JP4236715B2 - Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material - Google Patents
Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4236715B2 JP4236715B2 JP26394997A JP26394997A JP4236715B2 JP 4236715 B2 JP4236715 B2 JP 4236715B2 JP 26394997 A JP26394997 A JP 26394997A JP 26394997 A JP26394997 A JP 26394997A JP 4236715 B2 JP4236715 B2 JP 4236715B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- semiconductor
- dye
- photoelectric conversion
- conversion material
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、光電変換材料用半導体及びその製造方法に関し、より詳細には太陽電池等の光電変換素子等に利用される光電変換材料用半導体及びその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
光電変換材料とは、光が照射されると、その材料内の原子に束縛されていた電子が光エネルギーにより自由に動けるようになり、これにより自由電子と自由電子の抜け孔(正孔)が発生し、これら自由電子と正孔とが効率よく分離するために、連続的に電気エネルギーが取り出すことができる材料、すなわち、光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換することができる材料である。このような光電変換材料は、例えば太陽電池などに利用されている。
【0003】
太陽電池のうち、色素増感型太陽電池は高変換効率を示すため、広く注目されている。色素増感型太陽電池は、例えば、半導体電極及び対電極と、これら電極間に挟持された電解質層とから主に構成されており、半導体電極に光が照射されると、この電極側で電子が発生し、この電子が電気回路を通って対電極に移動し、対電極に移動した電子が電解質中をイオンとして移動して半導体電極にもどり、これが繰り返されて電気エネルギーを取り出すことができるものである。
【0004】
この色素増感型太陽電池で用いられている光電変換材料である半導体電極は、半導体表面に可視光領域に吸収を持つ分光増感色素を吸着させたものが用いられている。
例えば、特開平1−220380号には、金属酸化物半導体を、遷移金属錯体などの分光増感色素を含有する水溶液に、室温下で浸漬することにより、表面に分光増感色素を吸着させた層が形成された半導体を用いた太陽電池が記載されている。
【0005】
また、特表平5−504023号には、金属イオンでドープした酸化チタン半導体の表面に遷移金属錯体などの分光増感色層を有する太陽電池が記載されている。
さらに、特開平7−249790号には、半導体表面に分光増感色のエタノール溶液を加熱還流して得られた光電変換材料用半導体を用いた太陽電池が記載されている。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上記の方法では、色素を溶解している溶媒の水酸基が半導体表面の活性点と反応して色素吸着を妨げるので、必要な量の色素を吸着し難く、また、強固に吸着させることができない。
さらに、色素を溶解している溶媒に含まれている水が、製造工程中に色素の表面に吸着されるため、半導体の寿命が短くなる原因にもなっている。しかも、これらの色素の多くは溶解度が低く、半導体に十分な色素濃度を与えることができず、変換効率が低下する原因となっている。
【0007】
本発明は、上記課題に鑑みなされたものであり、優れた光電変換効率を有する光電変換材料用半導体を容易かつ安価に得ることができる製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によれば、光増感剤として機能する色素を、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、ジエチルエーテル、ジイソプロピルエーテル、ジメトキシエタン、ジメチルアセトアミド、ヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド、二硫化炭素、ジメチルスルホキシド及びヘキサメチルホスホラミドのうちの1種又は2種以上の非プロトン性溶媒に溶解して、非プロトン性溶液を作製し、この非プロトン性溶液に、表面に活性点を有する半導体を浸漬して、半導体上に色素を吸着させる光電変換材料用半導体の製造方法が提供される。
また、本発明によれば、光増感剤として機能する色素を、クロロホルム、塩化メチレン、四塩化炭素、ヘキサン、ベンゼン、キシレン、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル及び安息香酸エチルのうちの1種又は2種以上の疎水性溶媒に溶解して、疎水性溶液を作製し、この疎水性溶液に、表面に活性点を有する半導体を浸漬して、半導体上に色素を吸着させる光電変換材料用半導体の製造方法が提供される。
