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JP4223876B2 - Removal of radioactive iodine from nuclear reactors - Google Patents
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JP4223876B2 - Removal of radioactive iodine from nuclear reactors - Google Patents

Removal of radioactive iodine from nuclear reactors Download PDF

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JP4223876B2
JP4223876B2 JP2003196908A JP2003196908A JP4223876B2 JP 4223876 B2 JP4223876 B2 JP 4223876B2 JP 2003196908 A JP2003196908 A JP 2003196908A JP 2003196908 A JP2003196908 A JP 2003196908A JP 4223876 B2 JP4223876 B2 JP 4223876B2
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reactor
water
condenser
iodine
radioactive iodine
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JP2005037133A5 (en
JP2005037133A (en
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詩郎 泉類
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昭和エンジニアリング株式会社
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30Nuclear fission reactors

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  • Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、沸騰水型原子力発電所の燃料棒破損時における燃料棒の交換に際して、破損燃料棒中から原子炉水中に漏洩し、原子炉水と原子炉上蓋中に拡散した放射性ヨウ素の、安全で経済的に有利な除去方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
原子力発電は、現在日本の発電能力の大きな部分を占めており、その存在は不可避の状態にある。沸騰水型原子力発電所は、多くの濃縮ウラン燃料棒を使用しており、その操業は極めて安全度が高い状態で運転するように規制されている。さらに万一燃料棒被覆管が破れた様なトラブルが起こったときの環境汚染の予防措置として、核分裂物質の環境への拡散がない様に法的に各種の規定が定められている。一方原子炉は装置的に極めて高価なものであり、操業率の高いことが求められ、燃料棒被覆管の破損などのトラブルにあってもその破損燃料の交換作業を短期間で終了することが求められている。
【0003】
沸騰水型原子力発電所の運転中に燃料棒被覆管の破損が生じた場合、破損程度によるが基本的には運転を停止し、破損燃料棒の所属する燃料集合体を探し出し新しい燃料集合体と交換する必要がある。燃料集合体の交換に際してまず原子炉の温度・圧力を低下させ、原子炉上蓋を開放する必要がある。この圧力低下の過程で破損燃料棒中に存在する核分裂により生じた放射性ガスなどが原子炉水中へと放出されることになる。この時、その放射性ガスの一部は原子炉水中を拡散して原子炉の水面上部へと移動し浮上しさらに原子炉上蓋内部へと拡散するため、直ちに原子炉上蓋を開放し、点検することは放射線管理上問題が有ることがわかっている。また、原子炉水中に溶解している核分裂により生じた放射性ヨウ素の蒸気圧は低いが、原子炉上蓋を開放後は徐々に作業空間に拡散・排出されるので、作業者に取り込まれ、内部被曝の原因になる危険性をはらんでいる。そのため作業環境の放射性ヨウ素の除去を行うと同時に、作業者はその危険性を回避するためにヨウ素を吸着除去出来るマスクを装着し作業をすることになり、多くの費用が発生すると共に作業性が大きく損なわれる。
【0004】
現在は、原子炉停止直後から原子炉上部空間の放射性ヨウ素を原子炉冷却材浄化系(ろ過脱塩装置)で除去すると共に主蒸気管・復水器経由で排ガス処理系[OG系]へも吸引除去している。放射性ヨウ素を環境へ問題が生じない濃度レベルまで除去するため長時間を要するために、原子力発電所における原子炉上蓋の開放や復水器の開放までの待ち時間が長く、原子力発電所停止の電気出力を補填するための火力発電所の追い焚きが必要とされるなど、経済的に大きな負担となっているのが実情である。また、原子炉停止に伴う急激な圧力低下により放射性ヨウ素は破損燃料棒中から原子炉水中へ放出され、水蒸気に伴われてタービン・復水器へもたらされる。この放射性ヨウ素はその濃度が高く、安全に復水器の開放点検出来る程度の濃度にするまでには、内容積の大きい復水器を長期間の洗浄作業が必要で、かつ洗浄水の発生も多くその処理も大きな問題であった。
【0005】
更に原子炉水中に溶解している放射性ガス成分の存在はバックグラウンドの放射性濃度を高めるため、破損燃料からの放射性ガスの漏洩検出し、破損した燃料棒を探し出す際の支障となり、燃料プールへ安全に移動する作業(シッピング作業)を困難にする等問題であった。
【0006】
従来は、ヨウ素及びその他のイオン性放射性成分を除去するために、混床イオン交換樹脂で除去していたが、このイオン交換樹脂系では、イオン性放射性成分は問題ないとしても分子状ヨウ素の除去率が非常に低かった。従って、混床イオン交換樹脂を用いて処理しても原子炉水中の分子状放射性ヨウ素濃度が長期に亘って高いため、原子炉上蓋開放後も分子状放射性ヨウ素除去のためにやむを得ず原子炉ウエル内を大型の吸引ブロアで吸引し、吸引ガス中の放射性ヨウ素除去のため特殊活性炭を用いて吸着処理をしていた。破損燃料棒交換などの場合の原子炉近傍の作業環境は他の定検関係の機器等で混雑しており、この様な大型機器を設置することは他の作業を妨害するものであり、大きな問題であった。
