JP4252155B2 - Lithium cobaltate for secondary battery positive electrode active material - Google Patents
Lithium cobaltate for secondary battery positive electrode active material Download PDFInfo
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- JP4252155B2 JP4252155B2 JP11897699A JP11897699A JP4252155B2 JP 4252155 B2 JP4252155 B2 JP 4252155B2 JP 11897699 A JP11897699 A JP 11897699A JP 11897699 A JP11897699 A JP 11897699A JP 4252155 B2 JP4252155 B2 JP 4252155B2
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- lithium
- secondary battery
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 25
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 25
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 20
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- MWEXRLZUDANQDZ-RPENNLSWSA-N (2s)-3-hydroxy-n-[11-[4-[4-[4-[11-[[2-[4-[(2r)-2-hydroxypropyl]triazol-1-yl]acetyl]amino]undecanoyl]piperazin-1-yl]-6-[2-[2-(2-prop-2-ynoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl]-11-oxoundecyl]-2-[4-(3-methylsulfanylpropyl)triazol-1-y Chemical compound N1=NC(CCCSC)=CN1[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N1CCN(C=2N=C(N=C(NCCOCCOCCOCC#C)N=2)N2CCN(CC2)C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCNC(=O)CN2N=NC(C[C@@H](C)O)=C2)CC1 MWEXRLZUDANQDZ-RPENNLSWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001107 thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000033962 Fontaine progeroid syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IDSMHEZTLOUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[O].[Co] Chemical class [Li].[O].[Co] IDSMHEZTLOUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は二次電池正極活物質用コバルト酸リチウムに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
六方晶系の層状結晶構造を持つ遷移金属酸化物は、適当なサイズの金属イオンを結晶の格子サイト及び/又は格子間に導入できることが知られている。特にリチウム層間化合物は、特定の電位差の下でリチウムイオンを結晶格子サイト及び/又は格子間に導入し、再びこれを取り出すことができることから、リチウム複合酸化物を電極活物質としたリチウム電池、二次電池が工業的に利用、生産されている。
【0003】
電極活物質としては、コバルト酸リチウムが最も基本的であり、最も有効な材料である。高価なコバルトを安価な他の遷移金属、例えばニッケルやマンガン等に代替しようとする試みも行われれているが、コバルトを完全に代替できる技術はまだ確立されていない。
これまでリチウム二次電池に利用されてきた従来のコバルト酸リチウムは、粒径の大きいものに限られていた。これは電池の安全性を確保するため、活物質の比表面積を小さくして、非水電解質溶液との分解反応を低減させることを狙ったことによる。
【0004】
しかしながら、粒径の大きい正極活物質は、ハイレート特性が悪くサイクル劣化が激しいといった欠点を有していた。
