JP4243964B2 - Non-aqueous secondary battery - Google Patents
Non-aqueous secondary battery Download PDFInfo
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- JP4243964B2 JP4243964B2 JP2003062701A JP2003062701A JP4243964B2 JP 4243964 B2 JP4243964 B2 JP 4243964B2 JP 2003062701 A JP2003062701 A JP 2003062701A JP 2003062701 A JP2003062701 A JP 2003062701A JP 4243964 B2 JP4243964 B2 JP 4243964B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、非水二次電池に関し、さらに詳しくは、高容量で、かつサイクル特性が優れた非水二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電子機器の小型化、携帯電話の普及に伴い、高エネルギー密度を有する二次電池への要求がますます高まっている。現在、この要求に応える高容量二次電池としては、正極活物質としてLiCoO2 、LiNiO2 、LiMn2 O4 などのリチウム含有複合酸化物を用い、負極活物質として炭素系材料を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池が商品化されている。このリチウムイオン二次電池は、平均駆動電圧が3.6Vと高く、従来のニッケル−カドミウム電池やニッケル水素電池の約3倍の平均駆動電圧を有しており、また、負極活物質として炭素系材料を用いることや、充放電に関与する移動体がリチウムイオンであることから、軽量化も期待できる。
【0003】
このリチウムイオン二次電池は、従来のリチウム金属を負極とする非水二次電池とは異なり、上記活物質を結合剤などとともに溶剤中に分散させてペースト状の塗料を調製し、そのペースト状塗料を正極集電体または負極集電体としての作用を兼ねる導電性基体の両面に塗布し、乾燥して、それぞれ上記活物質などを含有する塗膜を形成し、必要に応じて圧縮して塗膜密度を高めて、帯状の正極および負極を作製し、それらの帯状の正極と負極をセパレータを介して渦巻状に巻回して渦巻状の電極体を形成し、その渦巻状の電極体を電池缶に挿入して電池が構成されている。そして、正極には正極活物質と結合剤以外に塗膜中のインピーダンスを低減させるために、炭素系材料などからなる導電助剤が添加されている。
【0004】
今後、携帯情報端末機器の需要拡大により、高容量で、かつ軽量のリチウムイオン二次電池の需要もますます増加し、それに伴って要求特性はさらに厳しくなることが予測される。リチウムイオン二次電池の高容量化は、負極材料の改良によるところが大きく、現在もSi系やSn系などの金属複合材料やLi含有窒化物によるさらなる容量アップが検討されている。しかし、充放電による負極材料の膨潤や充放電サイクルによる容量劣化や安全性などにより、実用化には至らず、現在の負極材料の多くは炭素系材料で占められ、理論容量である372mAh/gに近づきつつある。
【0005】
一方、正極活物質に関しては、一般にLiCoO2 、LiMnO2 、LiNiO2 などのリチウム含有複合酸化物が用いられている。それぞれの正極活物質の理論放電容量は、LiCoO2 が274mAh/g、LiMn2 O4 が148mAh/g、LiNiO2 が274mAh/gである。LiCoO2 の実用的な放電容量は、125〜140mAh/g程度であるのに対して、LiNiO2 の実用的な放電容量は160〜200mAh/g程度である。そのため、LiNiO2 は、LiCoO2 に比べて高容量化が可能であるが、LiCoO2 に比べて製造コストが高く、安全性の低いことが大きな課題になっている。また、LiMnO2 の理論放電容量は148mAh/gであり、さらに真密度が4.0〜4.2g/ccとLiCoO2 の真密度4.9〜5.1g/ccに比べて低い値を示す。従って、LiMnO2 を使用した場合、単位体積当たりの容量がLiCoO2 よりも劣るのが明白である。これらのことから、現在、正極活物質としてLiCoO2 を用いることが一般的となっており、高容量化は塗膜構造の最適化によってなされている。
【0006】
正極塗膜は、正極活物質、結合剤および導電助剤を主剤として構成される。この正極塗膜の作製方法は、溶剤中に正極活物質、結合剤および導電助剤などを均一に分散させ、ペースト状の正極塗料を調製し、金属箔などからなる導電性基体上に正極塗料を均一に塗布し、乾燥工程、圧縮工程を経て正極集電体としての作用を兼ねる導電性基体上に正極塗膜が作製される。正極の高容量化は、前記のように、正極活物質で高容量化が図れない以上、電池内部に如何に多く正極活物質を含有させるかということにかかっている。
【0007】
単位体積当たりの正極活物質密度は、塗膜密度および塗膜中の正極活物質含有率に依存する。塗膜密度は、圧縮工程の圧力上昇により高密度化が図れるが、そうした場合、高圧力による正極の集電体切れや塗膜内部への電解液(液状電解質)の浸透性が低下することが懸念され、それによって、生産性の低下や電池特性の劣化が考えられる。一方、正極塗膜中の活物質含有率の増加は、結合剤や導電助剤の減少を伴う。結合剤の減少は、正極の塗膜強度や塗膜と導電性基体との接着性の低下が懸念されるため、極めて難しい。また、導電助剤は正極塗膜の導電性を保ち、電池内部インピーダンスに影響を与えるため、如何に導電性を維持して導電助剤量を低減するかが課題となる。
【0008】
そこで、導電助剤の含有量を低減しても高い導電性が確保できるようにするために、これまでにも、導電助剤の改良策として高比表面積のグラファイト粒子を用いること(特許文献1参照)や大粒径グラファイト粉末と小粒径アセチレンブラック粉末とを併用する方法(特許文献2参照)が提案されている。
【0009】
【特許文献1】
特開平10−144320号公報(第1頁)
【0010】
【特許文献2】
特開2000−277095号公報(第2頁)
【0011】
しかしながら、特許文献1のように、高比表面積のグラファイト粒子を導電助剤として用いた場合、高比表面積のグラファイトはいわゆる吸油量が大きいため、塗料化において多量の溶剤が必要になって、分散効率が思うように向上しない。また、特許文献2のように、大粒径グラファイト粉末と小粒径アセチレンブラック粉末とを併用した場合も、小粒径のアセチレンブラック粉末が高比表面積を有するため、前記特許文献1の場合と同様の問題を有していた。また、未分散の炭素粉末が含まれることは塗膜密度の低減をも引き起こす。
【0012】
そのため、カーボン粉末を液体中で高分散させる分散剤が種々提案されている。例えば、スチレン系共重合体とアクリル酸エステル系共重合体のブロック共重合体(特許文献3参照)、オレフィンまたは芳香族アルケニル化合物とエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸またはその無水物との共重合体の水溶性塩(特許文献4参照)、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖を有する(メタ)アクリル酸系またはマレイン酸系共重合体(特許文献5参照)などが提案されている。
【0013】
【特許文献3】
特開平6−148927号公報(第2頁)
【0014】
【特許文献4】
特開平8−239361号公報(第2頁)
【0015】
【特許文献5】
特開平11−286644号公報(第2頁)
【0016】
しかしながら、それらの分散剤によっても、微小粒径のカーボン粒子をリチウムイオン二次電池などの非水二次電池の正極塗料に分散させる場合には、いずれも充分な分散性を有していなかった。
【0017】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記のような従来の非水二次電池における問題点を解決し、高容量で、かつサイクル特性が優れた非水二次電池を提供することを目的とする。
【0018】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、正極の導電助剤として水スラリーのpH値が7.0より大きい塩基性炭素微粒子を用い、かつ主たる結合剤の他に下記の化学式(1)または化学式(2)で示される側鎖を有し、かつアニオン性官能基を有する高分子を用いることにより、塗料を高密度化させ、正極活物質含有率が高い正極塗膜を形成することが可能であることを見出し、前記課題を解決したものである。
【化2】
〔ただし、化学式(2)中のm+nは1以上20以下である〕
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
次に、本発明が上記構成の採用によって、高容量で、かつサイクル特性が優れた非水二次電池を提供できる理由を説明するとともに、その構成について詳細に説明する。
【0020】
導電助剤として用いる炭素微粒子の正極塗料中での分散性を向上させるためには、分散剤の選択が重要である。炭素微粒子表面の官能基量は酸化物微粒子などと比べると非常に少なく、通常の低分子タイプの界面活性剤では充分な吸着層をつくることができない。しかし、分散剤として1分子中に多数の吸着アンカーを持つ高分子分散剤を用いれば、官能基密度の低い低活性表面を持つ炭素微粒子の表面にも充分な吸着層を形成できる。特に分散性の劣る比表面積が100m2 /g以上の微小粒径の炭素微粒子の多くは塩基性表面を有しているので、吸着アンカーとしてはアニオン性の官能基が有効である。
【0021】
