JP4227019B2 - Method for separating blood cells and bacteria in blood and method for detecting bacteria in blood - Google Patents
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Description
技術分野
本発明は血液を検体として該検体に含まれる菌を検出する際の液体培地培養液中に含まれる血球と菌の分離方法に関するものである。
背景技術
血液を検体として該検体に含まれる菌を検出する際の培養は主に敗血症、菌血症など血流中に細菌の存在が疑われる場合に行われている。このような場合、患者は重篤であることが多く早急に適切な化学療法が要求される。従来技術において、敗血症血液検査は次のように行われている。
(1)細菌培養用液体培地約30mL〜100mLに採取した血液2〜5mLを接種し、直ちに30〜37℃で培養する。
(2)菌の発育が認められるまで1〜14日間毎日観察を行う。菌の発育は、培地の濁度、細菌による培地中のガスの発生、pHの変化などによって判断する。
(3)菌の発育が確認された後、培養液を採取してグラム染色及び形態観察が行われ、染色所見と形態の特徴により大まかな菌種の分類、及び観察される菌が単一か複数かなどを確認する。
(4)培養液中の血球等と菌を分離するために、培養液の一部を一般的細菌が生育する固形培地に接種して培養する。固形培地上に増殖した菌はその後の同定検査等に供されるが、この時、グラム染色所見で単一の菌種であり、固形培地上のコロニーが均一な場合は、血液中に存在していた菌の種類が単一(純培養状)と仮定し、直ちに固形培地上の菌が同定検査、感受性検査等に供されることがある。一方、グラム染色所見で複数の菌種が観察されたり、固形培地上に明らかに異なった形状のコロニーが増殖した場合は、それぞれのコロニーを釣菌し、単一菌形状のコロニー(集落)のみが発育するようになるまで培養を繰り返す。
(5)純培養されたコロニーを釣菌し、生化学性状検査による菌種の同定、あるいは抗菌薬感受性検査による治療薬の検索を行う。
上記のような従来の技術の菌検出法では、検体の採取から菌の同定まで日数が掛かっていた。敗血症、菌血症が疑われる場合には患者は重篤であることが多く、早急に適切な化学療法が要求される。しかし、従来の方法では操作を簡略化しても血液培養試験で菌が検出された以降も、その後の検査に最低3〜4日は必要とするため、その間患者は適切な治療が施されず大きな負担となっていた。
このような問題を解決するために、培養液中の血球等と菌の分離が検討されていた。しかし、これまで、血液培養液中の血球と菌の分離方法については、菌と血球の比重の違いに基づいた血清分離剤入りスピッツなどを用いて簡便に菌と血球を分離する方法は開発されてきたが、分離効果は不充分で菌の画分に血球が残存することが多く、該画分を用いて直接菌の検査を行うことは困難であった。
結局、従来は血液培養液中の血球等と菌を分離するには、さらに培養を行う必要があり、迅速な検出を行うことはできなかった。
発明の開示
本発明は、血液を検体として該検体に含まれる菌を検出するに際して、培養液中の血球等と菌を分離するために、培養液の一部を一般的細菌が生育する固形培地に接種して培養することなく、液体培地培養液中に含まれる血球と菌を分離する方法を提供することを目的とする。
本発明者らは、血液を検体として用いる液体培養試験において菌の発育が認められた場合、該培養液中の菌の同定に際して、血液成分である血球等が菌種の同定の妨げになることに鑑み、鋭意検討の結果、血球等と菌が含まれる液体培地培養液をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させることにより血球等を除去し、血球等と菌を分離することができることを見出し本発明を完成するに至った。
すなわち、本発明は、以下のとおりである。
(1) 血液中の菌を検出する際の血液中の菌の液体培地培養液中に含まれる血球と菌を分離する方法であって、血液中の菌の液体培地培養液をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させることにより血球を除去することを含む、血球と菌を分離する方法。
(2) 前記水溶液のpHが11以上である、(1)の分離方法。
(3) 前記アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミン、あるいはこれらの混合物の濃度が0.01M〜1.0Mである、(2)の血球と菌の分離方法。
(4) 前記アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンが水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウムおよびトリエタノールアミンからなる群から選択される、(1)〜(3)のいずれかの血球と菌の分離方法。
(5) 血液中の菌を検出する方法であって、被験血液をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させることにより該血液中の血球を除去し、血球を除去した血液中の菌を検出する方法。
(6) 血液中の菌を検出する方法であって、被験血液を接種した液体培地を培養し菌を増殖させ、該液体培地をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させることにより該液体培地中の血球を除去し、血球を除去した液体培地中の菌を検出する方法。
(7) 前記水溶液のpHが11以上である、(5)または(6)の菌を検出する方法。
(8) 前記アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミン、あるいはこれらの混合物の濃度が0.01M〜1.0Mである、(5)〜(7)のいずれかの菌を検出する方法。
