JP4248087B2 - Gas detection method - Google Patents
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- JP4248087B2 JP4248087B2 JP19030399A JP19030399A JP4248087B2 JP 4248087 B2 JP4248087 B2 JP 4248087B2 JP 19030399 A JP19030399 A JP 19030399A JP 19030399 A JP19030399 A JP 19030399A JP 4248087 B2 JP4248087 B2 JP 4248087B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の利用分野】
この発明は、ガスの定性や定量のための統計処理に関する。
【0002】
【従来技術】
吉川らは、金属酸化物半導体ガスセンサに正弦波等のヒータ電圧を加え、これに対するガスセンサの信号波形を解析して、ガス種やガス濃度を求めることを提案している(特許第2867,474号)。この方法では、正弦波状のヒータ電圧はガスセンサへの刺激と考えることができ、これに対するガスセンサの信号波形は元の正弦波と同じ周波数の成分のみでなく、2倍波や3倍波等の高調波成分を含んでいる。このためこの技術は、ヒータ電圧の変化として刺激を加えたことに対する、非線形な応答を検出しているということができる。吉川らは、前記のようなガスセンサの信号波形をフーリエ変換し、得られたスペクトルの特徴からガス種とガス濃度を決定することを示している。
【0003】
ガス検出のための情報量を増すための他の手法として、複数個のガス検知部を含むセンサアレイを用いることが周知である。センサアレイには、目的ガスへ反応する有機物薄膜を複数種設けたものや、複数個のSAWセンサ(水晶振動子ガスセンサ)を集積化したものなどがある。
【0004】
これとは別に出願人は、ガスセンサから得られる複数個のデータ項目に対して、各項目への係数を記憶し、積和演算によりガス濃度を求めることを提案した(特開平9−5272)。なおこの明細書では、データの個々の単位をデータ項目と呼び、検出データや校正データは複数のデータ項目を含み、それからガス種の同定やガス濃度の定量などのを行うためのものである。
【0005】
【発明の課題】
この発明の基本的課題は、ガスの検出の信頼性を向上させることにある(請求項1〜3)。
【0006】
【発明の構成】
この発明のガス検出方法では、複数個のガスセンサを用いて、複数のデータ項目を含む校正データを、既知の雰囲気中で環境を変えて複数回求め、
複数回求めた校正データを統計的に分析して、各データ項目への係数を求め、
校正データの測定に用いなかったガスセンサから、前記校正データに対応する検出データを被測定ガス中で求めて、求めた検出データを前記の係数で処理しガスを検出する。
なおこの明細書では、センサアレイは1個のセンサであるものとする。データの統計的処理は、重回帰分析等の定量のための処理や、判別分析、主成分分析等の定性のための処理とする。
既知の雰囲気とは必ずしもガス濃度既知の雰囲気を意味せず、例えば食品の匂いの分析で有れば、既知の試料を用いて既知の温度等で作成すれば既知の雰囲気となリ、検出対象ガスに関する条件が既知で有れば良い。環境を変えるとは、周囲の温度や湿度、共存ガスの有無、使用開始後の日数の経過、様々な保存条件での保存の有無、等の条件を変えるとの意味である。
【0008】
また好ましくは、ガスセンサが金属酸化物半導体ガスセンサで、該ガスセンサを温度変化させて、前記複数のデータ項目を含む校正データを得る。
特に好ましくは、前記統計的分析が重回帰分析であり、かつ前記各データ項目への係数は重回帰係数である。
【0010】
【発明の作用と効果】
この発明では、校正データを主成分分析や判別分析、あるいは重回帰分析等により処理して係数を求め、実測した検出データにこれらの係数を積和演算などで当てはめ、定性あるいは定量を行う。ここで複数の環境で校正データを求めるので、環境の変化に頑健性のある係数が得られ信頼性が向上する。
【0011】
この発明では、係数の信頼性を増すため、複数個のガスセンサを用いて校正データを得る。このことは、1つのガスセンサに対して、他のガスセンサのデータを当てはめることを意味する。すると校正データを測定していないガスセンサに対しても、前記の係数を当てはめても良いことになる。例えば同じ製造ロット内のガスセンサ、あるいはロットが接近したガスセンサ等に対して、それらを代表するように複数個のガスセンサを選び、これらに対して校正データを得て、これから得た係数を当てはめる。この結果、ガスセンサの全数に対して校正データを得る必要が無くなる。
【0012】