また、正極活物質として広く用いられるコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2 など)は塩基性の表面を持っている。従って、導電助剤の炭素微粒子が塩基性表面を有する場合は活物質と導電助剤とが静電反発により斥け合うため、高密度充填が困難である。しかし、炭素微粒子の表面に化学式(1)または化学式(2)で示される側鎖を有し、アニオン性官能基を有する高分子(以下、簡略化して「アニオン性高分子」という)の吸着層を形成すると、このアニオン性高分子が活物質表面にも吸着し導電助剤の炭素微粒子と活物質粒子とを物理的に接近させて塗膜の高密度化が実現できる。
【0022】
本発明において、上記アニオン性高分子としては、すなわち、化学式(1)または化学式(2)で示される側鎖を有し、かつアニオン性官能基を有する高分子としては、例えば、アクリル酸、マレイン酸などを共重合することによって得られる高分子が適している。これらのカルボン酸部分は部分的にまたはその全てが金属塩、アンモニウム塩などの形で中和されていてもよく、このように塩になっている場合は、フリーの酸に比べて溶剤中での解離度が高いので炭素微粒子に対する吸着力が強く、より一層分散性が優れている。
【0023】
このアニオン性高分子を添加することによる電池特性への効果は、より少ない導電助剤量で正極塗膜を作製する場合において顕著に発現する。すなわち、高密度でかつ活物質比率が高い正極塗膜を作製する場合において効果的である。具体的には、正極塗膜の密度が3.25g/cm3 以上である場合、正極塗膜中における正極活物質の比率が、正極塗膜100質量部に対して、94質量部以上である場合に効果的である。
【0024】
本発明において用いるアニオン性高分子は、その質量平均分子量(以下、これを簡略化して、「分子量Mw」で示す場合がある)は2.0×103 〜1.5×106 であるものが好ましい。アニオン性高分子の分子量Mwが2.0×103 より小さい場合は、導電助剤に対する吸着量が少ないため導電助剤の分散が不充分になり、また、アニオン性高分子の分子量Mwが1.5×106 より大きい場合は、厚い吸着層のために導電性が妨げられたり凝集作用が生じて導電性が低下するおそれがある。
【0025】
本発明において、上記アニオン性高分子は、正極塗膜100質量部に対して、0.005質量部〜1質量部添加して正極塗膜中に含有させるようにすることが好ましい。アニオン性高分子の含有率が正極塗膜100質量部に対して0.005質量部より少ない場合は、アニオン性高分子を添加した効果が充分に発現せず、また、1質量部より多い場合は、正極塗膜中に絶縁性のポリマーが増加するため、電池のインピーダンスの上昇を招き、電池特性を劣化させるおそれがある。
【0026】
本発明において、アニオン性高分子を正極塗料中に含有させる方法に関しては特に制限はない。正極塗料は正極活物質を結合剤や導電助剤、有機溶媒とともに混合、分散して調製する。前記アニオン性高分子は、正極活物質、導電助剤、主たる結合剤を混合する際に添加してもよい。また、導電助剤と有機溶媒の分散液をあらかじめ調製する際にアニオン性高分子を添加し、その後、主たる結合剤、正極活物質を加え、正極塗料を調製する工程を経る方法を採用してもよく、この方法が最も効果的である。さらに、導電助剤とアニオン性高分子を無溶剤の状態で混合・分散し、その後に主たる結合剤、溶剤、正極活物質などを加えて正極塗料を調製してもよい。導電助剤として複数の材料を用いる場合は、必須成分として用いる塩基性炭素微粒子とアニオン性高分子と有機溶媒であらかじめ分散液を調製し、その後、他の導電助剤、主たる結合剤、正極活物質などを加え、正極塗料を調製する工程を経由する方法を採用することもできる。有機溶媒としては、例えば、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン、ジメチルアセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミドなど非プロトン性有機溶媒を単独または2種以上混合したものを用いることができる。
【0027】
これらの混合・分散に用いる装置としては、特に限定されることなく、種々の翼を用いる攪拌型分散装置、高速回転せん断型分散装置、ボールミル、ビーズミル、コロイドミルなどのミル型分散装置、高圧噴射型分散装置、超音波型分散装置などを必要に応じて用いることができる。また、必要に応じて、真空または減圧下での混合・分散や温度制御下での混合・分散も行うことができる。
【0028】
本発明において、導電助剤として用いる水スラリーのpH値が7.0より大きい塩基性炭素微粒子は平均一次粒子径が100nm以下のものが好ましく、より微細なものが好ましい。そして、この塩基性炭素微粒子は、それを単独で用いてもよいし、また、他の導電助剤、例えば、人造黒鉛、炭素繊維などと複合して用いてもよい。ただし、他の導電助剤と併用する場合、全導電助剤中において上記塩基性炭素微粒子が正極塗膜中で0.1質量%以上存在していることが好ましく、特に0.5質量%以上存在していることが好ましい。
【0029】
本発明において、正極の主たる結合剤としては、熱可塑性樹脂、ゴム弾性を有するポリマーおよび多糖類より選ばれる少なくとも1種を用いることができ、具体的には、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレン−プロピレン−ジエン共重合樹脂、スチレンブタジエンゴム、ポリブタジエン、フッ素ゴム、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリエステル樹脂、アクリル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリビニルアルコール、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース樹脂などを用いることができる。それらの中でも、特にポリフッ化ビニリデンが好ましく、このポリフッ化ビニリデンを正極の主たる結合剤として用いることにより、本発明の効果を最も顕著に発現させることができる。
【0030】
本発明において、正極活物質としては、特に限定されることはないが、例えば、LiCoO2 などのリチウムコバルト酸化物、LiMn2 O4 などのリチウムマンガン酸化物、LiNiO2 などのリチウムニッケル酸化物、二酸化マンガン、五酸化バナジウム、クロム酸化物などの金属酸化物またはそれらを基本構造とする複合酸化物(例えば、異種金属添加品)、あるいは二硫化チタン、二硫化モリブデンなどの金属硫化物などを単独でまたは2種以上の混合物として、あるいはそれらの固溶体として用いることができる。また、LiMO2 あるいは、LiM2 O4 において、Mが、Co、Ni、Mn、Fe、Cuなどの金属元素を少なくとも1つ以上を含んでリチウム含有金属酸化物であっても特に問題はない。特にLiNiO2 、LiCoO2 、LiMn2 O4 などの充電時の開路電圧がLi基準で4V以上を示すリチウム複合酸化物を正極活物質として用いる場合には、高エネルギー密度が得られるので好ましい。
【0031】
正極の作製にあたって、その方法は特に限定されることはないが、例えば、上記正極活物質、導電助剤、結合剤を含むペースト状の正極塗料を正極集電体としての作用を兼ねる導電性基体に塗布し、乾燥して、塗膜を形成し、必要に応じて圧縮する工程を経由することによって作製される。
【0032】
本発明において、上記正極用の導電性基体の厚さとしては、5〜60μmが好ましく、特に8〜40μmが好ましい。また、正極塗膜の厚さとしては、片面当たり30〜300μmが好ましく、特に50〜150μmが好ましい。
【0033】
負極に用いる材料としては、リチウムイオンをドープ・脱ドープできるものであればよく、本発明においては、そのようなリチウムイオンをドープ・脱ドープできる物質を負極活物質という。そして、この負極活物質としては、特に限定されることはないが、例えば、黒鉛、熱分解炭素類、コークス類、ガラス状炭素類、有機高分子化合物の焼成体、メソカーボンマイクロビーズ、炭素繊維、活性炭などの炭素材料、Si、Sn、Inなどの合金またはLiに近い低電位で充放電できるSi、Sn、Inなどの酸化物などを用いることができる。
【0034】
負極は、例えば、上記負極活物質に、例えばポリフッ化ビニリデンやポリテトラフルオロエチレンなどの結合剤を適宜添加し、さらに要すれば導電助剤を適宜添加して、溶剤でペースト状の負極塗料を調製し(結合剤はあらかじめ溶剤に溶解または分散させておいてから負極活物質などと混合してもよい)、その負極塗料を負極集電体としての作用を兼ねる導電性基体に塗布し、乾燥して負極塗膜を形成し、必要に応じて圧縮する工程を経由することによって作製される。ただし、負極の作製方法は、上記例示の方法に限定されることはない。
【0035】
本発明において、上記負極用の導電性基体の厚さとしては、5〜60μmが好ましく、特に8〜40μmが好ましい。また、上記負極塗膜の厚さとしては、片面当たり30〜300μmが好ましく、特に50〜150μmが好ましい。
【0036】
上記導電性基体としては、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼などの金属の箔、エキスパンドメタル、網などが用いられるが、正極用の導電性基体としては特にアルミニウム箔が好ましく、負極用の導電性基体としては特に銅箔が好ましい。
【0037】
上記正極や負極の作製にあたって、上記正極塗料や負極塗料を導電性基体に塗布する際の塗布方法としては、例えば、押し出しコーター、リバースローラー、ドクターブレードなどをはじめ、各種の塗布方法を採用することができる。
【0038】
本発明の電解質としては、通常、液状電解質(以下、これを「電解液」という)が用いられる。そして、その電解液としては有機溶媒に溶質を溶解させた有機溶媒系の非水電解液が用いられる。その非水電解液の溶媒としては、特に限定されることはないが、鎖状エステルを主溶媒として用いることが特に適している。そのような鎖状エステルとしては、例えば、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチルなどの鎖状のCOO−結合を有する有機溶媒が挙げられる。この鎖状エステルが電解液の主溶媒であるということは、これらの鎖状エステルが全電解液溶媒中の50体積%より多い体積を占めることを意味しており、特に鎖状エステルが全電解液溶媒中の65体積%以上が好ましい。