(9) 前記アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンが水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウムおよびトリエタノールアミンからなる群から選択される、(5)〜(8)のいずれかの菌を検出する方法。
(10) 検出する菌が、メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌、大腸菌O157株、A群溶連菌からなる群から選択される、(5)〜(9)のいずれかの菌を検出する方法。
(11) アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミン、ならびに菌を検出するための試薬を含む、血液中の菌を分離検出するためのキット。
(12) さらに、菌を含む血液を培養するための液体培地を含む、(11)記載の血液中の菌を分離検出するためのキット。
(13) 前記アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンが水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウムおよびトリエタノールアミンからなる群から選択される、(11)または(12)の血液中の菌を分離検出するためのキット。
(14) 菌を検出するための試薬がメチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌、大腸菌O157株、A群溶連菌からなる群から選択される菌を検出するための試薬である、(11)〜(13)のいずれかの血液中の菌を分離検出するためのキット。
好適と考える本発明の実施の形態を、その作用効果を示して詳細に説明する。
本発明において、被験体として用いる動物種は限定されず、ヒト、ウシ、ウマ、ブタ、イヌ、ネコ等の敗血症、菌血症等の疾患にかかる動物のものを用いる。本発明の対象となる菌としては、メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)、大腸菌、緑膿菌、腸球菌、カンジダ、溶連菌等の連鎖球菌等が挙げられるが、特に限定はされず、上記疾病に関するあらゆる細菌・真菌などがこれにあたる。
まず、細菌培養用液体培地約30mL〜100mLに被験体より採取した血液2〜10mL接種し、直ちに30〜37℃で培養する。この際、液体培地としてトリプチケースソイブロス、ブレインハートインフュージョンブロス、普通ブイヨン、ミューラーヒントンブロス、ハートインフュージョンブロスなどが挙げられるが、特に限定されるものではない。次に、菌の発育が認められるまで1〜14日間毎日観察を行う。菌の発育は、培地の濁度、細菌による培地中のガスの発生、pHの変化、培地中の炭酸ガス濃度の変化などによって判断する。菌の発育が確認された後、培養液を採取してグラム染色及び形態観察が行われ、染色所見と形態の特徴により大まかな菌種の分類、及び観察される菌が単一か複数かなどを確認する。
その後、血球等と細菌を含む液体培地培養液を、アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と混合し接触させる。
アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属の水酸化物の例として、水酸化リチウム、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、水酸化ルビジウム、水酸化セシウム、水酸化マグネシウム、水酸化カルシウム、水酸化ストロンチウム、水酸化バリウムを挙げることができ、これらのうち、水酸化リチウム、水酸化ナトリウム及び水酸化カリウムが好ましい。また、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属の炭酸塩の例として、炭酸リチウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウム、炭酸ルビジウム、炭酸セシウム、炭酸マグネシウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸ストロンチウム、炭酸バリウムを挙げることができ、これらのうち、炭酸リチウム、炭酸ナトリウム及び炭酸カリウムが好ましい。また、本発明の方法に用いることができるアミンの例として、トリエタノールアミン、トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)アミノメタン、水酸化アミンなどを挙げることができる。
液体培地培養液はそのままアルカリ金属水酸化物等と接触させてもよいし、一旦、液体培地培養液の適当量を遠心分離し、上清を捨て、血球と菌が混在する沈渣を得て、この沈渣をアルカリ金属水酸化物等と接触させてもよい。この際の遠心分離は、800〜5000Gで行うことが望ましい。この沈渣には血球と菌が混在する。
また、免疫学的手法により、すなわち菌に対する抗体を用いた検出方法により菌を検出する場合は、血球と菌の混合物(溶液または沈査)をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させる前に、上述のように菌を増殖させることが好ましい。一方、菌の遺伝子を増幅させて菌を検出するPCR等の遺伝子検査では、菌を増殖させることなく、血球と菌の混合物をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させることにより、血球のみを除去でき血球の影響なしに菌の遺伝子を増幅させることができ、より迅速に菌の存在を検出することができる。この際、血液をそのまま、または生理食塩水、適当な緩衝液等で希釈した後に、アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させて、血液中の菌の遺伝子を検出することができる。また、血液または生理食塩水、適当な緩衝液等で希釈した血液を遠心分離し、血球と菌を含む沈査を得て、その沈査をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させても、血液中の菌の遺伝子を検出することができる。