また、本発明によれば、光増感剤として機能する色素を、クロロホルム、塩化メチレン、四塩化炭素、ヘキサン、ベンゼン、キシレン、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル及び安息香酸エチルのうちの1種又は2種以上の非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶媒に溶解して、非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶液を作製し、この非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶液に、表面に活性点を有する半導体を浸漬して、半導体上に色素を吸着させる光電変換材料用半導体の製造方法が提供される。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の光電変換材料用半導体の製造方法においては、半導体上に、光増感剤として機能する色素(以下、単に「色素」と記す)を吸着させる。ここで用いられる半導体としては、一般に光電変換材料用に使用されるものであれば特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化タングステン、チタン酸バリウム、チタン酸ストロンチウム、硫化カドミウムなどの公知の半導体の1種または2種以上を用いることができる。なかでも、安定性、安全性の点から酸化チタンが好ましい。なお、本発明で使用される酸化チタンは、アナタース型酸化チタン、ルチル型酸化チタン、無定形酸化チタン、メタチタン酸、オルソチタン酸などの種々の酸化チタン、あるいは水酸化チタン、含酸化チタン等のすべてが包含される。
【0011】
上述の半導体は、粒子状、膜状等種々の形態の半導体を用いることができるが、基板上に形成された膜状の半導体が好ましい。
膜状の半導体を基板上に形成する場合の基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、プラスチック基板等を使用することができ、なかでも透明の基板が好ましい。
膜状の半導体を基板上に形成する方法としては、公知の種々の方法を使用することができる。具体的には、基板上に半導体粒子を含有する懸濁液を塗布し、乾燥/焼成する方法、基板上に所望の原料ガスを用いたCVD法又はMOCVD法等により半導体膜を成膜する方法、あるいは原料固体を用いたPVD法、蒸着法、スパッタリング法又はゾル−ゲル法等により半導体膜を形成する方法等が挙げられる。なお、この際の半導体の膜厚は、特に限定されるものではないが、0.1〜50μm程度が好ましい。
【0012】
上述の半導体粒子としては、市販されているもののうち適当な平均粒径、例えば1nm〜2000nm程度の平均粒径を有する単一又は化合物半導体の粒子等が挙げられる。また、この半導体粒子を懸濁するために使用される溶媒は、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル等のグライム系溶媒、イソプロピルアルコール等のアルコール系溶媒、イソプロピルアルコール/トルエン等のアルコール系混合溶媒、水等が挙げられる。
【0013】
上述の乾燥/焼成は、使用する基板や半導体粒子の種類により、温度、時間、雰囲気等を適宜調整することができる。例えば、大気下又は不活性ガス雰囲気下、50〜800℃程度の範囲内で、10秒〜12時間程度行うことができる。この乾燥/焼成は、単一の温度で1回又は温度を変化させて2回以上行うことができる。
【0014】
CVD法等により使用される原料ガスとしては、半導体を構成する元素が含有されている単一のガスを用いてもよいし、2種以上の混合ガスを用いてもよい。PVD法等により使用される原料固体としては、半導体を構成する元素が含有されている単一の固体を用いてもよいし、単一の固体を組み合わせて用いてもよいし、化合物固体を用いてもよい。
【0015】
さらに、半導体表面を活性化するために、膜形成後に活性化処理を行ってもよい。
半導体上に色素を吸着させる方法としては、例えば基板上に形成された半導体膜を、色素を溶解した1種又は2種以上の非プロトン性溶液、疎水性溶液又は非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶液に浸漬する方法が挙げられる。
【0016】
ここで使用することができる色素は、光増感剤として機能する色素であり、特に可視光領域及び/又は赤外光領域に吸収を持ち、分子中に少なくとも1個の結合基と少なくとも1個のアルキル基とを有する色素であることが好ましい。
結合基としては、例えば、カルボキシル基、ヒドロキシアルキル基、ヒドロキシル基、スルホン基、カルボキシアルキル基、メルカプト基又はホスホニル基等が挙げられる。なお、これら結合基は、分子中に1種又は2種以上を、1つ又は2つ以上有していてもよい。
【0017】
また、アルキル基としては、炭素数1〜30、好ましくは炭素数1〜20の直鎖又は分枝のアルキル基を意味し、例えば、メチル基、エチル基、オクチル基、ドデシル基、ヘキサデシル基等が挙げられる。なお、これらアルキル基は、分子中に1つ又は2つ以上有していてもよい。このような構成を有することにより、太陽光のうち可視光及び/又は赤外光を吸収し、励起して電子を発生させることができるとともに、かかる結合基により半導体に強固に吸着することができるからである。
【0018】
具体的には、メタルフリーフタロシアニン系色素;NK1194、NK3422(日本感光色素研究所製)等のシアニン系色素;NK2426、NK2501(日本感光色素研究所製)等のメロシアニン系色素;ローズベンガル、ローダミンB等のキサンテン系色素;マラカイトグリーン、クリスタルバイオレット等のトリフェニルメタン色素;銅フタロシアニン及びチタニルフタロシアニン等の金属フタロシアニン、クロロフィル、ヘミン、又はルテニウム、オスミウム、鉄、亜鉛を1以上含有する錯体(特開平1−220380号、特表平5−504023号に記載)等の金属錯塩等が挙げられる。なかでも分光増感の効果や耐久性に優れているため金属錯体が好ましい。なお、これらの色素は、半導体上に均一に吸着させるため、溶液状態で半導体上に吸着させるものであるから、非プロトン性溶液、疎水性溶液又は非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶液に完全に溶解するものであることが必要である。
【0019】
本発明において用いられる色素を溶解するために用いる溶媒は、非プロトン性溶媒又は疎水性溶媒であることが必要であり、非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶媒であることが好ましい。
非プロトン性溶媒としては、例えばアセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類;ジエチルエーテル、ジイソプロピルエーテル、ジメトキシエタン等のエーテル類;アセトニトリル、ジメチルアセトアミド、ヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド等の窒素化合物類;二硫化炭素、ジメチルスルホキシド等の硫黄化合物類;ヘキサメチルホスホラミド等のリン化合物類等の公知のものを単独又は2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。