【0039】
ただし、電解液溶媒としては、上記鎖状エステルのみで構成するよりも、電池容量の向上をはかるために、上記鎖状エステルに誘電率の高いエステル(誘電率30以上のエステル)を混合して用いることが好ましい。そのような誘電率の高いエステルの全電解液溶媒中で占める量としては、10体積%以上、特に20体積%以上が好ましい。
【0040】
上記誘電率の高いエステルとしては、例えば、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、エチレングリコールサルファイトなどが挙げられ、特にエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートなどの環状構造のものが好ましく、とりわけ環状のカーボネートが好ましく、具体的にはエチレンカーボネートが最も好ましい。
【0041】
また、上記誘電率の高いエチレン以外に併用可能な溶媒としては、例えば、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、1,3−ジオキソラン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチル−テトラヒドロフラン、ジエチルエーテルなどが挙げられる。そのほか、アミン系またはイミド系有機溶媒や、含イオウ系または含フッ素系有機溶媒なども用いることができる。
【0042】
電解液の溶質としては、例えば、LiClO4 、LiPF6 、LiBF4 、LiAsF6 、LiSbF6 、LiCF3 SO3 、LiC4 F9 SO3 、LiCF3 CO2 、Li2 C2 F4 (SO3 )2 、LiN(CF3 SO2 )2 、LiC(CF3 SO2 )3 、LiCn F2n+1SO3 (n≧2)などが単独でまたは2種以上混合して用いられる。特にLiPF6 やLiC4 F9 SO3 などが、充放電特性が良好なことから好ましい。電解液中におけるリチウム塩の濃度は、特に限定されるものではないが、0.3〜1.7mol/lが好ましく、特に0.4〜1.5mol/lが好ましい。
【0043】
本発明において、電解質としては、上記電解液以外にも、ゲル状または固体状の電解質を用いることができる。ゲル状電解質としては、上記電解液(液状電解質)をポリマーなどのゲル化剤でゲル状にしたものが用いられ、固体電解質としては、無機固体電解質のほか、ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリプロピレンオキサイドまたはそれらの誘導体などを主材にした有機固体電解質などを用いることができる。
【0044】
本発明のセパレータには、例えば不織布や微孔性フィルムが用いられる。上記不織布材としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリブチレンテレフタレートなどがある。微孔性フィルム材としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリエチレン−プロピレン共重合体などがある。
【0045】
本発明の非水二次電池は、例えば、上記のようにして作製された正極と負極との間にセパレータを介在させて重ね合わせ、それを渦巻状、楕円状、長円形状などに巻回して作製した巻回構造の電極体やそれらを積層した積層構造の電極体を、ニッケルメッキを施した鉄やステンレス鋼あるいはアルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金製の電池ケースや金属ラミネートフィルム内に挿入し、封口する工程を経て作製される。また、上記のように電池ケースを用いる電池では、通常、電池内部に発生したガスをある一定圧力まで上昇した段階で電池外部に排出して、電池の高圧下での破裂を防止するための防爆機構が取り入れられる。
【0046】
【実施例】
以下、本発明に関する実施例および比較例を示して、その効果を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されることはない。なお、実施例に先立ち、実施例で用いるアニオン性高分子の合成例を合成例1〜2で示し、比較例で用いる高分子共重合体の合成例を合成例3で示す。
【0047】
合成例1
N−ビニル−2−ピロリドン80質量部、アクリル酸20質量部、2,2’−アゾビス(イソブチルニトリル)1.8質量部および2−プロパノール100質量部を混合して反応用溶液を調製した。次に窒素導入管を備えつけた反応容器に2−プロパノール100質量部を計りこみ、窒素シールをしながら70℃まで昇温した。そして、その反応容器に上記溶液を2時間にわたって滴下し、滴下終了後、同温度を保持しながら14時間反応させ、反応後の溶媒をロータリーエバポレータで留去し、化学式(1)で示される側鎖を有し、かつアニオン性官能基を有する高分子としての高分子共重合体Aを得た。この高分子共重合体Aの質量平均分子量は4500であった。
【0048】
合成例2
合成例1において、反応終了後:アンモニアを吹き込んで中和した後、溶媒をエバポレータで留去して、化学式(1)で示される側鎖を有し、かつアニオン性官能基を有する高分子としての高分子共重合体Bを得た。この高分子共重合体Bの質量平均分子量は4500であった。
【0049】
合成例3
N−ビニル−2−ピロリドン80質量部、アクリル酸メチル20質量部、2,2’−アゾビス(イソブチルニトリル)1.8質量部および2−プロパノール100質量部を混合して反応用溶液を調製し、この反応用溶液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして高分子共重合体Cを得た。この高分子共重合体Cの質量平均分子量は5000であった。
【0050】
実施例1
正極の作製
導電助剤としてのケッチェンブラック(水スラリーのpH値9.0、平均一次粒子径40nm)を3質量部、前記合成例1で合成した高分子共重合体Aを1.2質量部、主たる結合剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンを4.8質量部、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンを60質量部および正極活物質としてのコバルト酸リチウム(平均粒径:5.5μm)191質量部を高せん断力を有する混合機で混合し、ペースト状の正極塗料を調製した。
【0051】
そして、得られたペースト状正極塗料を70メッシュの網を通過させて大きなものを取り除いた後、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる導電性基体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥して正極塗膜を形成し、さらに、この塗膜を、厚さ166μmに圧縮し、所定のサイズに切断した後、アルミニウム製のリード体を溶接により取り付けて、シート状の正極を得た。この正極において、正極塗膜中のアニオン性高分子としての高分子共重合体Aの含有率は、正極塗膜100質量部に対して、0.6質量部であった。
【0052】
負極の作製
負極活物質としての黒鉛系炭素材料〔ただし、(002)面の面間距離(d)=0.337nm、c軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)=95.0nm、平均一次粒子径10μm、純度99.9%以上という特性を持つ炭素材料〕を180質量部と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン14質量部をN−メチル−2−ピロリドン190質量部に溶解させた溶液とを混合してペースト状の負極塗料を調製した。このペーストの負極塗料を厚さ10μmの帯状の銅箔からなる導電性基体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥して負極塗膜を形成した。単位面積当たりの負極塗膜の質量は12.0mg/cm2 であった。この帯状体を乾燥後、厚さ175μmに圧縮成形し、所定のサイズに切断した後、ニッケル製のリード体の一端を溶接して取り付け、シート状の負極を得た。
【0053】
電解液の調製
メチルエチルカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートとを体積比2:1で混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6 を1.2mol/lの濃度になるように溶解して、電解液(非水液状電解質)を調製した。
【0054】
非水二次電池の作製
上記正極および負極を熱処理後、正極および負極を厚さ25μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルムからなるセパレータを介して渦巻状に巻回し、巻回構造の電極体とした。これを袋状のアルミニウムラミネートフィルム内に挿入し、上記電解液を注入した後、真空封止を行い、その状態で3時間室温放置し、正極、負極およびセパレータに電解液を充分に含浸させて非水二次電池を作製した。
【0055】
実施例2
実施例1における正極塗料の調製工程を、あらかじめケッチェンブラック3質量部および高分子共重合体A1.2質量部をN−メチル−2−ピロリドン17質量部に均一に分散させてカーボンペーストとし、これとポリフッ化ビニリデン4.8質量部、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン43質量部およびコバルト酸リチウム191質量部を、高せん断力のもとで混合する工程に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0056】
実施例3