【0007】
従来、原子炉水中の放射性ヨウ素は原子炉冷却材浄化系の混床イオン交換樹脂で、復水器凝縮水中の放射性ヨウ素は復水脱塩装置の混床イオン交換樹脂で各々除去していた。しかし、混床イオン交換樹脂はイオン状の放射性ヨウ素除去には有効であったが、分子状のヨウ素については除去が困難であった。
更に原子炉停止時に復水器へもたらされた多量の放射性ヨウ素は、復水器開放点検の妨げであり、その除去のために空気導入と吸引による復水器内部空間のガス置換およびスプレー洗浄により行っていたが、復水器空間は大きく、ヨウ素自身水への溶解性が小さいために、安全域まで放射性ヨウ素を除去するには長期間を要し、また洗浄水や導入空気の処理も含め多くの点で問題であった。
【0008】
【先行技術文献】
特になし
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、燃料棒破損による原子炉停止から原子炉上蓋開放までの時間の短縮のために、原子炉水中、原子炉内空間および原子炉内空間に存在する機器表面の放射性ヨウ素並びに復水器空間に残留するヨウ素を効率よくかつ放射能を含む廃液などの発生のできるだけ少なく、安全に短時間で回収・除去する事および方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
[1] 原子力発電所の原子炉水、原子炉内空間、原子炉内空間に存在する機器表面および復水器から放射性ヨウ素を分離・除去する方法において、原子炉完全停止前に崩壊熱を利用することにより原子炉水を沸騰状態に保持し、蒸気をオフガス処理系へ吸引すると共に、原子炉冷却材浄化系(ろ過脱塩装置)および復水脱塩装置の混床イオン交換樹脂を、水酸基で置換された陰イオン交換樹脂(以下水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂と称する)を含むイオン交換樹脂に置き換え、かつ復水器を運転することを特徴とする放射性ヨウ素の除去方法、
[2] 原子炉における沸騰状態が70℃以上120℃以下であることを特徴とする上記[1]に記載の放射性ヨウ素の除去方法、
【0013】
[3] 原子炉の原子炉水および復水器から放射性ヨウ素を分離除去する方法において、原子炉完全停止前に崩壊熱を利用することにより原子炉水を沸騰状態に保持し、沸騰状態の原子炉水からの蒸気で復水器空間に存在する放射性ヨウ素蒸気を希釈した後、復水器で凝縮した水中に移行させかつ凝縮水で復水器の冷却面に付着する放射性ヨウ素を洗浄させることを特徴とする上記[1]に記載の放射性ヨウ素の除去方法、を開発することにより上記の課題を解決した。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
沸騰水型原子力発電所に使用している燃料棒被覆管に破損が生じた場合、破損燃料の探索とその交換作業のために原子炉を常温に戻し原子炉上蓋の開放点検をする必要がある。そのためには原子炉の運転を停止することになるが、原子炉の通常の運転条件は高温高圧の状態にあるので、制御棒を挿入し核反応を停止させかつ崩壊熱除去系を使って核反応で生成した放射性物質から出る放射線による温度上昇を抑える必要がある。そのようにして原子炉温度を低下させた後原子炉上蓋の開放点検をすることになるが、実際は、原子炉の運転圧力から常温付近の大気圧まで減圧することになり、その時燃料破損部からガス状の放射性物質が多量に原子炉水中へ漏洩することになる。この時蒸気と共に放射性ガスの一部が復水器へともたらされることになる。復水器にもたらされた放射性ヨウ素の多くの部分は復水器で凝縮した水中に留まるが、放射性キセノン等の希ガスはOG系へと排出される。本発明はこのように復水器の冷却管の表面に付着している凝縮水中に溶け込んでいる放射性ヨウ素およびそれと平衡状態にある復水器空間に存在するガス状ヨウ素を原子炉で発生した蒸気で洗浄しながら復水脱塩装置へと導入浄化することにある。
【0016】
一方殆どの原子炉水中のイオン性放射性ヨウ素は、原子炉冷却材浄化系として設けられている除去装置により除去される。例えば原子炉水は再生熱交換器で冷却し、ろ過脱塩装置の混床イオン交換樹脂で原子炉水に溶解しているイオン性放射性物質を除去し、再度原子炉に循環する。水中のヨウ素の内で除去が困難なのは分子状ヨウ素である。
【0017】
原子炉水中では、放射性ヨウ素は主にIとして存在し、極微少量がIおよびIOのイオン状ヨウ素の化学形態で存在する。イオン状ヨウ素は、原子炉操業中に使用されている原子炉冷却材浄化系および復水浄化系にセットされた混床イオン交換樹脂で除去出来る。しかし主成分の分子状ヨウ素については、一般的に混床イオン交換樹脂での効率よい除去は困難である。
【0018】
本発明の燃料棒破損において原子炉水中へ漏洩した分子状放射性ヨウ素の除去法は、上記原子炉冷却材浄化系および復水浄化系の陰イオン交換樹脂の陰イオン部分を、水酸基(OH基)に交換した陰イオン交換樹脂を使用するものである。この場合、分子状放射性ヨウ素の除去に際しては混床イオン交換樹脂中の陰イオン交換樹脂を水酸基(OH基)型に転換するだけでも効果があるが、好ましくは混床タイプでなく水酸基(OH基)型陰イオン交換樹脂のみを使用することにより除去速度が高く能率的で好ましい。
【0019】
即ち、ヨウ素は水中で次のように加水分解する。
+HO = HIO+I+H ・・・(1)
3HIO+3OH = 2I+IO +3HO ・・・(2)
3I+6OH = 5I+IO +3HO ・・・(3)
3I+3HO = 6H+5I+IO ・・・(4)
この反応は平衡反応であり、純水中および微酸性においては殆ど(1)の反応は左辺に偏って起こる。即ちこの平衡定数Kは25℃において、4.6×10−13である。
K=〔H〕〔I〕〔HIO〕/〔I〕 ・・・(5)
【0020】
つまり、純水中におけるヨウ素の化学形態は殆どI2である。しかしアルカリが存在するときは(2)式は右辺に進行し、殆ど陰イオン状のヨウ素になる。水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂の表面近傍は強アルカリとなっており、ヨウ素の殆どが陰イオン化し、直ちに陰イオン交換樹脂に吸着し、除去されるものと想定される。