接触させる温度、時間は特に限定されないが、血液中の血球が破壊され、血球を構成する成分が溶解される条件ならばよく、好ましくは2〜37℃、数秒〜数分程度がよく、攪拌などにより均一に接触させることはより効果を高めるためには望ましい。この結果、血球は破壊され、血球を構成する成分は上記水溶液に溶解されるが、菌は溶解されないため、これを遠心分離することにより、血球などの夾雑物質を効率よく分離することができ、遠心分離の沈渣からは高純度の菌を得ることができる。
また、接触させるアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液のpHは、血液中の血球が破壊され、血球を構成する成分が溶解されるが菌の構成成分が溶解されないpHならばよく、該水溶液と接触させる血球および菌の混合物が沈査の場合は、好ましくは9以上であり、さらに好ましくは10以上であり、特に好ましくは11以上である。血球と菌を含む液体培地培養液をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させるとき、または血液をそのまま、または生理食塩水、適当な緩衝液等で希釈した後に、アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させるときは、接触後の溶液の最終pHが好ましくは9以上、さらに好ましくは10以上、特に好ましくは11以上になるようにアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液を調整しておけばよい。この調整は、接触に用いる血球と菌を含む溶液およびアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液の体積比により適宜変更できる。
このときの、前記アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液の濃度は、pHが上記範囲になるような濃度が好ましい。その濃度としては、該水溶液と接触させる血球および菌の混合物が沈査の場合は、0.01M〜1.0Mが好ましい。血球と菌を含む液体培地培養液をアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させるとき、または血液をそのまま、もしくは生理食塩水、適当な緩衝液等で希釈した後に、アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液と接触させるときは、接触後の溶液の最終濃度が上記濃度になるように接触させるアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミン、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液の濃度を調整しておけばよい。この調整は、接触に用いる血球と菌を含む溶液およびアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液、あるいはこれらの混合水溶液の体積比により適宜変更できる。例えば、血球と菌を含む被験液10mLと水酸化ナトリウム溶液10mLを混合し、水酸化ナトリウムの最終濃度を0.1Mにする場合には、0.2Mに調整した水酸化ナトリウム溶液10mLを血球と菌を含む被験液10mLと接触混合すればよい。
血球が破壊溶解された溶液から遠心分離により最終的に得られた菌は、MRSA−LA「生研」(デンカ生研社製)、病原大腸菌免疫血清O157「生研」(デンカ生研社製)、A群溶連菌検出用キット、AストレプトAD「生研」(デンカ生研社製)等の市販の凝集法、ELISA法、ウエスタンブロット法による細菌検査試薬を用いて検出することができる。また、菌のDNAをPCR法等により検出する場合も、菌のDNAを公知手段で抽出し、市販のDNA検査試薬を用いて、検出することができる。
従って、本発明で用い得るアルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンおよび菌の検査試薬を組合わせることにより、迅速かつ正確に血液中の菌を検出できる、菌検出キットを構成することができる。
発明を実施するための最良の形態
以下、本発明の実施例に基づきさらに具体的に説明する。もっとも、本発明は下記実施例に限定されるものではない。
〔実施例1〕 血液中のMRSA(メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌)の検出
血液培養: 抗凝固剤を添加したウマ血液10mLにMRSA(メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌)、またはMSSA(メチシリン感受性黄色ブドウ球菌)を108cfu/mL含む菌液を1白金耳量(0.001〜0.0015mL)添加し、このうち8mLを血液培養用液体培地入りボトル(BBLセプティチェックTSB(登録商標))に接種し、35℃で一晩培養した。
MRSA株:ANJ−10 [mecA(+)/PCR,MIPPC(R)/KBディスク]
ANJ−12 [mecA(+)/PCR,MIPPC(R)/KBディスク]
ANJ−131 [mecA(+)/PCR,MIPPC(R)/KBディスク]
