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JP4193929B2 - Energy saving electrochemical reaction system and activation method thereof - Google Patents
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JP4193929B2 - Energy saving electrochemical reaction system and activation method thereof - Google Patents

Energy saving electrochemical reaction system and activation method thereof Download PDF

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JP4193929B2
JP4193929B2 JP2002224126A JP2002224126A JP4193929B2 JP 4193929 B2 JP4193929 B2 JP 4193929B2 JP 2002224126 A JP2002224126 A JP 2002224126A JP 2002224126 A JP2002224126 A JP 2002224126A JP 4193929 B2 JP4193929 B2 JP 4193929B2
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chemical reaction
reaction system
phase
oxygen
treated
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JP2004058029A (en
Inventor
正信 淡野
芳伸 藤代
修三 神崎
ブレディヒン セルゲイ
真吾 片山
拓也 平松
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NGK Insulators Ltd
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
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NGK Insulators Ltd
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
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Priority to JP2002224126A priority Critical patent/JP4193929B2/en
Priority to DE10392987T priority patent/DE10392987T5/en
Priority to AU2003252442A priority patent/AU2003252442A1/en
Priority to US10/522,174 priority patent/US20060118409A1/en
Priority to CNB038171007A priority patent/CN100337739C/en
Priority to PCT/JP2003/009743 priority patent/WO2004011135A1/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、省エネルギー型電気化学反応システム及びその活性化方法に関するものであり、更に詳しくは、例えば、酸素を含む燃焼排ガスから窒素酸化物を効率的に浄化する化学反応システム、その使用方法及びその活性化方法に関するものである。本発明は、例えば、排ガス中の窒素酸化物を電気化学反応システムで浄化する際に、酸素分子が表面に吸着して反応性が低下することに対し、少ない消費電力で上記化学反応システムを再活性化し、高効率に被処理物質の化学反応を行うことを可能とする、新しい化学反応システム、その使用方法及びその活性化方法を提供するものとして有用である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ガソリンエンジンから発生する窒素酸化物の浄化は、現在、三元系触媒による方法が主流となっている。しかし、燃費向上を可能とするリーンバーンエンジンやディーゼルエンジンにおいては、燃焼排ガス中に酸素が過剰に存在するため、三元系触媒表面への酸素の吸着による触媒活性の激減が問題となり、窒素酸化物を浄化することができない。
【0003】
一方、酸素イオン伝導性を有する固体電解質膜を用いて、そこへ電流を流すことにより、排ガス中の酸素を触媒表面に吸着させることなく除去することも行われている。触媒反応器として提案されているものとして、電極に両面を挟まれた固体電解質に電圧を印加することにより、表面酸素を除去すると同時に窒素酸化物を酸素と窒素に分解するシステムが知られている。
【0004】
しかしながら、上記方法では、燃焼排ガス中に過剰の酸素が存在する場合、共存している酸素と窒素酸化物の吸着分解反応サイトが同一の酸素欠陥よりなるため、酸素分子に対する窒素酸化物の吸着確率は、分子選択性及び共存分子数比から見て著しく低くなり、このため、窒素酸化物を分解するには多量の電流を流す必要があり、消費電力が増大するという問題点を有する。
【0005】
このような状況の中で、本発明者らは、既に、化学反応器において、カソードの内部構造を、同層上部にナノメートルサイズの貫通孔を取り巻いて、電子伝導体とイオン伝導体がナノメートルからミクロン以下のサイズで相互に密着したネットワーク状に分布する構造とすることで、被処理物質の化学反応を行う際に妨害ガスとなる過剰な酸素を低減させることが可能となり、それにより、少ない消費電力で高効率に被処理物質を処理できることを見出している(特願2001−225034)。しかし、この方法では、共存酸素分子の除去のためには連続的に電流を供給する必要があり、消費電力の低減は不十分であるという問題があった。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで、本発明者らは、上記従来技術に鑑みて、これらの諸問題を解決することを目標として鋭意研究を重ねた結果、化学反応部中のカソード上部に位置する作動電極層において、酸素の吸着と窒素酸化物の吸着−還元反応を同時に行うことで化学反応の効率化を可能とするための局所反応場を形成し、更に、一定量の酸素分子の吸着後に、化学反応システムに通電することで酸素分子をイオン化して除去して再活性化することが可能であることを見出し、本発明に至った。
すなわち、本発明の課題は、上記問題点を解決することにあり、燃焼排ガス中に過剰の酸素が存在する場合に、酸素分子と窒素酸化物分子に対する選択的吸着性を有する物質に対にして、窒素酸化物を吸着しやすくすることにより、窒素酸化物の分解に必要な電流量を減らし、同時に、一定量の酸素の吸着後に通電処理することにより化学反応システムを再活性化して、更に、低消費電力により高効率に窒素酸化物を浄化できる化学反応システムを提供することにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するための本発明は、以下の技術的手段から構成される。
(1)被処理物質の化学反応を行うための、1)酸素イオン伝導体(イオン伝導相)、及びこれを挟んで相対するカソード(還元相)及びアノード(酸化相)、又は、2)酸化及び/又は還元触媒、を基本単位として化学反応部を構成した化学反応システムにおいて、上記化学反応部に電流を通電若しくは電界を印加、又は還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理することにより、化学反応部に吸着し反応を阻害する酸素をイオン化して除去する能力を活性化した化学反応システムであって、
上記化学反応部として、イオン伝導体、電子伝導体、混合導電体のいずれかを組み合わせて構成される電子伝導相とイオン伝導相の接点に対して、通電、電界印加、又は還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理することにより、化学反応部の一部に被処理物質に対する酸化還元反応が行われる微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする化学反応システム。
(2)上記化学反応部として、酸素及び被処理物質の各々に対して選択性を有する還元相と、還元相に被処理物質を効率的に供給して処理するために必要なナノメートル〜マイクロメートルの細孔を有する化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、前記(1)記載の化学反応システム。
)上記微小反応領域として、電子伝導相とイオン伝導相の接点に、電子伝導相の金属相部、イオン伝導相の酸素欠乏部、及びそれらの接点周辺の微小空間部(空隙)、からなる界面を形成した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、前記()記載の化学反応システム。
)上記化学反応部として、カソードに、上記酸化還元反応が行われる微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、前記()記載の化学反応システム。
)上記化学反応部として、カソードの上部に酸化還元反応を司る作動電極層を有し、同層内に、上記酸化還元が行われる、ナノメートル〜マイクロメートルの大きさの微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、前記(1)記載の化学反応システム。
)上記被処理物質が、燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物であることを特徴とする、前記(1)記載の化学反応システム。
)上記化学反応部の化学反応が、燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物の還元分解であることを特徴とする、前記()記載の化学反応システム。
