JP4260337B2 - Bonding wire for semiconductor mounting - Google Patents
Bonding wire for semiconductor mounting Download PDFInfo
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- JP4260337B2 JP4260337B2 JP2000122138A JP2000122138A JP4260337B2 JP 4260337 B2 JP4260337 B2 JP 4260337B2 JP 2000122138 A JP2000122138 A JP 2000122138A JP 2000122138 A JP2000122138 A JP 2000122138A JP 4260337 B2 JP4260337 B2 JP 4260337B2
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- wire
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10W72/015—Manufacture or treatment of bond wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10W72/015—Manufacture or treatment of bond wires
- H10W72/01551—Changing the shapes of bond wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/071—Connecting or disconnecting
- H10W72/075—Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/071—Connecting or disconnecting
- H10W72/075—Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
- H10W72/07531—Techniques
- H10W72/07532—Compression bonding, e.g. thermocompression bonding
- H10W72/07533—Ultrasonic bonding, e.g. thermosonic bonding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/071—Connecting or disconnecting
- H10W72/075—Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
- H10W72/07541—Controlling the environment, e.g. atmosphere composition or temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/071—Connecting or disconnecting
- H10W72/075—Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
- H10W72/07551—Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires characterised by changes in properties of the bond wires during the connecting
- H10W72/07555—Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires characterised by changes in properties of the bond wires during the connecting changes in materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
- H10W72/551—Materials of bond wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
- H10W72/551—Materials of bond wires
- H10W72/552—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
- H10W72/551—Materials of bond wires
- H10W72/552—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
- H10W72/5522—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising gold [Au]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
- H10W72/551—Materials of bond wires
- H10W72/552—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
- H10W72/5524—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising aluminium [Al]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
- H10W72/551—Materials of bond wires
- H10W72/552—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
- H10W72/5525—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising copper [Cu]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/50—Bond wires
- H10W72/59—Bond pads specially adapted therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
- H10W72/90—Bond pads, in general
- H10W72/951—Materials of bond pads
- H10W72/952—Materials of bond pads comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. PbSn, Ag or Cu
Landscapes
- Wire Bonding (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、半導体チップ等の電極とリードとを実装するために用いるボンディングワイヤに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一般に、貴金属または貴金属を主体とする合金は、他の金属と比べると、耐酸化性に優れ、微細加工がし易く、経時変化も少ないことから、ボンディングワイヤと呼ばれる半導体実装用の細線として使用されている。ここでの貴金属とは、例えばAu、Cu、Al、Pt、およびPd等がある。
【0003】
ボンディングワイヤの製造工程は概ね次のようである。まず、適切な成分系となるように合金を調合する。合金の調合は、最終製品の強度等の種々の特性を決定するため、厳密に管理されている。その後、合金を伸線して、例えば30μm程度というように目的の線径のワイヤを得る。尚、伸線は、減面率が3%程度であるダイスを複数個組み合わせ、200m・min-1程度の速度で行うことが多い。伸線直後のワイヤは、ボンディングワイヤとして必要な強度は充分に得られているものの、線方向の破断伸びはほとんど得られていない。そこで、通常は伸線直後のワイヤに(3/4)Tc以上の温度の熱処理を施し、その後さらに100℃・min-1程度の速度で冷却することで、ボンディングワイヤとして必要な強度と破断伸びの両者を備えた製品を得る。このような、伸線直後のワイヤにボンディングワイヤとして必要な強度と破断伸びの両者を備えせしめるために行う熱処理を、以後、熱処理と称する。またTcとは、ワイヤの主たる構成元素、ワイヤ中に含まれる不可避不純物、および添加元素の種類と濃度によって決定される、ワイヤの再結晶温度である。
【0004】