ATCC43300 [mecA(+)/PCR,MIPPC(R)/KBディスク]
MSSA株:ATCC25923 [mecA(−)/PCR,MIPPC(S)/KBディスク]
FDA209P [mecA(−)/PCR,MIPPC(S)/KBディスク]
培養液10mLを採取した後、これを1500Gで15分間遠心した。ここで得られた沈渣は、赤血球の存在により赤色であり、一部を採取してグラム染色後に顕微鏡観察したところ、グラム陽性球菌と血球が観察された。
遠心後、上清を廃棄して残った沈渣に0.1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液を5mL添加し、試験管ミキサーを用いて30秒間攪拌を行った。
攪拌後、再び1500Gで15分間遠心した。
遠心後、上清を廃棄し、沈渣を得た。ここで得られた沈渣は白色で、顕微鏡観察では血球は観察されなかった。
得られた沈渣から2白金耳量の沈渣を採取し、これを検体としてMRSA−LA「生研」(デンカ生研社製)を用いたPBP2’(ペニシリン結合蛋白(Penicillin binding protein)検出試験を行ったところ、MRSAを添加した血液を接種した血液培養液由来の菌はPBP2’陽性と判定され、MSSAを添加した血液を接種した血液培養液由来の菌はPBP2’陰性であった。
結果を表1に示す。
〔実施例2〕 血液中の大腸菌O157の検出
以下の実施例は、実際の臨床診断に直ちに適用可能な臨床検査法をあらわすものではなく、本発明を具体的に説明する上で行った実施例である。
血液培養: 抗凝固剤を添加したウマ血液10mLに大腸菌O157、または他の血清型の大腸菌を108cfu/mL含む菌液を1白金耳量(0.001〜0.0015mL)添加し、このうち8mLを血液培養用液体培地入りボトル(BBLセプティチェックBHI(登録商標))に接種し、35℃で一晩培養した。
培養液10mLを採取した後、これを1500Gで15分間遠心した。ここで得られた沈渣は、赤血球の存在により赤色であり、一部を採取してグラム染色後に顕微鏡観察したところ、グラム陰性短桿菌と血球が観察された。
遠心後、上清を廃棄して残った沈渣に0.2M水酸化カリウム溶液を5mL添加し、試験管ミキサーを用いて30秒間攪拌を行った。攪拌後、再び1500Gで15分間遠心した。
遠心後、上清を廃棄し、沈渣を得た。ここで得られた沈渣は白色で、顕微鏡観察では血球は観察されなかった。
得られた沈渣に0.1Mリン酸緩衝液pH7.0を0.1mL添加して菌の濃厚液を調製し、これ検体として病原大腸菌免疫血清O157「生研」(デンカ生研社製)を用いたスライド凝集反応試験を行ったところ、大腸菌O157を添加した血液を接種した血液培養液由来の菌は凝集陽性と判定され、O157以外の菌株を接種した血液培養液由来の菌は陰性であった。
結果を表2に示す。
〔実施例3〕 A群溶連菌の検出
血液培養: 抗凝固剤を添加したウサギ血液10mLにA群溶連菌、または他の群の溶連菌を108cfu/mL含む菌液を1白金耳量(0.001〜0.0015mL)添加し、このうち8mLを血液培養用液体培地入りボトル(BBLセプティチェックTSB(登録商標))に接種し、35℃で一晩培養した。
培養液10mLを採取した後、これを1500Gで15分間遠心した。ここで得られた沈渣は、赤血球の存在により赤色であり、一部を採取してグラム染色後に顕微鏡観察したところ、グラム陽性連鎖状の球菌と血球が観察された。
遠心後、上清を廃棄して残った沈渣に0.05Mトリエタノールアミン、0.1M NaCl溶液を5mL添加し、試験管ミキサーを用いて30秒間攪拌を行った。攪拌後、再び1500Gで15分間遠心した。
遠心後、上清を廃棄し、沈渣を得た。ここで得られた沈渣は白色で、顕微鏡観察では血球は観察されなかった。
得られた沈渣に1%酢酸溶液5mLを添加して遠心し、得られた沈渣を検体としてA群溶連菌検出用キット、AストレプトAD「生研」(デンカ生研社製)を用いたスライドラテックス凝集反応試験を行ったところ、A群溶連菌を添加した血液を接種した血液培養液由来の検体は陽性と判定され、B群溶連菌を接種した血液培養液由来の検体は陰性であった。結果を表3に示す。
これらの結果は、本発明の方法により血球と菌を含む培養液から血球を除去し、精度よく迅速に菌を検出できることを示す。
産業上の利用可能性
実施例に示すように、アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの水溶液と接触させることにより血液中の菌を検出する際の血液中の、または血液中の菌の液体培地培養液中に含まれる血球を除去することにより血球と菌を効率よく分離することができる。
特に、前記水溶液のpHを11以上とすることにより、さらに効率よく血球と菌を分離することができる。
また、前期アルカリ金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物若しくは炭酸塩、又はアミンの濃度を0.01M〜1.0Mとすることにより、さらに効率よく血球と菌を分離することができる。
本明細書に引用されたすべての刊行物は、その内容の全体を本明細書に取り込むものとする。また、添付の請求の範囲に記載される技術思想および発明の範囲を逸脱しない範囲内で本発明の種々の変形および変更が可能であることは当業者には容易に理解されるであろう。本発明はこのような変形および変更をも包含することを意図している。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for separating blood cells and bacteria contained in a liquid culture medium when detecting bacteria contained in the specimen using blood as a specimen.