一方、粒径が小さく比表面積の大きいコバルト酸リチウムは、優れたハイレート特性を発現するものの、熱安定性が悪く、電解質溶液との分解反応が高いため、電池としての実用的な安全性が確保できないといった問題を有していた。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、粒径が小さく、ハイレート特性に優れ、かつ、電解質溶液との分解反応性が低い、安全性に優れた、二次電池正極活物質用コバルト酸リチウムの提供を目的とするものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、乾燥重量当たりのCo含有量が59.5±1.6重量%、比表面積が少なくとも0.2m2 /gであり、正極に対する電圧範囲4.3〜3.7Vで電流密度0.4mA/cm2 の充放電が繰り返された時の初期放電容量が少なくとも150mAh/g、及び4.3Vまで充電された正極活物質層を加熱した時に200〜250℃近辺で観察される発熱反応を、5℃/min.の昇温速度でDSC(示差走査熱量測定)定量分析した発熱速度が0.35cal/sec・g以下であることを特徴する二次電池正極活物質用コバルト酸リチウムを提供するものである。
【0007】
本発明の二次電池正極活物質用コバルト酸リチウム(以下本発明のコバルト酸リチウムという)は乾燥重量当たり、Coを59.5±1.6重量%含有するものである。
コバルト酸リチウムの製造方法は種々公知であり、それらの方法を本発明に用いることも可能である。しかしながら好ましくは、乾燥重量当たりのコバルト含有量が68.5±6重量%で、実質的にHxCoOy[0≦x1.4、1.3≦y≦2.2]の組成式で表現され、CuKαを線源とするX線回折における2θ=36〜40度付近の回折ピーク半値幅が0.31度より大きく、コバルト含有量と半値幅の関係が、半値幅(度)≧7.5−0.1×コバルト含有量(重量%)で示されるコバルト化合物と、リチウム化合物との混合体を焼成して製造される方法であるのが、高いハイレート特性と高い安全性を両立できる点で望ましい。
【0008】
かかるコバルト酸リチウムの製造方法は、特開平10−279315号公報、特開平11−11952号公報、特開平11−49519号公報等に記載されており、困難なく製造できる。
コバルト酸リチウムは、高い放電容量と優れたハイレート特性を発現できることから、少なくとも0.2m2 /gの比表面積を有するものであるのが望ましい。一方、比表面積が2m2 /gより大きくなるとサイクル特性を大きく損ねてしまうことから、比表面積は大きくとも2m2 /gであるのが好ましい。
【0009】
かかる特性を有した本発明のコバルト酸リチウムにアセチレンブラック等の導電剤とPTFE等のバインダーを混合して電極活物質層を形成し、リチウム二次電池の正極を作成することができる。こうして作成された正極を用いて組み立てたリチウム二次電池に、正極に対する電圧範囲4.3〜3.7V、電流密度0.4mA/cm2 の充放電を繰り返すと、150mAh/g以上の初期放電容量が取り出せる。又、電流密度を2mA/cm2 に上げて充放電しても、初期放電容量は電流密度0.4mA/cm2 の時の90%以上を取り出せる。
【0010】
本発明のコバルト酸リチウムを用いて形成されたリチウム二次電池は、また、高い安全性を発現する。これは本発明のコバルト酸リチウムが高い熱安定性を有することのみならず、電解質溶液との分解反応性が低いことによるものと判断できる。
本発明者等は、リチウムイオン二次電池の釘差し性能に代表される安全性を、正極活物質層の熱分析から評価できる手法を見出した。
【0011】
本発明に用いられる熱分析手法としては、様々な手法が適用可能であるが、DSC(示差走査熱量測定)による評価が簡便であることから好ましい。
特に好ましくは、4.3Vに満充電させた正極活物質層を取り出してこれをそのまま簡易蓋付きセルに充填し、5℃/min.の昇温速度でDSC定量分析して、200〜250℃近辺で観察される発熱反応の発熱速度を求めて評価する手法を用いるのが、電池の釘差し試験結果を再現性高く表現できることから望ましい。
【0012】
本発明のコバルト酸リチウムは、このような方法で求められた発熱速度が小さく、0.35cal/sec・gを超えない。
【0013】
発熱速度が0.35より大きいもので電池を組み立てると、安全性の優位性を発現できなくなる。
【0014】
上記特徴を備えた本発明のコバルト酸リチウムは、リチウム二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムポリマー二次電池等の正極活物質として、特に好ましく使用される。本発明のコバルト酸リチウムを用いて形成されたリチウム二次電池は、高い初期容量とサイクル特性、ハイレート特性を有し、かつ、優れた安全性を発現する。
【0015】
[作用]
本発明においては、電池の安全性を活物質の熱分析から予測している。
これまでにもリチウムイオン電池用正極材料の熱分析は種々報告されている。例えばJ.R.Dahnら[Solid State Ionics 69.265(1994)]は、所定電圧に満充電した正極活物質層を洗浄した後乾燥させ、熱分析を行っている。しかしながら、このような方法では、充電状態にある活物質の熱安定性を評価できても、極めて大きな電流が流れて急激な発熱を起こしている等の電池内部の異常な状況、すなわち安全性を評価することはできない。 一方、満充電とした活物質層に、これとほぼ同等重量の電解質溶液を加えて耐圧密閉パンに充填し、熱分析する方法も報告されている[GS News Technical Report 55,21(1996),J,Power Sources 68,131(1997)]。しかしながらこのような方法でも、電池の安全性を評価することはできない。すなわち、一般に市販されているリチウムイオン二次電池は、異常時に安全弁を作動される等の機構が組み込まれていることから、発熱して内部圧力が高まると、溶媒等が吹き出してしまうからである。