従来から、半導体素子における代表的な結線方式として、超音波併用熱圧着方式のワイヤーボンディング法が採用されている。本ボンディング方式は、キャピラリと呼ばれる円筒状の治具にワイヤを通し、キャピラリの先端から垂下させたワイヤの先端に高電圧を印加することにより、ワイヤの先端部を溶融、凝固させて球状とし、その後、超音波を印加しながら初期ボールと呼ばれるこの球状部を半導体チップ上の電極と接合させ、外部接続用のリードまでループ状にワイヤの母線部を導いてから、ワイヤの母線部と外部リードとを接合し、かかる後に結線に不要な部分を切断することで半導体チップ上の電極と外部接続用のリードとを結線する方式である。尚、チップ上の電極とリードとの間の距離をスパンと呼ぶ。
【0005】
ループの形状が適切で無い場合、過剰な応力が集中することで接合部近傍のワイヤに損傷が生じることがある。従って、ループ形状を適切に保つために、ワイヤには良好なループの制御性の確保が要求されている。また、ワイヤーカールと呼ばれる巻きぐせがワイヤに生じるとループの制御性が悪化するので、ワイヤーカールの回避は重要視されている。
【0006】
加えて、ワイヤは結線後から樹脂封止を経て使用に至るまでに室温あるいは高温下で種々の応力を受ける。従って、ボンディングワイヤに求められる性能の中で、ワイヤの強度を高めることで結線直後から樹脂封止を経て使用に至るまでワイヤの変形を抑制することは非常に重要とされている。従来から、ワイヤの強度を高める方法としては、添加元素の濃度を増加する手法が主流であった。
【0007】
ワイヤの強度は、例えばワイヤを引っ張り試験した際に得られるワイヤ部の破断応力や、結線後の樹脂封止に伴うワイヤの変位(ワイヤ流れ)量などで評価される。ワイヤの破断伸びは、例えばワイヤを引っ張り試験した際に得られるワイヤ部の破断伸びなどで評価される。ループの制御性は、例えばチップ上のワイヤ接合部近傍におけるワイヤ損傷の状態(亀裂の長さ等)などで評価される。ワイヤーカールの評価法には、一定長のワイヤを鉛直方向に垂下し、ワイヤの内で最も水平方向に変位した位置と、ワイヤの両端を結んだ線分との距離の大小で評価する方法などがある。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
昨今の半導体素子における高密度実装という技術動向に伴い、直径が27μmを下回る細い線径ながら6mm以上という長いスパンの結線に耐えうる、いわゆる細線かつ長尺用のワイヤが要求されつつある。ワイヤを細線化すると断面積が必然的に低下するため、単位断面積当たりの強度をより高める必要が生じる。さらに、長尺用のワイヤでは従来のワイヤより高い強度が要求される。従って、細線かつ長尺用のワイヤには、従来のワイヤの強度を大幅に上回る強度が必要となり、その目安として、例えば35kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力が必要となる。
【0009】
ワイヤの高強度化のためには添加元素の濃度を増加させるという従来の手法が有効であるものの、高濃度に元素を添加すると、添加した元素間の複合効果により初期ボールの強度もワイヤと同程度に高強度化されてしまい、初期ボールを接合する際にチップダメージと呼ばれるチップの破壊が発生しやすくなるという問題が生じる。尚、チップダメージが発生するか否かを評価する手段としては、ワイヤを結線した後に薬液等にてAl等の電極を除去してSiチップの表面を観察し、亀裂が視認されるか否かで評価することなどがある。ワイヤの直径が従来のように30μm程度である場合は、さほど高濃度に元素を添加する必要がないために、チップダメージは特に問題とはならなかった。しかし、昨今要求されるような直径が27μmを下回るワイヤでは、前述のように単位断面積あたりの強度を従来以上に高める必要がある。その際、添加元素の濃度を増加させるという従来の手法でワイヤ強度を高めようとすると、従来以上に元素を高濃度で添加することになるためチップダメージの発生が懸念される。逆に、チップダメージの発生を回避できる程度の濃度に元素を添加した細線ワイヤでは、必要なワイヤ強度が得られない。このように、添加元素の濃度を単に増加させるという手法では、ワイヤの高強度化にあたって、限界が指摘されている。
【0010】
また近年、半導体パッケージを高性能化させるために、6mm以上という長いスパンと500μm程度という短いスパンとが混在するようなパッケージが提案され、一部で実用化されつつある。後者のような、いわゆる短スパンボンディングでは、スパンがチップの厚さと同程度であることから、チップ上の電極とリードとの段差が急となり、結線後のループ形状を適切に制御することが難しくなるため、ワイヤには従来以上に良好なループの制御性が要求されることとなる。
【0011】
従って、前述の長短スパンが混在するパッケージでは、高いワイヤ強度と適切な強度を有する初期ボールの形成能に加えて、良好なループの制御性を有するワイヤが必要となる。高強度化するために添加元素の濃度を増加させた従来のワイヤでは、添加した元素がワイヤ表面に析出することがあり、従来の結線では問題なかったワイヤでも、短スパンボンディングのように良好なループの制御性が要求される結線では、元素に起因する表面析出物とキャピラリの摩擦により結線後のループが乱れるという問題が生じてしまう。
【0012】
以上に鑑み、本発明の目的は、添加元素の濃度を増加させるという従来の手法だけでは製造できなかった、直径が27μmを下回る細い線径ながら長い結線に耐えうるワイヤに要求される高いワイヤ強度と、適切な強度を有する初期ボールの形成能という、相反する特性を同時に満足できるワイヤを得ることにある。さらに、短スパンボンディングのように良好なループの制御性が要求される結線にも適したワイヤを供することにある。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記の課題は、以下の手段によって解決することができる。即ち、
(1) 線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であることを特徴とする半導体実装用のボンディングワイヤ。
(2)線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下であることを特徴とする半導体実装用のボンディングワイヤ。
(3)線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下であることを特徴とする半導体実装用のボンディングワイヤ。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明者らは鋭意検討した結果、上記課題を解決し得る前記のようなワイヤを発明した。以下、本発明の構成について説明する。
【0015】
まず、破断伸びの平均値を1%以上3.5%以下とすることが必要な理由は次の通りである。
【0016】
一般にワイヤ中には伸線加工や熱処理によって加工歪みが導入されており、加工歪みは破断伸び等の機械特性に密接に関与することが知られている。破断伸びの平均値が3.5%以下であれば、加工歪みが高い強度の確保に寄与するため、元素を特に添加しなくても35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力を得ることができ、なおかつ、初期ボール中には加工歪みは残留せず初期ボールの強度を適切にできることからチップダメージを回避できるので良い。
【0017】
ワイヤの破断伸びの平均値が3.5%を上回ると、高濃度に元素を添加しなければ35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力を得ることはできない。しかし、35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力を得ようと高濃度に元素を添加するとチップダメージが生じるため好ましくない。この傾向は、線径が27μmを下回る程度にワイヤを細線化した際に、特に顕著である。
【0018】
一方、破断伸びの平均値が1%を下回ると、ワイヤ全体に渡ってワイヤーカールが発生することがあり、望ましくない。この理由は、破断伸びの平均値が1%を下回ると加工歪みが過剰に残留するためと考えられる。
【0019】
つまり、破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であるワイヤでは、ワイヤーカールが生じることもなく、35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力を得ることができる上、チップダメージも回避できる。しかしながら、このワイヤであっても、局所的にワイヤーカールが生じたり、局所的に破断応力が低下したりすることがあり、直径が27μmを下回る細い線径で長い結線に耐えることや、短スパンボンディングのように良好なループの制御性が要求される結線を行うことが難しくなることがある。
【0020】
