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JP4277327B2 - Air zinc battery - Google Patents
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JP4277327B2 - Air zinc battery - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP4277327B2
JP4277327B2 JP16491298A JP16491298A JP4277327B2 JP 4277327 B2 JP4277327 B2 JP 4277327B2 JP 16491298 A JP16491298 A JP 16491298A JP 16491298 A JP16491298 A JP 16491298A JP 4277327 B2 JP4277327 B2 JP 4277327B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
air
battery
carbon dioxide
zinc
electrode
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JP16491298A
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JP2000003735A (en
Inventor
則雅 高橋
研一 仲津
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Panasonic Corp
Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Panasonic Corp
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は亜鉛負極と、酸素を活物質とする空気極からなる空気亜鉛電池に関するものであり、詳しくは、空気極に二酸化炭素吸収剤を添加した空気亜鉛電池に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
空気亜鉛電池は、正極活物質として空気中の酸素を、負極活物質として亜鉛をそれぞれ用いた電池である。
【0003】
この空気亜鉛電池は正極活物質として空気中の酸素を用いるため、他電池と比べエネルギー密度が大幅に高くなる特徴を有している。しかし、使用を開始した状態での保存性が低いため、その主たる用途としては補聴器、ページャーなど連続に使用する用途に限定されている。近年、機器の携帯化が進む中、ますます小型で軽い電池への要求は高く、空気亜鉛電池にとってこの特性の改良が重要なポイントとなってきている。図2にボタン形空気亜鉛電池の構成を示す。図に示すように負極2を封口板1に収納し、ガスケット3を介して正極ケース8を封口している。セパレータ4は空気極5と亜鉛を主成分とする負極2を隔離している。空気極5には撥水膜6が接し、空気拡散紙7を介して空気孔8aを設けた正極ケース8に接している。尚、使用するまでは空気孔8aはシール紙9でシールされており、空気極5中に空気が取り入れられることはない。
【0004】
撥水膜6は、空気中の酸素を電池内部へ供給するのをコントロールするとともに、電解液が電池外部へ漏出するのを防止する。また、空気拡散紙7は、空気中の酸素の電池内部への均一な供給を行う。
【0005】
空気亜鉛電池は、電池を使用する時にシール紙9を剥がす。これにより空気孔8aが開き、酸素が供給され、起電反応が生じ、初めて使用可能となる。しかし、シール紙9を剥がし開封状態にすると空気極を通じて電解液中の水分が外部へ散逸、蒸発するため、次第に電池性能が低下する。これを抑止するため電解液の濃度が外気と平衡になるよう種々の提案がなされている。然し、使用に伴い空気孔8aを通し二酸化炭素が電池内に侵入し、電解液と反応して平衡バランスが崩れてしまう。このため、電解液中の水分が蒸発し、電池性能が低下する。標準的な空気亜鉛電池の場合、軽負荷で放電するような使用条件であっても使用開始から約2〜4カ月経過すると、電池内に侵入した二酸化炭素と電解液である水酸化カリウムとが反応してしまい、放電電圧が低下し使用できなくなることがある。空気極に貼付されたシールが開封した状態にて放置し、劣化した電池を分解すると空気孔8aと対向する空気極面5a部に炭酸塩が析出している。この炭酸塩を取り除いた後、再度電池を組み立てると、放電が可能となる。すなわち、電池劣化の主たる原因は電解液の完全なる劣化ではなく、空気が透過する部位にて電解液と二酸化炭素とが反応してしまう。その結果反応生成物である炭酸塩が偏析し、電池内部での空気拡散が疎外されることによると推定できる。