【0020】
また、疎水性溶媒としては、例えばクロロホルム、塩化メチレン、四塩化炭素等のハロゲン化脂肪族炭化水素;ヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、安息香酸エチル等のエステル類等の公知のものを単独又は2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。
さらに、非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶媒としては、例えばクロロホルム、塩化メチレン、四塩化炭素等のハロゲン化脂肪族炭化水素;ヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、安息香酸エチル等のエステル類等の公知のものを単独又は2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。
【0021】
本発明においては、溶液中の色素濃度は、使用する色素及び溶媒の種類、後述する浸漬又は塗布の条件、浸漬又は塗布の回数等により適宜調整することができるが、例えば1×10-5モル/リットル以上、さらに5×10-5〜1×10-2モル/リットル程度が好ましい。
色素を溶解した溶液を半導体に浸漬する方法としては、半導体を沈めることができる容器内に溶液を満たし、その溶液中に半導体を完全に沈めて所定の時間保持する方法、半導体の所望の部分のみを漬ける方法等が挙げられる。その際の溶液及び雰囲気の温度及び圧力は特に限定されるものではなく、例えば室温程度、かつ大気圧下が挙げられ、浸漬時間は、使用する色素、溶媒の種類、溶液の濃度等により適宜調整することができるが、例えば5分〜96時間程度が好ましい。これにより、半導体上に色素を吸着させることができる。なお、色素を溶解した溶液に浸漬した後、適宜乾燥又は焼成等してもよい。
【0022】
上述のようにして得られた光電変換材料用半導体は、太陽電池、光スイッチング装置、センサ等の光電変換装置に好適に使用することができる。例えば、太陽電池に使用する場合、図1のように導電膜でコートされたガラス基板等の支持体1上に、上述の光電変換材料用半導体2を形成して一方の電極とし、さらに対電極4として別のガラス基板等の支持体上に導電膜による電極を形成し、これら電極間に電解質3を封入することにより、太陽電池を構成することができる。
【0023】
ここで電極として使用することができる導電膜は、特に限定されるものではないが、例えばITO、SnO2 等の透明導電膜が好ましい。これら電極の製造方法及び膜厚等は、適宜選択することができる。
また、電解質としては、一般に電池や太陽電池等において使用することができる電解質であれば特に限定されない。
【0024】
このように、光電変換材料用半導体に吸着した色素に太陽光を照射すると、色素は可視領域の光を吸収して励起する。この励起によって発生した電子は半導体さらに対電極に移動する。対電極に移動した電子は電解質中の酸化還元系を還元する。一方、半導体に電子を移動させた色素は酸化体の状態になっているが、この酸化体は電解質中の酸化還元系によって還元され元の状態に戻る。このようにして電子が流れ、本発明の光電変換材料用半導体を用いた太陽電池を構成することができる。
【0025】
以下に本発明の光電変換材料用半導体の製造方法及び太陽電池の実施例を説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではない。
実施例1
市販の酸化チタン粒子(テイカ株式会社社製、商品名AMT−600、アナターゼ型結晶、平均粒径30nm、比表面積50m2/g)4.0gとジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル20mlとを、ガラスビーズを使用し、ペイントシェイカーで6時間分散させ、酸化チタン懸濁液を調製した。
【0026】
次いで、この酸化チタン懸濁液をドクターブレードを用いて、10μm程度の膜厚でガラス板に塗布し、100℃で30分間予備乾燥した後、500℃で40分間焼成し、膜厚8μm程度の酸化チタン膜を得た。
さらに、式(I):
【0027】
【化1】
【0028】
で表された色素をアセトニトリルに溶解した。この色素の濃度は2×10-4モル/リットルであった。
続いて、上述で得られた酸化チタン膜を具備したガラス基板を、上記色素溶液に30分間浸漬し、光電変換材料用半導体(試料A)を得た。
次いで、試料Aを一方の電極とし、対電極として白金を担持した透明導電性ガラス板を用いた。これら2つの電極の間に電解質を入れ、この側面を樹脂で封入した後、リード線を取付けて、本発明の光電変換材料(試料B)を作製した。なお、電解質は、体積比が1:4であるアセトニトリル/炭酸エチレンの混合溶媒に、テトラプロピルアンモニウムアイオダイドとヨウ素とを、それぞれの濃度が0.46モル/リットル、0.06モル/リットルとなるように溶解したものを用いた。
【0029】
得られた試料Bの光電変換材料にソーラーシュミレーターで100W/m2の強度の光を照射したところ、η(変換効率)は2.2%であり、太陽電池として有用であることがわかった。
【0030】
比較例1
色素として式(II):
【0031】
【化2】
【0032】
で表されたものをエタノールに溶解した以外は実施例1と同様にして光電変換材料(試料C)を得た。
得られた試料Cの光電変換材料にソーラーシュミレーターで100W/m2の強度の光を照射したところ、ηは1.8%であった。
実施例1及び比較例1から明らかなように、非プロトン性溶媒に色素を溶解した溶液を用いて、半導体表面に色素を吸着させると、優れた光電変換効率を有する光電変換材料用半導体が得られることがわかった。
【0033】
実施例2
色素として式(III):
【0034】
【化3】
【0035】
で表されたものを5×10-4モル/リットルとなるようにヘキサンに溶解した以外は実施例1と同様にして光電変換材料(試料D)を得た。