これに対し本発明では、満充電された電極活物質層を電池内にあるのと同様の状況でそのまま取り出し、サンプルパンに充填して軽く蓋をし、DSC分析している。これにより、溶媒等の一方的な飛散を防止しながら、電池内部にあるのと同様な環境下で熱分析することが可能となり、電池異常時の内部状況を評価することが可能となった。
【0016】
【発明の実施の形態】
[実施例1]
Co含有量が64.6重量%、CuKαを線源とするX線回折における2θ=36〜40度近傍の回折ピーク半値幅が2.31度で、組成式がH0.95CoO1.96であるCo化合物2.73Kgに1.26KgのLiOH・H2 Oを加えてボールミルで混合し、830℃にて10時間焼成して2.92Kgの図1において(1)で示すLiCoO2 を得た。
同様な手順で他に図1に示す平均粒径、比表面積のそれぞれ異なる4種類のLiCoO2 (2),(3),(4),(5)を合成した。
これら5種類のLiCoO2 の平均粒径、比表面積、初期放電容量、DSC(示差走査熱量測定)から求められた発熱速度を図1に示す。
上記(1),(2),(3)の発熱速度は0.35cal/sec・g以下であるので、これら(1),(2),(3)は本発明のコバルト酸リチウムである。これに対し、上記(4)及び(5)は、発熱速度が0.35cal/sec・g以上であるので、本発明のコバルト酸リチウムとは言えない。
また、これら5種のLiCoO2 から形成した電池の安全性は、強制的に内部短絡を惹き起こさせ、その時の使用限界電圧を求めて評価した。当然のことながら、使用限界電圧が高い程、電池の安全性は高くなる。その結果を図2に示す。図2より、本方法で求めた発熱速度と、従来の安全性を評価する方法として使用されてきた強制内部短絡実験とが、高い相関関係を持つものであることがわかる。すなわち図2は、リチウム二次電池の安全性を、本発明の発熱速度を求めることにより、簡便に予測することが可能であることを示している。図2において、本発明のコバルト酸リチウム ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) は、本発明の範囲を外れたコバルト酸リチウム(4),(5)に比べ、使用限界電圧が明らかに高く、正極活物質として電池を形成した時の安全性が高い。
【0017】
[初期放電容量の測定]
20mgのLiCoO2 にアセチレンブラックとPTFEからなる導電助剤15mgを混合して練り合わせ、デイクス状に伸ばしてステンレスメッシュに圧着し、200℃にて4時間乾燥させて、正極板とした。
この正極板をステンレス製正極容器に入れ、EC(炭酸エチレン)とDMC(炭酸ジメチル)の1対2混合溶液にLiPF6 を1モル%溶解させた電極質溶液を滴下して、ポリオレフィン系セパレータを重ねた。次に、金属リチウム箔を圧着したステンレス製負極容器に同様の電解質溶液を滴化し、絶縁ガスケットを介して二つの容器をかしめて、コイン型リチウム二次電池を作成した。
初期放電容量は、25℃において、正極に対する電圧範囲4.3〜3.7V、電流密度0.4mA/cm2 の充放電を繰り返し、5サイクル目の放電容量を測定して求めた。
【0018】
[DSCによる発熱速度の測定]
25mgのLiCoO2 を用いたことを除き、上記初期放電容量の測定と同様にして正極板を作成した。
この正極板をスクリューねじ締め型組立式モデルセルの正極端子側に載せ、ポリオレフィン系セパレータを介して金属リチウム箔を重ねた後、ECとDMCの1対2混合溶液にLiPF6 を1モル%溶解させた電解質溶液を滴下して、負端子をねじ込み、モデルセルとした。
このモデルセルを、25℃、4300mVで20時間充電した後、解体し、正極層の10mgを5mmφのアルミニウムパンにサンプリングして4.8mmφの蓋をし、DSC分析して発熱速度を求めた。
DCS分析は理学THERMOFLEX TAS200を用い、昇温速度5℃/min.アルゴン気流中で行った。
【0019】
[強制内部短絡試験]
容量1400mAhタイプの円筒形電池を製作し、所定の電圧に満充電とした状態で強制的に内部短絡を惹き起こさせ、その時の使用限界電圧を求めた。
【0020】
[実施例2]
図1において、(3)に示すLiCoO2 につき、熱分析に伴い発生する気体成分の分析を次の(A)および(B)の方法により行なった。
(A) 耐圧サンプルパンを用いたことを除き、実施例1のDSCによる発熱速度の測定方法と同様にしてサンプルを調製し、蓋に0.1mmφの穴を開けてTG−MS分析を行った。
(B) サンプリングした電極層重量のほぼ1/5量の電解質溶液を添加したことを除き、(A)方法と同様にしてTG−MS分析を行った。
TGは理学TR2 TG8120を、MSは島津GCMS−QP5050を用い、ヘリウム雰囲気中、20℃/min.の上昇速度で測定した。
その結果、(B)の方法においては、添加されたのとほぼ同等量の溶媒分が150℃までに気散することが観察された。しかしこのことを除き、その後は(A)(B)ともに同様であって、共に230℃近傍の発熱反応がCO2 を発生し、それに50℃ほど遅れて、余分の、すなわち未反応のO2 が発生した。 この結果は、実施例1の熱分析方法が、電池の熱的挙動を評価する方法として合理的であることを示唆している。
【0021】
[比較例1]
モデルセルを、25℃、4200mVで20時間充電した後、解体したことを除き、実施例1の方法と同様にして発熱速度を求めた、その結果を図3に示す。