BACKGROUND ART Cultivation when detecting bacteria contained in a specimen using blood as a specimen is carried out mainly when the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is suspected, such as sepsis and bacteremia. In such cases, patients are often serious and promptly require appropriate chemotherapy. In the prior art, the sepsis blood test is performed as follows.
(1) Inoculate 2 to 5 mL of collected blood in about 30 to 100 mL of a liquid medium for bacterial culture, and immediately incubate at 30 to 37 ° C.
(2) Observation is performed every day for 1 to 14 days until bacterial growth is observed. The growth of the bacteria is determined by the turbidity of the medium, the generation of gas in the medium by the bacteria, the change in pH, and the like.
(3) After the growth of the fungus is confirmed, the culture solution is collected and subjected to Gram staining and morphology observation. Check if there are multiple items.
(4) In order to separate bacteria and blood cells in the culture solution, a part of the culture solution is inoculated into a solid medium where general bacteria grow and cultured. Bacteria that have grown on the solid medium are used for subsequent identification tests, etc., but at this time, they are a single bacterial species in Gram staining, and if the colonies on the solid medium are uniform, they are present in the blood. Assuming that the type of bacteria used is single (pure culture), the bacteria on the solid medium may be immediately subjected to identification tests, sensitivity tests, and the like. On the other hand, if multiple bacterial species are observed in the Gram staining findings or colonies with distinctly different shapes grow on the solid medium, each colony is caught and only single colonies (colonies) are collected. Repeat the culture until it develops.
(5) A purely cultured colony is picked, and a bacterial species is identified by a biochemical property test, or a therapeutic drug is searched by an antimicrobial susceptibility test.
In the conventional bacteria detection method as described above, it took days from the collection of the specimen to the identification of the bacteria. Patients are often serious when sepsis and bacteremia are suspected, and appropriate chemotherapy is urgently required. However, even if the operation is simplified in the conventional method, after the bacteria are detected in the blood culture test, the subsequent examination requires at least 3 to 4 days. It was a burden.
In order to solve such problems, separation of bacteria and blood cells in the culture solution has been studied. However, until now, a method for separating bacteria and blood cells simply using Spitz with a serum separating agent based on the difference in specific gravity between bacteria and blood cells has been developed. However, the separation effect is insufficient, and blood cells often remain in the bacterial fraction, and it has been difficult to directly test the bacteria using this fraction.
Eventually, conventionally, in order to separate the cells and the like in the blood culture solution, further culturing was required, and rapid detection could not be performed.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION When detecting bacteria contained in a specimen using blood as a specimen, the present invention is a solid medium in which common bacteria grow on a part of the culture liquid in order to separate blood cells and the like in the culture liquid. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for separating blood cells and fungi contained in a liquid medium culture solution without inoculating and culturing them.
When the growth of bacteria is observed in a liquid culture test using blood as a specimen, the present inventors, when identifying the bacteria in the culture solution, blood cells that are blood components hinder the identification of the bacterial species. In view of the above, as a result of intensive studies, a liquid culture medium containing blood cells and bacteria and an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an amine aqueous solution, or these The inventors have found that blood cells and the like can be removed by contacting with a mixed aqueous solution, and the bacteria can be separated from the blood cells and the like, and the present invention has been completed.
That is, the present invention is as follows.
(1) A method for separating blood cells and bacteria contained in a liquid culture medium of bacteria in blood when detecting bacteria in blood, wherein the culture medium of bacteria in blood is treated with alkaline metal water. A method for separating blood cells and bacteria, comprising removing blood cells by contacting with an oxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof.
(2) The separation method of (1), wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is 11 or more.
(3) The concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or amine, or a mixture thereof is 0.01M to 1.0M. How to separate blood cells and bacteria.
(4) The alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the amine is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and triethanolamine, (1 The method for separating blood cells and bacteria according to any one of (1) to (3).
(5) A method for detecting bacteria in blood, wherein the test blood is an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof. A method of detecting bacteria in blood from which blood cells have been removed by removing blood cells in the blood by contacting with blood.
(6) A method for detecting bacteria in blood, wherein a liquid culture medium inoculated with test blood is cultured to grow the bacteria, and the liquid culture medium is alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal water. A method of detecting bacteria in a liquid medium from which blood cells have been removed by removing blood cells from the liquid medium by contacting with an aqueous solution of oxide, carbonate, or amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof.
(7) The method for detecting a bacterium according to (5) or (6), wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is 11 or more.
(8) The concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or amine, or a mixture thereof is 0.01 M to 1.0 M, (5) to (7) The method to detect any microbe.
(9) The alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the amine is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and triethanolamine. ) To (8) any one of the method of detecting bacteria.