実施例2の正極塗料の調製工程において、実施例2で用いた高分子共重合体Aに代えて、高分子共重合体Bを用いた以外は、実施例2と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例2と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0057】
実施例4
実施例2の正極塗料の調製工程において、実施例2で用いた高分子共重合体Aに代えて、化学式(2)で示される側鎖を有し、かつアニオン性官能基を有する高分子としての特殊ポリカルボン酸高分子分散剤ホモゲノールL−18(商品名:花王社製)の溶媒除去成分を用いた以外は、実施例2と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例2と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。上記特殊ポリカルボン酸高分子の質量平均分子量は4.0×104 であり、側鎖を示す化学式(2)のm+nは6であった。
【0058】
実施例5
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、高分子共重合体Aの添加量を1.2質量部から0.1質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。この正極において、正極塗膜中の高分子共重合体Aの含有量は、正極塗膜100質量部に対して0.05質量部であった。
【0059】
実施例6
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、高分子共重合体Aの添加量を1.2質量部から2.0質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。この正極において、正極塗膜中の高分子共重合体Aの含有量は、正極塗膜100質量部に対して1.0質量部であった。
【0060】
実施例7
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、ケッチェンブラックをデンカブラックHS−100(水スラリーのpH値は9.0〜10.0)に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0061】
比較例1
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、高分子共重合体Aを添加しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0062】
比較例2
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、高分子共重合体Aを、酸成分を含まない高分子共重合体Cに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0063】
比較例3
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、高分子共重合体Aを、ステアリン酸に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0064】
比較例4
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、高分子共重合体Aを添加せず、かつ結合剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデンに代えて、カルボキシル基変性ポリフッ化ビニリデンを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0065】
比較例5
実施例1の正極塗料の調製工程において、ケッチェンブラックをCB3050B(三菱化学社製導電性カーボン、水スラリーのpH値は7.0)に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に正極を作製し、その正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に非水二次電池を作製した。
【0066】
上記実施例1〜7および比較例1〜5の正極の塗膜密度を表1に示す。この塗膜密度は、幅15cm、長さ30cmに切断した塗膜の面積、塗膜厚み、質量を測定し、それらの結果から計算によって求めたものである。
【0067】
【表1】
【0068】
上記実施例1〜7および比較例1〜5の電池について、次に示す条件下での充放電を行った時の放電容量およびインピーダンスの変化を測定した。その結果を表2に示す。
【0069】
放電容量は、1Cの電流制限回路を設けて4.2Vの定電圧で充電を行い、電池の電圧が3Vに低下するまで放電を行ったときの容量で規定した。充放電の繰り返しによる容量の変化は、1サイクル目と300サイクル目の放電容量を測定することによって評価した。
【0070】
なお、放電容量の表2への表示にあたっては、比較例1の電池の1サイクル目の放電容量を100とし、その放電容量に対する相対値(%)で表した。
【0071】
また、インピーダンスは、放電容量の測定時と同様の条件で、LCRメーターにより1kHzにおけるインピーダンスを測定し、表2への表示にあたっては、比較例1の電池の1サイクル目のインピーダンスを100とする相対値(%)で表した。
【0072】
【表2】
【0073】
前記表1に示すように、導電助剤としてpH値が7より大きい塩基性炭素微粒子を含み、かつアニオン性高分子(すなわち、化学式(1)または化学式(2)で示される側鎖を有し、かつアニオン性官能基を有する高分子)を添加した実施例1〜7の正極は、比較例1〜5の正極に比べて、塗膜密度が高くなっていた。また、表2に示すように、実施例1〜7の電池は、比較例1〜5の電池に比べて、1サイクル目の放電容量が高く、かつ、充放電サイクルを繰り返しても、放電容量の低下は少なかった。また、内部インピーダンスに関しても、実施例1〜7の電池は、比較例1〜5の電池に比べて低くなっており、300サイクル後の内部インピーダンスの上昇も抑えられていることがわかる。
【0074】
また、低分子カルボン酸を用いた比較例3が実施例1より正極の塗膜密度が低く、300サイクル後の特性も悪いことから、正極の塗膜密度を高めて、高容量化を達成し、かつサイクル特性を向上させるためには、高分子量のアニオン性官能基成分が有効であることがわかる。また、比較例4のようにアニオン性官能基成分が主たる結合剤成分中に含まれている場合は、特にサイクル特性が劣ることから、サイクル特性を向上させるためには、主たる結合剤とは別にアニオン性官能基を有する高分子を添加することが有効であることがわかる。そして、実施例3が実施例1より特性が優れていることは、高分子共重合体Bが解離性の高いアンモニウム塩を含むことによるものであると考えられる。
【0075】
また、導電助剤として塩基性炭素微粒子を用いた実施例1〜7に比べて、中性カーボンを用いた比較例5が明らかに特性が劣ることから、アニオン性官能基を有する高分子と塩基性炭素微粒子との組合せが有効であることがわかる。さらに、実施例5および実施例6と比べても、実施例1は優れた電池特性を示しており、アニオン性官能基を有する高分子の添加量は、正極塗膜100質量部に対して、0.005質量部から1質量部であることが好ましい。
【0076】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明によれば、高容量で、かつサイクル特性が優れた非水二次電池を提供することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous secondary battery, and more particularly, to a non-aqueous secondary battery having high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
[0002]
[Prior art]
With the downsizing of electronic devices and the spread of mobile phones, there is an increasing demand for secondary batteries having high energy density. Currently, as a high-capacity secondary battery that meets this requirement, LiCoO is used as a positive electrode active material.2, LiNiO2, LiMn2OFourLithium ion secondary batteries using a lithium-containing composite oxide and the like and a carbon-based material as a negative electrode active material have been commercialized. This lithium ion secondary battery has an average driving voltage as high as 3.6 V, has an average driving voltage about three times that of conventional nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries, and is a carbon-based negative electrode active material. Light weight can also be expected because of the use of materials and the moving bodies involved in charge and discharge are lithium ions.