なお、分子状ヨウ素の蒸気圧はそれ程大きいものでなく、ヨウ素分の溶解度は温度が上がるほど増加することが判明にしている。そのために、蒸発操作のみで原子炉水中からヨウ素分子を分離回収するのは効率の良い方法ではない。
【0021】
燃料破損が発生した後原子炉は運転を停止することになるが、通常は原子炉運転を停止すると同時に復水器へ蒸気の送入は停止していたが、本発明においては核分裂反応を停止した後、原子炉の運転の完全停止に先立ち、燃料中の放射性物質の崩壊熱を利用して原子炉水を沸騰状態に保つ。この時の蒸気の流動を利用して原子炉上部空間および該空間に存在する機器表面に付着または吸着している放射性ヨウ素の洗浄を行うと共に該蒸気を復水器へ排出することにより、効率よく原子炉上部空間を洗浄すると共に、該洗浄蒸気を原子炉より低圧に保持される復水器側へ排出することが可能となる。
原子炉水中のヨウ素は上記原子炉冷却材浄化系で水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂を使用することで効率よく浄化出来るので、水蒸気中のヨウ素濃度も急激に低下することになる。そのことにより、水蒸気による原子炉上部空間中の残留ヨウ素の洗浄は効率よく進行することになる。
【0022】
水蒸気に伴われた放射性の分子状ヨウ素は、復水器へと導かれることになるが、復水器空間部は巨大なものであり、復水器空間に残留することになると除去は困難で復水器の開放点検作業に支障を来すことになる。
検討の結果、復水器の操作温度を出来る限り低下させ、ヨウ素の溶解度も小さくなるが、平衡反応で気体中と水溶液中の濃度が決まり、実施して測定した結果では、凝縮水が多いほど水中への移行量(絶対量)が増加することにより復水器に存在する分子状ヨウ素の多くの部分が凝縮水中へ溶解することが判明した。
【0023】
また、水蒸気による撹拌効果も手伝い、復水器空間中の平均濃度も短時間で急激に低下することが判明した。更には、復水器冷却面に付着している水滴も凝縮水による洗浄効果で復水脱塩装置へ移行することが判明した。
従来は復水器の開放点検前に、一方から復水器内部へ空気を導入し、他方から吸引しながらスプレーで散水することにより、復水器中のヨウ素濃度低減作業を長期間かけて行っていたが非常に効率の悪い方法であり、またスプレーを行うことにより放射能を含む廃液の発生量が多く、その処理も問題になっていた。
【0024】
復水器での凝縮水へ移行するヨウ素は分子状ヨウ素であるので、上記のように混床イオン交換樹脂では分離・除去しにくい。この凝縮水は原子炉に再循環されることになるので、このままでは再度原子炉水がヨウ素により汚染を引き起こすことにもなりかねない。
そこで、原子炉の核分裂反応を停止した後は、復水脱塩装置のイオン交換樹脂を、通常の混床イオン交換樹脂から、水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂のみの吸着装置に変更してヨウ素分子を選択的に除去することが望ましい。これによりヨウ素は、イオン状になりイオン交換樹脂に吸着除去され、原子炉への再循環水中のヨウ素濃度は無視出来るほどに低減することが可能となる。
【0025】
原子炉停止に際して制御棒投入後、崩壊熱を利用し原子炉を沸騰状態に保持し、蒸気は復水器で凝縮処理し、残りを排ガス処理系[OG系]へ導入し処理する。この時、原子炉冷却材浄化系2基中少なくとも1基は運転し、原子炉水中に溶解している放射性ヨウ素を除去する。分子状ヨウ素の一部は水蒸気と共に復水器へともたらされる。通常原子炉冷却材浄化系は陽イオン交換樹脂と陰イオン交換樹脂の混合イオン交換樹脂の混床で構成されているが、燃料破損が生じた時は、原子炉停止に先立って原子炉冷却材浄化系のろ過脱塩装置のイオン交換樹脂を、放射性ヨウ素を効率よく回収・除去するために水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂を主体としたイオン交換樹脂構成にする。このことにより分子状ヨウ素であっても効率よく陰イオン交換樹脂に吸着、除去することが可能となる。通常の混合イオン交換樹脂ではその効率が必ずしも良くない。
【0026】
また、陰イオン交換樹脂の対イオンの形として水酸基(OH型)以外では、必ずしも効率よく分子状ヨウ素の除去が出来ないことが明かとなった。そこで、原子炉を沸騰状態に維持する前か、維持し始めた直後に陽イオン交換樹脂と通常の陰イオン交換樹脂の混合イオン交換樹脂から、該陰イオン交換樹脂を水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂に変換するか、全部を水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂に入れ替えて分子状ヨウ素を効率よく除去し、ヨウ素除去操作が終了した段階で改めて陽イオン交換樹脂と通常の陰イオン交換樹脂の混合イオン交換樹脂混床の構成にすることが望ましい。
【0027】
燃料棒破損が生じた場合には、燃料棒からは放射性ガスのみならず水溶性の放射能や燃料そのものの破損に伴う放射能が水溶液中に放出される可能性があり、陽イオン交換樹脂による原子炉水の処理は必要不可欠なものであるが、取り敢えず作業者の内部被曝が問題となる放射性ヨウ素を除去した後に、陽イオンと通常の陰イオン交換樹脂の混床とすることにより金属陽イオンを効率よく除去できることになる。
破損燃料棒の探索には、燃料集合体(燃料棒を多数本を集合した単位体)中からガスまたは原子炉水をサンプリングし、そのサンプル中の放射能を測定して他の原子炉水中濃度に比較して高いか同じかにより破損燃料棒があるかどうかを確認するため、原子炉水の放射能濃度が高いと、測定誤差が大きくなり、判定が出来ないこともあり得る。そこで原子炉水中の放射能を十分除去することは重要なことである。原子炉水中の放射能レベルの低減効果が期待されるものである。原子炉水中の放射能レベルが高いと、破損燃料棒の探索が困難になる。
【0028】
【実施例】
(実施例1)