ガスセンサを金属酸化物半導体とすると、例えばその温度変化に対して波形を求めれば、複数のデータ項目を含むデータが容易に得られる。そして例えば重回帰分析で定量すればよい。
【0013】
【実施例】
図1〜図4に実施例を示す。図1に検出のアウトラインを示すと、例えば複数個のガスセンサを用い、既知濃度の対象ガス中でのセンサデータを得る。センサに金属酸化物半導体ガスセンサを用いれば、1個のセンサでも複数のデータ項目への校正データが得られるので、好ましくは金属酸化物半導体ガスセンサを複数個用いる。SAWセンサ等の場合、SAWのセンサアレイ等を1個のセンサと見なして、複数個のセンサアレイを用いる。これらのセンサへの校正データを、周囲温度、周囲の湿度、共存ガスの有無や濃度、使用開始からの経過日数、保存条件、過酷環境テストの経験、等の環境を変えて、検出対象ガスの濃度に関する条件が既知なようにして複数回測定し、校正データ1〜nとする。
【0014】
得られた校正データ1〜nを判別分析や主成分分析等の定性用の分析で処理し、定性用の各データ項目への係数を求める。同様に、重回帰分析等の定量用の分析で校正データ1〜nを処理し、重回帰係数を求める。重回帰係数を求めるには、環境毎に、検出対象ガスの濃度を変えて校正データを求める。
【0015】
得られた判別係数や重回帰係数は、校正データの測定に用いていないガスセンサにも適用できる。例えば10個のセンサで校正データを測定した場合、個々のセンサへの判別係数や重回帰係数の適用では、他のセンサから求めた部分が90%の寄与を占める。100個のセンサで校正データを求めた場合、個々のセンサの寄与は1%である。複数のセンサを用いて校正データを得る目的は、個々のセンサによらない、センサグループ全体の特徴を抽出することである。そこで校正データを測定したセンサ群と用いるセンサとの間に、ロットが同じ等の関連性が有れば、別のセンサ群で得られた判別係数や重回帰係数を適用しても良い。
【0016】
判別係数や重回帰係数の適用では、実測したセンサデータの各項目に、その項目への係数を乗算して積算すればよい。なおガスセンサは1個でも良いが、校正データを多数回測定することが必要である。また判別分析等の定性と、重回帰分析等の定量は、いずれかを行えばよい。センサデータはそのままで用いても良く、フーリエ変換等で変換した後に用いても良い。
【0017】
図2に、実施例のガス検出装置を示す。ここではガスセンサ2に金属酸化物半導体ガスセンサを用い、温度を周期的に変化させた際のセンサ抵抗の波形を求める。この波形を以下では温度波形と呼ぶ。温度波形をFFT4(高速フーリエ変換部)でフーリエ変換し、判別分析部6で定性した後に、重回帰分析部8で定量し、表示部10でガス種と濃度を表示する。判別分析部6や重回帰分析部8は、図1に示すようにして求めた判別係数や重回帰係数を記憶し、積和演算を濃度やガス種未知の検出データに対して行う。これらの係数は、例えばガス検出装置の製造ロット単位やガスセンサの製造ロット単位で定め、校正データを測定していないセンサにも適用する。
【0018】
試験例
SnO2系の金属酸化物半導体ガスセンサ(商品名TGS2620、2620は出願人の商品名)9個を用い、常時は定格使用条件のヒータ電圧5V一定で駆動し、測定時は40秒周期で最低2V、最大5.5Vの正弦波状のヒータ電圧を加え、温度波形を測定した。ガス濃度を重回帰分析のため複数に変化させて10,30,100ppm等とし、エタノール、メタノール、アンモニア、エチレン、ジエチルエーテル、ベンゼン、アセトン等のガスへの温度波形を、校正データとして求めた。校正データは、センサの使用開始から1週間後(常温常湿中)、その後相対湿度を60%付近に保って周囲温度を10℃、20℃、30℃に変化させた場合(T.D.試験)、の2回測定した。
【0019】
その後約1ヶ月センサを加熱せずに放置した後に、5V定格通電で加熱を再開し、約1週間後に常温常湿で同様の検出データを測定した。そしてT.D.試験を無視した校正データから求めた重回帰係数で定量した際の、ガス濃度を図3右側のb)の列に示す。1回目の試験とT.D.試験の双方の校正データを用いて得た重回帰係数での定量結果を、図3左側のa)の列に示す。図3は9個のセンサでの定量結果の分布を示す。また表1〜3に、重回帰係数を示す。
【0020】
エタノール、メタノール、アンモニア共に、T.D.試験のデータを校正データに加えた方が定量の精度が高く、特にアンモニアでこの差が著しい。このようにT.D.試験の結果を校正データに加えることにより、センサ特性の経時的変動に対して、頑健性が増している。なお実数0等の記号は、フーリエ変換成分の実数の0次への係数を、虚数1等の記号はフーリエ変換の虚数1次成分等への係数を示す。表の先頭行の定数項は、濃度への換算用の定数部分である。
【0021】
【表1】
【0022】
【表2】
【0023】