得られた試料Dの光電変換材料にソーラーシュミレーターで100W/m2の強度の光を照射したところ、ηは2.7%であった。
【0036】
比較例2
色素として上述の式(II) で表されたものをエタノールに溶解した以外は実施例1と同様にして光電変換材料(試料E)を得た。
【0037】
得られた試料Eの光電変換材料にソーラーシュミレーターで100W/m2の強度の光を照射したところ、ηは1.8%であった。
実施例2及び比較例2から明らかなように、疎水性溶媒に色素を溶解した溶液を用いて、半導体表面に色素を吸着させると、優れた光電変換効率を有する光電変換材料用半導体が得られることがわかった。
【0038】
実施例3
色素として式(IV) :
【0039】
【化4】
【0040】
で表されたものを5×10-4モル/リットルとなるように酢酸エチルに溶解した以外は実施例1と同様にして光電変換材料(試料F)を得た。
得られた試料Fの光電変換材料にソーラーシュミレーターで100W/m2の強度の光を照射したところ、ηは2.9%であった。
【0041】
比較例3
色素として上述の式(II) で表されたものをエタノールに溶解した以外は実施例1と同様にして光電変換材料(試料G)を得た。
得られた試料Gの光電変換材料にソーラーシュミレーターで100W/m2の強度の光を照射したところ、ηは1.8%であった。
実施例3及び比較例3から明らかなように、非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶媒に色素を溶解した溶液を用いて、半導体表面に色素を吸着させると、優れた光電変換効率を有する光電変換材料用半導体が得られることがわかった。
【0042】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、非プロトン性溶媒に色素を溶解した溶液を用いて半導体表面に色素を吸着させるため、溶液自身に起因する色素吸着の阻害を防止することができる。
また、疎水性溶媒に色素を溶解した溶液を用いて半導体表面に色素を吸着させるため、溶液中に含有される水に起因する色素吸着の阻害を防止することができ、十分な量の色素を半導体表面に吸着させることができる。
【0043】
さらに、非プロトン性かつ疎水性溶媒に色素を溶解した溶液を用いて半導体表面に色素を吸着させるため、溶液自身に起因する色素吸着の阻害と溶液中に含有される水に起因する色素吸着の阻害の双方を防止することができる。
よって、十分な量の色素を半導体表面に吸着させることができ、容易かつ安価に、光電変換効率が向上した光電変換材料用半導体を得ることが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明における色素増感型太陽電池の層構成を示す要部の概略断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 支持体
2 光電変換材料用半導体
3 電解質
4 対電極[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly to a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material used for a photoelectric conversion element such as a solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof.
[0002]
[Prior art]
When a light is irradiated with a photoelectric conversion material, electrons bound to the atoms in the material can move freely by light energy, and free electrons and free electron holes (holes) are created. In order to generate these free electrons and holes efficiently, it is a material from which electric energy can be taken out continuously, that is, a material that can convert light energy into electric energy. Such a photoelectric conversion material is used for a solar cell, for example.
[0003]
Among solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells have attracted wide attention because they exhibit high conversion efficiency. A dye-sensitized solar cell is mainly composed of, for example, a semiconductor electrode and a counter electrode, and an electrolyte layer sandwiched between these electrodes. When light is irradiated on the semiconductor electrode, electrons are formed on this electrode side. The electrons move to the counter electrode through the electric circuit, and the electrons moved to the counter electrode move as ions in the electrolyte and return to the semiconductor electrode, and this can be repeated to extract electric energy. It is.