)前記(1)から()のいずれかに記載の被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムを使用する方法であって、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を400〜700℃に保ち、ないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、時間間隔をおいて通電もしくは電界印加を行い、化学反応部を活性化することを特徴とする、化学反応システムの使用方法。
)前記(1)から()のいずれかに記載の被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムを活性化する方法であって、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を400〜700℃に保ち、ないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、カソードとアノードの間に1分〜3時間の通電若しくは電界印加処理を行うことを特徴とする、化学反応システムの活性化方法。
10)通電電流5mA〜1A又は印加電圧0.5V〜2.5Vを加え、電気化学反応を生じさせる、前記()記載の化学反応システムの活性化方法。
11)酸素分圧が0%〜21%(大気中)で通電若しくは電界処理を行う、前記()記載の化学反応システムの活性化方法。
12)前記(1)から()のいずれかに記載の被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムを活性化する方法であって、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を500℃以上に保ち、ないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理を行うことを特徴とする、化学反応システムの活性化方法。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
次に、本発明について更に詳細に説明する。
本発明は、被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムに係るものであり、この化学反応システムは、前記被処理物質の前記化学反応を進行させる化学反応部と、好ましくは、酸素のイオン化を阻害するためのバリア層とから構成される。
【0009】
被処理物質の化学反応を行う化学反応部は、好適には、被処理物質中に含まれる元素へ電子を供給してイオンを生成させる還元相と、還元相からのイオンを伝導するイオン伝導相と、このイオン伝導相を伝導したイオンから電子を放出させる酸化相とを備えているが、これらに限らず、これらと同等の機能を有する酸化及び/又は還元触媒、すなわち、酸化触媒、還元触媒、又は酸化還元触媒を基本単位として構成することも適宜可能である。この場合、それらの構成成分は特に制限されない。
【0010】
本発明において、好ましくは、被処理物質が、燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物であり、還元相において窒素酸化物を還元して酸素イオンを生成させ、イオン伝導相において酸素イオンを伝導させる。しかし、本発明における被処理物質は、窒素酸化物に限定されるものではない。本発明の化学反応器は、二酸化炭素を還元して一酸化炭素を生成すること、メタンから水素と一酸化炭素との混合ガスを生成すること、あるいは水から水素を生成すること、に適用することができる。
【0011】
化学反応システムの形態としては、例えば、管状、平板状、ハニカム状等が例示されるが、特に、管状、ハニカム状のように、一対の開口を有する貫通孔を一つ又は複数有しており、各貫通孔中に化学反応部が位置していることが好ましい。
【0012】
上記化学反応部において、還元相は、多孔質とし、反応の対象とする物質を選択的に吸着する物質からなることが好ましい。還元では、被処理物質中に含まれる元素へ電子を供給し、イオンを生成させ、生成したイオンをイオン伝導相へ伝達するために、導電性物質からなることが好ましい。また、還元相は、電子及びイオンの伝達を促進するために、電子伝導性とイオン伝導性の両特性を有する混合伝導性物質からなること、又は電子伝導性物質とイオン伝導性物質の混合物からなることがより好ましい。還元相は、これらの物質の少なくとも2相以上が積層した構造であってもよい。
【0013】
還元相として用いられる導電性物質及びイオン導電性物質は、特に限定されるものではない。導電性物質としては、例えば、白金、パラジウム等の貴金属や、酸化ニッケル、酸化コバルト、酸化銅、ランタンマンガナイト、ランタンコバルタイト、ランタンクロマイト等の金属酸化物が用いられる。被処理物質を選択的に吸着するバリウム含有酸化物やセオライト等も還元相として用いられる。前記物質の少なくとも1種類以上を、少なくとも1種類以上のイオン伝導性物質との混合質として用いることも好ましい。イオン伝導性物質としては、例えば、イットリア又は酸化スカンジウムで安定化したジルコニアや酸化ガドリニウム又は酸化サマリウムで安定化したセリア、ランタンガレイト等が用いられる。還元相が前記物質を少なくとも二相以上積層した構造からなることも好ましい。より好ましくは、還元相は、白金等の貴金属からなる導電性物質相と酸化ニッケルとイットリア又は酸化スカンジウムで安定化したジルコニアの混合物相の二相を積層した構造からなる。
【0014】
イオン伝導相は、イオン伝導性を有する固体電解質からなり、好ましくは、酸素イオン導電性を有する固体電解質からなる。酸素イオン伝導性を有する固体電解質としては、例えば、イットリア又は酸化スカンジウムで安定化したジルコニアや酸化ガドリニウム又は酸化サマリウムで安定化したセリア、ランタンガレイトが挙げられるが、特に限定されるものではない。好ましくは、高い導電性と強度を有し、長期安定性に優れたイットリア又は酸化スカンジウムで安定化したジルコニアが用いられる。
【0015】
酸化相は、イオン伝導相からのイオンから電子を放出させるため、導電性物質を含有する。電子及びイオンの伝達を促進するため、電子伝導性とイオン伝導性の両特性を有する混合伝導性物質からなること、又は、電子伝導性物質とイオン伝導性物質の混合物からなることが好ましい。酸化相として用いられる導電性物質及びイオン伝導性物質は、特に限定されるものではない。導電性物質としては、例えば、白金、パラジウム等の貴金属や、酸化ニッケル、酸化コバルト、酸化銅、ランタンマンガナイト、ランタンコバルタイト、ランタンクロマイト等の金属酸化物が用いられる。イオン伝導性物質としては、例えば、イットリア又は酸化スカンジウムで安定化したジルコニアや酸化ガドリニウム又は酸化サマリウムで安定化したセリア、ランタンガレイトが用いられる。
【0016】
バリア層は、酸素分子を表面吸着した際に、酸素イオンを生成するために必要な電子の供給を防ぐことを目的とするものである。あるいは、酸素イオンが化学反応部内において、導電性酸化物(例えば、酸化ニッケル)の還元反応により生成した金属(例えば、金属ニッケル)が再酸化されることを防ぐ目的で設置され、化学反応部、特に還元層による供給電子が表面に到達することを抑止する材料及び構造を有する。このバリア層は、イオン伝導体又は混合導電体又は絶縁体であることが望ましく、混合導電体の場合は電子伝導性が大きいと電子伝導の抑止効果が低下するため、電子伝導性の割合が極力小さいことが望ましい。
【0017】
本発明は、被処理物質の化学反応を行うための、酸素イオン伝導体(イオン伝導相)、及びこれを挟んで相対するカソード(還元相)及びアノード(酸化相)、又は、酸化及び/又は還元触媒を基本単位として化学反応部を構成した化学反応システムにおいて、例えば、上記化学反応部のカソードとアノードの間に電流を通電若しくは電界を印加、又は還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理することにより、化学反応部に吸着し反応を阻害する酸素をイオン化して除去する能力を活性化したことを特徴としている。本発明では、上記化学反応部として、イオン伝導体、電子伝導体、混合導電体のいずれかを組み合わせて構成される電子伝導相とイオン伝導相の接点に対して、通電、電界印加、又は還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理することにより、化学反応部の一部に被処理物質に対する酸化還元反応が行われる微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたこと、また、上記化学反応部として、酸素及び被処理物質の各々に対して選択性を有する還元相と、還元相に被処理物質を効率的に供給して処理するために必要なマイクロメートル以下の細孔を有する化学反応部を用いたこと、また、上記微小反応領域として、電子伝導相とイオン伝導相の接点に、電子伝導相の金属相部、イオン伝導相の酸素欠乏部、及びそれらの接点周辺の微小空間部(空隙)、からなる界面を形成した化学反応部を用いたこと、また、上記化学反応部として、カソードに、上記酸化還元反応が行われる微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたこと、更に、上記化学反応部として、カソードの上部に酸化還元反応を司る作動電極層を有し、同層内に、上記酸化還元が行われる、ナノメートル〜マイクロメートルの大きさの微小領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたこと、が好適な例としてあげられる。
【0018】
化学反応部中のカソード上部に位置する作動電極層は、本発明者らにより、先に見出された高効率での被処理物質の吸着分解(特願2001−225034)に加え、酸素分子の吸着と被処理物質の吸着を、各々の反応に適した別々の物質により同時に行うことが可能な構造を有するものである。すなわち、酸化物の還元により生成もしくは当初から含まれる金属相(高反応性のためには、望ましくは超微粒子(10〜100nm径)の態様)と、その近傍に存在するイオン伝導相の酸素欠乏部(デバイ長による計算からの推定値では5nm程度の領域)とが、接しており、かつ接触部周辺に数〜数100nm程度の微小空間が共存することにより、導入された被処理ガス中の酸素分子が酸素欠乏部に、被処理物が金属相に各々選択的に吸着分解されることで、消費電力が著しく低減される。