図3からは、この発熱速度と強制内部短絡実験が、1本の直線で表現できないことがわかる。よってこのような方法では、電池の安全性を予測することはできなかった。
【0022】
[比較例2]
モデルセルを、25℃、4100mVで20時間充電した後、解体したことを除き、実施例1の方法と同様にして発熱速度を求めた。その結果を図4に示した。
図4からは、この発熱速度と強制内部短絡実験が、1本の直線で表現できないことがわかる。よってこのような方法では、電池の安全性を予測することはできなかった。
【0023】
[実施例3]
Co含有量が63.7重量%、CuKαを線源とするX線回折における2θ=36〜40度近傍の回折ピークの半値幅が2.44度で、組成式がH1.06CoO2.03であるCo化合物の92.5gに、37.2gのLi2 CO3 を加えてボールミルで混合し、810℃にて15時間焼成したら、平均粒径3.2μm、比表面積0.64m2 /gのLiCoO2 (6)を97.1g得た。
上記(6)を実施例1と同様の方法で測定した初期放電容量及び発熱速度は158mAh/g及び0.22cal/sec・gであり、図2から予想される強制内部短絡試験の限界電圧は、4.3Vと見積もられた。
また、下記方法で求めたハイレート特性は0.92であった。即ち、上記(6)は、安全性とハイレート特性に優れた本発明のコバルト酸リチウムである。
【0024】
[ハイレート特性]
電流密度を2mA/cm2 としたことを除き、実施例1と同様の方法で5サイクル目の放電量を求め、下記式から算出した。当然のことながら、ハイレート特性の数値は高いほど良い。
ハイレート特性=(電流密度2mA/cm2 時の放電容量)÷
初期放電容量(電流密度0.4mA/cm2 )
【0025】
[実施例4]
焼成を760℃で8時間、その後、連続して830℃で2時間行ったことを除き、実施例3と同様にして、97.3gのLiCoO2 (7)を得た。
上記(7)は、平均粒径2.9μm、比表面積1.14m2 /gであり、初期放電容量160mAh/g、ハイレート特性0.93、発熱速度0.12cal/sec・gであって、限界電圧は4.35Vと見積もられた。即ち、上記(7)は安全性とハイレート特性に優れた本発明のコバルト酸リチウムである。
【0026】
[比較例3]
Co含有量73.2重量%で平均粒径1.2μmの酸化コバルト(2,3)の80.5gを用いたことを除き、実施例4と同様にしてLiCoO2 の合成を試みたが、一部未反応の酸化コバルトを残すものしか得られなかった。
【0027】
[比較例4]
焼成を860℃10時間としたことを除き、比較例3と同様にして97.1gのLiCoO2 (8)を得た。
上記(8)は平均粒径7.2μm、比表面積0.28m2 /gであり、初期放電容量150mAh/g、発熱速度0.31cal/sec・gであったが、ハイレート特性は0.43であった。
【0028】
【発明の効果】
本発明は、従来トレードオフの関係とされていた高いハイレート特性と優れた安全性とを両立して持つ二次電池正極活物質用コバルト酸リチウムを提供し得るものである。
このような特徴は、二次電池の大容量化と高出力化を可能にする効果がある。かかる効果は民生用小型電池においても有効であるが、特に、産業用、電力貯蔵用の中型から大型のリチウムイオン電池に適用されると極めて有効に機能する。同様の効果は、EVあるいはHEV用二次電池としても極めて有効である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 5種類のLiCoO2 の平均粒径、比表面積、初期放電容量DSCから求められた発熱速度の表である。
【図2】 本発明の実施例1で求めた発熱速度と限界電圧の関連を示した図である。
【図3】 本発明の比較例1で求めた発熱速度と実施例1で求めた限界電圧の関係を示した図である。
【図4】 本発明の比較例で求めた発熱速度と実施例1で求めた限界電圧の関係を示した図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to lithium cobalt oxide for a secondary battery positive electrode active material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
It is known that a transition metal oxide having a hexagonal layered crystal structure can introduce metal ions of an appropriate size between crystal lattice sites and / or lattices. In particular, since lithium intercalation compounds can introduce lithium ions between crystal lattice sites and / or lattices under a specific potential difference and take them out again, lithium batteries using lithium composite oxides as electrode active materials, Secondary batteries are industrially used and produced.