[0004]
As the semiconductor electrode, which is a photoelectric conversion material used in the dye-sensitized solar cell, a semiconductor electrode in which a spectral sensitizing dye having absorption in the visible light region is adsorbed is used.
For example, in JP-A-1-220380, a metal oxide semiconductor is immersed in an aqueous solution containing a spectral sensitizing dye such as a transition metal complex at room temperature to adsorb the spectral sensitizing dye on the surface. A solar cell using a layered semiconductor is described.
[0005]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-504023 describes a solar cell having a spectrally sensitized color layer such as a transition metal complex on the surface of a titanium oxide semiconductor doped with metal ions.
Furthermore, JP-A-7-249790 describes a solar cell using a semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material obtained by heating and refluxing a spectrally sensitized ethanol solution on a semiconductor surface.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above method, since the hydroxyl group of the solvent dissolving the dye reacts with the active sites on the semiconductor surface and hinders the dye adsorption, it is difficult to adsorb the necessary amount of the dye, and it can be adsorbed firmly. Can not.
Furthermore, since water contained in the solvent dissolving the dye is adsorbed on the surface of the dye during the manufacturing process, it is a cause of shortening the lifetime of the semiconductor. In addition, many of these dyes have low solubility and cannot give a sufficient dye concentration to the semiconductor, which causes a reduction in conversion efficiency.
[0007]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a manufacturing how that can be obtained a photoelectric conversion material for a semiconductor which has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency easily and inexpensively.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, dyes that function as photosensitizers are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide and hexamethylphosphoramide. An aprotic solution is prepared by dissolving in one or more aprotic solvents, and a semiconductor having an active site on the surface is immersed in the aprotic solution, and a dye is then deposited on the semiconductor. A method for producing a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material to be adsorbed is provided.
Further, according to the present invention, the dye functioning as a photosensitizer is selected from one or two of chloroform, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, benzene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and ethyl benzoate. A method for producing a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material by dissolving in the above hydrophobic solvent to prepare a hydrophobic solution, immersing a semiconductor having an active site on the surface in the hydrophobic solution, and adsorbing a dye on the semiconductor Is provided.
Further, according to the present invention, the dye functioning as a photosensitizer is selected from one or two of chloroform, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, benzene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and ethyl benzoate. An aprotic and hydrophobic solution is prepared by dissolving in the above aprotic and hydrophobic solvent, and a semiconductor having an active site on the surface is immersed in the aprotic and hydrophobic solution. A method for producing a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material that adsorbs a dye is provided.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the method for producing a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material of the present invention, a dye functioning as a photosensitizer (hereinafter simply referred to as “dye”) is adsorbed on the semiconductor. The semiconductor used here is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used for a photoelectric conversion material. For example, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, barium titanate, strontium titanate, cadmium sulfide. 1 type, or 2 or more types of well-known semiconductors, such as these, can be used. Of these, titanium oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of stability and safety. The titanium oxide used in the present invention includes various titanium oxides such as anatase type titanium oxide, rutile type titanium oxide, amorphous titanium oxide, metatitanic acid and orthotitanic acid, or titanium hydroxide and titanium oxide containing Everything is included.
[0011]
As the above-described semiconductor, various types of semiconductors such as a particulate form and a film form can be used, but a film-form semiconductor formed on a substrate is preferable.
As a substrate in the case where a film-like semiconductor is formed on a substrate, for example, a glass substrate, a plastic substrate or the like can be used, and among them, a transparent substrate is preferable.
Various known methods can be used as a method of forming a film-like semiconductor on a substrate. Specifically, a method of applying a suspension containing semiconductor particles on a substrate and drying / baking, a method of forming a semiconductor film on the substrate by a CVD method or a MOCVD method using a desired source gas Or a method of forming a semiconductor film by a PVD method using a raw material solid, a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a sol-gel method, or the like. In addition, the film thickness of the semiconductor at this time is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 0.1 to 50 μm.
[0012]
As the above-mentioned semiconductor particles, single or compound semiconductor particles having an appropriate average particle diameter among commercially available particles, for example, an average particle diameter of about 1 nm to 2000 nm may be mentioned. Examples of the solvent used for suspending the semiconductor particles include glyme solvents such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, alcohol solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, alcohol mixed solvents such as isopropyl alcohol / toluene, water, and the like. It is done.
[0013]
In the drying / firing described above, the temperature, time, atmosphere, and the like can be appropriately adjusted depending on the type of substrate and semiconductor particles used. For example, it can be performed for about 10 seconds to 12 hours in the range of about 50 to 800 ° C. in the air or in an inert gas atmosphere. This drying / firing can be performed once at a single temperature or twice or more at different temperatures.