【0019】
このような構造は、先に見出された構造の形成に必要な熱処理プロセス(ジルコニア−酸化ニッケル系で1400〜1450℃大気中での熱処理)に加え、化学反応システムへの通電処理又は還元雰囲気等での熱処理を行うことにより形成される。即ち、比較的容易に還元されやすい酸化物を用い、数100℃以上の高温下で通電することで還元相を形成する。その過程で、酸化還元反応による結晶相の体積変化により、被処理ガスの導入に適したナノメートルからミクロンメートルサイズの空孔の生成、還元相の再結晶による超微粒子化、更には、酸化還元反応を通じたイオン伝導相の酸素欠乏部の形成等の、高効率反応に好ましい微細構造が形成される。図2に、上記方法で形成された、作動電極層の内部構造として望ましい局所構造の一例を示す。
【0020】
このような微細構造を構成する物質としては、イオン伝導相と電子伝導相の組合せ、混合伝導相同士又はこれとイオン伝導相、電子伝導相との組合せが可能である。被処理物を窒素酸化物とした場合、還元相としては、ニッケル等の金属相が高選択的吸着性を示すためより好ましい。
【0021】
化学反応システムを再活性化させるためには、従来技術として既に記述した還元剤の導入による方法以外に、炭素等が予め化学反応システムに一体化された構造を形成し、化学反応時に炭素が酸化することにより、酸化された金属相を還元する方法も提案されている(K.Miura et al.、ChemicalEngineering Science 56、1623(2001))。しかし、これらの方法では、還元剤を必要とし、還元剤がなくなると再活性化が不可能となるため、システムを長期にわたり使用し、又は連続使用するためには、電気的な再活性化手法が好ましい。
【0022】
本発明では、化学反応システムが性能低下した際にのみ通電等を行うことで、化学反応部中の酸素欠乏部に吸着した酸素をイオン化してポンピングすることにより除去することが可能である。また、還元相の再賦活を同時に行うことも可能である。これにより、本発明では、従来の電気化学セル方式で必要とされた酸素ポンピングのための電流量に比べて電流量を著しく低減することが可能である。
【0023】
本発明における酸素ポンピングによる再活性化は、化学反応システムが400〜700℃の状態で、同システムに通電若しくは電圧印加又は還元雰囲気等で熱処理することで行われる。本発明では、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を400〜700℃に保ちないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、カソードとアノードの間に1分〜3時間の通電若しくは電界印加処理を行うことが好ましい。この場合、通電電流5mA〜1A又は印加電圧0.5V〜2.5Vを加え、電気化学反応を生じさせること、酸素分圧が0%〜21%(大気中)で通電若しくは電界処理を行うことが好ましい。処理温度はシステムを構成する材料及び構造により異なるが、例えば、固体電解質としてイットリア安定化ジルコニアを用いる場合は560℃付近、セリア系の場合は450℃付近が好ましい。また、本発明では、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を500℃以上に保ちないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、還元性雰囲気若しくは減圧下で熱処理を行うことを特徴とする、化学反応システムの活性化方法が提供される。
【0024】
処理温度及び構成材料の条件に加え、通電電流量、印加電圧、通電時間及び雰囲気中の酸素分圧又は全圧力条件は可変である。例えば、固体電解質としてイットリア安定化ジルコニア、作動電極材料として酸化ニッケルとジルコニアを用いた場合には、100mA、2Vで1時間(酸素10%)の通電処理により、処理前と同等の窒素酸化物の分解性能を回復する。なお、酸素吸着による劣化の程度は、100時間の連続運転(通電なし)で約20%であり、上記通電処理により性能が繰り返し回復される。
【0025】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の実施例を図面に従って説明する。図1は、本発明の一実施態様に係る化学反応システムの構成図である。被処理物であるガスの流れに対し、化学反応システム7を構成する化学反応部6には、2から5の順に、作動電極層、カソード(還元相)、イオン伝導相、及びアノード(酸化相)が上流側から位置し、バリア層1が、その上流側に位置する。すなわち、被処理ガスは、1から5の順に通過する。
以下、被処理物質として窒素酸化物を対象とした場合について具体的に説明する。
【0026】
実施例1
イオン伝導相4として、イットリアで安定化したジルコニアを用い、その形状は、直径20mm、厚さ0.5mmの円板状とした。還元相3は、白金及びジルコニアの混合層、作動電極層2は、酸化ニッケルとイットリア安定化ジルコニアの混合物からなる膜とした。白金膜は、イオン伝導相4の片面に面積約1.8cm2 となるようにスクリーン印刷した後、1200℃で熱処理することにより形成した。酸化ニッケルとイットリア安定化ジルコニアの混合膜は、白金膜上に白金膜と同一面積となるようにスクリーン印刷した後、1450℃で熱処理することにより形成した。酸化ニッケルとイットリア安定化ジルコニアの混合比は、モル比で6:4とした。還元相を形成したイオン伝導相4の他方の面に面積約1.8cm2 となるように白金膜をスクリーン印刷した後、1200℃で熱処理することにより形成し、酸化相5とした。バリア層1はイットリア安定化ジルコニアを用い、スクリーン印刷と1400℃の熱処理により、約3ミクロンの膜厚で作動電極層2の上部に形成した。更に、カソード3とアノード5の間に1.2V−25mAの電流を通電しながら温度を650℃に上昇させ、1時間保った後で通電停止、徐冷した。
【0027】
このようにして形成した本発明の化学反応システムによる窒素酸化物の処理方法を次に示す。被処理ガス中に化学反応システム7を配置し、還元相3と酸化相5に白金線をリード線として固定し、直流電源に接続、直流電圧を印加して電流を流した。評価は、通電時のシステム性能評価を600℃で行い、無通電時は反応温度350℃で行った。被処理ガスとして、一酸化窒素1000ppm、酸素2%、ヘリウムバランスのモデル燃焼排ガスを流量50ml/minで流した。化学反応システムへの流入前後における被処理ガス中の窒素酸化物濃度を化学発光式NOx計で測定し、窒素及び酸素濃度をガスクロマトグラフィーで測定した。窒素酸化物の減少量から、窒素酸化物の浄化率を求め、浄化率が50%となるときの電流密度及び消費電力を測定した。
【0028】
すなわち、測定開始時に化学反応器を反応温度600℃に加熱し、化学反応部に通電を行った。この時、電流量の増加と共に窒素酸化物の浄化率は向上し、電流密度31mA/cm2 、消費電力61mW/ cm2 の時に窒素酸化物は約50%に減少した。
【0029】
この化学反応システムに対して、更に、通電開始後1時間で通電を中止して、そのまま窒素酸化物の分解率の測定を継続したところ、通電停止直後に窒素酸化物の分解率が約10%低下したものの、その後は漸減傾向を示し、合計5日間(120時間)の連続測定でも5%以下の低下にとどまり、時間経過と共に浄化率の低減が認められた。この結果、合計120時間における窒素酸化物の浄化反応に必要とした電力量を浄化率35%における計算値で比較すると、本発明により連続通電の場合に比べて少なくとも約84分の1以下に減少することが確認された。
【0030】
実施例2
実施例1と同様の化学反応システム構成条件において、実用条件への適合性を検討するために、酸素量を2%から10%に増大させ、窒素酸化物の濃度を1000ppmから500ppmに減少させて窒素酸化物の除去性能を調べた。システムへの通電は、実施例1と同様の温度及び電力条件で10分間の通電を3回繰り返し行った。図3に示すように、窒素酸化物の分解率は、測定開始直後に15%以上低減し、更に、測定開始後約20時間で窒素酸化物分解率30%を下回るレベルとなったが、その後は漸減して100時間を経過した付近からはほとんど平衡状態に達した。200時間経過後に、同様の通電処理を再度行うことにより、第1回目とほぼ同様の時間経過による窒素酸化物分解率の変化を示した。
【0031】
実施例3
実施例1と同様の化学反応システム構成条件において、システムの還元雰囲気処理による活性化を評価した。共存酸素量2%、システム作動温度650℃、窒素酸化物濃度1000ppmにおいて、50%窒素酸化物分解時の所要電力が約68mW/ cm2 の化学反応システムに対して、通電停止後48時間(窒素酸化物分解率約38%に低減)の時点で、温度を800℃に上昇させ、水素5%アルゴン95%の還元性ガスを10時間フローさせた後、窒素酸化物浄化性能を測定したところ、約2%の性能改善が認められた。
【0032】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、本発明によれば、以下のような効果が奏される。
(1)被処理物質の化学反応を妨害する酸素が過剰に存在する場合においても、少ない消費電力で高効率に被処理物質を処理できる化学反応システムを提供できる。
(2)低消費電力により高効率に窒素酸化物を浄化できる。
(3)化学反応システムを再活性化できる。
(4)時間間隔をおいて通電若しくは電界印加を行い、化学反応部を活性化し、使用することが可能な、省エネルギー型電気化学反応システムを提供できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の一実施態様に係る化学反応システムの構成図である。
【図2】作動電極層の内部構造として望ましい局所構造の一例である。
【図3】通電処理による窒素酸化物の浄化性能の回復状態を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1 バリア層
2 作動電極層
3 カソード(還元相)
4 イオン伝導相
5 アノード(酸化相)
6 化学反応部
7 化学反応システム