燃料棒破損が発生した原子炉の停止操作に際して、制御棒全挿入から3時間後に原子炉冷却材浄化系の混合イオン交換樹脂を水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂に交換した。原子炉冷却材浄化系は、通常の2基運転から1基運転とした。この時の原子炉水中のヨウ素(I131)の濃度は24時間後に70Bq/cmから0.7Bq/cmとなった。
【0029】
(実施例2)
実施例1の条件で原子炉を100℃の沸騰状態に保持し、復水器の凝縮水温度を35℃にして作動させた状態で保持した時の復水器空間から凝縮した水中の24時間後のヨウ素(I131)濃度は50Bq/cmから0.3Bq/cmとなった。
【0030】
(実施例3)
実施例2の条件で、復水器浄化系の構成を、混合イオン交換樹脂から水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂に交換して運転した結果、復水器浄化系入口のヨウ素(I131)濃度は110Bq/cmであったものが、出口のヨウ素(I131)濃度は0.9Bq/cm以下となった。
【0031】
(比較例1)
燃料破損が起こった場合の通常の停止操作の30℃毎時の冷却速度で、40℃まで原子炉水を冷却し、イオン交換樹脂を通常通り混合イオン交換樹脂のままとし、また原子炉冷却材浄化系を1基運転とした場合の原子炉水中のヨウ素(I131)濃度は、70Bq/cmであったものが24時間後8Bq/cmであった。
【0032】
(比較例2)
比較例1の停止操作において、復水器内のヨウ素の洗浄・除去のために散水と10,000m/hrの空気の導入と排気を行った結果洗浄・除去操作前のヨウ素(I131)濃度は110Bq/cmであったものが、5日洗浄・除去操作を継続した後のヨウ素(I131)濃度は12Bq/cmであった。
【0033】
(比較例3)
比較例2において復水器浄化系のイオン交換樹脂の構成を、混合イオン交換樹脂として運転した結果、復水器浄化系入口のヨウ素(I131)濃度は110Bq/cmであり、出口のヨウ素(I131)濃度は 25Bq/cmであった。
【0034】
(比較例4)
実施例3の条件で水酸基型陰イオン交換樹脂の代わりに、Cl型陰イオン交換樹脂を使用した結果、復水器浄化系入口のヨウ素(I131)濃度が110Bq/cmであったものが、出口のヨウ素(I131)濃度は100Bq/cmであった。
【0035】
【発明の効果】
実施例に示すごとく浄化系のイオン交換樹脂相をOH型の陰イオン交換樹脂のみとすることにより、ヨウ素の除去率が格段と向上することが明らかになった。これにより原子炉上蓋開放点検までの時間短縮が大幅に見込め、バックアップのための火力発電所の追い焚きを大幅に削減出来大きなコストダウンをすることが可能であることが判明した。また、陰イオン交換樹脂の種類として、Cl型であると放射性ヨウ素の除去率が極端に低下することも判明した。更に、原子炉水を蒸発状態に保持しその蒸気を復水器で凝縮させることにより復水器内空間中の放射性ヨウ素が効果的に除去することが可能となり、復水器開放点検までの時間を大幅に短縮することが可能であることが判明した。また、原子炉水中の蒸発性放射性同位元素の低減を図ることが容易となるので、破損燃料棒の探索を容易にし、また放射性ヨウ素の作業員の体内取込の心配が無くなり、現在実施している大型の放射性ヨウ素除去装置の設置・運転が不要になることが判明した。
これらを総合すると、経済効果は計り知れないくらい大きなものであることが明らかになった。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】原子炉の浄化系の概念図である。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the safety of radioactive iodine that has leaked from the damaged fuel rod into the reactor water and diffused into the reactor water and the reactor top cover when the fuel rod is replaced when the fuel rod of the boiling water nuclear power plant is damaged. And economically advantageous removal methods.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Nuclear power currently occupies a large part of Japan's power generation capacity, and its existence is inevitable. Boiling water nuclear power plants use many enriched uranium fuel rods, and their operation is regulated to operate in a highly safe state. Furthermore, as a preventive measure against environmental pollution in the event of trouble such as a broken fuel rod cladding tube, various regulations are stipulated to prevent the diffusion of fission materials into the environment. On the other hand, nuclear reactors are extremely expensive in terms of equipment and are required to have a high operating rate, and even if there is a problem such as damage to the fuel rod cladding tube, the replacement of the damaged fuel can be completed in a short period of time. It has been demanded.
