C60 thin film which is an n-type semiconductor, Mg was deposited on the C60 thin film 32 to a thickness of about 10 nm by a vacuum deposition method to form an Mg thin layer 36. Further, Al was further vacuum-deposited to form an Al electrode 34 having a thickness of about 50 nm. The effective electrode area as a solar cell was 4 mm 2 . Mg diffusion from the Mg thin layer 36 formed in this way into the C60 thin film 32 promotes the n-type conversion of the C60 thin film.
When the solar cell produced as shown in FIG. 8 was irradiated with simulated sunlight having an intensity of about 100 mW / cm 2 from the ITO electrode side, current-voltage characteristics were measured, and the characteristics shown in FIG. 9 were obtained. The energy conversion efficiency was 0.15%.
[0021]
[Comparative Example 2]
As Comparative Example 2, as shown in FIG. 10, the C60 thin film 32 is formed on the glass substrate in the same manner as in Example 2, and the film is formed on the C60 thin film 32 by vacuum deposition instead of the Mg / Al electrode. An Al electrode 44 having a thickness of 50 nm was formed. When the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell thus fabricated were measured under the same conditions as in Example 2, the characteristics shown in FIG. 11 were obtained, and the energy conversion efficiency was 0.0028%.
[0022]
[Example 3]
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing Embodiment 3 of the present invention. A fullerene (C60) serving as an n-type semiconductor layer was deposited on the ITO electrode 53 provided on the glass substrate 55 by a vacuum vapor deposition method to form a C60 thin film 52 having a thickness of about 100 nm. The ITO electrode 53 serves as a Schottky electrode for the C60 thin film 52. Next, for the purpose of Mg doping of the C60 thin film which is an n-type semiconductor, Mg was deposited on the C60 thin film 52 to a thickness of about 10 nm by a vacuum deposition method to form an Mg thin layer 56. Further, Al was vacuum-deposited to form an Al electrode 54 having a thickness of about 50 nm. The effective electrode area as a solar cell was 4 mm 2 .
When the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell produced as shown in FIG. 12 were measured while irradiating simulated solar light with an intensity of about 100 mW / cm 2 from the ITO electrode side, the energy conversion efficiency was 0.15%. Met.
[0023]
[Example 4]
FIG. 13 is a sectional view showing Example 4 of the present invention. The thickness of the ITO electrode 63 provided on the glass substrate 65 is co-deposited by vacuum deposition so that the mol ratio is 1 and fullerene (C60), which is an n-type semiconductor, and MC, which is a p-type semiconductor. A C60-MC mixed thin film 62 of about 200 nm was formed. Next, for the purpose of Mg doping of C60, which is an n-type semiconductor, Mg was deposited on the C60-MC mixed thin film 62 to a thickness of about 10 nm by vacuum evaporation to form a Mg thin layer 66. On top of this, Al was further vacuum-deposited to form an Al electrode 64 having a thickness of about 50 nm. The effective electrode area as a solar cell was 4 mm 2 .
When the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell manufactured as shown in FIG. 13 were measured in a state where pseudo solar light having an intensity of about 100 mW / cm 2 was irradiated from the ITO electrode side, the energy conversion efficiency was 0.45%. Met.
[0024]
Although preferred embodiments have been described above, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments, and appropriate modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the embodiment relates to a solar cell, but the present invention is not limited to the solar cell, and other semiconductor devices including an n-type organic semiconductor that has received Mg doping from an Mg electrode are also applicable. Applicable.
[0025]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, since the present invention constitutes a semiconductor device using an n-conductivity type organic semiconductor formed by Mg doping from an electrode containing Mg, an n-conductivity type organic semiconductor having good characteristics. A semiconductor device using can be provided. Therefore, when a solar cell is formed using the n-conductivity type organic semiconductor according to the present invention, the characteristics of the low-cost organic semiconductor solar cell can be improved.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of Example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a current-voltage characteristic diagram of Example 1 of the present invention.
6 is a cross-sectional view of Comparative Example 1. FIG.
7 is a current-voltage characteristic diagram of Comparative Example 1. FIG.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a current-voltage characteristic diagram of Example 2 of the present invention.
10 is a cross-sectional view of Comparative Example 2. FIG.
11 is a current-voltage characteristic diagram of Comparative Example 2. FIG.
FIG. 12 is a sectional view of Example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a sectional view of Example 4 of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 p-type organic semiconductor layer 2 n-type organic semiconductor layer 3 p-side electrode 4 n-side electrode 4 1 Mg thin layer 4 2 low resistance electrode film 5 Schottky electrode 6 ohmic electrode 7 p / n organic semiconductor mixed thin film 11 MEH-PPV Thin film 31 MC thin film 12, 32, 52 C60 thin film 13, 33, 53, 63 ITO electrode 14 MgAg electrode 24, 34, 44, 54, 64 Al electrode 15, 35, 55, 65 Glass substrate 36, 56, 66 Mg thin Layer 62 C60-MC mixed thin film

Claims (5)

n導電型のフラーレンとp導電型の有機半導体とが混合された混合有機半導体層と、前記混合有機半導体層の一方の面に形成されたMgを含むn極電極と、前記混合有機半導体層の他方の面に形成されたp極電極とを有する太陽電池であって、該n極電極が、Mg薄層と該Mg薄層上に形成された該Mg薄層より膜厚の厚い金属電極層とを有していることを特徴とする太陽電池a mixed organic semiconductor layer in which an n-conductivity type fullerene and a p-conductivity type organic semiconductor are mixed; an n-electrode including Mg formed on one surface of the mixed organic semiconductor layer; A solar cell having a p-electrode formed on the other surface , wherein the n-electrode is a Mg thin layer and a metal electrode layer having a thickness greater than that of the Mg thin layer formed on the Mg thin layer And a solar cell . 前記p導電型の有機半導体がMEH−PPVまたはMCにより構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。  The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the p-conductivity type organic semiconductor is composed of MEH-PPV or MC. 前記混合有機半導体層のn導電型の有機半導体とp導電型の有機半導体とのmol比または重量比(n導電型の有機半導体/p導電型の有機半導体)が0.8以上1.25以下であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の太陽電池。  The mixed organic semiconductor layer has a molar ratio or weight ratio (n-conducting organic semiconductor / p-conducting organic semiconductor) of the n-conducting organic semiconductor and the p-conducting organic semiconductor of 0.8 to 1.25. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: 前記Mg薄層の膜厚が、2nm以上20nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1ないし3のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the Mg thin layer has a thickness of 2 nm or more and 20 nm or less. 前記金属電極層がAl膜であることを特徴とする請求項1ないし4のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the metal electrode layer is an Al film.
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