[0003]
Unlike the conventional non-aqueous secondary battery using lithium metal as a negative electrode, this lithium ion secondary battery prepares a paste-like paint by dispersing the active material in a solvent together with a binder and the like. The paint is applied to both sides of the conductive substrate that also functions as a positive electrode current collector or a negative electrode current collector, dried to form a coating film containing the above active material, etc., and compressed as necessary. The coating film density is increased to produce a strip-shaped positive electrode and a negative electrode, and the strip-shaped positive electrode and the negative electrode are spirally wound through a separator to form a spiral electrode body. A battery is configured by being inserted into a battery can. And in order to reduce the impedance in a coating film other than a positive electrode active material and a binder, the conductive support agent which consists of carbonaceous materials etc. is added to the positive electrode.
[0004]
In the future, demand for high-capacity and light-weight lithium-ion secondary batteries will increase as the demand for portable information terminal equipment increases, and the required characteristics are expected to become more severe. The increase in capacity of lithium ion secondary batteries is largely due to improvements in negative electrode materials, and further capacity increases with metal composite materials such as Si-based and Sn-based materials and Li-containing nitrides are currently being studied. However, due to swelling of the negative electrode material due to charge / discharge, capacity deterioration due to charge / discharge cycle, safety, etc., it has not been put to practical use. Is approaching.
[0005]
On the other hand, regarding the positive electrode active material, generally LiCoO2LiMnO2, LiNiO2Lithium-containing composite oxides such as are used. The theoretical discharge capacity of each positive electrode active material is LiCoO.2274 mAh / g, LiMn2OFourIs 148 mAh / g, LiNiO2Is 274 mAh / g. LiCoO2The practical discharge capacity of LiNiO is about 125 to 140 mAh / g.2The practical discharge capacity is about 160 to 200 mAh / g. Therefore, LiNiO2LiCoO2The capacity can be increased compared to LiCoO.2Compared to the above, the manufacturing cost is high and the safety is low. LiMnO2The theoretical discharge capacity is 148 mAh / g, and the true density is 4.0 to 4.2 g / cc.2The true density of 4.9 to 5.1 g / cc is low. Therefore, LiMnO2Is used, the capacity per unit volume is LiCoO.2It is clear that it is inferior to that. From these facts, LiCoO is currently used as the positive electrode active material.2In general, the capacity is increased by optimizing the coating film structure.
[0006]
The positive electrode coating film is composed mainly of a positive electrode active material, a binder and a conductive additive. This method of preparing a positive electrode coating film is obtained by uniformly dispersing a positive electrode active material, a binder and a conductive auxiliary agent in a solvent, preparing a paste-like positive electrode paint, and forming a positive electrode paint on a conductive substrate made of a metal foil or the like. Is applied uniformly, and a positive electrode coating film is produced on a conductive substrate that also serves as a positive electrode current collector through a drying step and a compression step. The increase in capacity of the positive electrode depends on how much the positive electrode active material is contained in the battery as long as the capacity cannot be increased with the positive electrode active material as described above.
[0007]
The positive electrode active material density per unit volume depends on the coating film density and the positive electrode active material content in the coating film. The coating density can be increased by increasing the pressure in the compression process, but in such a case, the cathode current collector is cut off due to high pressure, and the permeability of the electrolyte (liquid electrolyte) into the coating may be reduced. There is concern about this, which can lead to a decrease in productivity and deterioration of battery characteristics. On the other hand, an increase in the active material content in the positive electrode coating film is accompanied by a decrease in the binder and conductive aid. Reduction of the binder is extremely difficult because there is concern about the strength of the coating film of the positive electrode and the decrease in the adhesion between the coating film and the conductive substrate. In addition, since the conductive auxiliary agent maintains the conductivity of the positive electrode coating film and affects the internal impedance of the battery, how to maintain the conductive property and reduce the amount of the conductive auxiliary agent becomes a problem.
[0008]
Thus, in order to ensure high conductivity even when the content of the conductive auxiliary agent is reduced, graphite particles having a high specific surface area have been used as a measure for improving the conductive auxiliary agent (Patent Document 1). And a method in which a large particle size graphite powder and a small particle size acetylene black powder are used in combination (see Patent Document 2).
[0009]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-144320 (first page)
[0010]
[Patent Document 2]
JP 2000-277095 A (second page)
[0011]
However, as in Patent Document 1, when graphite particles with a high specific surface area are used as a conductive additive, graphite with a high specific surface area has a large so-called oil absorption amount, so that a large amount of solvent is required for coating and dispersion. Efficiency does not improve as expected. Further, as in Patent Document 2, when a large particle size graphite powder and a small particle size acetylene black powder are used in combination, the small particle size acetylene black powder has a high specific surface area. Had similar problems. Further, the inclusion of undispersed carbon powder also causes a reduction in coating film density.
[0012]
Therefore, various dispersants for highly dispersing carbon powder in a liquid have been proposed. For example, a block copolymer of a styrene copolymer and an acrylate ester copolymer (see Patent Document 3), a copolymer of an olefin or an aromatic alkenyl compound and an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof. Water-soluble salts (see Patent Document 4), (meth) acrylic acid-based or maleic acid-based copolymers (see Patent Document 5) having a polyoxyalkylene chain have been proposed.
[0013]
[Patent Document 3]
JP-A-6-148927 (page 2)
[0014]
[Patent Document 4]
JP-A-8-239361 (2nd page)
[0015]
[Patent Document 5]
JP-A-11-286644 (2nd page)
[0016]
However, none of these dispersants has sufficient dispersibility when carbon particles having a small particle diameter are dispersed in the positive electrode paint of a non-aqueous secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery. .
[0017]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to solve the problems in the conventional non-aqueous secondary battery as described above, and to provide a non-aqueous secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
[0018]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the present invention, basic carbon fine particles having a pH value of water slurry of greater than 7.0 are used as a positive electrode conductive additive, and the side represented by the following chemical formula (1) or chemical formula (2) in addition to the main binder. It has been found that by using a polymer having a chain and an anionic functional group, it is possible to densify the paint and to form a positive electrode coating film having a high positive electrode active material content. Is a solution.
[Chemical formula 2]
[However, m + n in chemical formula (2) is 1 or more and 20 or less]
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, the reason why the present invention can provide a non-aqueous secondary battery having high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics by adopting the above configuration will be described, and the configuration will be described in detail.
[0020]
In order to improve the dispersibility of the carbon fine particles used as the conductive aid in the positive electrode paint, the selection of the dispersant is important. The amount of functional groups on the surface of the carbon fine particles is much smaller than that of oxide fine particles, and a normal low molecular type surfactant cannot form a sufficient adsorption layer. However, if a polymer dispersant having a large number of adsorption anchors in one molecule is used as the dispersant, a sufficient adsorption layer can be formed on the surface of carbon fine particles having a low active surface with a low functional group density. Especially the specific surface area with poor dispersibility is 100m2Since many carbon fine particles having a fine particle diameter of at least / g have a basic surface, an anionic functional group is effective as an adsorption anchor.
[0021]
Further, lithium cobaltate (LiCoO) widely used as a positive electrode active material2Etc.) have a basic surface. Therefore, when the carbon fine particles of the conductive auxiliary agent have a basic surface, the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent are disposed by electrostatic repulsion, so that high density filling is difficult. However, an adsorption layer of a polymer having a side chain represented by the chemical formula (1) or the chemical formula (2) on the surface of the carbon fine particle and having an anionic functional group (hereinafter simply referred to as “anionic polymer”). When this is formed, the anionic polymer is also adsorbed on the surface of the active material, and the carbon fine particles of the conductive auxiliary agent and the active material particles are physically brought close to each other, thereby realizing a high density coating film.