【表3】
【0024】
エタノールのように2つの手法での定量結果が近いものでも、T.D.無しでの重回帰係数の虚数第3成分や実数第5成分が、T.D.を考慮した重回帰係数では消えており、代わって実数第1成分や虚数第1成分などが登場している。また一般にT.D.を考慮した場合と考慮しない場合とで、重回帰係数が大きく変化している。
【0025】
図3のデータの測定後、各センサをヒータ電圧5Vの定格で4ヶ月使用し、各10,30,100ppmのエタノール(図4),メタノール(図5)及びアンモニア(図6)に対する温度波形を求め、定量を行った。図4〜図6の(b)はT.D.試験のデータを校正に加味しなかった結果を示し、(a)はT.D.試験の結果を校正データに加味した際の結果を示す。図4〜図6から、T.D.試験の結果を加味した際の方が、定量精度が著しく高いことが明らかである。
【0026】
なお実施例では環境を変えた試験として、T.D.試験を行うことを示したが、これ以外に1ヶ月程度通電や放置あるいは高温,高湿等の環境で使用した後の特性を加味して、重回帰係数や判別係数を定めても良い。また既知の雰囲気とは、実施例では検出対象ガスの濃度が既知である場合を示したが、これ以外に検出対象ガスの濃度が不明でも、検出対象ガスの濃度を管理した条件で、その濃度を変化させたものであればよい。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 実施例での重回帰分析を示す図
【図2】 実施例のガス検出装置のブロック図
【図3】 エタノール,メタノール,アンモニア(各10,30,100ppm)に対する単純な重回帰分析(b)と、温度変化を考慮した重回帰分析(a)とによる定量結果を示す特性図
【図4】 5ヶ月経過後の、エタノールに対する単純な重回帰分析(b)と温度変化を考慮した重回帰分析(a)とによる定量結果を示す特性図。
【図5】 5ヶ月経過後の、メタノールに対する単純な重回帰分析(b)と温度変化を考慮した重回帰分析(a)とによる定量結果を示す特性図。
【図6】 5ヶ月経過後の、アンモニアに対する単純な重回帰分析(b)と温度変化を考慮した重回帰分析(a)とによる定量結果を示す特性図。
【符号の説明】
2 ガスセンサ
4 FFT
6 判別分析部
8 重回帰分析部
10 表示部[0001]
[Field of the Invention]
The present invention relates to statistical processing for qualitative and quantitative determination of gas.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Yoshikawa et al. Propose to apply a heater voltage such as a sine wave to a metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor and analyze the signal waveform of the gas sensor to determine the gas type and gas concentration (Japanese Patent No. 2867,474). ). In this method, the sinusoidal heater voltage can be considered as a stimulus to the gas sensor, and the signal waveform of the gas sensor is not only the same frequency component as the original sine wave, but also a harmonic such as a second harmonic or a third harmonic. Contains wave components. For this reason, it can be said that this technique detects a non-linear response to applying a stimulus as a change in heater voltage. Yoshikawa et al. Show that the signal waveform of the gas sensor as described above is Fourier-transformed and the gas type and gas concentration are determined from the characteristics of the spectrum obtained.
[0003]
As another method for increasing the amount of information for gas detection, it is well known to use a sensor array including a plurality of gas detection units. Sensor arrays include those in which a plurality of organic thin films that react to a target gas are provided, and those in which a plurality of SAW sensors (quartz crystal gas sensors) are integrated.
[0004]
Apart from this, the applicant has proposed to store a coefficient for each item for a plurality of data items obtained from the gas sensor and obtain a gas concentration by a product-sum operation (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-5272). In this specification, each unit of data is referred to as a data item, and the detection data and calibration data include a plurality of data items, from which a gas type is identified and a gas concentration is quantified.
[0005]
[Problems of the Invention]
A basic problem of the present invention is to improve the reliability of gas detection ( claims 1 to 3 ).
[0006]
[Structure of the invention]
In the gas detection method of the present invention, using a plurality of gas sensors, calibration data including a plurality of data items is obtained a plurality of times by changing the environment in a known atmosphere,
Statistically analyze the calibration data obtained multiple times to find the coefficient for each data item,
Detection data corresponding to the calibration data is obtained in the measured gas from a gas sensor not used for the calibration data measurement, and the obtained detection data is processed with the coefficient to detect the gas.
In this specification, the sensor array is assumed to be one sensor. Statistical processing of data is processing for quantification such as multiple regression analysis and processing for qualitative analysis such as discriminant analysis and principal component analysis.
A known atmosphere does not necessarily mean an atmosphere with a known gas concentration. For example, if it is an analysis of the odor of a food, it will be a known atmosphere if it is created at a known temperature using a known sample. It is sufficient that the conditions regarding the gas are known. Changing the environment means changing conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity, presence of coexisting gas, passage of days after the start of use, presence / absence of storage under various storage conditions, and the like.
[0008]
Preferably, the gas sensor is a metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor, and the temperature of the gas sensor is changed to obtain calibration data including the plurality of data items.
Particularly preferably, the statistical analysis is a multiple regression analysis, and the coefficient to each data item is a multiple regression coefficient.
[0010]
[Operation and effect of the invention]
In this invention, the calibration data is processed by principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, or multiple regression analysis to obtain coefficients, and these coefficients are applied to the actually detected data by product-sum operation or the like to perform qualification or quantification. Since calibration data is obtained in a plurality of environments, a coefficient that is robust to changes in the environment is obtained, and reliability is improved.
[0011]
In this invention, in order to increase the reliability of the coefficient, calibration data is obtained using a plurality of gas sensors . This means that data of another gas sensor is applied to one gas sensor. Then, the coefficient may be applied to a gas sensor that has not measured calibration data. For example, for a gas sensor in the same production lot or a gas sensor close to the lot, a plurality of gas sensors are selected to represent them, calibration data is obtained for these, and the coefficient obtained from this is applied. As a result, it is not necessary to obtain calibration data for the total number of gas sensors.
[0012]
When the gas sensor is a metal oxide semiconductor, for example, if a waveform is obtained with respect to the temperature change, data including a plurality of data items can be easily obtained. For example, it may be quantified by multiple regression analysis.