本発明者らは、鋭意検討した結果、局所的なワイヤーカールの発生あるいは局所的な破断応力の低下等の課題を解決するためには、ワイヤの平均的な特性の向上のみでは不充分であり、ワイヤ全体に渡ってワイヤ特性を安定させることが重要であることを明らかにし、さらに検討を重ねた結果、ワイヤ全体に渡ったワイヤ特性の安定性が転位の挙動と密接に関係していることを見出した。つまり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であればワイヤ全体に渡ってワイヤ特性を安定にできることを明らかにしたのである。
【0021】
一般に、転位は金属材料における結晶の不規則性に対応し、加工歪みを残留せしめる主要因の一つとされている。本発明者らは、残留抵抗比がワイヤ中の転位の濃度、即ち転位密度の大小を反映する物理量であり、残留抵抗比が小さいほど転位密度は大きくなることを確認した。この残留抵抗比(RRR)は、298Kでのワイヤの電気抵抗率をR298Kと、4.2Kでのワイヤの電気抵抗率をR4.2Kとそれぞれすると、
RRR=R298K/R4.2K ・・・(数式1)
で与えられる。
【0022】
残留抵抗比が5以上であれば局所的なワイヤーカールの発生を防止することができ、残留抵抗比が40以下であれば局所的に破断応力が低くなる現象を回避することができる。即ち、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であれば、転位密度の局所的な分布を均質化できることから任意の局所的な領域でもワイヤ特性を安定にすることができ、その結果、ワイヤ全体に渡ってワイヤーカールが発生せず、また35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力をワイヤ全体に渡って安定して得ることができる。
【0023】
残留抵抗比の値は、添加元素の濃度を総計で1.5質量%以下としたり熱処理条件を後述するように適切としたりすることで、上記の範囲とすることができる。
【0024】
残留抵抗比が5を下回ったり40を上回ったりすると、局所的に残留する加工歪みの濃度、特に局所的な転位密度にばらつきが生じ、その結果、転位が密となった部分で局所的にワイヤーカールが生じたり、転位が粗となった部分で局所的に破断応力が低下したりするので好ましくない。特に、添加元素の濃度で残留抵抗比を調整する場合、添加元素の濃度が例えば1.5質量%を上回ると残留抵抗比が5を下回るが、この場合は初期ボールの強度が過度となるためチップダメージが生じ易いので好ましくない。
【0025】
従って、線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、かつ、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であるワイヤでは、ワイヤ全体に渡ってワイヤーカールが生じず、かつ、35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力をワイヤ全体に渡って安定して得ることができるので、例えば樹脂封止後のワイヤ流れが少ないのみならずワイヤ全体に渡ってばらつきも少なくすることができる。さらに該ワイヤでは、高い破断応力を得るための元素の過剰な添加を必要としないため、従来のワイヤで発生が懸念されるチップダメージの問題も回避できる。
【0026】
さらに本発明者らは、ループの制御性が、ワイヤの線方向を法線とする断面における結晶粒の粒径の分布と密接に対応することを見出した。すなわち、ワイヤ中の結晶粒径の分布がばらつくとワイヤ表面における結晶粒径の分布もばらつき、その結果キャピラリとの摩擦が大きくなるためループの制御性が低下するのに対し、ワイヤ中の結晶粒径がばらつかなければ、キャピラリとの摩擦を抑制できるので良好なループの制御性が得られるのである。本発明者らは、結晶粒径の分布は正規分布で整理できることを併せて明らかにした。つまり本発明者らは、ワイヤの線方向を法線とする断面における結晶粒の粒径の分布を正規分布に基づいて管理すれば、良好なループの制御性を得ることができることを見出したのである。
【0027】
線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下であると、ワイヤ中の結晶粒径がばらつかないことから、良好なループの制御性が得られる。一方、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2を上回ると、ループの制御性が低下することがあるので好ましくない。尚、通常のワイヤでは、結晶粒径の平均値は線径の0.5から5%程度である。
【0028】
さらに、線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下であれば、ワイヤ全体に渡ってワイヤーカールが生じることもなく、35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力をワイヤ全体に渡って安定して得ることができる上、良好なループの制御性が得られるので良い。さらに該ワイヤでは、高い破断応力を得るための元素の過剰な添加は必要としないため、従来のワイヤで発生が懸念されるチップダメージの問題も回避できる。
【0029】
また、本発明のワイヤの組成としては、貴金属を主体とする。ここでの貴金属とは、例えば、Au、Pd、Cu、Al、あるいはPt等を指す。尚、これら貴金属には、不可避不純物元素としてTi、Cr、Mn、Zn、Ga、Ge、Zr、Nb、In、Sn、およびSbの内、1種もしくは2種以上の元素が含まれていても良い。添加元素としては、上記記載の貴金属およびCa、Be、Mg、Sc、Fe、Co、Ni、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、およびLuの内、1種もしくは2種以上の元素を用いることができる。
【0030】
破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であるワイヤは、ワイヤの合金組成やワイヤ径によっても異なるが、例えば添加元素濃度を1.5%以下とした上で、平均減面率が5%以上であるダイスを複数個組み合わせて350m・min-1以上500m・min-1未満の速度で伸線を行い、そのワイヤに、5から50cmの均熱帯を有し1気圧程度に保たれた電気炉にて、5から100m・min-1の速度で(1/4)Tc以上(2/3)Tc以下の温度で熱処理を施すことで製造できる。破断伸びの値は主に熱処理温度の調整によって最適化することができる。残留抵抗比の値は、主に添加元素濃度、伸線速度及びダイスの減面率の調整によって最適化することができる。
【0031】
破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下であるワイヤは、ワイヤの合金組成やワイヤ径によっても異なるが、添加元素濃度を1.5%以下とした上で、伸線直後のワイヤに、5から50cmの均熱帯を有し1気圧程度に保たれた電気炉にて、5から100m・min-1の速度で(1/4)Tc以上(2/3)Tc以下の温度で熱処理を施し、さらに熱処理後のワイヤに200℃・min-1以上の速度で冷却を施すことで製造できる。結晶粒径の分布における分散は、主に熱処理後のワイヤ冷却速度の調整によって最適化することができる。
【0032】
破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下であるワイヤは、ワイヤの合金組成やワイヤ径によっても異なるが、添加元素濃度を1.5%以下とした上で、平均減面率が5%以上であるダイスを複数個組み合わせて350m・min-1以上500m・min-1未満の速度で伸線を行い、そのワイヤに、5から50cmの均熱帯を有し1気圧程度に保たれた電気炉にて、5から100m・min-1の速度で(1/4)Tc以上(2/3)Tc以下の温度で熱処理を施し、さらに熱処理後のワイヤに200℃・min-1以上の速度で冷却を施すことで製造できる。
【0033】
尚、AuまたはAuを主体とする合金の場合のTcはおおむね600℃程度である。PdまたはPdを主体とする合金の場合のTcはおおむね800℃程度である。また、CuまたはCuを主体とする合金の場合のTcはおおむね500℃程度であり、熱処理中の酸化を防ぐため熱処理はHeやAr等の不活性雰囲気下で行う必要がある。さらに、AlまたはAlを主体とする合金の場合のTcはおおむね300℃程度であり、熱処理中の酸化や硫化を防ぐため、熱処理はHeやAr等の不活性雰囲気下で、5から60 m・min-1の速度で行うのが好ましい。PtまたはPtを主体とする合金の場合のTcはおおむね900℃程度であり、熱処理中の酸化や硫化を防ぐため、熱処理はHeやAr等の不活性雰囲気下で、5から70 m・min-1の速度で行うのが好ましい。
【0034】
【実施例】
以下に、実施例を説明する。