[0022]
In the present invention, examples of the anionic polymer, that is, a polymer having a side chain represented by the chemical formula (1) or (2) and having an anionic functional group include, for example, acrylic acid and maleic acid. Polymers obtained by copolymerizing acids and the like are suitable. These carboxylic acid moieties may be partially or wholly neutralized in the form of metal salts, ammonium salts, etc., and when such salts are formed, they are more soluble in solvents than free acids. Since the degree of dissociation is high, the adsorptive power to carbon fine particles is strong, and the dispersibility is even better.
[0023]
The effect on the battery characteristics by adding the anionic polymer is remarkably exhibited when the positive electrode coating film is produced with a smaller amount of the conductive auxiliary agent. That is, it is effective in producing a positive electrode coating film having a high density and a high active material ratio. Specifically, the density of the positive electrode coating film is 3.25 g / cm.ThreeWhen it is above, it is effective when the ratio of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode coating film is 94 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film.
[0024]
The anionic polymer used in the present invention has a mass average molecular weight (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “molecular weight Mw” for simplicity) of 2.0 × 10.Three~ 1.5 × 106Are preferred. The molecular weight Mw of the anionic polymer is 2.0 × 10ThreeIf it is smaller, the amount of adsorption to the conductive auxiliary agent is small, so that the conductive auxiliary agent is not sufficiently dispersed, and the molecular weight Mw of the anionic polymer is 1.5 × 10 5.6If it is larger, the conductivity may be hindered due to the thick adsorbing layer or the agglomeration may occur, resulting in a decrease in conductivity.
[0025]
In the present invention, it is preferable that 0.005 parts by mass to 1 part by mass of the anionic polymer is added to the positive electrode coating film with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film. When the content of the anionic polymer is less than 0.005 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film, the effect of adding the anionic polymer is not sufficiently exhibited, and when the content is more than 1 part by mass Since the insulating polymer increases in the positive electrode coating film, the impedance of the battery is increased and the battery characteristics may be deteriorated.
[0026]
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation on the method for incorporating the anionic polymer into the positive electrode paint. The positive electrode paint is prepared by mixing and dispersing a positive electrode active material together with a binder, a conductive additive, and an organic solvent. The anionic polymer may be added when mixing the positive electrode active material, the conductive additive, and the main binder. In addition, an anionic polymer is added when preparing a dispersion of a conductive additive and an organic solvent in advance, and then a main binder and a positive electrode active material are added, followed by a method of undergoing a step of preparing a positive electrode paint. This method is most effective. Further, the positive electrode paint may be prepared by mixing and dispersing the conductive assistant and the anionic polymer in a solvent-free state, and then adding the main binder, solvent, positive electrode active material, and the like. When using a plurality of materials as the conductive assistant, prepare a dispersion in advance with the basic carbon fine particles, anionic polymer and organic solvent used as essential components, and then add other conductive assistant, main binder, positive electrode active material. A method of adding a substance or the like and passing through a step of preparing a positive electrode paint can also be adopted. As the organic solvent, for example, an aprotic organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide or a mixture of two or more of them can be used.
[0027]
The apparatus used for mixing and dispersing is not particularly limited, and is a stirring type dispersing apparatus using various blades, a high-speed rotary shearing type dispersing apparatus, a mill type dispersing apparatus such as a ball mill, a bead mill, a colloid mill, or a high pressure jet. A mold dispersion device, an ultrasonic dispersion device, or the like can be used as necessary. If necessary, mixing / dispersing under vacuum or reduced pressure and mixing / dispersing under temperature control can also be performed.
[0028]
In the present invention, the basic carbon fine particles having a pH value of the water slurry used as the conductive aid of greater than 7.0 are preferably those having an average primary particle diameter of 100 nm or less, and more preferably fine particles. The basic carbon fine particles may be used alone, or may be used in combination with other conductive assistants such as artificial graphite and carbon fibers. However, when used in combination with other conductive assistants, it is preferable that the basic carbon fine particles are present in the positive electrode coating film in an amount of 0.1% by weight or more, particularly 0.5% by weight or more, in all conductive assistants. Preferably it is present.
[0029]
In the present invention, as the main binder of the positive electrode, at least one selected from a thermoplastic resin, a polymer having rubber elasticity, and a polysaccharide can be used. Specifically, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyfluoride, Vinylidene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer resin, styrene butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, fluoro rubber, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose resin, etc. Can be used. Among these, polyvinylidene fluoride is particularly preferable. By using this polyvinylidene fluoride as the main binder of the positive electrode, the effect of the present invention can be exhibited most remarkably.
[0030]
In the present invention, the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited. For example, LiCoO2Lithium cobalt oxide such as LiMn2OFourLithium manganese oxide such as LiNiO2Metal oxides such as lithium nickel oxide, manganese dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, chromium oxide, etc., or composite oxides based on them (for example, dissimilar metal additives), titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, etc. These metal sulfides can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more thereof or as a solid solution thereof. LiMO2Or LiM2OFourIn this case, there is no particular problem even if M is a lithium-containing metal oxide containing at least one metal element such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Cu. Especially LiNiO2LiCoO2, LiMn2OFourWhen a lithium composite oxide having an open circuit voltage during charging, such as 4 V or more on the basis of Li, is used as the positive electrode active material, it is preferable because a high energy density can be obtained.
[0031]
The method for producing the positive electrode is not particularly limited. For example, a conductive substrate that functions as a positive electrode current collector by using a paste-like positive electrode paint containing the positive electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder. It is produced by applying to, drying, forming a coating film, and compressing if necessary.
[0032]
In the present invention, the thickness of the conductive substrate for positive electrode is preferably 5 to 60 μm, and particularly preferably 8 to 40 μm. Moreover, as thickness of a positive electrode coating film, 30-300 micrometers is preferable per single side | surface, and 50-150 micrometers is especially preferable.
[0033]
The material used for the negative electrode may be any material that can be doped / undoped with lithium ions. In the present invention, such a material capable of doping / dedoping lithium ions is referred to as a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material is not particularly limited. For example, graphite, pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbons, organic polymer compound fired bodies, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon fibers Carbon materials such as activated carbon, alloys such as Si, Sn, and In, or oxides such as Si, Sn, and In that can be charged and discharged at a low potential close to Li can be used.
[0034]
For example, a negative electrode is prepared by appropriately adding a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride or polytetrafluoroethylene to the above negative electrode active material, and further adding a conductive aid if necessary. Prepared (the binder may be previously dissolved or dispersed in a solvent and then mixed with the negative electrode active material, etc.), and the negative electrode paint is applied to a conductive substrate that also serves as a negative electrode current collector and dried. Then, a negative electrode coating film is formed, and is produced by going through a step of compressing as necessary. However, the manufacturing method of the negative electrode is not limited to the above exemplified method.
[0035]
In the present invention, the thickness of the conductive substrate for the negative electrode is preferably 5 to 60 μm, particularly preferably 8 to 40 μm. Moreover, as thickness of the said negative electrode coating film, 30-300 micrometers per single side | surface is preferable, and 50-150 micrometers is especially preferable.
[0036]
Examples of the conductive substrate include metal foils such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and stainless steel, expanded metal, and nets. As the conductive substrate for the positive electrode, an aluminum foil is particularly preferable. As the conductive substrate, copper foil is particularly preferable.
[0037]
In the production of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, various coating methods such as an extrusion coater, a reverse roller, a doctor blade, etc. are adopted as a coating method when the positive electrode paint or the negative electrode paint is applied to the conductive substrate. Can do.