[0003]
As the electrode active material, lithium cobaltate is the most basic and the most effective material. Attempts have been made to replace expensive cobalt with other inexpensive transition metals such as nickel and manganese, but a technology that can completely replace cobalt has not yet been established.
Conventional lithium cobalt oxide that has been used in lithium secondary batteries has been limited to a large particle size. This in order to ensure the safety of the battery, by reducing the specific surface area of Katsubutsu quality, due to the fact that aimed at reducing the decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution.
[0004]
However, the positive electrode active material having a large particle size has a drawback that the high-rate characteristic is poor and the cycle deterioration is severe.
On the other hand, lithium cobaltate with a small particle size and large specific surface area exhibits excellent high-rate characteristics, but has poor thermal stability and high decomposition reaction with the electrolyte solution, ensuring practical safety as a battery. I had a problem that I could not.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide lithium cobalt oxide for a secondary battery positive electrode active material that has a small particle size, excellent high-rate characteristics, low decomposition reactivity with an electrolyte solution, and excellent safety. is there.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention has a Co content per dry weight of 59.5 ± 1.6 wt%, a specific surface area of at least 0.2 m 2 / g, a voltage range of 4.3 to 3.7 V with respect to the positive electrode, and a current density of 0. Exothermic reaction observed at around 200-250 ° C. when the positive electrode active material layer charged to an initial discharge capacity of at least 150 mAh / g and 4.3 V when the charge / discharge of 4 mA / cm 2 is repeated is heated to 4.3
[0007]
Secondary battery positive electrode active material for a lithium cobaltate of the present invention (referred to lithium cobalt oxide below the present invention) per dry weight, those containing Co 59.5 ± 1.6 wt%.
Various methods for producing lithium cobalt oxide are known, and these methods can also be used in the present invention. However, preferably, the cobalt content per dry weight is 68.5 ± 6% by weight and is substantially expressed by a composition formula of HxCoOy [0 ≦ x1.4, 1.3 ≦ y ≦ 2.2], and CuKα In the X-ray diffraction using X-ray as a radiation source, the half value width of diffraction peak near 2θ = 36 to 40 degrees is larger than 0.31 degree, and the relation between the cobalt content and the half value width is the half value width (degrees) ≧ 7.5−0 It is desirable that the method is produced by firing a mixture of a cobalt compound represented by .1 × cobalt content (% by weight) and a lithium compound, since both high high-rate characteristics and high safety can be achieved.
[0008]
Such a method for producing lithium cobaltate is described in JP-A-10-279315, JP-A-11-11952, JP-A-11-49519, etc., and can be produced without difficulty.
Lithium cobaltate desirably has a specific surface area of at least 0.2 m 2 / g because it can exhibit high discharge capacity and excellent high rate characteristics. On the other hand, when the specific surface area is larger than 2 m 2 / g, the cycle characteristics are greatly impaired. Therefore, the specific surface area is preferably at most 2 m 2 / g.