[0014]
As a source gas used by the CVD method or the like, a single gas containing an element constituting a semiconductor may be used, or two or more mixed gases may be used. As a raw material solid used by the PVD method or the like, a single solid containing elements constituting a semiconductor may be used, a single solid may be used in combination, or a compound solid may be used. May be.
[0015]
Furthermore, in order to activate the semiconductor surface, an activation treatment may be performed after the film formation.
As a method of adsorbing a dye on a semiconductor, for example, a semiconductor film formed on a substrate is changed into one or more aprotic solutions, hydrophobic solutions or aprotic and hydrophobic solutions in which a dye is dissolved. The method of immersing is mentioned.
[0016]
The dye that can be used here is a dye that functions as a photosensitizer, particularly has absorption in the visible light region and / or infrared light region, and has at least one bonding group and at least one in the molecule. It is preferable that the dye has an alkyl group.
Examples of the linking group include a carboxyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, a hydroxyl group, a sulfone group, a carboxyalkyl group, a mercapto group, and a phosphonyl group. In addition, these bonding groups may have one or two or more in the molecule.
[0017]
The alkyl group means a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms. For example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an octyl group, a dodecyl group, a hexadecyl group, etc. Is mentioned. In addition, you may have 1 or 2 or more of these alkyl groups in a molecule | numerator. By having such a structure, visible light and / or infrared light in sunlight can be absorbed and excited to generate electrons, and the bonding group can be firmly adsorbed to the semiconductor. Because.
[0018]
Specifically, metal-free phthalocyanine dyes; cyanine dyes such as NK1194 and NK3422 (manufactured by Nippon Photosensitivity Laboratories); merocyanine dyes such as NK2426 and NK2501 (manufactured by Nippon Photosensitivity Laboratories); Rose Bengal and Rhodamine B Xanthene dyes such as malachite green, triphenylmethane dyes such as crystal violet, etc .; complexes containing at least one metal phthalocyanine such as copper phthalocyanine and titanyl phthalocyanine, chlorophyll, hemin, ruthenium, osmium, iron and zinc Metal complex salts such as those described in No. 220380 and JP-T-5-504023). Of these, metal complexes are preferred because they are excellent in spectral sensitization and durability. In addition, since these dyes are adsorbed on a semiconductor in a solution state in order to be adsorbed uniformly on a semiconductor, they are completely dissolved in an aprotic solution, a hydrophobic solution, or an aprotic and hydrophobic solution. It must be a thing.
[0019]
The solvent used for dissolving the dye used in the present invention needs to be an aprotic solvent or a hydrophobic solvent, and is preferably an aprotic and hydrophobic solvent.
Examples of aprotic solvents include ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether and dimethoxyethane; nitrogen compounds such as acetonitrile, dimethylacetamide and hexamethylphosphoric triamide; carbon disulfide and dimethyl Known compounds such as sulfur compounds such as sulfoxide; phosphorus compounds such as hexamethylphosphoramide may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
[0020]
Examples of the hydrophobic solvent include halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and carbon tetrachloride; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; ethyl acetate, acetic acid Known ones such as esters such as butyl and ethyl benzoate may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more.
Furthermore, examples of the aprotic and hydrophobic solvent include halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and carbon tetrachloride; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; Well-known things, such as esters, such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and ethyl benzoate, are mentioned individually or in mixture of 2 or more types.
[0021]
In the present invention, the concentration of the dye in the solution can be appropriately adjusted depending on the kind of the dye and solvent to be used, the conditions of immersion or coating described later, the number of times of immersion or coating, and the like, for example, 1 × 10 −5 mol / L or more, more preferably about 5 × 10 −5 to 1 × 10 −2 mol / liter.
As a method of immersing the dye-dissolved solution in the semiconductor, the solution can be filled in a container capable of sinking the semiconductor, the semiconductor is completely immersed in the solution and kept for a predetermined time, or only a desired portion of the semiconductor. And so on. The temperature and pressure of the solution and the atmosphere at that time are not particularly limited, and examples include room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and the immersion time is appropriately adjusted depending on the dye used, the type of solvent, the concentration of the solution, and the like. For example, about 5 minutes to 96 hours is preferable. Thereby, a pigment | dye can be made to adsorb | suck on a semiconductor. In addition, after immersing in the solution which melt | dissolved the pigment | dye, you may dry or bake suitably.
[0022]
The semiconductor for photoelectric conversion materials obtained as described above can be suitably used for photoelectric conversion devices such as solar cells, optical switching devices, and sensors. For example, when used in a solar cell, the above-described
[0023]
Here it can be used as an electrode conductive film, it is not particularly limited, for example ITO, a transparent conductive film of SnO 2 or the like. The manufacturing method and film thickness of these electrodes can be selected as appropriate.