[0038]
As the electrolyte of the present invention, a liquid electrolyte (hereinafter referred to as “electrolytic solution”) is usually used. As the electrolytic solution, an organic solvent-based nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which a solute is dissolved in an organic solvent is used. The solvent for the non-aqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited, but it is particularly suitable to use a chain ester as the main solvent. Examples of such a chain ester include organic solvents having a chain COO-bond such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, and methyl propionate. The fact that this chain ester is the main solvent of the electrolytic solution means that these chain esters occupy a volume larger than 50% by volume in the total electrolytic solution solvent, and in particular, the chain ester is the total electrolytic solution. 65 volume% or more in a liquid solvent is preferable.
[0039]
However, as the electrolyte solvent, in order to improve the battery capacity compared to the case of using only the above-mentioned chain ester, an ester having a high dielectric constant (ester having a dielectric constant of 30 or more) is mixed with the chain ester. It is preferable to use it. The amount of such an ester having a high dielectric constant in the total electrolyte solvent is preferably 10% by volume or more, particularly preferably 20% by volume or more.
[0040]
Examples of the ester having a high dielectric constant include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene glycol sulfite and the like, and those having a cyclic structure such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are particularly preferable. Of these carbonates are preferred, specifically ethylene carbonate is most preferred.
[0041]
Examples of solvents that can be used in combination with ethylene having a high dielectric constant include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether. In addition, amine-based or imide-based organic solvents, sulfur-containing or fluorine-containing organic solvents, and the like can also be used.
[0042]
As the solute of the electrolytic solution, for example, LiClOFour, LiPF6, LiBFFour, LiAsF6, LiSbF6, LiCFThreeSOThree, LiCFourF9SOThree, LiCFThreeCO2, Li2C2FFour(SOThree)2, LiN (CFThreeSO2)2, LiC (CFThreeSO2)Three, LiCnF2n + 1SOThree(N ≧ 2) and the like are used alone or in combination of two or more. Especially LiPF6And LiCFourF9SOThreeAre preferable because of good charge / discharge characteristics. The concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.3 to 1.7 mol / l, particularly preferably 0.4 to 1.5 mol / l.
[0043]
In the present invention, as the electrolyte, a gel or solid electrolyte can be used in addition to the electrolytic solution. As the gel electrolyte, the above electrolytic solution (liquid electrolyte) gelled with a gelling agent such as a polymer is used. As the solid electrolyte, in addition to the inorganic solid electrolyte, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or derivatives thereof An organic solid electrolyte mainly composed of the above can be used.
[0044]
For example, a nonwoven fabric or a microporous film is used for the separator of the present invention. Examples of the nonwoven material include polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate. Examples of the microporous film material include polypropylene, polyethylene, and a polyethylene-propylene copolymer.
[0045]
The non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention is, for example, laminated with a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode produced as described above, and wound into a spiral shape, an elliptical shape, an oval shape, or the like. Insert the wound electrode body and the laminated electrode body laminated in a battery case or metal laminate film made of nickel-plated iron, stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy, and seal it. It is produced through a process. In addition, in a battery using a battery case as described above, an explosion-proof is usually used to prevent the gas generated inside the battery from being discharged to the outside of the battery at a stage where the pressure has risen to a certain pressure, thereby preventing the battery from bursting under high pressure. Mechanism is incorporated.
[0046]
【Example】
Hereinafter, although the Example and comparative example regarding this invention are shown and the effect is demonstrated concretely, this invention is not limited to this. Prior to the examples, synthesis examples of the anionic polymer used in the examples are shown in synthesis examples 1 and 2, and synthesis examples of the polymer copolymer used in the comparative example are shown in synthesis example 3.
[0047]
Synthesis example 1
A reaction solution was prepared by mixing 80 parts by mass of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 20 parts by mass of acrylic acid, 1.8 parts by mass of 2,2'-azobis (isobutylnitrile) and 100 parts by mass of 2-propanol. Next, 100 parts by mass of 2-propanol was measured into a reaction vessel equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, and the temperature was raised to 70 ° C. while nitrogen sealing was performed. Then, the solution is dropped into the reaction vessel over 2 hours, and after completion of the dropping, the reaction is carried out for 14 hours while maintaining the same temperature, and the solvent after the reaction is distilled off with a rotary evaporator. Polymer copolymer A as a polymer having a chain and an anionic functional group was obtained. The mass average molecular weight of the polymer copolymer A was 4500.
[0048]
Synthesis example 2
In Synthesis Example 1, after completion of the reaction: after neutralizing by blowing ammonia, the solvent is distilled off with an evaporator to form a polymer having a side chain represented by the chemical formula (1) and having an anionic functional group The following high molecular copolymer B was obtained. This polymer copolymer B had a weight average molecular weight of 4,500.
[0049]
Synthesis example 3
A reaction solution was prepared by mixing 80 parts by mass of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 20 parts by mass of methyl acrylate, 1.8 parts by mass of 2,2′-azobis (isobutylnitrile) and 100 parts by mass of 2-propanol. A polymer copolymer C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this reaction solution was used. This polymer copolymer C had a mass average molecular weight of 5,000.
[0050]
Example 1
Fabrication of positive electrode
3 parts by mass of ketjen black (water slurry pH value 9.0, average primary particle size 40 nm) as a conductive additive, 1.2 parts by mass of the polymer copolymer A synthesized in Synthesis Example 1 4.8 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, 60 parts by mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 191 parts by mass of lithium cobaltate (average particle size: 5.5 μm) as a positive electrode active material have high shearing force A paste-like positive electrode paint was prepared.
[0051]
The obtained paste-like positive electrode paint was passed through a 70-mesh net to remove a large one, and then uniformly applied to both surfaces of a conductive substrate made of aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 μm and dried to form a positive electrode coating film. Further, this coating film was compressed to a thickness of 166 μm and cut to a predetermined size, and then an aluminum lead body was attached by welding to obtain a sheet-like positive electrode. In this positive electrode, the content of the polymer copolymer A as the anionic polymer in the positive electrode coating film was 0.6 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film.
[0052]
Production of negative electrode
Graphite-based carbon material as a negative electrode active material [where (002) face-to-face distance (d) = 0.337 nm, c-axis direction crystallite size (Lc) = 95.0 nm, average primary particle diameter 10 μm , A carbon material having a characteristic of 99.9% or higher purity] and a solution in which 14 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride are dissolved in 190 parts by mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone are mixed to form a paste A negative electrode paint was prepared. The negative electrode coating material of this paste was uniformly applied to both surfaces of a conductive substrate made of a strip-shaped copper foil having a thickness of 10 μm, and dried to form a negative electrode coating film. The mass of the negative electrode coating film per unit area is 12.0 mg / cm2Met. The strip was dried, compression-molded to a thickness of 175 μm, cut to a predetermined size, and then welded and attached to one end of a nickel lead to obtain a sheet-like negative electrode.
[0053]
Preparation of electrolyte
To a mixed solvent in which methyl ethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate are mixed at a volume ratio of 2: 1, LiPF is added.6Was dissolved to a concentration of 1.2 mol / l to prepare an electrolytic solution (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte).
[0054]
Production of non-aqueous secondary battery
After heat-treating the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the negative electrode were spirally wound through a separator made of a microporous polyethylene film having a thickness of 25 μm to obtain an electrode body having a wound structure. This was inserted into a bag-shaped aluminum laminate film, the electrolyte solution was injected, vacuum sealed, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 hours in this state, and the positive electrode, negative electrode and separator were sufficiently impregnated with the electrolyte solution. A non-aqueous secondary battery was produced.
[0055]
Example 2
The preparation process of the positive electrode paint in Example 1 was performed by previously dispersing 3 parts by mass of ketjen black and 1.2 parts by mass of the polymer copolymer A in 17 parts by mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain a carbon paste, Except for changing this to 4.8 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride, 43 parts by mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 191 parts by mass of lithium cobaltate under the high shearing force, Example 1 and Similarly, a positive electrode was produced, and a nonaqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used.