[0009]
A positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery can be prepared by mixing a lithium cobaltate of the present invention having such characteristics with a conductive agent such as acetylene black and a binder such as PTFE to form an electrode active material layer. When the lithium secondary battery assembled using the positive electrode thus prepared is repeatedly charged and discharged in a voltage range of 4.3 to 3.7 V and a current density of 0.4 mA / cm 2 with respect to the positive electrode, an initial discharge of 150 mAh / g or more is obtained. The capacity can be taken out. Even when the current density is increased to 2 mA / cm 2 , the initial discharge capacity can be 90% or more of the current density of 0.4 mA / cm 2 .
[0010]
The lithium secondary battery formed using the lithium cobalt oxide of the present invention also exhibits high safety. This can be judged not only because the lithium cobaltate of the present invention has high thermal stability but also because of its low decomposition reactivity with the electrolyte solution.
The present inventors have found a technique that can evaluate the safety represented by the nail performance of a lithium ion secondary battery from the thermal analysis of the positive electrode active material layer.
[0011]
Although various methods can be applied as the thermal analysis method used in the present invention, it is preferable because evaluation by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) is simple.
Particularly preferably, the positive electrode active material layer fully charged to 4.3 V is taken out and filled in a cell with a simple lid as it is, and 5 ° C./min. It is desirable to use a technique in which a DSC quantitative analysis is performed at a rate of temperature rise of 200 ° C., and the exothermic rate of the exothermic reaction observed near 200 to 250 ° C. is used for evaluation because the results of the battery nail test can be expressed with high reproducibility. .
[0012]
The lithium cobaltate of the present invention has a low heat generation rate determined by such a method and does not exceed 0.35 cal / sec · g.
[0013]
If the battery is assembled with a heat generation rate greater than 0.35, the safety advantage cannot be expressed.
[0014]
The lithium cobalt oxide of the present invention having the above characteristics is particularly preferably used as a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, lithium ion secondary batteries, lithium polymer secondary batteries and the like. The lithium secondary battery formed using the lithium cobalt oxide of the present invention has a high initial capacity, cycle characteristics, and high rate characteristics, and exhibits excellent safety.
[0015]
[Action]
In the present invention, the safety of the battery is predicted from the thermal analysis of the active material.
Various thermal analyzes of positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries have been reported so far. For example, J. et al. R. Dahn et al. [Solid State Ionics 69.265 (1994)] perform a thermal analysis after washing and drying a positive electrode active material layer fully charged to a predetermined voltage. However, in such a method, even if the thermal stability of the active material in a charged state can be evaluated, an abnormal situation inside the battery such as an extremely large current flowing and causing a sudden heat generation, that is, safety can be improved. It cannot be evaluated. On the other hand, a method of adding an electrolyte solution of approximately the same weight to a fully charged active material layer, filling a pressure-resistant sealed pan, and performing thermal analysis has been reported [GS News Technical Report 55, 21 (1996), J, Power Sources 68, 131 (1997)]. However, even with such a method, the safety of the battery cannot be evaluated. In other words, a commercially available lithium ion secondary battery incorporates a mechanism such as a safety valve that is activated in the event of an abnormality, and therefore, when the internal pressure increases due to heat generation, the solvent and the like are blown out. .
In contrast, in the present invention, the fully charged electrode active material layer is taken out as it is in the battery, filled in a sample pan, lightly covered, and subjected to DSC analysis. As a result, it is possible to perform a thermal analysis under the same environment as that inside the battery while preventing unidirectional scattering of the solvent and the like, and it is possible to evaluate the internal state when the battery is abnormal.
[0016]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[Example 1]
Co compound having a Co content of 64.6% by weight, a half-width of diffraction peak in the vicinity of 2θ = 36 to 40 ° in the X-ray diffraction using CuKα as a radiation source is 2.31 °, and a composition formula of H 0.95 CoO 1.96 1.26 Kg of LiOH.H 2 O was added to 2.73 Kg, mixed by a ball mill, and baked at 830 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain 2.92 Kg of LiCoO 2 shown in (1) in FIG .
In addition, four types of LiCoO 2 (2), (3), (4), and (5) having different average particle diameters and specific surface areas shown in FIG. 1 were synthesized in the same procedure.
FIG. 1 shows the heat generation rates determined from the average particle diameter, specific surface area, initial discharge capacity, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) of these five types of LiCoO 2 .