本実施例に示す各試料を作製するにあたっては、まず99.999質量%という高純度の貴金属を真空溶解することで、あるいは99.999質量%という高純度の貴金属に添加元素を加えてからその合金を真空溶解することで、表1に示す成分の合金をそれぞれ得た。表1記載の減面率のダイスを複数個組み合わせて、その合金を表1記載の速度で伸線し、長さ1000m、線径22μmに加工した。さらに、この伸線直後の合金に、20cmの均熱帯を有するAr雰囲気下の電気炉を用いて表1記載の温度で20m・min-1の速度で熱処理を施し、表1記載の速度で冷却を行うことでボンディングワイヤを得た。
【0035】
【表1】
【0036】
各ワイヤの破断伸びと破断応力は、ワイヤ全体を10等分して10の領域に分けて、それぞれの領域から10cm長のワイヤを各4本切り出して合計で40本の測定試料とし、それらを引っ張り試験することで評価した。ワイヤーカールの評価は、ワイヤ全体を10等分して10の領域に分けて、それぞれの領域から10cm長のワイヤを各4本切り出して合計で40本の測定試料とし、各試料を鉛直方向に垂下し、ワイヤの内で最も水平方向に変位した位置と、ワイヤの両端を結んだ線分との距離が、いずれの試料でも5mm以下であればばらつきが無く良好であるとして○印で、1本でも5mm以上であればばらつきが生じていて不良であるとして×印で、それぞれ示した。
【0037】
残留抵抗比は、ワイヤ全体を10等分して10の領域に分けて、それぞれの領域から30cm長のワイヤを各4本切り出して合計で40本の測定試料とし、それら試料を298Kおよび4.2Kに保持した後、それらに1mAの定電流を通電した際に生じる電位降下量と形状因子から各温度での電気低効率R298KおよびR4.2Kを算出し、数式1を用いて求めた。尚、試料は、ヒータおよび液体Heを用いて温度制御できるクライオスタット内に設置した。
【0038】
ワイヤ断面における結晶粒径の測定にあたっては、まず、ワイヤ全体を10等分して10の領域に分けて、それぞれの領域から0.5cm長のワイヤを各4本切り出して、線方向を法線方向とする面でワイヤを断面研磨した後、塩酸を主体とするエッチング溶液を用いてエッチングして合計で40個の測定試料を得た。結晶粒径の測定法には、例えば走査型電子顕微鏡、透過型電子顕微鏡、あるいは光学顕微鏡等を用いる手法があるが、今回は、研磨した断面を光学顕微鏡にて1000倍に拡大し、所定のカウンタを用いて計測した。また、SEMを用いて同様に測定した場合でも同様の結果であったことを確認している。尚、測定においては0.1μm以下の粒径を有する結晶粒は除外して評価した。
【0039】
結線後の評価は、以下のようにしてそれぞれ行った。まず、上記のようにして得られたワイヤを、Siチップ上のAl電極(Al厚:約1μm)とAgめっきされた42アロイから成るリードとの間で、超音波併用熱圧着ボールウェッジ方式のワイヤーボンディング法にて結線した。その際、スパンは6mmとし、結線本数は200本とした。特に、CuあるいはAlを主体とするワイヤは溶融時に酸化しやすいため、それらのワイヤの初期ボールはHeやAr等の不活性ガス雰囲気中で作製した。以下に示すそれぞれの評価は、結線したワイヤの内、任意の40本のワイヤを用いて行った。チップダメージの評価は、結線直後にAl電極を除去してSiチップの表面を観察し、亀裂が視認されればチップダメージが不良であるとして×印で、視認されなければチップダメージは生じておらず良好であるとして○印で、それぞれ示した。ワイヤの強度の評価は、耐流れ性の一指標である樹脂封止後のワイヤ流れおよびそのばらつきの測定で行った。前者では、ループを鉛直上方から軟X線透過観察装置にて観察して、ループの軌跡が1本でも直線から22μmを超えて変位していればワイヤ流れは不良であるとして×印で、直線からの変位がいずれの試料でも22μm以下であればワイヤ流れは良好であるとして○印で、それぞれ示した。後者では、同様にして得られたワイヤ流れの最大値と最小値の差が、5μm以上であればばらつきが顕著で不良であるとして×印で、3μm以上5μm未満であればばらつきが少なく良好であるとして○印で、3μm未満であればばらつきが特に少なく良好であるとして◎印で、それぞれ示した。ループの制御性の評価は、結線後に、チップ上のワイヤ接合部近傍をSEM観察し(倍率は3000倍)、1μmを超える長さの亀裂が生じていればループの制御性が不良として×印で、亀裂は存在するがその長さが1μm以下であれば特に問題の無い損傷と見なしループの制御性は良好として○印で、亀裂が確認できなければループの制御性は特に良好として◎印で、それぞれ示した。以上の結果を表2に示す。
【0040】
【表2】
【0041】
実施例1〜11が示すように、線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下である本発明のワイヤでは、チップダメージも生じず、ワイヤーカールも起きず、ループの制御性も良好で、樹脂封止後のワイヤ流れも少なく、35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力が安定して確保できた。
【0042】
また、実施例12が示すように、線方向の破断伸びの平均値が3.5%であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2である本発明のワイヤでは、良好なループの制御性が得られた。
【0043】
さらに、実施例13および14が示すように、線方向の破断伸びの平均値が1%以上3.5%以下であり、残留抵抗比が5以上40以下であり、ワイヤ母線部の線方向を法線とする断面での結晶粒径の分布における分散が0.20μm2以下である本発明のワイヤでは、チップダメージも生じず、ワイヤーカールも起きない上、高い破断応力を有するため樹脂封止後のワイヤ流れも少なく、良好なループの制御性が得られた。
【0044】
また、実施例16〜23が示すように、本発明のワイヤでは主体となる貴金属の種類あるいはその添加元素の濃度にかかわらず、チップダメージも起きず、ループの制御性も良好であり、35 kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力が確保できた。
【0045】
実施例15に見られるように、添加元素濃度が1.5質量%であっても、本発明のワイヤでは、チップダメージも生じず、ワイヤーカールも起きず、ループの制御性も良好で、43 kgf・mm-2という高い破断応力がワイヤ全体に渡って確保できた。それに対して、比較例29では添加元素濃度が1.5質量%を超え、残留抵抗比が5を下回り、チップダメージが生じた。
【0046】
それらに対して、比較例24は41kgf・mm-2以上という高い破断応力を得るために添加元素の濃度を増加させるという従来の手法を用いたワイヤであるが、高濃度に元素を添加したため残留抵抗比の値が4となり、初期ボールの強度もワイヤと同程度に高強度化されてしまったため、初期ボールを接合する際にチップダメージが生じた。一方、比較例25はチップダメージの発生を回避できる程度の濃度に元素を添加した従来の細線ワイヤであるが、必要なワイヤ強度が得られなかった。
【0047】
比較例26にあるように、破断伸びの平均値が0.5%を下回ると、ワイヤーカールが発生した。
【0048】
比較例27および28にあるように、破断伸びが2.5%であっても、残留抵抗比や結晶粒径の分散が適切でないと、ワイヤ特性が安定しなかった。
【0049】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、本発明によれば、添加元素の濃度を増加させるという従来の手法だけでは製造できなかった、直径が27μmを下回る細い線径ながら長い結線に耐えうるワイヤに要求される高いワイヤ強度と、適切な強度を有する初期ボールの形成能という相反する特性を、ワイヤ全体に渡って同時に満足できるワイヤを得ることができる。さらに、短スパンボンディングのように良好なループの制御性が要求される結線にも適したワイヤを供することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a bonding wire used for mounting an electrode such as a semiconductor chip and a lead.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In general, noble metals or alloys based on noble metals are superior in oxidation resistance compared to other metals, are easily processed finely, and have little change over time. ing. Examples of the noble metal here include Au, Cu, Al, Pt, and Pd.