[0056]
Example 3
In the preparation process of the positive electrode paint of Example 2, a positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the polymer copolymer B was used instead of the polymer copolymer A used in Example 2. A nonaqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the positive electrode was used.
[0057]
Example 4
In the preparation process of the positive electrode paint of Example 2, instead of the polymer copolymer A used in Example 2, a polymer having a side chain represented by the chemical formula (2) and having an anionic functional group A positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the solvent-removing component of the special polycarboxylic acid polymer dispersant Homogenol L-18 (trade name: manufactured by Kao Corporation) was used. A non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2. The special polycarboxylic acid polymer has a mass average molecular weight of 4.0 × 10.FourAnd m + n in chemical formula (2) indicating a side chain was 6.
[0058]
Example 5
A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of addition of the polymer copolymer A was changed from 1.2 parts by mass to 0.1 parts by mass in the preparation process of the positive electrode paint in Example 1. A nonaqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used. In this positive electrode, the content of the polymer copolymer A in the positive electrode coating film was 0.05 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film.
[0059]
Example 6
A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of addition of the polymer copolymer A was changed from 1.2 parts by mass to 2.0 parts by mass in the preparation process of the positive electrode paint in Example 1. A nonaqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used. In this positive electrode, the content of the polymer copolymer A in the positive electrode coating film was 1.0 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film.
[0060]
Example 7
A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that in the positive electrode paint preparation process of Example 1, Ketjen Black was changed to Denka Black HS-100 (pH value of water slurry was 9.0 to 10.0). Then, a non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used.
[0061]
Comparative Example 1
In the preparation process of the positive electrode paint of Example 1, a positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer copolymer A was not added, and the same as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used. A water secondary battery was produced.
[0062]
Comparative Example 2
A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer copolymer A was changed to a polymer copolymer C not containing an acid component in the preparation process of the positive electrode paint of Example 1, and the positive electrode was A non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was used.
[0063]
Comparative Example 3
A positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer copolymer A was changed to stearic acid in the step of preparing the positive electrode paint in Example 1, and the same as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used. A non-aqueous secondary battery was prepared.
[0064]
Comparative Example 4
In the preparation process of the positive electrode coating material of Example 1, the same as Example 1 except that the polymer copolymer A was not added and a carboxyl group-modified polyvinylidene fluoride was used as a binder instead of polyvinylidene fluoride. A non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a positive electrode was produced.
[0065]
Comparative Example 5
A positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the ketjen black was changed to CB3050B (conductive carbon manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd., pH value of water slurry was 7.0) in the preparation process of the positive electrode paint of Example 1. Then, a non-aqueous secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the positive electrode was used.
[0066]
Table 1 shows the coating density of the positive electrodes of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5. The coating film density was obtained by calculating the area, coating film thickness, and mass of a coating film cut to a width of 15 cm and a length of 30 cm, and calculating the results.
[0067]
[Table 1]
[0068]
For the batteries of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, changes in discharge capacity and impedance when charging / discharging under the following conditions were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0069]
The discharge capacity was defined as the capacity when the battery was discharged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V with a 1 C current limiting circuit and discharged until the battery voltage dropped to 3 V. The change in capacity due to repeated charge and discharge was evaluated by measuring the discharge capacity at the first and 300th cycles.
[0070]
In the display of the discharge capacity in Table 2, the discharge capacity at the first cycle of the battery of Comparative Example 1 was assumed to be 100, and expressed as a relative value (%) with respect to the discharge capacity.
[0071]
In addition, the impedance was measured at 1 kHz with an LCR meter under the same conditions as those for the measurement of the discharge capacity, and when displayed in Table 2, relative impedance with the first cycle impedance of the battery of Comparative Example 1 being 100 Expressed in value (%).
[0072]
[Table 2]
[0073]
As shown in Table 1, the conductive assistant contains basic carbon fine particles having a pH value greater than 7, and has an anionic polymer (that is, a side chain represented by chemical formula (1) or chemical formula (2)). In addition, the positive electrodes of Examples 1 to 7 to which a polymer having an anionic functional group was added had a coating film density higher than those of Comparative Examples 1 to 5. In addition, as shown in Table 2, the batteries of Examples 1 to 7 had a higher discharge capacity at the first cycle than the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 5, and even if the charge / discharge cycle was repeated, the discharge capacity There was little decline. Moreover, regarding the internal impedance, it can be seen that the batteries of Examples 1 to 7 are lower than the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 5, and the increase in internal impedance after 300 cycles is also suppressed.
[0074]
In addition, since Comparative Example 3 using a low molecular weight carboxylic acid has a lower coating film density of the positive electrode than Example 1, and the characteristics after 300 cycles are poor, the coating film density of the positive electrode is increased to achieve high capacity. In order to improve the cycle characteristics, it can be seen that a high molecular weight anionic functional group component is effective. In addition, when the anionic functional group component is contained in the main binder component as in Comparative Example 4, the cycle characteristics are particularly inferior. Therefore, in order to improve the cycle characteristics, separately from the main binder. It can be seen that it is effective to add a polymer having an anionic functional group. And it is thought that it is because the high molecular copolymer B contains the ammonium salt with high dissociation that the characteristic of Example 3 is superior to Example 1.
[0075]
In addition, since Comparative Example 5 using neutral carbon clearly has inferior characteristics as compared with Examples 1 to 7 using basic carbon fine particles as a conductive additive, a polymer having an anionic functional group and a base It can be seen that the combination with the fine carbon particles is effective. Further, even when compared with Example 5 and Example 6, Example 1 shows excellent battery characteristics, and the amount of the polymer having an anionic functional group added is 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode coating film. It is preferable that it is 0.005 mass part to 1 mass part.
[0076]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, a non-aqueous secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be provided.
Claims (5)
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| JP5181632B2 (en) * | 2007-11-15 | 2013-04-10 | Jsr株式会社 | Battery electrode binder composition, battery electrode binder composition manufacturing method, battery electrode paste, battery electrode, and battery electrode manufacturing method |
| JP5233393B2 (en) * | 2008-05-07 | 2013-07-10 | 住友ベークライト株式会社 | Secondary battery electrode composition, secondary battery electrode and secondary battery |
| JP2014241259A (en) * | 2013-06-12 | 2014-12-25 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Current collector, method for manufacturing current collector, electrode, and secondary battery |
| JP7447406B2 (en) * | 2018-11-09 | 2024-03-12 | 株式会社リコー | Electrodes, electrode elements, non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements |
| KR102579779B1 (en) | 2019-01-29 | 2023-09-19 | 미츠이·다우 폴리케미칼 가부시키가이샤 | Resin composition and molded body |
| CN114342106A (en) * | 2019-08-30 | 2022-04-12 | 株式会社村田制作所 | Secondary battery |
| CN114497444B (en) * | 2022-02-16 | 2023-05-30 | 华鼎国联四川动力电池有限公司 | Ceramic slurry for lithium ion battery pole piece protective coating and preparation method thereof |
| CN115472836B (en) * | 2022-08-24 | 2025-01-03 | 南京理工大学 | Anode-free zinc metal battery with zwitterionic polymer as binder |
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| JP3066682B2 (en) * | 1992-09-10 | 2000-07-17 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | Chemical battery |
| JPH10284057A (en) * | 1997-03-31 | 1998-10-23 | Toray Ind Inc | Battery electrode and secondary battery using the same |
| JPH10279608A (en) * | 1997-04-03 | 1998-10-20 | Nippon Zeon Co Ltd | Polymer, battery binder, electrode and lithium secondary battery using the same |
| JPH11228902A (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 1999-08-24 | Elf Atochem Japan Kk | Method for bonding vinylidene fluoride resin to metal substrate, electrode structure, and method for producing same |
| JP2000294247A (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2000-10-20 | Hitachi Powdered Metals Co Ltd | Negative electrode coating of lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same |
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