Since the heat generation rates of (1), (2), and (3) are 0.35 cal / sec · g or less, these (1), (2), and (3) are the lithium cobalt oxides of the present invention. On the other hand, the above (4) and (5) cannot be said to be the lithium cobalt oxide of the present invention because the heat generation rate is 0.35 cal / sec · g or more.
The safety of the batteries formed from these five types of LiCoO 2 was evaluated by forcibly causing an internal short circuit and determining the use limit voltage at that time. As a matter of course, the higher the use limit voltage, the higher the safety of the battery. The result is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 shows that the heat generation rate obtained by this method and the forced internal short circuit experiment that has been used as a conventional method for evaluating safety have a high correlation. That is, FIG. 2 shows that the safety of the lithium secondary battery can be easily predicted by obtaining the heat generation rate of the present invention. In FIG. 2, the lithium cobaltate ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) of the present invention clearly has a higher use limit voltage than lithium cobaltate (4), (5), which is outside the scope of the present invention. The safety when a battery is formed as the positive electrode active material is high.
[0017]
[Measurement of initial discharge capacity]
20 mg of LiCoO 2 was mixed with 15 mg of a conductive assistant consisting of acetylene black and PTFE, kneaded, stretched into a disk shape, pressed onto a stainless steel mesh, and dried at 200 ° C. for 4 hours to obtain a positive electrode plate.
This positive electrode plate is put into a stainless steel positive electrode container, and an electrode material solution in which 1 mol% of LiPF 6 is dissolved in a one-to-two mixed solution of EC (ethylene carbonate) and DMC (dimethyl carbonate) is dropped. Piled up. Next, the same electrolyte solution was dropped into a stainless steel negative electrode container having a metal lithium foil bonded thereto, and the two containers were caulked through an insulating gasket to produce a coin-type lithium secondary battery.
The initial discharge capacity was determined by repeating charge and discharge at a voltage range of 4.3 to 3.7 V and a current density of 0.4 mA / cm 2 with respect to the positive electrode at 25 ° C., and measuring the discharge capacity at the fifth cycle.
[0018]
[Measurement of heat generation rate by DSC]
A positive electrode plate was prepared in the same manner as in the measurement of the initial discharge capacity except that 25 mg of LiCoO 2 was used.
This positive electrode plate is placed on the positive electrode terminal side of a screw-screw type assembling model cell, and a metal lithium foil is stacked through a polyolefin separator, and then 1 mol% of LiPF 6 is dissolved in a one-to-two mixed solution of EC and DMC. The electrolyte solution was dropped, and the negative terminal was screwed into a model cell.
The model cell was charged at 25 ° C. and 4300 mV for 20 hours, then disassembled, 10 mg of the positive electrode layer was sampled on a 5 mmφ aluminum pan, capped with 4.8 mmφ, and DSC analysis was performed to determine the heat generation rate.
The DCS analysis was performed using Rigaku THERMOFLEX TAS200, and the heating rate was 5 ° C./min. Performed in an argon stream.
[0019]
[Forced internal short circuit test]
A cylindrical battery having a capacity of 1400 mAh was manufactured, and an internal short circuit was forcibly caused in a state where the battery was fully charged to a predetermined voltage, and a use limit voltage at that time was obtained.
[0020]
[Example 2]
In FIG. 1, the LiCoO 2 shown in (3) was analyzed for gas components generated by thermal analysis by the following methods (A) and (B).
(A) Except for using a pressure-resistant sample pan, a sample was prepared in the same manner as the DSC heat generation rate measurement method of Example 1, and a TG-MS analysis was performed with a 0.1 mmφ hole in the lid. .
(B) A TG-MS analysis was performed in the same manner as in the method (A) except that an electrolyte solution of approximately 1/5 of the sampled electrode layer weight was added.
The TG used was a scientific TR2 TG8120, and the MS used a Shimadzu GCMS-QP5050, in a helium atmosphere at 20 ° C./min. Measured at the rate of ascent.
As a result, in the method (B), it was observed that almost the same amount of solvent as that added was diffused up to 150 ° C. However, except for this, after that, both (A) and (B) are the same, and both exothermic reactions near 230 ° C. generate CO 2 , which is delayed by about 50 ° C., and extra, ie, unreacted O 2. There has occurred. This result suggests that the thermal analysis method of Example 1 is reasonable as a method for evaluating the thermal behavior of the battery.