[0003]
The manufacturing process of the bonding wire is generally as follows. First, an alloy is prepared so as to have an appropriate component system. The alloy formulation is strictly controlled to determine various properties such as the strength of the final product. Thereafter, the alloy is drawn to obtain a wire having a target wire diameter of, for example, about 30 μm. For wire drawing, a combination of multiple dies with a surface reduction rate of about 3% is combined to 200 m · min. -1 Often done at a moderate speed. The wire immediately after drawing has sufficient strength required as a bonding wire, but almost no elongation at break in the line direction is obtained. Therefore, heat treatment at a temperature of (3/4) Tc or higher is usually applied to the wire just after drawing, and then 100 ° C / min. -1 By cooling at a moderate speed, a product having both strength and elongation at break required as a bonding wire is obtained. Such a heat treatment performed to provide the wire immediately after wire drawing with both the strength required for a bonding wire and elongation at break is hereinafter referred to as heat treatment. Tc is the recrystallization temperature of the wire determined by the main constituent element of the wire, the inevitable impurities contained in the wire, and the type and concentration of the additive element.
[0004]
Conventionally, a wire bonding method using an ultrasonic combined thermocompression method has been adopted as a typical connection method in a semiconductor element. In this bonding method, a wire is passed through a cylindrical jig called a capillary, and a high voltage is applied to the tip of the wire suspended from the tip of the capillary to melt and solidify the tip of the wire into a spherical shape. Then, this spherical part called the initial ball is joined to the electrode on the semiconductor chip while applying ultrasonic waves, and the wire bus part of the wire is guided in a loop shape to the lead for external connection. Are connected to each other, and then a portion unnecessary for connection is cut to connect the electrode on the semiconductor chip and the lead for external connection. The distance between the electrode on the chip and the lead is called a span.
[0005]
If the shape of the loop is not appropriate, the stress near the joint may be damaged by excessive stress concentration. Therefore, in order to keep the loop shape appropriate, the wire is required to ensure good controllability of the loop. Moreover, since the controllability of the loop deteriorates when a winding called wire curl occurs in the wire, avoidance of the wire curl is regarded as important.
[0006]
In addition, the wire is subjected to various stresses at room temperature or at a high temperature after being connected, through resin sealing and before use. Therefore, in the performance required for the bonding wire, it is very important to suppress the deformation of the wire from immediately after the connection through the resin sealing to the use by increasing the strength of the wire. Conventionally, as a method for increasing the strength of the wire, a method of increasing the concentration of the additive element has been the mainstream.
[0007]
The strength of the wire is evaluated by, for example, the breaking stress of the wire portion obtained when the wire is subjected to a tensile test, the amount of wire displacement (wire flow) accompanying resin sealing after connection, and the like. The breaking elongation of the wire is evaluated by, for example, breaking elongation of the wire portion obtained when the wire is subjected to a tensile test. The controllability of the loop is evaluated by, for example, the state of wire damage (such as the length of cracks) in the vicinity of the wire bonding portion on the chip. Wire curl evaluation methods include a method in which a certain length of wire is suspended in the vertical direction and the distance between the most horizontally displaced position of the wire and the line segment connecting both ends of the wire is evaluated. There is.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
With the recent technical trend of high-density mounting in semiconductor devices, so-called thin and long wires that can withstand long span connections of 6 mm or more while having a thin wire diameter of less than 27 μm are being demanded. When the wire is thinned, the cross-sectional area is inevitably reduced, so that it is necessary to increase the strength per unit cross-sectional area. Furthermore, a long wire is required to have higher strength than a conventional wire. Therefore, the strength of wire for thin and long wires is required to be much higher than the strength of conventional wires. For example, 35kgf · mm -2 A high breaking stress as described above is required.
[0009]
Although the conventional method of increasing the concentration of the additive element is effective for increasing the strength of the wire, when the element is added at a high concentration, the strength of the initial ball is the same as that of the wire due to the combined effect between the added elements. As a result, the strength is increased to such a degree that when the initial ball is bonded, there is a problem that chip breakage, which is called chip damage, is likely to occur. As a means of evaluating whether or not chip damage occurs, whether or not cracks are visible by observing the surface of the Si chip by removing electrodes such as Al with a chemical solution after connecting the wire There are things to evaluate in. When the diameter of the wire is about 30 μm as in the conventional case, it is not necessary to add an element at a very high concentration, so that chip damage was not particularly a problem. However, in the case of a wire having a diameter of less than 27 μm as required recently, it is necessary to increase the strength per unit sectional area as described above. At this time, if it is attempted to increase the wire strength by the conventional method of increasing the concentration of the additive element, the element is added at a higher concentration than the conventional method, and there is a concern that chip damage may occur. On the contrary, the necessary wire strength cannot be obtained with a fine wire added with an element at a concentration that can avoid the occurrence of chip damage. As described above, the method of simply increasing the concentration of the additive element has pointed out a limit in increasing the strength of the wire.
[0010]
In recent years, in order to improve the performance of semiconductor packages, packages in which a long span of 6 mm or more and a short span of about 500 μm are mixed have been proposed, and some of them are being put into practical use. In so-called short span bonding such as the latter, since the span is almost the same as the thickness of the chip, the step between the electrode on the chip and the lead becomes steep, and it is difficult to control the loop shape after connection properly. Therefore, the wire is required to have better loop controllability than before.