(10) The method for detecting a bacterium according to any one of (5) to (9), wherein the bacterium to be detected is selected from the group consisting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157 strain, and group A streptococcus.
(11) A kit for separating and detecting bacteria in blood, comprising an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an amine, and a reagent for detecting the bacteria .
(12) The kit for separating and detecting bacteria in blood according to (11), further comprising a liquid medium for culturing blood containing bacteria.
(13) The alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the amine is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and triethanolamine. ) Or (12) a kit for separating and detecting bacteria in blood.
(14) Any of (11) to (13), wherein the reagent for detecting the fungus is a reagent for detecting a bacterium selected from the group consisting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157 strain, and group A streptococci A kit for separating and detecting bacteria in blood.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail by showing its effects.
In the present invention, the animal species used as a subject is not limited, and those of animals suffering from diseases such as sepsis and bacteremia such as humans, cows, horses, pigs, dogs and cats are used. Examples of the bacteria that are the subject of the present invention include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, Candida, streptococci, and the like, but are not particularly limited, and relate to the above diseases This includes all bacteria and fungi.
First, 2 to 10 mL of blood collected from a subject is inoculated into about 30 to 100 mL of a bacterial culture liquid medium, and immediately cultured at 30 to 37 ° C. In this case, trypticase soy broth, brain heart infusion broth, ordinary bouillon, Mueller hinton broth, heart infusion broth and the like can be mentioned as the liquid medium, but are not particularly limited. Next, observation is performed every day for 1 to 14 days until the growth of the bacteria is observed. The growth of the bacteria is determined by the turbidity of the medium, the generation of gas in the medium by bacteria, the change in pH, the change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the medium, and the like. After the growth of the fungus is confirmed, the culture solution is collected and subjected to Gram staining and morphological observation, roughly classified the bacterial species according to the staining findings and morphological characteristics, and whether the observed bacterium is single or multiple Confirm.
Then, the liquid medium culture solution containing blood cells and bacteria is mixed with an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof. Let
Examples of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide Of these, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are preferred. Examples of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates include lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, rubidium carbonate, cesium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, and barium carbonate. Of these, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate are preferred. Examples of amines that can be used in the method of the present invention include triethanolamine, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and amine hydroxide.
The liquid culture medium may be contacted with alkali metal hydroxide or the like as it is, or once the appropriate amount of the liquid culture medium is centrifuged, the supernatant is discarded, and a sediment containing blood cells and bacteria is obtained, This sediment may be contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide or the like. The centrifugation at this time is desirably performed at 800 to 5000G. This sediment contains blood cells and fungi.
In addition, when detecting bacteria by an immunological technique, that is, a detection method using an antibody against the bacteria, a mixture (solution or sediment) of blood cells and bacteria is alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal Before contacting with the hydroxide or carbonate, or the aqueous solution of amine, or the mixed aqueous solution thereof, it is preferable to grow the fungus as described above. On the other hand, in genetic testing such as PCR that amplifies fungal genes and detects the fungi, the mixture of blood cells and fungi is hydroxylated with alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate or alkaline earth metal without growing the fungus. By contacting with water, carbonate or amine, or a mixed solution of these, only blood cells can be removed, and bacterial genes can be amplified without the influence of blood cells, and the presence of bacteria can be detected more quickly. be able to. At this time, blood is diluted as it is or after being diluted with physiological saline, an appropriate buffer, etc., and then an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an amine aqueous solution, or The bacteria gene in the blood can be detected by contacting with the mixed aqueous solution. In addition, the blood diluted with blood or physiological saline, an appropriate buffer, etc. is centrifuged to obtain a precipitate containing blood cells and bacteria, and the precipitate is obtained from an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate or alkaline earth metal. Bacteria genes in blood can also be detected by contacting with an aqueous solution of hydroxide, carbonate, amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof.
The temperature and time of contact are not particularly limited, but may be any conditions as long as the blood cells in the blood are destroyed and the components constituting the blood cells are dissolved, preferably 2 to 37 ° C., several seconds to several minutes, stirring, etc. It is desirable to make the contact more uniform in order to enhance the effect. As a result, blood cells are destroyed and the components constituting the blood cells are dissolved in the above aqueous solution, but the bacteria are not dissolved, so by centrifuging this, it is possible to efficiently separate contaminants such as blood cells, High-purity bacteria can be obtained from the sediment of centrifugation.