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an energy-saving electrochemical reaction system and an activation method thereof, and more specifically, for example, a chemical reaction system that efficiently purifies nitrogen oxide from combustion exhaust gas containing oxygen, a method of using the same, and a method thereof It relates to an activation method. In the present invention, for example, when nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas are purified with an electrochemical reaction system, oxygen molecules are adsorbed on the surface and the reactivity is lowered. The present invention is useful for providing a new chemical reaction system, a method for using the same, and a method for activating the chemical reaction system that can be activated and perform a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated with high efficiency.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Currently, the three-way catalyst method is mainly used to purify nitrogen oxides generated from gasoline engines. However, in lean burn engines and diesel engines that can improve fuel efficiency, excessive oxygen is present in the combustion exhaust gas, so a drastic decrease in catalytic activity due to adsorption of oxygen on the surface of the three-way catalyst becomes a problem, and nitrogen oxidation I can't purify things.
[0003]
On the other hand, by using a solid electrolyte membrane having oxygen ion conductivity and flowing current therethrough, oxygen in the exhaust gas is removed without being adsorbed on the catalyst surface. Known as a catalytic reactor is a system that removes surface oxygen and simultaneously decomposes nitrogen oxides into oxygen and nitrogen by applying voltage to a solid electrolyte sandwiched between electrodes. .
[0004]
However, in the above method, when excess oxygen is present in the combustion exhaust gas, the adsorption and decomposition reaction sites of coexisting oxygen and nitrogen oxide are composed of the same oxygen defects. Is significantly lower than the molecular selectivity and the ratio of the number of coexisting molecules. Therefore, it is necessary to pass a large amount of current in order to decompose the nitrogen oxide, resulting in a problem that power consumption increases.
[0005]
Under such circumstances, the present inventors have already included the inner structure of the cathode in the chemical reactor and the nanometer-sized through-hole in the upper part of the same layer. By having a structure that is distributed in the form of a network in close contact with each other with a size of meters to micron or less, it becomes possible to reduce excess oxygen that becomes an interfering gas when performing chemical reaction of the material to be treated, It has been found that a substance to be treated can be treated with low power consumption and high efficiency (Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-225034). However, this method has a problem that it is necessary to continuously supply a current in order to remove coexisting oxygen molecules, and power consumption is not sufficiently reduced.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, in view of the above-described prior art, the present inventors have conducted extensive research aimed at solving these problems, and as a result, in the working electrode layer located above the cathode in the chemical reaction section, oxygen By simultaneously performing adsorption and nitrogen oxide adsorption-reduction reaction, a local reaction field is created to enable efficient chemical reaction, and the chemical reaction system is energized after adsorption of a certain amount of oxygen molecules. Thus, the inventors have found that oxygen molecules can be ionized, removed, and reactivated, and the present invention has been achieved.
That is, an object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems, and when excessive oxygen is present in the combustion exhaust gas, it is paired with a substance having selective adsorptivity to oxygen molecules and nitrogen oxide molecules. , By reducing the amount of current required for nitrogen oxide decomposition by facilitating adsorption of nitrogen oxides, and at the same time, reactivating the chemical reaction system by energizing after adsorption of a certain amount of oxygen, An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical reaction system that can purify nitrogen oxides with low power consumption and high efficiency.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention for solving the above-described problems comprises the following technical means.