[0011]
Therefore, in the above-described package in which long and short spans are mixed, a wire having good loop controllability is required in addition to the ability to form an initial ball having high wire strength and appropriate strength. In the conventional wire with the concentration of the additive element increased to increase the strength, the added element may precipitate on the surface of the wire. In connection where controllability of the loop is required, there arises a problem that the loop after connection is disturbed due to friction between surface precipitates and capillaries caused by elements.
[0012]
In view of the above, the object of the present invention was to produce a high wire strength required for a wire that can withstand long connections while having a thin wire diameter of less than 27 μm, which could not be produced only by the conventional method of increasing the concentration of the additive element. Another object of the present invention is to obtain a wire that can simultaneously satisfy the contradictory properties of forming an initial ball having an appropriate strength. Further, another object of the present invention is to provide a wire suitable for connection that requires good loop controllability such as short span bonding.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above problem can be solved by the following means. That is,
(1) A bonding wire for semiconductor mounting, characterized in that an average value of breaking elongation in the linear direction is 1% to 3.5% and a residual resistance ratio is 5 to 40.
(2) The average value of the breaking elongation in the line direction is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, and the dispersion in the distribution of crystal grain size in the cross section with the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal is 0.20 μm 2 A bonding wire for semiconductor mounting, characterized in that:
(3) The average value of elongation at break in the line direction is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more and 40 or less, and the crystal grain size in the cross section with the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal line Dispersion in the distribution is 0.20μm 2 A bonding wire for semiconductor mounting, characterized in that:
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have invented the wire as described above that can solve the above problems. The configuration of the present invention will be described below.
[0015]
First, the reason why the average value of breaking elongation is required to be 1% or more and 3.5% or less is as follows.
[0016]
In general, processing strain is introduced into a wire by wire drawing or heat treatment, and it is known that the processing strain is closely related to mechanical properties such as elongation at break. If the average value of elongation at break is 3.5% or less, the work strain contributes to securing high strength, so 35 kgf -2 The high breaking stress as described above can be obtained, and further, since the processing strain does not remain in the initial ball and the strength of the initial ball can be made appropriate, chip damage can be avoided.
[0017]
If the average value of elongation at break of the wire exceeds 3.5%, 35 kgfmm -2 The above high breaking stress cannot be obtained. However, 35 kgf · mm -2 If an element is added at a high concentration so as to obtain the above high breaking stress, chip damage occurs, which is not preferable. This tendency is particularly remarkable when the wire is thinned so that the wire diameter is less than 27 μm.
[0018]
On the other hand, if the average value of breaking elongation is less than 1%, wire curl may occur over the entire wire, which is not desirable. The reason for this is considered that when the average value of elongation at break is less than 1%, excessive processing strain remains.
[0019]
In other words, for wires with an average breaking elongation of 1% to 3.5%, there is no wire curling and 35 kgf -2 In addition to the high breaking stress as described above, chip damage can also be avoided. However, even with this wire, wire curling may occur locally or the breaking stress may be locally reduced, and it can withstand long connections with a thin wire diameter of less than 27 μm, and short span. It may be difficult to perform connections that require good loop controllability, such as bonding.
[0020]
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that it is not sufficient to improve the average characteristics of the wire in order to solve problems such as the occurrence of local wire curl or the reduction in local breaking stress. As a result of clarifying that it is important to stabilize the wire characteristics over the entire wire, and further investigation, the stability of the wire characteristics over the entire wire is closely related to the dislocation behavior. I found. That is, it has been clarified that if the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more and 40 or less, the wire characteristics can be stabilized over the entire wire.
[0021]
In general, dislocations are considered to be one of the main factors corresponding to crystal irregularities in metal materials and causing processing strain to remain. The inventors of the present invention have confirmed that the residual resistance ratio is a physical quantity reflecting the dislocation concentration in the wire, that is, the dislocation density, and that the dislocation density increases as the residual resistance ratio decreases. This residual resistance ratio (RRR) is the electrical resistivity of the wire at 298K, R 298K And the electrical resistivity of the wire at 4.2K R 4.2K And each
RRR = R 298K / R 4.2K ... (Formula 1)
Given in.
[0022]
If the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more, the occurrence of local wire curl can be prevented, and if the residual resistance ratio is 40 or less, the phenomenon that the breaking stress is locally reduced can be avoided. In other words, if the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more and 40 or less, the local distribution of dislocation density can be homogenized, so that the wire characteristics can be stabilized in any local region, and as a result, the entire wire can be stabilized. No wire curl and 35 kgf · mm -2 The high breaking stress as described above can be stably obtained over the entire wire.
[0023]
The value of the residual resistance ratio can be set to the above range by setting the concentration of the additive elements to 1.5% by mass or less in total, or appropriately adjusting the heat treatment conditions as described later.
[0024]
If the residual resistance ratio is lower than 5 or higher than 40, the local concentration of processing strain, especially the local dislocation density, will vary, and as a result, the wire is locally distributed in the area where the dislocations are dense. This is not preferable because curling occurs or the breaking stress is locally reduced at a portion where dislocations are rough. In particular, when adjusting the residual resistance ratio with the concentration of the additive element, if the concentration of the additive element exceeds 1.5% by mass, for example, the residual resistance ratio falls below 5, but in this case the strength of the initial ball becomes excessive and chip damage occurs. Is liable to occur.
[0025]
Therefore, in a wire having an average value of breaking elongation in the line direction of 1% or more and 3.5% or less and a residual resistance ratio of 5 or more and 40 or less, no wire curl occurs over the entire wire, and 35 kgf・ Mm -2 Since the high breaking stress as described above can be stably obtained over the entire wire, for example, not only the wire flow after resin sealing is reduced, but also the variation over the entire wire can be reduced. Further, since the wire does not require excessive addition of elements for obtaining a high breaking stress, it is possible to avoid the problem of chip damage that may occur with conventional wires.
[0026]
Furthermore, the present inventors have found that the controllability of the loop closely corresponds to the grain size distribution in the cross section having the normal direction of the wire. That is, if the distribution of crystal grain size in the wire varies, the distribution of crystal grain size on the wire surface also varies, and as a result, friction with the capillary increases and loop controllability decreases. If the diameter does not vary, the friction with the capillary can be suppressed, so that good loop controllability can be obtained. The inventors have also revealed that the distribution of crystal grain size can be arranged in a normal distribution. In other words, the present inventors have found that if the distribution of the grain size of the crystal grains in the cross section whose normal is the line direction of the wire is managed based on the normal distribution, good controllability of the loop can be obtained. is there.