[0013]
【Example】
1 to 4 show an embodiment. FIG. 1 shows an outline of detection. For example, sensor data in a target gas having a known concentration is obtained by using a plurality of gas sensors. If a metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor is used as the sensor, calibration data for a plurality of data items can be obtained with a single sensor. Therefore, a plurality of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors are preferably used. In the case of a SAW sensor or the like, a SAW sensor array or the like is regarded as one sensor, and a plurality of sensor arrays are used. Change the calibration data for these sensors by changing the ambient temperature, ambient humidity, presence / absence and concentration of coexisting gases, elapsed days since start of use, storage conditions, experience of harsh environmental tests, etc. The measurement is performed a plurality of times so that the conditions regarding the concentration are known, and are set as
[0014]
The obtained
[0015]
The obtained discrimination coefficient and multiple regression coefficient can be applied to a gas sensor that is not used for calibration data measurement. For example, when calibration data is measured with 10 sensors, the portions obtained from other sensors occupy 90% of the application of the discrimination coefficient and multiple regression coefficient to each sensor. When calibration data is obtained with 100 sensors, the contribution of each sensor is 1%. The purpose of obtaining calibration data using a plurality of sensors is to extract the characteristics of the entire sensor group without depending on individual sensors. Therefore, if there is a relevance such as the same lot between the sensor group that has measured calibration data and the sensor to be used, a discrimination coefficient or multiple regression coefficient obtained by another sensor group may be applied.
[0016]
In applying the discrimination coefficient or the multiple regression coefficient, each item of the measured sensor data may be multiplied and multiplied by the coefficient for that item. One gas sensor may be used, but calibration data must be measured many times. Further, either qualitative analysis such as discriminant analysis or quantitative determination such as multiple regression analysis may be performed. The sensor data may be used as it is or after being converted by Fourier transform or the like.
[0017]
FIG. 2 shows a gas detector according to the embodiment. Here, a metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor is used as the
[0018]
Test Example Using 9 SnO2-based metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors (trade names TGS2620 and 2620 are trade names of applicants), the heater voltage is always driven at a constant operating voltage of 5V under the rated usage conditions, and the minimum is 40 seconds during measurement. A sine wave heater voltage of 2 V and a maximum of 5.5 V was applied, and the temperature waveform was measured. The gas concentration was varied in multiple for multiple regression analysis to 10,30,100 ppm, etc., and the temperature waveform to gas such as ethanol, methanol, ammonia, ethylene, diethyl ether, benzene, acetone, etc. was obtained as calibration data. The calibration data is obtained when the ambient temperature is changed to 10 ° C., 20 ° C., and 30 ° C. one week after the start of use of the sensor (in normal temperature and humidity), and then the relative humidity is maintained at around 60% (TD). The test was performed twice.
[0019]
Then, after leaving the sensor unheated for about 1 month, heating was resumed at 5 V rated energization, and similar detection data was measured at room temperature and normal humidity after about 1 week. The gas concentration when quantified by the multiple regression coefficient obtained from the calibration data ignoring the TD test is shown in the column b) on the right side of FIG. The quantitative results with multiple regression coefficients obtained using the calibration data of both the first test and the TD test are shown in the column a) on the left side of FIG. FIG. 3 shows the distribution of quantitative results with nine sensors. Tables 1 to 3 show the multiple regression coefficients.
[0020]
For ethanol, methanol, and ammonia, adding the TD test data to the calibration data provides higher quantitative accuracy, especially for ammonia. Thus, by adding the result of the TD test to the calibration data, the robustness is increased against the temporal variation of the sensor characteristics. A symbol such as a real number 0 indicates a coefficient of the real number of the Fourier transform component to the 0th order, and a symbol such as an
[0021]
[Table 1]
[0022]
[Table 2]
[0023]
[Table 3]
[0024]
Even if the quantitative results of the two methods are similar, such as ethanol, the imaginary third component and the fifth component of the multiple regression coefficient without TD disappear in the multiple regression coefficient considering TD. Instead, a real first component, an imaginary first component, and the like have appeared. In general, the multiple regression coefficient varies greatly between the case where TD is considered and the case where TD is not considered.
[0025]
After measuring the data in FIG. 3, each sensor was used for 4 months at a heater voltage rating of 5V, and the temperature waveforms for ethanol (FIG. 4), methanol (FIG. 5) and ammonia (FIG. 6) at 10, 30, and 100 ppm, respectively. Obtained and quantified. FIGS. 4 to 6 (b) show the results when the TD test data was not added to the calibration, and (a) shows the results when the TD test results were added to the calibration data. . 4 to 6, it is clear that the quantitative accuracy is significantly higher when the results of the TD test are taken into account.