[0021]
[Comparative Example 1]
Except that the model cell was charged at 25 ° C. and 4200 mV for 20 hours and then disassembled, the heat generation rate was determined in the same manner as in the method of Example 1, and the results are shown in FIG.
FIG. 3 shows that the heat generation rate and the forced internal short circuit experiment cannot be expressed by a single straight line. Therefore, such a method could not predict the safety of the battery.
[0022]
[Comparative Example 2]
The rate of heat generation was determined in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the model cell was charged at 25 ° C. and 4100 mV for 20 hours and then disassembled. The results are shown in FIG.
FIG. 4 shows that the heat generation rate and the forced internal short circuit experiment cannot be expressed by a single straight line. Therefore, such a method could not predict the safety of the battery.
[0023]
[Example 3]
Co in which the Co content is 63.7% by weight, the half width of the diffraction peak in the vicinity of 2θ = 36 to 40 degrees in the X-ray diffraction using CuKα as the radiation source is 2.44 degrees, and the composition formula is H 1.06 CoO 2.03 When 37.2 g of Li 2 CO 3 was added to 92.5 g of the compound, mixed with a ball mill, and calcined at 810 ° C. for 15 hours, LiCoO 2 having an average particle diameter of 3.2 μm and a specific surface area of 0.64 m 2 / g. 97.1g of (6) was obtained.
The initial discharge capacity and heat generation rate measured in the same manner as in Example 1 for (6) above are 158 mAh / g and 0.22 cal / sec · g, and the limit voltage of the forced internal short circuit test predicted from FIG. It was estimated to be 4.3V.
The high rate characteristic obtained by the following method was 0.92. That is, the above (6) is the lithium cobalt oxide of the present invention excellent in safety and high rate characteristics.
[0024]
[High rate characteristics]
Except that the current density was 2 mA / cm 2 , the discharge amount at the fifth cycle was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, and calculated from the following formula. Naturally, the higher the numerical value of the high rate characteristic, the better.
High rate characteristics = (discharge capacity at current density of 2 mA / cm 2 ) ÷
Initial discharge capacity (current density 0.4 mA / cm 2 )
[0025]
[Example 4]
97.3 g of LiCoO 2 (7) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that calcination was performed at 760 ° C. for 8 hours and then continuously at 830 ° C. for 2 hours.
The above (7) has an average particle size of 2.9 μm, a specific surface area of 1.14 m 2 / g, an initial discharge capacity of 160 mAh / g, a high rate characteristic of 0.93, and a heat generation rate of 0.12 cal / sec · g, The limit voltage was estimated to be 4.35V. That is, the above (7) is the lithium cobalt oxide of the present invention excellent in safety and high rate characteristics.
[0026]
[Comparative Example 3]
Synthesis of LiCoO 2 was attempted in the same manner as in Example 4 except that 80.5 g of cobalt oxide (2,3) having a Co content of 73.2% by weight and an average particle size of 1.2 μm was used. Only a part of which remained unreacted cobalt oxide was obtained.
[0027]
[Comparative Example 4]
97.1 g of LiCoO 2 (8) was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3 except that the baking was performed at 860 ° C. for 10 hours.
The above (8) has an average particle size of 7.2 μm and a specific surface area of 0.28 m 2. Although the initial discharge capacity was 150 mAh / g and the heat generation rate was 0.31 cal / sec · g, the high rate characteristic was 0.43.
[0028]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention can provide a lithium cobalt oxide for a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery having both high high-rate characteristics and excellent safety, which have conventionally been in a trade-off relationship.
Such a feature has an effect of enabling the secondary battery to have a large capacity and high output. Such an effect is effective even in a consumer-use small battery, but it works extremely effectively when applied to a medium to large-sized lithium ion battery for industrial use and power storage. The same effect is extremely effective as a secondary battery for EV or HEV.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a table of heat generation rates determined from the average particle diameter, specific surface area, and initial discharge capacity DSC of five types of LiCoO 2 .
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relationship between a heat generation rate and a limit voltage obtained in Example 1 of the present invention.
3 is a graph showing the relationship between the heat generation rate obtained in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention and the limit voltage obtained in Example 1. FIG.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the heat generation rate obtained in the comparative example of the present invention and the limit voltage obtained in Example 1.
Claims (1)
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