[0027]
The average value of the elongation at break in the line direction is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, and the dispersion in the distribution of the crystal grain size in the cross section with the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal is 0.20 μm 2 If it is below, the crystal grain size in the wire does not vary, so that good loop controllability can be obtained. On the other hand, the dispersion in the distribution of crystal grain size in the cross section with the wire direction of the wire bus bar as the normal is 0.20 μm 2 If the value exceeds 1, the controllability of the loop may be lowered, which is not preferable. Incidentally, in a normal wire, the average value of the crystal grain size is about 0.5 to 5% of the wire diameter.
[0028]
Furthermore, the average value of the breaking elongation in the line direction is 1% to 3.5%, the residual resistance ratio is 5 to 40, and the distribution of the crystal grain size in the cross section with the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal line Dispersion at 0.20μm 2 35 kgf ・ mm without wire curl over the entire wire -2 The high breaking stress as described above can be stably obtained over the entire wire, and good controllability of the loop can be obtained. Furthermore, since the wire does not require an excessive addition of an element for obtaining a high breaking stress, it is possible to avoid the problem of chip damage that may occur with conventional wires.
[0029]
The wire composition of the present invention is mainly composed of noble metals. The noble metal here refers to, for example, Au, Pd, Cu, Al, or Pt. These precious metals may contain one or more elements of Ti, Cr, Mn, Zn, Ga, Ge, Zr, Nb, In, Sn, and Sb as inevitable impurity elements. good. As additive elements, the above-mentioned noble metals and Ca, Be, Mg, Sc, Fe, Co, Ni, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Among Tm, Yb, and Lu, one or more elements can be used.
[0030]
The wire whose break elongation average value is 1% or more and 3.5% or less and the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more and 40 or less varies depending on the alloy composition of the wire and the wire diameter, for example, the additive element concentration is 1.5% or less. Above, 350m ・ min by combining multiple dies with an average area reduction of 5% or more -1 More than 500m ・ min -1 The wire is drawn at a speed of less than 5 to 100 m · min in an electric furnace with a soaking zone of 5 to 50 cm and maintained at about 1 atm. -1 It can be manufactured by performing heat treatment at a speed of (1/4) Tc to (2/3) Tc. The value of elongation at break can be optimized mainly by adjusting the heat treatment temperature. The value of the residual resistance ratio can be optimized mainly by adjusting the additive element concentration, the wire drawing speed, and the die area reduction rate.
[0031]
The average value of elongation at break is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, and the dispersion in the distribution of crystal grain size is 0.20μm in the cross section with the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal line 2 The wire below varies depending on the alloy composition and wire diameter of the wire, but the additive element concentration should be 1.5% or less, and the wire just after drawing has a soaking zone of 5 to 50 cm and about 1 atm. 5 to 100m ・ min in a maintained electric furnace -1 At a rate of (1/4) Tc to (2/3) Tc at a speed of 200 ° C / min. -1 It can manufacture by cooling at the above speed. The dispersion in the crystal grain size distribution can be optimized mainly by adjusting the wire cooling rate after the heat treatment.
[0032]
The average value of breaking elongation is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more and 40 or less, and the dispersion in the distribution of the crystal grain size in the cross section with the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal is 0.20 μm 2 The wire below varies depending on the alloy composition and wire diameter of the wire, but the additive element concentration is set to 1.5% or less, and a combination of multiple dies with an average area reduction rate of 5% or more is 350 m -1 More than 500m ・ min -1 The wire is drawn at a speed of less than 5 to 100 m · min in an electric furnace with a soaking zone of 5 to 50 cm and maintained at about 1 atm. -1 At a rate of (1/4) Tc to (2/3) Tc at a speed of 200 ° C / min. -1 It can manufacture by cooling at the above speed.
[0033]
Incidentally, Tc in the case of Au or an alloy mainly composed of Au is approximately 600 ° C. Tc in the case of Pd or an alloy mainly composed of Pd is approximately 800 ° C. Further, Tc in the case of Cu or an alloy mainly composed of Cu is about 500 ° C., and the heat treatment needs to be performed in an inert atmosphere such as He or Ar in order to prevent oxidation during the heat treatment. Furthermore, in the case of Al or an alloy mainly composed of Al, the Tc is approximately 300 ° C., and in order to prevent oxidation and sulfidation during the heat treatment, the heat treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere such as He or Ar in the range of 5 to 60 m · min -1 It is preferable to carry out at the speed of. In the case of Pt or Pt-based alloys, the Tc is approximately 900 ° C, and in order to prevent oxidation and sulfidation during heat treatment, the heat treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere such as He or Ar, 5 to 70 m · min. -1 It is preferable to carry out at the speed of.
[0034]
【Example】
Examples will be described below.
In preparing each sample shown in this example, first, 99.999% by mass of a high-purity noble metal was melted in a vacuum, or an additive element was added to 99.999% by mass of a high-purity noble metal, and then the alloy was vacuum-melted. As a result, alloys having the components shown in Table 1 were obtained. A plurality of dice having a surface area reduction ratio shown in Table 1 were combined, and the alloy was drawn at a speed shown in Table 1 and processed to a length of 1000 m and a wire diameter of 22 μm. Furthermore, the alloy immediately after the wire drawing is 20 m · min at a temperature shown in Table 1 using an electric furnace in an Ar atmosphere having a soaking zone of 20 cm. -1 A bonding wire was obtained by performing heat treatment at a speed of and cooling at a speed shown in Table 1.
[0035]
[Table 1]
[0036]
The breaking elongation and breaking stress of each wire were divided into 10 regions by dividing the entire wire into 10 regions, and 4 10 cm long wires were cut out from each region to make a total of 40 measurement samples. It evaluated by carrying out the tension test. For wire curl evaluation, the entire wire is divided into 10 equal parts and divided into 10 areas, and each 10 cm long wire is cut out from each area to make a total of 40 measurement samples. If the distance between the position where the wire hangs down and is displaced in the most horizontal direction in the wire and the line segment connecting both ends of the wire is 5 mm or less in all samples, it is marked with ○, Even in a book, if it is 5 mm or more, variation occurs and it is indicated by a cross mark as being defective.
[0037]
Residual resistance ratio was divided into 10 areas by dividing the whole wire into 10 parts, and each of the 30cm long wires were cut out from each area to make 40 measurement samples in total, and these samples were 298K and 4.2K. Then, the electric low efficiency R298K and R4.2K at each temperature were calculated from the amount of potential drop and the shape factor generated when a constant current of 1 mA was passed through them, and were calculated using Equation 1. The sample was placed in a cryostat whose temperature can be controlled using a heater and liquid He.