【0006】
従来、二酸化炭素の影響を低減する方法として、主として以下の方法が検討されてきた。すなわち、二酸化炭素の侵入を防止するために透気度を低減させる方法と、侵入した二酸化炭素を吸収する方法である。前者の方法の具体例としては、撥水膜の細孔径を小さくする手法や、空気孔の孔径および空気孔数を低減する手法が提案されており、後者の方法の具体例としては、空気極と正極ケース間に二酸化炭素吸収剤を配する手法や空気極と正極ケースとの間に表面層に細孔を有する樹脂フィルムと内面層に二酸化炭素吸収剤を含浸した多孔体からなる二酸化炭素吸収体を配する手法が提案されている。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記の各方法では、それぞれ以下に示す問題があった。
【0008】
前者の方法では、二酸化炭素の影響が低減されるが、同時に放電に必要となる酸素の電池内への供給量も低下し、高負荷放電で十分な放電性能が得られないという問題点があった。
【0009】
後者の方法では、有効な二酸化炭素吸収剤が液体又は潮解性物質であるために実際の電池に使用すると空気孔から二酸化炭素吸収剤が漏出しやすいことに加え、空気の通過孔であるフィルムの細孔をメニスカスにより塞いでしまい、高負荷放電で十分な放電性能が得られないという問題点があった。
【0010】
本発明は、上記従来の問題点を解決するもので、二酸化炭素の影響による性能低下を低減し長期使用が可能な空気亜鉛電池を提供することを目的とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
この目的を達成するために本発明の空気亜鉛電池は、空気極に二酸化炭素吸収剤を添加するものであり、好ましくは空気極の主成分である金属酸化物、黒鉛、フッ素系結着剤を混合した後、二酸化炭素吸収剤を添加した空気極を用いたものである。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の請求項1に記載の発明は、亜鉛負極と、金属酸化物、黒鉛、活性炭、フッ素系結着剤を主成分とする正極材料を金属メッシュに充填した空気極を備えてなる空気亜鉛電池であって、該負極に二酸化炭素吸収剤を添加したものである

【0013】
上記構成によって、従来電池に比べ飛躍的に開封状態での保存特性が向上する理由を以下に述べる。
【0014】
従来の構成であれば、空気孔を通過した二酸化炭素が空気孔8aと対向する空気極の5a部で電解液である水酸化カリウムと反応し、5a部で電解液濃度が低下する。5a部電解液の平衡蒸気圧が高くなり、水分が局所的に蒸発しやすくなる。この結果、炭酸塩が析出し空気拡散を疎外するため放電不能となる。
【0015】
しかしながら、上記構成であれば、空気孔8aを通して侵入してきた二酸化炭素は二酸化炭素吸収剤に吸収されるため、電解液の低下を抑止できることとなり、開封状態での保存特性のすぐれた空気亜鉛電池を得ることが可能となる。
【0016】
【実施例】
以下に、本発明の一実施例を図面を参照しながら説明する。
【0017】
本実施例におけるボタン形空気亜鉛電池の空気極を図1に示す。従来の構成と異なるのは、二酸化炭素吸収剤10としてカルシウムの無機化合物が空気極全体に添加されている点である。添加の方法は次のように行う。まず、金属酸化物、黒鉛、活性炭、フッ素系結着剤を水または有機溶剤を用い、充分に混練する。その後、カルシウムの無機化合物を添加し分散を行う。
【0018】
最後にカルシウムの無機化合物を添加する理由は、これら二酸化炭素吸収剤は電解液に溶解した形でもっともその効果を発揮するため、フッ素系結着剤と同時に混練される際、表面に撥水層が形成されるのを防止するためである。
【0019】
本実施例では、金属酸化物としてマンガン酸化物を、黒鉛としてケッチェンブラックを、活性炭として椰子ガラ活性炭を、フッ素系結着剤としてPTFEを、二酸化炭素吸収剤として酸化カルシウムを用いた。
【0020】