(1) For carrying out a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated, 1) an oxygen ion conductor (ion conduction phase), and a cathode (reduction phase) and an anode (oxidation phase) facing each other, or 2) oxidation In a chemical reaction system comprising a chemical reaction unit with a reduction catalyst as a basic unit, an electric current is applied to the chemical reaction unit, an electric field is applied to the chemical reaction unit, or heat treatment is performed in a reduction or reduced pressure, so that the chemical reaction unit is adsorbed. the oxygen which inhibits the reaction a activated chemical reaction system the ability to remove ionized,
As the chemical reaction part, a contact point between an electron conduction phase and an ion conduction phase constituted by combining any one of an ion conductor, an electron conductor, and a mixed conductor is energized, applied with an electric field, or reduced or under reduced pressure. A chemical reaction system using a chemical reaction part in which a minute reaction region in which a redox reaction is performed on a substance to be treated is introduced into a part of the chemical reaction part by heat treatment.
(2) As the chemical reaction part, a reduction phase having selectivity with respect to each of oxygen and a substance to be treated, and nanometers to micrometers required for efficiently supplying the substance to be treated to the reduction phase for processing characterized by using the chemical reaction section having pores of meters, the chemical reaction system of (1), wherein.
( 3 ) As the above-mentioned minute reaction region, from the contact point between the electron conduction phase and the ion conduction phase, from the metal phase part of the electron conduction phase, the oxygen-deficient part of the ion conduction phase, and the minute space part (void) around these contacts. The chemical reaction system according to ( 1 ) above, wherein a chemical reaction part having an interface is formed.
( 4 ) The chemical reaction system according to ( 1 ), wherein a chemical reaction part in which a minute reaction region in which the oxidation-reduction reaction is performed is introduced to the cathode as the chemical reaction part.
( 5 ) As said chemical reaction part, it has a working electrode layer which manages oxidation-reduction reaction in the upper part of a cathode, and the minute reaction area | region of the magnitude | size of nanometer-micrometer in which the said oxidation-reduction is performed in the same layer is carried out. The chemical reaction system according to (1), wherein the introduced chemical reaction unit is used.
( 6 ) The chemical reaction system according to (1), wherein the substance to be treated is nitrogen oxide in combustion exhaust gas .
( 7 ) The chemical reaction system as described in ( 5 ) above, wherein the chemical reaction in the chemical reaction part is reductive decomposition of nitrogen oxides in combustion exhaust gas .
( 8 ) A method using a chemical reaction system for performing a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated according to any one of (1) to ( 7 ), wherein the temperature is set to 400 to 700 ° C in the chemical reaction system. Or using the chemical reaction system, wherein the chemical reaction unit is activated by heating or lowering the temperature within the same temperature range, energizing or applying an electric field at time intervals.
( 9 ) A method for activating a chemical reaction system for performing a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated according to any one of (1) to ( 7 ), wherein the temperature is set to 400 to 700 in the chemical reaction system. A method for activating a chemical reaction system, characterized in that the chemical reaction system is maintained at a temperature of C, or heated or lowered in the same temperature range, and energization or electric field application treatment is performed between the cathode and the anode for 1 minute to 3 hours.
( 10 ) The method for activating a chemical reaction system according to ( 9 ), wherein an energization current of 5 mA to 1 A or an applied voltage of 0.5 V to 2.5 V is applied to cause an electrochemical reaction.
( 11 ) The method for activating a chemical reaction system according to ( 9 ), wherein energization or electric field treatment is performed at an oxygen partial pressure of 0% to 21% (in air).
( 12 ) A method for activating a chemical reaction system for performing a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated according to any one of (1) to ( 7 ), wherein the temperature is 500 ° C. or higher in the chemical reaction system. The chemical reaction system activation method is characterized in that the temperature is increased or decreased in the same temperature range, and heat treatment is performed under reduction or reduced pressure.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, the present invention will be described in more detail.
The present invention relates to a chemical reaction system for carrying out a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated, the chemical reaction system comprising a chemical reaction part for advancing the chemical reaction of the substance to be treated, and preferably oxygen. And a barrier layer for inhibiting ionization.
[0009]
The chemical reaction unit that performs the chemical reaction of the target substance preferably includes a reduction phase that supplies ions to elements contained in the target substance to generate ions, and an ion conduction phase that conducts ions from the reduction phase. And an oxidation phase for releasing electrons from ions conducted through the ion conduction phase, but are not limited to these, and oxidation and / or reduction catalysts having functions equivalent to these, that is, oxidation catalysts and reduction catalysts Alternatively, the redox catalyst may be configured as a basic unit as appropriate. In this case, those components are not particularly limited.
[0010]
In the present invention, the substance to be treated is preferably nitrogen oxide in the combustion exhaust gas, and the nitrogen oxide is reduced in the reduction phase to generate oxygen ions, and the oxygen ions are conducted in the ion conduction phase. However, the material to be treated in the present invention is not limited to nitrogen oxides. The chemical reactor of the present invention is applied to reducing carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide, producing a mixed gas of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from methane, or producing hydrogen from water. be able to.
[0011]
Examples of the form of the chemical reaction system include a tubular shape, a flat plate shape, and a honeycomb shape. In particular, the chemical reaction system has one or more through holes having a pair of openings, such as a tubular shape and a honeycomb shape. The chemical reaction part is preferably located in each through hole.
[0012]
In the chemical reaction section, the reducing phase is preferably made of a porous material that selectively adsorbs a material to be reacted. In the reduction, in order to supply electrons to elements contained in the material to be treated, generate ions, and transmit the generated ions to the ion conduction phase, it is preferably made of a conductive material. In addition, the reduction phase is composed of a mixed conductive material having both electron conductive properties and ionic conductive properties, or a mixture of an electronic conductive material and an ionic conductive material, in order to promote the transfer of electrons and ions. More preferably. The reducing phase may have a structure in which at least two phases of these substances are laminated.
[0013]
The conductive substance and ionic conductive substance used as the reducing phase are not particularly limited. Examples of the conductive substance include noble metals such as platinum and palladium, and metal oxides such as nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, lanthanum manganite, lanthanum cobaltite, and lanthanum chromite. Barium-containing oxides or theolite that selectively adsorb the substance to be treated are also used as the reducing phase. It is also preferable to use at least one kind of the substance as a mixture with at least one kind of ion conductive substance. As the ion conductive substance, for example, zirconia stabilized with yttria or scandium oxide, ceria stabilized with gadolinium oxide or samarium oxide, lanthanum gallate and the like are used. It is also preferable that the reducing phase has a structure in which at least two phases of the above substances are laminated. More preferably, the reduction phase has a structure in which a conductive material phase made of a noble metal such as platinum and a mixture phase of nickel oxide and a mixed phase of zirconia stabilized with yttria or scandium oxide are laminated.