In addition, the pH of the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof, is such that blood cells in blood are destroyed, The pH should be such that the constituent components are dissolved but the bacterial constituent components are not dissolved. When the mixture of blood cells and bacteria to be contacted with the aqueous solution is a sedimentation, it is preferably 9 or more, more preferably 10 or more. Especially preferably, it is 11 or more. When a liquid culture medium containing blood cells and bacteria is contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof, or blood As it is or after diluting with physiological saline, an appropriate buffer, etc., an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof. When contacting, alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide so that the final pH of the solution after contact is preferably 9 or more, more preferably 10 or more, and particularly preferably 11 or more. An aqueous solution of a product, carbonate, or amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof may be prepared. This adjustment is based on the volume ratio of the solution containing blood cells and bacteria used for contact and the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the aqueous amine solution, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof. It can be changed as appropriate.
At this time, the concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the aqueous amine solution is preferably such that the pH is in the above range. The concentration is preferably 0.01M to 1.0M when the mixture of blood cells and bacteria to be brought into contact with the aqueous solution is a precipitate. When a liquid culture medium containing blood cells and bacteria is contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof, or blood As it is or after diluting with physiological saline, an appropriate buffer, etc., an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, an aqueous solution of amine, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof. When contacting, alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, amine, or a mixture thereof, so that the final concentration of the solution after contact is the above concentration The concentration of the aqueous solution may be adjusted. This adjustment is based on the volume ratio of the solution containing blood cells and bacteria used for contact and the alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or the aqueous amine solution, or a mixed aqueous solution thereof. It can be changed as appropriate. For example, when 10 mL of a test solution containing blood cells and bacteria and 10 mL of sodium hydroxide solution are mixed and the final concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1 M, 10 mL of sodium hydroxide solution adjusted to 0.2 M is mixed with blood cells. What is necessary is just to contact-mix with 10 mL of test solutions containing a microbe.
Bacteria finally obtained by centrifugation from a solution in which blood cells were disrupted and dissolved were MRSA-LA “Seiken” (manufactured by Denka Seiken), pathogenic E. coli immune serum O157 “Seiken” (manufactured by Denka Seiken), Group A It can be detected using a commercially available agglutination method such as a kit for detection of streptococci, A Strept AD “Seken” (manufactured by Denka Seken Co., Ltd.), a bacterial test reagent by ELISA method or Western blot method. In addition, when detecting bacterial DNA by a PCR method or the like, the bacterial DNA can be extracted by a known means and detected using a commercially available DNA test reagent.
Therefore, by combining an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or an amine and a test reagent for bacteria that can be used in the present invention, bacteria in the blood can be quickly and accurately used. A fungus detection kit can be constructed.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically based on examples of the present invention. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
[Example 1] Detection of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in blood Blood culture: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) or MSSA (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus) was added to 10 mL of horse blood to which an anticoagulant was added. One platinum loop (0.001 to 0.0015 mL) of a bacterial solution containing 10 8 cfu / mL is added, and 8 mL of this is inoculated into a liquid culture medium bottle (BBL Septicheck TSB (registered trademark)). And overnight at 35 ° C.
MRSA strain: ANJ-10 [mecA (+) / PCR, MIPPC (R) / KB disk]
ANJ-12 [mecA (+) / PCR, MIPPC (R) / KB disk]
ANJ-131 [mecA (+) / PCR, MIPPC (R) / KB disk]
ATCC43300 [mecA (+) / PCR, MIPPC (R) / KB disk]
MSSA strain: ATCC 25923 [mecA (−) / PCR, MIPPC (S) / KB disk]
FDA209P [mecA (-) / PCR, MIPPC (S) / KB disk]
After collecting 10 mL of the culture solution, it was centrifuged at 1500 G for 15 minutes. The sediment obtained here was red due to the presence of erythrocytes. When a portion was collected and observed with a microscope after Gram staining, Gram-positive cocci and blood cells were observed.
After centrifugation, 5 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution was added to the remaining sediment after discarding the supernatant, and the mixture was stirred for 30 seconds using a test tube mixer.
After stirring, the mixture was centrifuged again at 1500 G for 15 minutes.
After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded to obtain a sediment. The sediment obtained here was white, and no blood cells were observed by microscopic observation.
From the obtained sediment, a deposit of 2 platinum ears was collected, and a PBP2 ′ (penicillin binding protein) detection test using MRSA-LA “Seiken” (manufactured by Denka Seiken Co., Ltd.) was performed as a sample. However, the bacteria derived from the blood culture solution inoculated with the blood added with MRSA were determined to be PBP2 ′ positive, and the bacteria derived from the blood culture solution inoculated with the blood added with MSSA were PBP2 ′ negative.
The results are shown in Table 1.
[Example 2] Detection of Escherichia coli O157 in blood The following example does not represent a clinical test method that can be immediately applied to an actual clinical diagnosis, and is an example carried out to specifically explain the present invention. It is.
Blood culture: 1 platinum ear (0.001 to 0.0015 mL) of a bacterial solution containing 10 8 cfu / mL of E. coli O157 or other serotype of E. coli is added to 10 mL of horse blood to which an anticoagulant is added. 8 mL of the solution was inoculated into a liquid culture bottle for blood culture (BBL Septycheck BHI (registered trademark)) and cultured overnight at 35 ° C.
After collecting 10 mL of the culture solution, it was centrifuged at 1500 G for 15 minutes. The sediment obtained here was red due to the presence of red blood cells. When a portion was collected and observed with a microscope after Gram staining, Gram-negative short bacillus and blood cells were observed.
After centrifugation, 5 mL of 0.2 M potassium hydroxide solution was added to the remaining sediment after discarding the supernatant, and the mixture was stirred for 30 seconds using a test tube mixer. After stirring, the mixture was centrifuged again at 1500 G for 15 minutes.
After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded to obtain a sediment. The sediment obtained here was white, and no blood cells were observed by microscopic observation.
0.1 mL of 0.1M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 was added to the resulting precipitate to prepare a concentrated bacterial solution, and the pathogenic E. coli immune serum O157 “Seiken” (manufactured by Denka Seiken Co., Ltd.) was used as the sample. When a slide agglutination test was performed, the bacteria derived from the blood culture medium inoculated with the blood to which Escherichia coli O157 was added were determined to be positive for aggregation, and the bacteria derived from the blood culture medium inoculated with a strain other than O157 were negative.
The results are shown in Table 2.
[Example 3] Blood culture for detection of group A streptococci: 1 mL of a bacterial solution containing 10 8 cfu / mL of group A streptococci or other groups of streptococci in 10 mL of rabbit blood to which an anticoagulant was added. (001-0.0015 mL) was added, and 8 mL of this was inoculated into a bottle (BBL Septicheck TSB (registered trademark)) containing a liquid medium for blood culture and cultured overnight at 35 ° C.
After collecting 10 mL of the culture solution, it was centrifuged at 1500 G for 15 minutes. The precipitate obtained here was red due to the presence of red blood cells. When a portion was collected and observed with a microscope after Gram staining, Gram-positive streptococci and blood cells were observed.
After centrifugation, 5 mL of 0.05 M triethanolamine and 0.1 M NaCl solution was added to the remaining sediment after discarding the supernatant, and the mixture was stirred for 30 seconds using a test tube mixer. After stirring, the mixture was centrifuged again at 1500 G for 15 minutes.
After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded to obtain a sediment. The sediment obtained here was white, and no blood cells were observed by microscopic observation.
Add 5 mL of 1% acetic acid solution to the resulting sediment, centrifuge, and use the obtained sediment as a specimen. Slide latex agglutination using a group A streptococcal detection kit, A Strept AD “Seiken” (manufactured by Denka Seiken) As a result of the test, the sample derived from the blood culture medium inoculated with the blood added with the group A streptococcus was determined to be positive, and the sample derived from the blood culture medium inoculated with the group B streptococcus was negative. The results are shown in Table 3.
These results show that blood cells can be removed from a culture solution containing blood cells and bacteria by the method of the present invention, and bacteria can be detected accurately and rapidly.
Industrial Applicability Detection of bacteria in blood by contact with aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or amine as shown in Examples The blood cells and the bacteria can be efficiently separated by removing the blood cells contained in the blood or the liquid culture medium of the bacteria in the blood.
In particular, by setting the pH of the aqueous solution to 11 or more, blood cells and bacteria can be more efficiently separated.
Moreover, blood cells and bacteria can be more efficiently separated by setting the concentration of alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate, alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate, or amine to 0.01M to 1.0M. can do.
All publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The present invention is intended to encompass such variations and modifications.
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| PCT/JP2002/010982 WO2003035899A1 (en) | 2001-10-23 | 2002-10-23 | Method of separating blood cells from microorganism in blood and mehtod of detecting microorganism in blood |
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| EP2333105A1 (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2011-06-15 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Selective lysis of cells |
| CN112805388A (en) * | 2018-10-09 | 2021-05-14 | 公益财团法人筑波医疗中心 | Method for detecting microorganism |
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| JPH08501208A (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 1996-02-13 | ジェン−プローブ・インコーポレイテッド | Nucleic acid production from blood |
| EP0685994B1 (en) * | 1993-02-25 | 2007-03-21 | Abbott Laboratories | Multipurpose reagent system for rapid lysis of whole blood samples |
| JP3301646B2 (en) * | 1993-03-19 | 2002-07-15 | シスメックス株式会社 | Reagent for immature cell measurement |
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