次に、空気電池PR2330(直径23.2mm、高さ3.0mm、公称電圧1.4V、公称電気容量960mAh)を用い、本実施例の電池A及び酸化カルシウムを他の空気極材料と同時に混練した電池B、酸化カルシウムを用いていない従来電池Cをそれぞれ70個ずつ作成し、開封保存試験を実施した。その結果を(表1)に示す。
【0021】
なお、開封保存条件は日本の平均的環境である20℃60%R.H.の雰囲気のもと、空気孔8aを環境に暴露するよう放置する(正極側を上向き)状態で行った。また、表中には、それぞれの保存後に標準負荷;620Ω(終止電圧;1.0V)で10個ずつ放電し、開封直後の容量に対する維持率(%)を平均値で示した。
【0022】
【表1】

Figure 0004277327
【0023】
(表1)より明らかなように、電池Cでは2カ月保存後より容量の低下が著しく、4カ月後には全く放電しなくなった。電池B及び電池Aでは6カ月後でも開封直後の60%の容量を維持している。実際に4カ月保存後にそれぞれの電池を分解し、空気極5の様子を観察すると、前述したように電池Cでは5a部に炭酸塩が多量に析出していた。また、電池Bでは炭酸塩が電池C程ではないが5a部で析出が確認された。一方、電池Aでは5a部での炭酸塩析出はほとんど見られず、その代わりに空気極の内部全体で細かい炭酸カルシウムの結晶が確認された。
【0024】
次に、電池A及びBについて、同様の保存条件で保存後、PR2330の最大負荷である125Ω(終止電圧1.0V)で放電した。その結果を(表2)に示す。
【0025】
なお、表中の数字は(表1)と同様、開封直後125Ωで放電したときの容量に対する維持率(%)で示した。
【0026】
【表2】
Figure 0004277327
【0027】
(表2)から明らかなように6カ月保存後でも電池Aでは620Ω負荷時とほとんど変わらない維持率を示したが、電池Bでは保存期間が長くなるに従い、維持率は大きく低下した。
【0028】
この理由は、電池Bでは酸化カルシウム表面にPTFE被膜が一部形成され、二酸化炭素吸収能が電池Aに対し低下しているためと推察される。前述の分解結果で電池Bでは5a部で炭酸塩が確認されていることから、酸素の拡散が疎外され、高負荷な条件では放電性能が低下したものと考えられる。
【0029】
電池Aにおいても、保存期間とともに維持率が低下する理由は二酸化炭素吸収反応が酸化カルシウムと電解液の競争反応となるためと推定できる。
【0030】
なお、本実施例では二酸化炭素吸収剤として酸化カルシウムを用いたが、ヨウ化カルシウム、塩化カルシウム、硝酸カルシウムなど水に可溶なカルシウムの無機化合物であれば同様の効果が得られた。
【0031】
【発明の効果】
以上の実施例の説明から明らかなように本発明によれば、空気孔8aを通して酸素とともに侵入してくる二酸化炭素が空気極中に分散した二酸化炭素吸収剤により吸収されることで空気極5の空気孔8aと対向する5a部での炭酸塩の偏析が抑制され、結果的に開封保存特性の優れた空気亜鉛電池を得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本実施例におけるボタン形空気電池の空気極の構成を示す断面図
【図2】ボタン形空気電池の構成を示す部分断面図
【符号の説明】
1 封口板
2 負極
3 ガスケット
4 セパレータ
5 空気極
6 撥水膜
7 拡散紙
8 正極ケース
8a 空気孔
9 シール紙
10 二酸化炭素吸収剤[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an air zinc battery comprising a zinc negative electrode and an air electrode using oxygen as an active material, and more particularly to an air zinc battery in which a carbon dioxide absorbent is added to the air electrode.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The air zinc battery is a battery using oxygen in the air as the positive electrode active material and zinc as the negative electrode active material.
[0003]
Since the air zinc battery uses oxygen in the air as the positive electrode active material, it has a feature that the energy density is significantly higher than that of other batteries. However, since the storability is low in the state of starting use, its main application is limited to applications that are used continuously, such as hearing aids and pagers. In recent years, with the progress of portability of devices, the demand for increasingly smaller and lighter batteries is high, and improvement of this characteristic has become an important point for zinc-air batteries. FIG. 2 shows the configuration of the button-type zinc-air battery. As shown in the figure, the negative electrode 2 is accommodated in the sealing plate 1, and the positive electrode case 8 is sealed via the gasket 3. The separator 4 isolates the air electrode 5 and the negative electrode 2 mainly composed of zinc. A water repellent film 6 is in contact with the air electrode 5, and is in contact with a positive electrode case 8 provided with an air hole 8 a through an air diffusion paper 7. Until use, the air hole 8a is sealed with the seal paper 9, and air is not taken into the air electrode 5.
[0004]
The water repellent film 6 controls the supply of oxygen in the air to the inside of the battery and prevents the electrolyte from leaking out of the battery. The air diffusion paper 7 uniformly supplies oxygen in the air into the battery.
[0005]
The zinc-air battery peels off the sticker paper 9 when using the battery. As a result, the air hole 8a is opened, oxygen is supplied, an electromotive reaction occurs, and it can be used for the first time. However, when the sealing paper 9 is peeled off and opened, moisture in the electrolyte solution is dissipated and evaporated to the outside through the air electrode, so that the battery performance gradually decreases. In order to suppress this, various proposals have been made so that the concentration of the electrolytic solution is in equilibrium with the outside air. However, with use, carbon dioxide enters the battery through the air holes 8a, reacts with the electrolyte, and the equilibrium balance is lost. For this reason, the water | moisture content in electrolyte solution evaporates and battery performance falls. In the case of a standard zinc-air battery, carbon dioxide that has entered the battery and potassium hydroxide, which is the electrolyte, are removed after about 2 to 4 months from the start of use even under conditions of discharge under light load. It may react, and the discharge voltage may be lowered, making it unusable. When the seal attached to the air electrode is left open and the deteriorated battery is disassembled, carbonate is deposited on the part of the air electrode surface 5a facing the air hole 8a. After removing this carbonate, the battery can be reassembled and discharged. That is, the main cause of battery deterioration is not complete deterioration of the electrolytic solution, but the electrolytic solution and carbon dioxide react at a portion where air permeates. As a result, it can be estimated that the carbonate which is a reaction product is segregated and air diffusion inside the battery is excluded.
[0006]
Conventionally, the following methods have been mainly studied as a method for reducing the influence of carbon dioxide. That is, there are a method of reducing the air permeability in order to prevent the intrusion of carbon dioxide and a method of absorbing the invading carbon dioxide. As a specific example of the former method, a method of reducing the pore diameter of the water repellent film and a method of reducing the pore diameter and the number of air holes have been proposed. As a specific example of the latter method, an air electrode Carbon dioxide absorption consisting of a method in which a carbon dioxide absorbent is disposed between the cathode and the positive electrode case, a resin film having pores in the surface layer between the air electrode and the positive electrode case, and a porous body in which the inner surface layer is impregnated with the carbon dioxide absorbent Techniques for arranging the body have been proposed.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, each of the above methods has the following problems.
[0008]
In the former method, the influence of carbon dioxide is reduced, but at the same time, the supply amount of oxygen necessary for discharge into the battery is also reduced, and sufficient discharge performance cannot be obtained at high load discharge. It was.
[0009]
In the latter method, since the effective carbon dioxide absorbent is a liquid or a deliquescent material, the carbon dioxide absorbent is likely to leak from the air holes when used in an actual battery, and in addition, the film that is the air passage hole is used. There was a problem that the pores were blocked with a meniscus, and sufficient discharge performance could not be obtained with high load discharge.
[0010]
The present invention solves the above-mentioned conventional problems, and an object thereof is to provide a zinc-air battery that can be used for a long period of time by reducing performance degradation due to the influence of carbon dioxide.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve this object, the air zinc battery of the present invention is obtained by adding a carbon dioxide absorbent to the air electrode, and preferably contains a metal oxide, graphite, and a fluorine-based binder as the main components of the air electrode. After mixing, an air electrode to which a carbon dioxide absorbent is added is used.
[0012]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention according to claim 1 of the present invention includes a zinc negative electrode and an air zinc comprising an air electrode in which a metal mesh is filled with a positive electrode material mainly composed of metal oxide, graphite, activated carbon, and a fluorine-based binder. A battery in which a carbon dioxide absorbent is added to the negative electrode.
[0013]
The reason why the above-described configuration improves storage characteristics in an unsealed state as compared with the conventional battery will be described below.
[0014]
If it is a conventional structure, the carbon dioxide which passed the air hole will react with the potassium hydroxide which is electrolyte solution in 5a part of the air electrode facing the air hole 8a, and electrolyte solution concentration will fall in 5a part. The equilibrium vapor pressure of 5a part electrolyte solution becomes high, and water | moisture content becomes easy to evaporate locally. As a result, carbonate is deposited, and air diffusion is excluded, so that discharge becomes impossible.
[0015]
However, with the above configuration, since carbon dioxide that has entered through the air holes 8a is absorbed by the carbon dioxide absorbent, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the electrolyte solution, and an air zinc battery with excellent storage characteristics in the opened state can be obtained. Can be obtained.
[0016]
【Example】
An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
[0017]
The air electrode of the button-type zinc-air battery in this example is shown in FIG. The difference from the conventional configuration is that an inorganic compound of calcium is added to the entire air electrode as the carbon dioxide absorbent 10. The addition method is performed as follows. First, metal oxide, graphite, activated carbon, and a fluorine-based binder are sufficiently kneaded using water or an organic solvent. Thereafter, an inorganic compound of calcium is added and dispersed.
[0018]
Finally, the reason why calcium inorganic compounds are added is that these carbon dioxide absorbents are most effective when dissolved in an electrolyte solution, so when they are kneaded simultaneously with a fluorine-based binder, a water repellent layer is formed on the surface. This is to prevent the formation of.
[0019]
In this example, manganese oxide was used as a metal oxide, ketjen black was used as graphite, coconut glass activated carbon was used as activated carbon, PTFE was used as a fluorine-based binder, and calcium oxide was used as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
[0020]
Next, using the air battery PR2330 (diameter 23.2 mm, height 3.0 mm, nominal voltage 1.4 V, nominal electric capacity 960 mAh), the battery A and calcium oxide of this example were kneaded simultaneously with other air electrode materials. 70 batteries B and 70 conventional batteries C not using calcium oxide were prepared, respectively, and an open storage test was conducted. The results are shown in (Table 1).
[0021]
The opening storage conditions are 20 ° C. 60% R.D. H. Under the atmosphere, the air hole 8a was left to be exposed to the environment (positive electrode side facing upward). Further, in the table, 10 pieces were discharged at a standard load of 620Ω (end voltage: 1.0 V) after each storage, and the maintenance ratio (%) with respect to the capacity immediately after opening was shown as an average value.
[0022]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004277327
[0023]
As is clear from (Table 1), the capacity of the battery C significantly decreased after storage for 2 months, and no discharge occurred after 4 months. In Battery B and Battery A, the capacity of 60% immediately after opening is maintained even after 6 months. When the batteries were actually disassembled after storage for 4 months and the state of the air electrode 5 was observed, a large amount of carbonate was deposited in the portion 5a of the battery C as described above. In Battery B, although the carbonate was not as much as in Battery C, precipitation was confirmed at 5a. On the other hand, in the battery A, almost no carbonate precipitation was observed at the portion 5a, and fine calcium carbonate crystals were confirmed throughout the air electrode instead.
[0024]
Next, after storing the batteries A and B under the same storage conditions, the batteries A and B were discharged at 125Ω (end voltage 1.0 V) which is the maximum load of PR2330. The results are shown in (Table 2).
[0025]
In addition, the numbers in the table are shown by the maintenance ratio (%) with respect to the capacity when discharged at 125Ω immediately after opening, as in (Table 1).
[0026]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004277327
[0027]
As apparent from (Table 2), even after storage for 6 months, battery A showed a maintenance rate that was almost the same as when 620Ω was loaded, but with battery B, the maintenance rate decreased significantly as the storage period increased.
[0028]
This is presumably because, in Battery B, a part of the PTFE film was formed on the calcium oxide surface, and the carbon dioxide absorption capacity was lower than that of Battery A. As a result of the above decomposition, in Battery B, carbonate was confirmed in part 5a, so that it was considered that the oxygen diffusion was excluded and the discharge performance deteriorated under high load conditions.
[0029]
Also in the battery A, it can be presumed that the reason why the maintenance ratio decreases with the storage period is that the carbon dioxide absorption reaction is a competitive reaction between calcium oxide and the electrolytic solution.
[0030]
In this example, calcium oxide was used as the carbon dioxide absorbent, but the same effect was obtained if it was an inorganic compound of calcium soluble in water such as calcium iodide, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate.
[0031]
【The invention's effect】
As is apparent from the above description of the embodiment, according to the present invention, carbon dioxide that enters along with oxygen through the air hole 8a is absorbed by the carbon dioxide absorbent dispersed in the air electrode, whereby the air electrode 5 The segregation of carbonate at the portion 5a facing the air hole 8a is suppressed, and as a result, an air zinc battery having excellent opening and storage characteristics can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of an air electrode of a button-type air battery in this embodiment. FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the structure of a button-type air battery.
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Sealing plate 2 Negative electrode 3 Gasket 4 Separator 5 Air electrode 6 Water-repellent film 7 Diffusion paper 8 Positive electrode case 8a Air hole 9 Seal paper 10 Carbon dioxide absorbent

Claims (3)

亜鉛負極と、金属酸化物、黒鉛、活性炭、フッ素系結着剤を主成分とする正極材料を金属メッシュに充填した空気極とを備えてなる空気亜鉛電池であって、該空気極に二酸化炭素吸収剤を添加したことを特徴とする空気亜鉛電池。An air zinc battery comprising a zinc negative electrode and an air electrode filled with a metal mesh with a positive electrode material mainly composed of metal oxide, graphite, activated carbon, and a fluorine-based binder, and carbon dioxide is provided in the air electrode. A zinc-air battery characterized in that an absorbent is added. 該空気極は、金属酸化物、黒鉛、活性炭、フッ素系結着剤を混合した後、二酸化炭素吸収剤を添加した請求項1記載の空気亜鉛電池。The air zinc battery according to claim 1, wherein the air electrode is mixed with a metal oxide, graphite, activated carbon, and a fluorine-based binder, and then added with a carbon dioxide absorbent. 該二酸化炭素吸収剤にカルシウムを含む無機化合物を用いた請求項1記載の空気亜鉛電池。The zinc-air battery according to claim 1, wherein an inorganic compound containing calcium is used as the carbon dioxide absorbent.
JP16491298A 1998-06-12 1998-06-12 Air zinc battery Expired - Fee Related JP4277327B2 (en)

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JP5207407B2 (en) 2008-02-18 2013-06-12 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 Air electrode
CN113454822A (en) * 2018-12-14 2021-09-28 劲量品牌有限责任公司 Zinc-air electrochemical cell with carbon dioxide scavenger
CN113013422A (en) * 2021-03-05 2021-06-22 蔚蓝(广东)新能源科技有限公司 Can adsorb CO2Metal-air battery positive electrode film and its preparing method
WO2023128292A1 (en) * 2021-12-31 2023-07-06 주식회사 카본에너지 Method, apparatus and system for capturing carbon by using fuel cell

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