[0038]
When measuring the crystal grain size in the wire cross section, first divide the whole wire into 10 regions and divide the wire into 10 regions, cut out 4 wires each 0.5cm in length from each region, and set the line direction to the normal direction. The wire was subjected to cross-sectional polishing on the surface, and then etched using an etching solution mainly composed of hydrochloric acid to obtain a total of 40 measurement samples. As a method for measuring the crystal grain size, for example, there is a technique using a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, an optical microscope, or the like, but this time, the polished cross section is magnified 1000 times with an optical microscope, Measurement was performed using a counter. In addition, it was confirmed that the same result was obtained even when the same measurement was performed using SEM. In the measurement, evaluation was made by excluding crystal grains having a grain size of 0.1 μm or less.
[0039]
Evaluation after the connection was performed as follows. First, the wire obtained as described above is used in a thermocompression-bonded ball wedge system with an ultrasonic wave between an Al electrode (Al thickness: about 1 μm) on a Si chip and a lead made of Ag alloy 42 alloy. The wires were connected by the wire bonding method. At that time, the span was 6 mm and the number of connections was 200. In particular, since wires mainly composed of Cu or Al are easily oxidized when melted, the initial balls of these wires were produced in an inert gas atmosphere such as He or Ar. Each evaluation shown below was performed using 40 arbitrary wires among the connected wires. Chip damage is evaluated by removing the Al electrode immediately after connection and observing the surface of the Si chip. If a crack is visually recognized, the chip damage is indicated as x. If it is not visually recognized, chip damage does not occur. Each of them is indicated by a circle as good. The evaluation of the strength of the wire was performed by measuring the wire flow after resin sealing, which is an index of flow resistance, and variations thereof. In the former case, the loop is observed from above with a soft X-ray transmission observation device, and even if one loop trajectory is displaced beyond 22 μm from the straight line, the wire flow is judged to be defective and marked with a cross. The wire flow was good if the displacement from the sample was 22 μm or less in any sample, and each was marked with a circle. In the latter case, if the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the wire flow obtained in the same way is 5 μm or more, the variation is remarkable and bad, and it is marked as x, and if it is 3 μm or more and less than 5 μm, the variation is small and good. The mark is marked with a circle, and if it is less than 3 μm, the fluctuation is particularly small and marked with a mark ◎. The loop controllability is evaluated by SEM observation of the vicinity of the wire joint on the chip after connection (magnification is 3000 times). If a crack with a length exceeding 1 μm occurs, the loop controllability is marked as poor. If there is a crack but its length is 1 μm or less, it is regarded as a damage with no particular problem, and the controllability of the loop is good, and if there is no crack, the controllability of the loop is particularly good. And showed each. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0040]
[Table 2]
[0041]
As shown in Examples 1 to 11, the average value of breaking elongation in the linear direction is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, and the wire of the present invention having a residual resistance ratio of 5 or more and 40 or less does not cause chip damage, No wire curl, good loop controllability, little wire flow after resin sealing, 35 kgf · mm -2 The above high breaking stress could be secured stably.
[0042]
Further, as shown in Example 12, the average value of the elongation at break in the line direction is 3.5%, and the dispersion in the distribution of the crystal grain size in the cross section having the line direction of the wire bus bar as the normal is 0.20 μm. 2 With the wire of the present invention, good loop controllability was obtained.
[0043]
Further, as shown in Examples 13 and 14, the average value of the breaking elongation in the line direction is 1% or more and 3.5% or less, the residual resistance ratio is 5 or more and 40 or less, and the wire direction of the wire bus bar is normal. The dispersion in the distribution of crystal grain size in the cross section is 0.20μm 2 In the following wire of the present invention, no chip damage occurred, no wire curl occurred, and since it had a high breaking stress, there was little wire flow after resin sealing, and good loop controllability was obtained.
[0044]
In addition, as shown in Examples 16 to 23, the wire of the present invention has no chip damage, good loop controllability regardless of the type of the precious metal as a main component or the concentration of the additive element, and 35 kgf・ Mm -2 The above high breaking stress was secured.
[0045]
As seen in Example 15, even when the additive element concentration is 1.5% by mass, the wire of the present invention does not cause chip damage, does not cause wire curl, has good loop controllability, 43 kgf · mm -2 The high breaking stress that can be ensured over the entire wire. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 29, the additive element concentration exceeded 1.5 mass%, the residual resistance ratio fell below 5, and chip damage occurred.
[0046]
On the other hand, Comparative Example 24 is 41 kgf · mm -2 This is a wire using the conventional method of increasing the concentration of the additive element in order to obtain the high breaking stress as described above, but since the element was added at a high concentration, the value of the residual resistance ratio was 4, and the strength of the initial ball was also the wire As a result, the chip was damaged when the initial ball was joined. On the other hand, Comparative Example 25 is a conventional fine wire in which an element is added to a concentration that can avoid the occurrence of chip damage, but the required wire strength could not be obtained.
[0047]
As in Comparative Example 26, when the average value of elongation at break was less than 0.5%, wire curling occurred.
[0048]
As in Comparative Examples 27 and 28, even when the breaking elongation was 2.5%, the wire characteristics were not stable unless the residual resistance ratio and the dispersion of the crystal grain size were appropriate.
[0049]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, a high wire required for a wire that can withstand a long connection while having a thin wire diameter of less than 27 μm, which could not be manufactured only by the conventional method of increasing the concentration of the additive element. It is possible to obtain a wire that can simultaneously satisfy the conflicting characteristics of strength and the ability to form an initial ball having appropriate strength over the entire wire. Furthermore, it is possible to provide a wire suitable for connection that requires good loop controllability such as short span bonding.
Claims (3)
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| JP2000122138A JP4260337B2 (en) | 2000-04-24 | 2000-04-24 | Bonding wire for semiconductor mounting |
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| JP5053456B1 (en) * | 2011-12-28 | 2012-10-17 | 田中電子工業株式会社 | High purity copper wire for semiconductor device connection |
| EP2822029B1 (en) | 2012-02-27 | 2024-12-18 | Nippon Micrometal Corporation | Bonding wire |
| EP2703116B1 (en) * | 2012-09-04 | 2017-03-22 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Method for manufacturing a silver alloy wire for bonding applications |
| CN118150618B (en) * | 2024-03-01 | 2024-10-29 | 科城精铜(广州)有限公司 | Method for judging residual resistivity of copper wire |
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