[0014]
The ion conductive phase is made of a solid electrolyte having ion conductivity, and preferably, a solid electrolyte having oxygen ion conductivity. Examples of the solid electrolyte having oxygen ion conductivity include, but are not particularly limited to, zirconia stabilized with yttria or scandium oxide, ceria stabilized with gadolinium oxide or samarium oxide, and lanthanum gallate. Preferably, zirconia stabilized with yttria or scandium oxide having high conductivity and strength and excellent long-term stability is used.
[0015]
The oxidation phase contains a conductive substance in order to release electrons from ions from the ion conduction phase. In order to promote the transmission of electrons and ions, it is preferable that the material is composed of a mixed conductive material having both electron conductivity and ion conductivity properties, or a mixture of an electron conductive material and an ion conductive material. The conductive substance and ion conductive substance used as the oxidation phase are not particularly limited. Examples of the conductive substance include noble metals such as platinum and palladium, and metal oxides such as nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, lanthanum manganite, lanthanum cobaltite, and lanthanum chromite. Examples of the ion conductive material include zirconia stabilized with yttria or scandium oxide, ceria stabilized with gadolinium oxide or samarium oxide, and lanthanum gallate.
[0016]
The barrier layer is intended to prevent supply of electrons necessary for generating oxygen ions when oxygen molecules are adsorbed on the surface. Alternatively, oxygen ions are installed in the chemical reaction part for the purpose of preventing the metal (for example, nickel metal) generated by the reduction reaction of the conductive oxide (for example, nickel oxide) from being reoxidized. In particular, it has a material and a structure that prevent the supply electrons from the reducing layer from reaching the surface. The barrier layer is preferably an ionic conductor, a mixed conductor, or an insulator. In the case of a mixed conductor, if the electron conductivity is large, the effect of suppressing the electron conduction is reduced, so that the ratio of the electron conductivity is as much as possible. Small is desirable.
[0017]
The present invention provides an oxygen ion conductor (ion conduction phase), a cathode (reduction phase) and an anode (oxidation phase) opposed to each other, or oxidation and / or oxidation for conducting a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated. In a chemical reaction system in which a chemical reaction unit is configured with a reduction catalyst as a basic unit, for example, by applying a current or applying an electric field between the cathode and the anode of the chemical reaction unit, or by performing heat treatment under reduced or reduced pressure, It is characterized by activating the ability to ionize and remove oxygen that adsorbs to the reaction part and inhibits the reaction. In the present invention, as the chemical reaction part, energization, electric field application, or reduction is applied to a contact point between an electron conduction phase and an ion conduction phase configured by combining any one of an ion conductor, an electron conductor, and a mixed conductor. Alternatively, by using heat treatment under reduced pressure, a chemical reaction part in which a minute reaction region in which an oxidation-reduction reaction for a substance to be processed is introduced into a part of the chemical reaction part is used, and as the chemical reaction part, oxygen and The use of a chemical reaction unit having a reducing phase that has selectivity for each of the materials to be treated, and pores of micrometer or less necessary to efficiently supply and treat the materials to be treated in the reducing phase In addition, as the minute reaction region, from the contact point between the electron conduction phase and the ion conduction phase, the metal phase part of the electron conduction phase, the oxygen deficient part of the ion conduction phase, and the minute space part (void) around the contact point. A chemical reaction part in which a small reaction region in which the oxidation-reduction reaction is performed is introduced to the cathode as the chemical reaction part, and the chemical reaction part. As a part, a chemical reaction part having a working electrode layer for performing a redox reaction at the upper part of the cathode and introducing a micro area with a size of nanometer to micrometer in which the above redox is performed is used. A suitable example is given below.
[0018]
The working electrode layer located on the upper part of the cathode in the chemical reaction part is formed by the present inventors in addition to the high-efficiency adsorption decomposition of the substance to be treated previously discovered (Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-225034). It has a structure capable of simultaneously performing adsorption and adsorption of a substance to be treated with separate substances suitable for each reaction. That is, a metal phase produced or reduced from the beginning of oxide reduction (desirably ultrafine particles (10 to 100 nm diameter) for high reactivity) and an oxygen deficiency of an ion conducting phase present in the vicinity thereof. In the introduced gas to be treated due to the presence of a minute space of several to several hundred nm in the vicinity of the contact portion. By selectively adsorbing and decomposing oxygen molecules in the oxygen-deficient part and the object to be processed into the metal phase, power consumption is significantly reduced.
[0019]
Such a structure has a heat treatment process (a heat treatment in the atmosphere of 1400 to 1450 ° C. in the zirconia-nickel oxide system) necessary for the formation of the previously found structure, as well as an energization treatment or reduction atmosphere for the chemical reaction system. It is formed by performing a heat treatment such as. That is, an oxide that is relatively easily reduced is used, and a reduced phase is formed by energization at a high temperature of several hundred degrees C. or more. In the process, due to the volume change of the crystal phase due to the oxidation-reduction reaction, the generation of nanometer to micron-size vacancies suitable for introduction of the gas to be treated, the formation of ultrafine particles by recrystallization of the reduction phase, and the oxidation reduction A fine structure preferable for high-efficiency reaction, such as formation of an oxygen-deficient portion of the ion conduction phase through the reaction, is formed. FIG. 2 shows an example of a desirable local structure as an internal structure of the working electrode layer formed by the above method.
[0020]
As a substance constituting such a fine structure, a combination of an ion conduction phase and an electron conduction phase, a mixed conduction phase or a combination thereof with an ion conduction phase and an electron conduction phase are possible. When the object to be treated is nitrogen oxide, a metal phase such as nickel is more preferable as the reduction phase because it exhibits high selective adsorption.
[0021]
In order to reactivate the chemical reaction system, in addition to the method of introducing a reducing agent already described as the prior art, a structure in which carbon or the like is integrated with the chemical reaction system in advance is formed, and the carbon is oxidized during the chemical reaction. Thus, a method for reducing the oxidized metal phase has also been proposed (K. Miura et al., Chemical Engineering Science 56, 1623 (2001)). However, these methods require a reducing agent and cannot be reactivated when there is no reducing agent. Therefore, in order to use the system for a long period of time or to use it continuously, an electrical reactivation method is required. Is preferred.
[0022]
In the present invention, it is possible to remove oxygen by ionizing and pumping oxygen adsorbed in the oxygen-deficient part in the chemical reaction part by conducting energization or the like only when the performance of the chemical reaction system deteriorates. It is also possible to reactivate the reduced phase at the same time. As a result, in the present invention, the amount of current can be significantly reduced compared to the amount of current for oxygen pumping required in the conventional electrochemical cell system.