[0003]
If a fuel rod cladding tube breaks during operation of a boiling water nuclear power plant, depending on the degree of breakage, the operation is basically stopped and the fuel assembly to which the broken fuel rod belongs is searched for and a new fuel assembly It needs to be replaced. When replacing the fuel assembly, it is first necessary to lower the temperature and pressure of the reactor and open the reactor top. In the process of this pressure drop, radioactive gas generated by fission present in the damaged fuel rod is released into the reactor water. At this time, a part of the radioactive gas diffuses in the reactor water, moves to the upper surface of the reactor, floats, and further diffuses into the reactor top cover. Has known problems with radiation management. Although the vapor pressure of radioactive iodine generated by fission dissolved in the reactor water is low, it is gradually diffused and discharged into the work space after the reactor lid is opened, so it is taken into the operator and exposed to internal exposure. There is a risk of causing this. Therefore, at the same time as the removal of radioactive iodine in the work environment, the worker must wear a mask that can absorb and remove iodine to avoid the danger, and this creates a lot of costs and improves workability. It is greatly damaged.
[0004]
Currently, the radioactive iodine in the upper space of the reactor is removed by the reactor coolant purification system (filter demineralizer) immediately after shutting down the reactor, and also to the exhaust gas treatment system [OG system] via the main steam pipe / condenser Removed by suction. Since it takes a long time to remove radioactive iodine to a concentration level that does not cause environmental problems, there is a long waiting time until the reactor lid is opened and the condenser is opened at the nuclear power plant. The current situation is that it has a large economic burden, such as the need for a thermal power plant to replenish the output. Radioactive iodine is released from the damaged fuel rods into the reactor water due to a rapid pressure drop accompanying the shutdown of the reactor, and brought to the turbine / condenser along with the water vapor. This radioactive iodine has a high concentration, and it is necessary to clean the condenser with a large volume for a long period of time before it can be safely inspected to open the condenser. Many of them were also a big problem.
[0005]
Furthermore, the presence of radioactive gas components dissolved in the reactor water increases the radioactive concentration in the background, so that leakage of radioactive gas from damaged fuel is detected, which hinders the search for damaged fuel rods and is safe for the fuel pool. The problem of making it difficult to move to (i.e., shipping).
[0006]
Conventionally, in order to remove iodine and other ionic radioactive components, it was removed with a mixed bed ion exchange resin, but in this ion exchange resin system, molecular iodine is removed even if the ionic radioactive component is not a problem. The rate was very low. Therefore, even if it is treated with mixed bed ion exchange resin, the concentration of molecular radioactive iodine in the reactor water is high for a long period of time, so it is inevitable to remove the molecular radioactive iodine even after the reactor lid is opened. Was sucked with a large suction blower and adsorbed with special activated carbon to remove radioactive iodine in the suction gas. The working environment in the vicinity of the reactor when replacing damaged fuel rods is crowded with other equipment related to regular inspections, and installing such large equipment hinders other work, It was a problem.
[0007]
Conventionally, radioactive iodine in the reactor water has been removed by the mixed bed ion exchange resin of the reactor coolant purification system, and radioactive iodine in the condenser condensed water has been removed by the mixed bed ion exchange resin of the condensate demineralizer. However, the mixed bed ion exchange resin was effective in removing ionic radioactive iodine, but it was difficult to remove molecular iodine.
In addition, the large amount of radioactive iodine brought to the condenser when the reactor was shut down hinders the inspection of the condenser, and in order to remove it, gas replacement and spray cleaning of the internal space of the condenser by air introduction and suction are performed. However, since the condenser space is large and the solubility of iodine itself in water is small, it takes a long time to remove radioactive iodine to the safe range, and the treatment of washing water and introduced air is also necessary. It was a problem in many ways.