[0026]
In the examples, it was shown that the TD test was performed as a test with the environment changed. However, in addition to this, the characteristics after use in an environment such as energization, leaving, or high temperature and high humidity for about one month were added. Thus, multiple regression coefficients and discrimination coefficients may be determined. In addition, in the examples, the known atmosphere indicates a case where the concentration of the detection target gas is known. However, even if the concentration of the detection target gas is unknown, the concentration of the detection target gas is controlled under the condition where the concentration of the detection target gas is controlled. As long as it is changed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a multiple regression analysis in the embodiment. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the gas detection apparatus in the embodiment. FIG. 3 is a simple multiple regression analysis for ethanol, methanol, and ammonia (each 10, 30, 100 ppm). Characteristic diagram showing quantitative results from (b) and multiple regression analysis considering temperature change (a) [FIG. 4] Simple multiple regression analysis for ethanol after 5 months (b) and temperature change taken into account The characteristic view which shows the quantitative result by multiple regression analysis (a).
FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram showing quantitative results by simple multiple regression analysis (b) for methanol and multiple regression analysis (a) considering temperature change after 5 months.
FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing quantitative results by simple multiple regression analysis (b) for ammonia and multiple regression analysis (a) considering temperature change after 5 months.
[Explanation of symbols]
2
6 Discriminant analysis unit 8 Multiple
Claims (3)
複数回求めた校正データを統計的に分析して、各データ項目への係数を求め、
校正データの測定に用いなかったガスセンサから、前記校正データに対応する検出データを被測定ガス中で求めて、求めた検出データを前記の係数で処理しガスを検出するガス検出方法。 Using a plurality of gas sensors, calibration data including a plurality of data items is obtained multiple times by changing the environment in a known atmosphere.
Statistically analyze the calibration data obtained multiple times to find the coefficient for each data item,
A gas detection method in which detection data corresponding to the calibration data is obtained in a gas to be measured from a gas sensor not used for measuring calibration data, and the obtained detection data is processed with the coefficient to detect a gas.
重回帰係数であることを特徴とする、請求項2のガス検出方法。The gas detection method according to claim 2, wherein the gas detection method is a multiple regression coefficient.
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| GB0314774D0 (en) * | 2003-06-25 | 2003-07-30 | Univ Cranfield | Detector assembly for diagnosis of oil and oil bearing equipment |
| KR100795227B1 (en) | 2006-08-22 | 2008-01-17 | 강릉대학교산학협력단 | Sensor array signal pattern analysis method and apparatus |
| DE102008015145A1 (en) * | 2008-03-20 | 2009-10-01 | Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh | Method for recalibrating sensors and calibrating other sensors |
| CN104897738B (en) * | 2015-05-06 | 2017-12-12 | 浙江大学 | A kind of method based on smell finger print information quick detection super-pressure fruit juice quality |
| CN113597550A (en) * | 2019-03-20 | 2021-11-02 | 京瓷株式会社 | Gas detection system |
| JP7853917B2 (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2026-04-30 | パナソニックハウジングソリューションズ株式会社 | Air quality determination system, air quality determination method, and sensor module |
| CN114002378B (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2024-04-26 | 四川希尔得科技有限公司 | Concentration detection method of gas concentration sensor |
| CN114217021A (en) * | 2021-12-15 | 2022-03-22 | 汉威科技集团股份有限公司 | Concentration compensation method and detection method for gas detection and detection device |
| CN115839918B (en) * | 2022-12-26 | 2026-02-10 | 中国民航大学 | Calibration device, method, storage medium and robot for aircraft residual ice detection system |
| CN119310242B (en) * | 2024-10-18 | 2025-12-16 | 中国科学院自动化研究所 | A Low-Cost Gas Sensor Data Calibration Method Based on Supervised Learning |
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