[0023]
In the present invention, the reactivation by oxygen pumping is performed by energizing or applying a voltage to the system or heat-treating it in a reducing atmosphere or the like in a state where the chemical reaction system is 400 to 700 ° C. In the present invention, in the above chemical reaction system, the temperature is kept at 400 to 700 ° C., or the temperature is raised or lowered in the same temperature range, and the energization or electric field application treatment is performed between the cathode and the anode for 1 minute to 3 hours. preferable. In this case, an energizing current of 5 mA to 1 A or an applied voltage of 0.5 V to 2.5 V is applied to cause an electrochemical reaction, and energization or electric field treatment is performed at an oxygen partial pressure of 0% to 21% (in the atmosphere). Is preferred. The treatment temperature varies depending on the material and structure constituting the system. For example, when yttria-stabilized zirconia is used as the solid electrolyte, it is preferably around 560 ° C., and in the case of ceria, it is preferably around 450 ° C. In the present invention, the chemical reaction system is characterized in that the temperature is maintained at 500 ° C. or higher, or the temperature is raised or lowered in the same temperature range, and the heat treatment is performed in a reducing atmosphere or reduced pressure. An activation method is provided.
[0024]
In addition to the processing temperature and constituent material conditions, the amount of energizing current, applied voltage, energizing time, and oxygen partial pressure or total pressure in the atmosphere are variable. For example, when yttria-stabilized zirconia is used as the solid electrolyte, and nickel oxide and zirconia are used as the working electrode material, a nitrogen oxide equivalent to that before the treatment is obtained by energizing treatment at 100 mA, 2 V for 1 hour (10% oxygen). Restore decomposition performance. The degree of deterioration due to oxygen adsorption is about 20% after 100 hours of continuous operation (without energization), and the performance is repeatedly recovered by the energization process.
[0025]
【Example】
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a chemical reaction system according to an embodiment of the present invention. The chemical reaction unit 6 constituting the chemical reaction system 7 has a working electrode layer, a cathode (reduction phase), an ion conduction phase, and an anode (oxidation phase) in the order of 2 to 5 with respect to the gas flow that is the object to be processed. ) Is located on the upstream side, and the barrier layer 1 is located on the upstream side. That is, the gas to be treated passes in the order of 1 to 5.
Hereinafter, the case where nitrogen oxide is used as the target substance will be specifically described.
[0026]
Example 1
As the ion conductive phase 4, zirconia stabilized with yttria was used, and the shape thereof was a disk shape having a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm. The reduction phase 3 was a mixed layer of platinum and zirconia, and the working electrode layer 2 was a film made of a mixture of nickel oxide and yttria stabilized zirconia. The platinum film was formed by screen-printing on one side of the ion conducting phase 4 so as to have an area of about 1.8 cm 2 and then heat-treating at 1200 ° C. A mixed film of nickel oxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia was formed by screen-printing on the platinum film so as to have the same area as the platinum film and then heat-treating at 1450 ° C. The mixing ratio of nickel oxide and yttria stabilized zirconia was 6: 4 in terms of molar ratio. A platinum film was screen-printed on the other surface of the ion conductive phase 4 on which the reduced phase was formed so as to have an area of about 1.8 cm 2, and then formed by heat treatment at 1200 ° C. to form an oxidized phase 5. The barrier layer 1 was made of yttria-stabilized zirconia and formed on the working electrode layer 2 with a film thickness of about 3 microns by screen printing and heat treatment at 1400 ° C. Further, the current was increased to 650 ° C. while a current of 1.2 V-25 mA was applied between the cathode 3 and the anode 5, and the current was stopped for 1 hour, followed by slow cooling.
[0027]
A method for treating nitrogen oxides by the chemical reaction system of the present invention thus formed will be described below. A chemical reaction system 7 was placed in the gas to be treated, platinum wires were fixed as lead wires to the reduction phase 3 and the oxidation phase 5, connected to a DC power source, and a DC voltage was applied to pass a current. The evaluation was performed at 600 ° C. for system performance during energization, and at a reaction temperature of 350 ° C. during no energization. As the gas to be treated, a model combustion exhaust gas of 1000 ppm nitric oxide, 2% oxygen and helium balance was flowed at a flow rate of 50 ml / min. The nitrogen oxide concentration in the gas to be treated before and after flowing into the chemical reaction system was measured with a chemiluminescent NOx meter, and the nitrogen and oxygen concentrations were measured with gas chromatography. From the reduction amount of nitrogen oxides, the purification rate of nitrogen oxides was determined, and the current density and power consumption when the purification rate was 50% were measured.
[0028]
That is, at the start of measurement, the chemical reactor was heated to a reaction temperature of 600 ° C., and the chemical reaction part was energized. At this time, the purification rate of nitrogen oxides was improved as the amount of current increased, and the nitrogen oxides were reduced to about 50% when the current density was 31 mA / cm 2 and the power consumption was 61 mW / cm 2 .
[0029]
When this chemical reaction system was further stopped after 1 hour from the start of energization and measurement of the decomposition rate of nitrogen oxide was continued, the decomposition rate of nitrogen oxide was about 10% immediately after the energization was stopped. Although it decreased, after that, it showed a gradual decreasing tendency, and even during continuous measurement for a total of 5 days (120 hours), the decrease was only 5% or less, and a reduction in the purification rate was observed with the passage of time. As a result, when the amount of electric power required for the purification reaction of nitrogen oxides for a total of 120 hours is compared with the calculated value at a purification rate of 35%, the present invention reduces to at least about 1/84 or less compared to the case of continuous energization. Confirmed to do.
[0030]
Example 2
In the same chemical reaction system configuration conditions as in Example 1, the oxygen content was increased from 2% to 10% and the concentration of nitrogen oxides was decreased from 1000 ppm to 500 ppm in order to examine suitability for practical conditions. Nitrogen oxide removal performance was investigated. The system was energized by repeating energization for 10 minutes three times under the same temperature and power conditions as in Example 1. As shown in FIG. 3, the decomposition rate of nitrogen oxides was reduced by 15% or more immediately after the start of measurement, and further reached a level below 30% after about 20 hours after the start of measurement. Gradually decreased and reached an equilibrium state from about 100 hours. By performing the same energization process again after 200 hours, the change in the nitrogen oxide decomposition rate with the passage of time was almost the same as the first time.
[0031]
Example 3
Under the same chemical reaction system configuration conditions as in Example 1, the activation of the system by reducing atmosphere treatment was evaluated. For a chemical reaction system in which the required power for decomposition of 50% nitrogen oxide is about 68 mW / cm 2 at a coexisting oxygen amount of 2%, a system operating temperature of 650 ° C., and a nitrogen oxide concentration of 1000 ppm (nitrogen) When the oxide decomposition rate was reduced to about 38%), the temperature was raised to 800 ° C., and a reducing gas containing 95% hydrogen and 5% argon was allowed to flow for 10 hours, and then the nitrogen oxide purification performance was measured. About 2% performance improvement was observed.
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, the following effects are exhibited.
(1) It is possible to provide a chemical reaction system that can treat a substance to be treated with low power consumption and high efficiency even when oxygen that interferes with the chemical reaction of the substance to be treated is excessive.
(2) Nitrogen oxide can be purified with high efficiency by low power consumption.
(3) The chemical reaction system can be reactivated.
(4) It is possible to provide an energy saving electrochemical reaction system that can be used by energizing or applying an electric field at time intervals to activate and use the chemical reaction part.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a chemical reaction system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an example of a local structure desirable as an internal structure of a working electrode layer.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a recovery state of nitrogen oxide purification performance by energization treatment.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Barrier layer 2 Working electrode layer 3 Cathode (reduction phase)
4 Ion conduction phase 5 Anode (oxidation phase)
6 Chemical reaction section 7 Chemical reaction system

Claims (12)

被処理物質の化学反応を行うための、1)酸素イオン伝導体(イオン伝導相)、及びこれを挟んで相対するカソード(還元相)及びアノード(酸化相)、又は、2)酸化及び/又は還元触媒、を基本単位として化学反応部を構成した化学反応システムにおいて、上記化学反応部に電流を通電若しくは電界を印加、又は還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理することにより、化学反応部に吸着し反応を阻害する酸素をイオン化して除去する能力を活性化した化学反応システムであって、
上記化学反応部として、イオン伝導体、電子伝導体、混合導電体のいずれかを組み合わせて構成される電子伝導相とイオン伝導相の接点に対して、通電、電界印加、又は還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理することにより、化学反応部の一部に被処理物質に対する酸化還元反応が行われる微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする化学反応システム。
1) Oxygen ion conductor (ion conduction phase) and cathode (reduction phase) and anode (oxidation phase) facing each other, or 2) oxidation and / or for conducting chemical reaction of the material to be treated In a chemical reaction system in which a chemical reaction unit is configured with a reduction catalyst as a basic unit, current is applied to the chemical reaction unit, an electric field is applied, or heat treatment is performed under reduction or reduced pressure, thereby adsorbing and reacting with the chemical reaction unit the oxygen inhibits an activated chemical reaction system the ability to remove ionized,
As the chemical reaction part, a contact point between an electron conduction phase and an ion conduction phase constituted by combining any one of an ion conductor, an electron conductor, and a mixed conductor is energized, applied with an electric field, or reduced or under reduced pressure. A chemical reaction system using a chemical reaction part in which a minute reaction region in which a redox reaction is performed on a substance to be treated is introduced into a part of the chemical reaction part by heat treatment.
上記化学反応部として、酸素及び被処理物質の各々に対して選択性を有する還元相と、還元相に被処理物質を効率的に供給して処理するために必要なナノメートル〜マイクロメートルの細孔を有する化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、請求項1記載の化学反応システム。As the chemical reaction section, and the reduction phase with selectivity for each of the oxygen and the substance to be treated, nanometer-micro meters required to process by efficiently supplying the substance to be treated in the reduction phase The chemical reaction system according to claim 1, wherein a chemical reaction part having pores is used. 上記微小反応領域として、電子伝導相とイオン伝導相の接点に、電子伝導相の金属相部、イオン伝導相の酸素欠乏部、及びそれらの接点周辺の微小空間部(空隙)、からなる界面を形成した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、請求項記載の化学反応システム。As the minute reaction region, an interface composed of a metal phase part of the electron conduction phase, an oxygen-deficient part of the ion conduction phase, and a minute space part (void) around the contact point at the contact point between the electron conduction phase and the ion conduction phase. formation characterized by using the chemical reaction section that, the chemical reaction system of claim 1, wherein. 上記化学反応部として、カソードに、上記酸化還元反応が行われる微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、請求項記載の化学反応システム。Above for chemical reaction section, the cathode, characterized by using the chemical reaction section in which the oxidation-reduction reaction is introduced minute reaction area is carried out, the chemical reaction system of claim 1, wherein. 上記化学反応部として、カソードの上部に酸化還元反応を司る作動電極層を有し、同層内に、上記酸化還元が行われる、ナノメートル〜マイクロメートルの大きさの微小反応領域を導入した化学反応部を用いたことを特徴とする、請求項1記載の化学反応システム。  As the chemical reaction part, there is a working electrode layer that performs a redox reaction on the upper part of the cathode, and a chemical reaction region in which a small reaction region having a size of nanometer to micrometer is introduced in the same layer. The chemical reaction system according to claim 1, wherein a reaction unit is used. 上記被処理物質が、燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物であることを特徴とする、請求項1記載の化学反応システム。2. The chemical reaction system according to claim 1, wherein the substance to be treated is nitrogen oxide in combustion exhaust gas . 上記化学反応部の化学反応が、燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物の還元分解であることを特徴とする、請求項記載の化学反応システム。The chemical reaction section of a chemical reaction, characterized in that it is a reductive decomposition of nitrogen oxides in the combustion exhaust gas, the chemical reaction system according to claim 5. 請求項1からのいずれかに記載の被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムを使用する方法であって、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を400〜700℃に保ち、ないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、時間間隔をおいて通電もしくは電界印加を行い、化学反応部を活性化することを特徴とする、化学反応システムの使用方法。A method of using a chemical reaction system for performing a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated according to any one of claims 1 to 7 , wherein the temperature is maintained at 400 to 700 ° C or the same temperature in the chemical reaction system. A method of using a chemical reaction system, wherein the chemical reaction unit is activated by raising or lowering the temperature in a region, energizing or applying an electric field at time intervals. 請求項1からのいずれかに記載の被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムを活性化する方法であって、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を400〜700℃に保ち、ないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、カソードとアノードの間に1分〜3時間の通電若しくは電界印加処理を行うことを特徴とする、化学反応システムの活性化方法。A method for activating a chemical reaction system for performing a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated according to any one of claims 1 to 7 , wherein the temperature is maintained at 400 to 700 ° C or the same in the chemical reaction system. A method for activating a chemical reaction system, wherein the temperature is raised or lowered in a temperature range, and a current or electric field application treatment is performed between a cathode and an anode for 1 minute to 3 hours. 通電電流5mA〜1A又は印加電圧0.5V〜2.5Vを加え、電気化学反応を生じさせる、請求項記載の化学反応システムの活性化方法。The method for activating a chemical reaction system according to claim 9 , wherein an energization current of 5 mA to 1 A or an applied voltage of 0.5 V to 2.5 V is applied to cause an electrochemical reaction. 酸素分圧が0%〜21%(大気中)で通電若しくは電界処理を行う、請求項記載の化学反応システムの活性化方法。The method for activating a chemical reaction system according to claim 9 , wherein energization or electric field treatment is performed at an oxygen partial pressure of 0% to 21% (in the atmosphere). 請求項1からのいずれかに記載の被処理物質の化学反応を行うための化学反応システムを活性化する方法であって、上記化学反応システムにおいて、温度を500℃以上に保ち、ないしは同温度域で昇温又は降温し、還元若しくは減圧下で熱処理を行うことを特徴とする、化学反応システムの活性化方法。A method for activating a chemical reaction system for performing a chemical reaction of a substance to be treated according to any one of claims 1 to 7 , wherein the temperature is maintained at 500 ° C or higher in the chemical reaction system. A method for activating a chemical reaction system, wherein the temperature is raised or lowered in a region, and heat treatment is performed under reduction or reduced pressure.
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