Further, the electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrolyte that can generally be used in a battery, a solar battery, or the like.
[0024]
As described above, when the dye adsorbed on the semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material is irradiated with sunlight, the dye absorbs light in the visible region and is excited. Electrons generated by this excitation move to the semiconductor and further to the counter electrode. The electrons transferred to the counter electrode reduce the redox system in the electrolyte. On the other hand, the dye that has moved electrons to the semiconductor is in an oxidant state, but this oxidant is reduced by the redox system in the electrolyte and returns to its original state. In this way, electrons flow, and a solar cell using the semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material of the present invention can be configured.
[0025]
Although the manufacturing method of the semiconductor for photoelectric conversion materials of this invention and the Example of a solar cell are demonstrated below, this invention is not limited to this.
Example 1
Commercially available titanium oxide particles (manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., trade name AMT-600, anatase type crystal, average particle size 30 nm, specific surface area 50 m 2 / g) 4.0 g and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 20 ml were used with glass beads. Then, the mixture was dispersed with a paint shaker for 6 hours to prepare a titanium oxide suspension.
[0026]
Next, this titanium oxide suspension was applied to a glass plate with a film thickness of about 10 μm using a doctor blade, preliminarily dried at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then baked at 500 ° C. for 40 minutes to obtain a film thickness of about 8 μm. A titanium oxide film was obtained.
Furthermore, the formula (I):
[0027]
[Chemical 1]
[0028]
The dye represented by was dissolved in acetonitrile. The concentration of this dye was 2 × 10 −4 mol / liter.
Subsequently, the glass substrate provided with the titanium oxide film obtained above was immersed in the dye solution for 30 minutes to obtain a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material (sample A).
Next, Sample A was used as one electrode, and a transparent conductive glass plate carrying platinum as a counter electrode was used. An electrolyte was placed between these two electrodes, and this side surface was sealed with resin, and then a lead wire was attached to produce the photoelectric conversion material (sample B) of the present invention. The electrolyte was a mixed solvent of acetonitrile / ethylene carbonate having a volume ratio of 1: 4, tetrapropylammonium iodide and iodine, with respective concentrations of 0.46 mol / liter and 0.06 mol / liter. What was melt | dissolved was used.
[0029]
When the photoelectric conversion material of the obtained sample B was irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 W / m 2 with a solar simulator, η (conversion efficiency) was 2.2%, which proved useful as a solar cell.
[0030]
Comparative Example 1
Formula (II) as a dye:
[0031]
[Chemical formula 2]
[0032]
A photoelectric conversion material (sample C) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound represented by (1) was dissolved in ethanol.
When the photoelectric conversion material of the obtained sample C was irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 W / m 2 with a solar simulator, η was 1.8%.
As is clear from Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, when a dye was adsorbed on the semiconductor surface using a solution in which the dye was dissolved in an aprotic solvent, a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained. I found out that
[0033]
Example 2
Formula (III) as a dye:
[0034]
[Chemical 3]
[0035]
A photoelectric conversion material (sample D) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound represented by the formula (1) was dissolved in hexane so as to be 5 × 10 −4 mol / liter.
When the photoelectric conversion material of the obtained sample D was irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 W / m 2 with a solar simulator, η was 2.7%.
[0036]
Comparative Example 2
A photoelectric conversion material (sample E) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dye represented by the above formula (II) was dissolved in ethanol.
[0037]
When the photoelectric conversion material of the obtained sample E was irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 W / m 2 with a solar simulator, η was 1.8%.
As is clear from Example 2 and Comparative Example 2, when a dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor surface using a solution in which the dye is dissolved in a hydrophobic solvent, a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained. I understood it.
[0038]
Example 3
Formula (IV) as a pigment:
[0039]
[Formula 4]
[0040]
A photoelectric conversion material (sample F) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound represented by the formula (1) was dissolved in ethyl acetate so as to be 5 × 10 −4 mol / liter.
When the photoelectric conversion material of Sample F obtained was irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 W / m 2 with a solar simulator, η was 2.9%.
[0041]
Comparative Example 3
A photoelectric conversion material (sample G) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dye represented by the above formula (II) was dissolved in ethanol.
When the photoelectric conversion material of the obtained sample G was irradiated with light having an intensity of 100 W / m 2 with a solar simulator, η was 1.8%.
As is clear from Example 3 and Comparative Example 3, when a dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor surface using a solution in which the dye is dissolved in an aprotic and hydrophobic solvent, the photoelectric conversion material has excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency. It was found that a semiconductor was obtained.