[0008]
[Prior Art]
None in particular [0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention relates to radioactive iodine on a reactor water, a reactor internal space, and a device surface existing in the reactor internal space and a condenser in order to shorten the time from the reactor shutdown to the opening of the reactor top cover due to fuel rod breakage. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a method for recovering and removing iodine remaining in the space efficiently and in a short time with minimal generation of radioactive liquid waste.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
[1] Utilizing decay heat before the reactor is completely shut down in the method of separating and removing radioactive iodine from reactor water, nuclear reactor space, equipment surface and condenser existing in the nuclear reactor space As a result, the reactor water is kept in a boiling state and the steam is sucked into the off-gas treatment system, and the mixed-bed ion exchange resin of the reactor coolant purification system (filtering desalination device) and the condensate demineralization device is replaced with a hydroxyl group. A method for removing radioactive iodine, characterized in that it is replaced with an ion exchange resin containing an anion exchange resin (hereinafter referred to as a hydroxyl group-type anion exchange resin) substituted with, and operating a condenser,
[2] The method for removing radioactive iodine according to the above [1], wherein the boiling state in the nuclear reactor is 70 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower,
[0013]
[3] In the method of separating and removing radioactive iodine from the reactor water and condenser of the reactor, the reactor water is maintained in a boiling state by utilizing decay heat before the reactor is completely shut down. Diluting radioactive iodine vapor existing in the condenser space with steam from the reactor water, then transferring it to the water condensed by the condenser and washing the radioactive iodine adhering to the condenser cooling surface with the condensed water The above problem has been solved by developing a method for removing radioactive iodine as described in [1] above.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
If a fuel rod cladding tube used in a boiling water nuclear power plant is damaged, it is necessary to return the reactor to room temperature and inspect the open top of the reactor in order to search for and replace the damaged fuel. . To that end, the reactor operation is stopped, but the normal operating conditions of the reactor are in a high temperature and high pressure state, so a control rod is inserted to stop the nuclear reaction and the decay heat removal system is used to It is necessary to suppress the temperature rise due to the radiation emitted from the radioactive material generated by the reaction. In this way, after the reactor temperature is lowered, the reactor top cover is inspected for opening, but in reality, the reactor pressure is reduced from the operating pressure of the reactor to the atmospheric pressure near room temperature. A large amount of gaseous radioactive material will leak into the reactor water. At this time, a part of the radioactive gas is brought into the condenser together with the steam. Most of the radioactive iodine brought to the condenser remains in the water condensed by the condenser, but noble gases such as radioactive xenon are discharged into the OG system. In the present invention, the steam generated in the reactor by radioactive iodine dissolved in the condensed water adhering to the surface of the condenser cooling pipe and gaseous iodine present in the condenser space in equilibrium with the condensed iodine. It is to introduce and purify into a condensate demineralizer while washing with water.
[0016]
On the other hand, most of the ionic radioactive iodine in the reactor water is removed by a removal device provided as a reactor coolant purification system. For example, the reactor water is cooled by a regenerative heat exchanger, the ionic radioactive material dissolved in the reactor water is removed by the mixed bed ion exchange resin of the filtration and desalination apparatus, and is circulated again to the reactor. Among iodine in water, molecular iodine is difficult to remove.
[0017]
In the reactor water, radioactive iodine exists mainly as I 2 and a very small amount exists in the chemical form of ionic iodine of I and IO . Ionic iodine can be removed with a mixed bed ion exchange resin set in the reactor coolant purification system and condensate purification system used during reactor operation. However, efficient removal of molecular iodine as a main component with a mixed bed ion exchange resin is generally difficult.
[0018]
In the method for removing molecular radioactive iodine leaked into the reactor water due to fuel rod breakage of the present invention, the anion portion of the anion exchange resin in the reactor coolant purification system and the condensate purification system is replaced with a hydroxyl group (OH group). An anion exchange resin exchanged in the above is used. In this case, when removing the molecular radioactive iodine, it is effective to simply convert the anion exchange resin in the mixed bed ion exchange resin into a hydroxyl group (OH group) type, but preferably a hydroxyl group (OH group) instead of the mixed bed type. The use of only a) type anion exchange resin is preferable because of its high removal rate and efficiency.
[0019]
That is, iodine hydrolyzes in water as follows.
I 2 + H 2 O = HIO + I + H + (1)
3HIO + 3OH = 2I + IO 3 + 3H 2 O (2)
3I 2 + 6OH = 5I + IO 3 + 3H 2 O (3)
3I 2 + 3H 2 O = 6H + + 5I + IO 3 (4)
This reaction is an equilibrium reaction, and in the pure water and slightly acidic, the reaction (1) occurs mostly on the left side. That is, this equilibrium constant K is 4.6 × 10 −13 at 25 ° C.
K = [H + ] [I ] [HIO] / [I 2 ] (5)
[0020]
That is, the chemical form of iodine in pure water is almost I2. However, when alkali is present, the formula (2) proceeds to the right side and becomes almost anionic iodine. The vicinity of the surface of the hydroxyl group type anion exchange resin is a strong alkali, and it is assumed that most of the iodine is anionized and immediately adsorbed on the anion exchange resin and removed.
It has been found that the vapor pressure of molecular iodine is not so high and the solubility of iodine increases as the temperature increases. Therefore, it is not an efficient method to separate and recover iodine molecules from the reactor water only by evaporation operation.
[0021]
Although the reactor will stop operating after fuel failure occurs, normally, the reactor operation is stopped and at the same time the steam is stopped to feed into the condenser, but in the present invention, the nuclear fission reaction is stopped. After that, prior to the complete shutdown of the reactor, the reactor water is kept in a boiling state by utilizing the decay heat of the radioactive material in the fuel. By using the flow of steam at this time, the radioactive iodine adhering to or adsorbing to the reactor upper space and the equipment surface existing in the space is washed, and the steam is discharged to the condenser efficiently. It is possible to clean the reactor upper space and discharge the cleaning steam to the condenser side that is held at a lower pressure than the reactor.
Since iodine in the reactor water can be efficiently purified by using a hydroxyl group anion exchange resin in the reactor coolant purification system, the iodine concentration in the water vapor also decreases rapidly. As a result, cleaning of residual iodine in the reactor upper space with water vapor proceeds efficiently.
[0022]
The radioactive molecular iodine accompanying water vapor is led to the condenser, but the condenser space is huge, and it is difficult to remove it if it remains in the condenser space. This will hinder the open inspection of the condenser.
As a result of the study, the condenser operating temperature is lowered as much as possible, and the solubility of iodine is also reduced. However, the concentration in the gas and aqueous solution is determined by the equilibrium reaction, and the results of measurements conducted show that the more condensed water there is It was found that a large part of molecular iodine present in the condenser is dissolved in the condensed water by increasing the amount transferred to water (absolute amount).
[0023]
It was also found that the stirring effect by water vapor also helped, and the average concentration in the condenser space rapidly decreased in a short time. Furthermore, it has been found that water droplets adhering to the condenser cooling surface also move to the condensate demineralizer due to the cleaning effect of the condensed water.
Conventionally, before opening the condenser, it is necessary to reduce the iodine concentration in the condenser over a long period of time by introducing air into the condenser from one side and spraying with water while sucking from the other side. However, it was a very inefficient method, and the amount of waste liquid containing radioactivity was increased by spraying, and its treatment was also a problem.
[0024]
Since iodine transferred to the condensed water in the condenser is molecular iodine, it is difficult to separate and remove the mixed bed ion exchange resin as described above. Since this condensed water is recycled to the reactor, the reactor water may be contaminated again by iodine.
Therefore, after stopping the nuclear fission reaction, the ion exchange resin of the condensate demineralizer is changed from an ordinary mixed bed ion exchange resin to an adsorption device with only a hydroxyl-type anion exchange resin, and iodine molecules are changed. It is desirable to remove selectively. As a result, iodine becomes ionic and is adsorbed and removed by the ion exchange resin, and the iodine concentration in the recirculated water to the nuclear reactor can be reduced to a negligible level.
[0025]
When the reactor is shut down, after the control rod is inserted, the decay heat is used to keep the reactor in a boiling state, the steam is condensed in the condenser, and the remainder is introduced into the exhaust gas treatment system [OG system]. At this time, at least one of the two reactor coolant purification systems operates to remove radioactive iodine dissolved in the reactor water. Part of the molecular iodine is brought to the condenser along with water vapor. Normally, the reactor coolant purification system consists of a mixed bed of mixed ion exchange resin of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin. However, when fuel breakage occurs, the reactor coolant is prior to reactor shutdown. In order to efficiently recover and remove radioactive iodine, the ion exchange resin of the purification system filter desalination apparatus has an ion exchange resin configuration mainly composed of a hydroxyl group type anion exchange resin. As a result, even molecular iodine can be efficiently adsorbed and removed from the anion exchange resin. The efficiency is not always good with a normal mixed ion exchange resin.
[0026]
Further, it has been clarified that molecular iodine can not be efficiently removed except for a hydroxyl group (OH type) as the counter ion form of the anion exchange resin. Therefore, before maintaining the reactor in a boiling state or immediately after starting to maintain, the anion exchange resin is converted into a hydroxyl group type anion exchange resin from a mixed ion exchange resin of a cation exchange resin and a normal anion exchange resin. Convert or replace all with hydroxyl-type anion exchange resin to efficiently remove molecular iodine, and once the iodine removal operation is completed, mix the cation exchange resin with the usual anion exchange resin and mix the ion exchange resin It is desirable to have a floor configuration.
[0027]
When fuel rod breakage occurs, not only radioactive gas but also water-soluble radioactivity and radioactivity associated with breakage of the fuel itself may be released from the fuel rod into the aqueous solution. Reactor water treatment is indispensable, but for the time being, after removing radioactive iodine, which is a problem for internal exposure of workers, metal cation is created by using a mixed bed of cation and ordinary anion exchange resin. Can be efficiently removed.
In order to search for broken fuel rods, gas or reactor water is sampled from the fuel assembly (unit assembly of many fuel rods), and the radioactivity in the sample is measured to determine the concentration in other reactor water. In order to check whether there is a broken fuel rod depending on whether it is higher or the same, the measurement error increases and the determination may not be possible if the radioactive concentration in the reactor water is high. Therefore, it is important to sufficiently remove the radioactivity in the reactor water. The effect of reducing the radioactivity level in the reactor water is expected. When the level of radioactivity in the reactor water is high, searching for damaged fuel rods becomes difficult.
[0028]
【Example】
(Example 1)
At the time of shutting down the reactor in which the fuel rod breakage occurred, the mixed ion exchange resin of the reactor coolant purification system was replaced with a hydroxyl type anion exchange resin 3 hours after the entire insertion of the control rod. The reactor coolant purification system was changed from the normal two-unit operation to the one-unit operation. The concentration of iodine in the reactor water in this (I 131) became 0.7Bq / cm 3 from 70Bq / cm 3 after 24 hours.
[0029]
(Example 2)
24 hours in the water condensed from the condenser space when the reactor was kept at a boiling temperature of 100 ° C. under the conditions of Example 1 and the condenser water temperature was maintained at 35 ° C. iodine (I 131) concentration after became 0.3Bq / cm 3 from 50Bq / cm 3.
[0030]
(Example 3)
Under the conditions of Example 2, the configuration of the condenser purification system was changed from a mixed ion exchange resin to a hydroxyl group-type anion exchange resin. As a result, the iodine (I 131 ) concentration at the condenser purification system inlet was 110 Bq. / thing which was a cm 3 is iodine (I 131) concentration at the outlet became 0.9Bq / cm 3 or less.
[0031]
(Comparative Example 1)
Reactor water is cooled to 40 ° C at a cooling rate of 30 ° C per hour during normal shutdown when fuel breaks occur, leaving the ion exchange resin as a mixed ion exchange resin as usual, and purifying the reactor coolant The iodine (I 131 ) concentration in the reactor water when the system was operated with one system was 70 Bq / cm 3 , but was 8 Bq / cm 3 after 24 hours.
[0032]
(Comparative Example 2)
In the stopping operation of Comparative Example 1, as a result of performing sprinkling and introducing and exhausting air of 10,000 m 3 / hr for cleaning and removing iodine in the condenser, iodine before the cleaning and removing operation (I 131 ) Although the concentration was 110 Bq / cm 3 , the iodine (I 131 ) concentration after continuing the cleaning / removal operation for 5 days was 12 Bq / cm 3 .
[0033]
(Comparative Example 3)
In Comparative Example 2, the configuration of the ion exchange resin for the condenser purification system was operated as a mixed ion exchange resin. As a result, the iodine (I 131 ) concentration at the condenser purification system inlet was 110 Bq / cm 3 , and the iodine at the outlet The (I 131 ) concentration was 25 Bq / cm 3 .
[0034]
(Comparative Example 4)
As a result of using Cl-type anion exchange resin instead of hydroxyl-type anion exchange resin under the conditions of Example 3, the iodine (I 131 ) concentration at the condenser purification system inlet was 110 Bq / cm 3. The iodine (I 131 ) concentration at the outlet was 100 Bq / cm 3 .
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
As shown in the examples, it has been clarified that the removal rate of iodine is remarkably improved by using only the OH type anion exchange resin as the ion exchange resin phase of the purification system. As a result, the time required to open the reactor top cover can be greatly shortened, and it has been found that it is possible to drastically reduce the renewal of the thermal power plant for backup and to greatly reduce the cost. It has also been found that the removal rate of radioactive iodine is extremely reduced when the anion exchange resin is Cl type. Furthermore, by maintaining the reactor water in an evaporated state and condensing the steam in the condenser, it is possible to effectively remove radioactive iodine in the condenser internal space. It has been found that it is possible to significantly reduce In addition, it is easy to reduce the amount of radioactive radioactive isotopes in the reactor water, which makes it easy to search for broken fuel rods and eliminates the need for radioactive iodine to be taken into the body. It has become clear that the installation and operation of a large radioactive iodine removal device is unnecessary.
Taken together, it turned out that the economic effects are immense.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a nuclear reactor purification system.

Claims (3)

原子力発電所の原子炉水、原子炉内空間、原子炉内空間に存在する機器表面および復水器から放射性ヨウ素を分離・除去する方法において、原子炉完全停止前に崩壊熱を利用することにより原子炉水を沸騰状態に保持し、蒸気をオフガス処理系へ吸引し、内部循環ポンプの運転を行い原子炉水の混合・循環を行うと共に、原子炉冷却材浄化系のろ過脱塩装置および復水脱塩装置の混床イオン交換樹脂を、水酸基で置換された陰イオン交換樹脂を含むイオン交換樹脂に置き換え、かつ復水器を運転し、原子炉水を前記イオン交換樹脂を通して放射性ヨウ素を吸着除去することを特徴とする放射性ヨウ素の除去方法。By using decay heat before the reactor is completely shut down in the method of separating and removing radioactive iodine from nuclear reactor water, reactor space, equipment surfaces in the reactor space and condensers holding the reactor water to the boil, with suction vapor to off-gas treatment system, performs mixing and circulation of the reactor water performs the operation of the internal circulation pump, the reactor coolant cleanup system slag over-demineralizer and the mixed bed ion exchange resin condensate demineralizer, hydroxyl groups replaced with an ion exchange resin containing by anion exchange resins substituted, and driving a condenser, radioactive iodine reactor water through the ion exchange resin A method for removing radioactive iodine, which comprises adsorbing and removing water. 原子炉における沸騰状態が70℃以上120℃以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の放射性ヨウ素の除去方法。  The method for removing radioactive iodine according to claim 1, wherein the boiling state in the nuclear reactor is 70 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower. 原子炉の原子炉水および復水器から放射性ヨウ素を分離除去する方法において、原子炉完全停止前に崩壊熱を利用することにより原子炉水を沸騰状態に保持し、沸騰状態の原子炉水からの蒸気で復水器空間に存在する放射性ヨウ素蒸気を希釈した後、復水器で凝縮した水中に移行させかつ凝縮水で復水器の冷却面に付着する放射性ヨウ素を洗浄させることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の放射性ヨウ素の除去方法。In the method of separating and removing radioactive iodine from the reactor water and condenser of the reactor, the reactor water is kept in a boiling state by using decay heat before the reactor is completely shut down, and from the boiling reactor water. It is characterized by diluting radioactive iodine vapor existing in the condenser space with steam, and then transferring to condensed water with the condenser and washing the radioactive iodine adhering to the condenser cooling surface with condensed water The method for removing radioactive iodine according to claim 1 or 2 .
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