[0042]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, since the dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor surface using a solution in which the dye is dissolved in an aprotic solvent, inhibition of dye adsorption due to the solution itself can be prevented.
In addition, since the dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor surface using a solution in which the dye is dissolved in a hydrophobic solvent, inhibition of dye adsorption due to water contained in the solution can be prevented, and a sufficient amount of dye can be added. It can be adsorbed on the semiconductor surface.
[0043]
Furthermore, since the dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor surface using a solution in which the dye is dissolved in an aprotic and hydrophobic solvent, inhibition of dye adsorption caused by the solution itself and dye adsorption caused by water contained in the solution are prevented. Both inhibitions can be prevented.
Therefore, a sufficient amount of the dye can be adsorbed on the semiconductor surface, and a semiconductor for a photoelectric conversion material with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained easily and inexpensively.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the main part showing the layer structure of a dye-sensitized solar cell in the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26394997A JP4236715B2 (en) | 1997-09-29 | 1997-09-29 | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26394997A JP4236715B2 (en) | 1997-09-29 | 1997-09-29 | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008257491A Division JP2009064782A (en) | 2008-10-02 | 2008-10-02 | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11102734A JPH11102734A (en) | 1999-04-13 |
| JP4236715B2 true JP4236715B2 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
Family
ID=17396499
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP26394997A Expired - Fee Related JP4236715B2 (en) | 1997-09-29 | 1997-09-29 | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4236715B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009064782A (en) * | 2008-10-02 | 2009-03-26 | Sharp Corp | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4850338B2 (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2012-01-11 | リンテック株式会社 | Semiconductor electrode manufacturing method and photochemical battery |
| GB2433071A (en) * | 2005-12-05 | 2007-06-13 | Kontrakt Technology Ltd | Organic acids comprising planar conjugated heterocyclic molecular system, & photoelectric layer thereof with rodlike supramolecules for use in solar cell |
| JP5898895B2 (en) * | 2011-09-27 | 2016-04-06 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | Solution concentration adjusting method, solution concentration adjusting device, and method for producing dye-sensitized solar cell |
| JP2013161751A (en) * | 2012-02-08 | 2013-08-19 | Fujifilm Corp | Photoelectric conversion element, method of manufacturing the same, and dye-sensitized solar cell using the same |
-
1997
- 1997-09-29 JP JP26394997A patent/JP4236715B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009064782A (en) * | 2008-10-02 | 2009-03-26 | Sharp Corp | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11102734A (en) | 1999-04-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN101361218B (en) | Dye sensitized solar cell and dye sensitized solar cell module | |
| JP3579078B2 (en) | Semiconductors for photoelectric conversion materials | |
| JP4185285B2 (en) | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using the same | |
| JP5572029B2 (en) | Metal complex dye, photoelectric conversion element and photoelectrochemical cell | |
| JP5285062B2 (en) | Photosensitizer and solar cell using the same | |
| EP2296216B1 (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell, method for manufacturing dye-sensitized solar cell, and dye-sensitized solar cell module | |
| WO1999063614A1 (en) | Method of manufacturing photoelectric cell and oxide semiconductor for photoelectric cell | |
| JP2005174934A (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell and manufacturing method thereof | |
| WO2006013830A1 (en) | Photoelectrode, dye sensitizing solar cell using the same, and dye sensitizing solar cell module | |
| JPH11339867A (en) | Photoelectric cell and manufacture of metal oxide semiconductor film for photoelectric cell | |
| JP2004152613A (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell | |
| JP2004319383A (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell module | |
| JP4863662B2 (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof | |
| JP4236715B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material | |
| WO2012141095A1 (en) | Photoelectric conversion element and photoelectric conversion module | |
| JP2002151168A (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cells | |
| JP4631000B2 (en) | Semiconductor film-forming coating agent, and semiconductor film, photoelectric conversion element, and solar cell manufacturing method | |
| JP2000294814A (en) | Dye-sensitized optical semiconductor and dye-sensitized solar cell using the same | |
| JP2003282162A (en) | Composition of metal oxide semiconductor dispersed liquid and dye-sensitized optical semiconductor electrode using the same | |
| JP2000036331A (en) | Metal oxide, semiconductor, electrode for photoelectric conversion material, and solar battery | |
| JP5332114B2 (en) | Photoelectric conversion element and solar cell | |
| JP4455868B2 (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell | |
| JP4537693B2 (en) | Dye-sensitized solar cell | |
| JP2012036239A (en) | Metal complex dye, photoelectric conversion element, and photoelectrochemical cell | |
| JP2009064782A (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20070703 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20070903 |
|
| A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20080902 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20081002 |
|
| A911 | Transfer of reconsideration by examiner before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20081114 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20081209 |
|
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20081217 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111226 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111226 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20121226 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |