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JP4280039B2 - High toughness non-tempered steel forgings - Google Patents
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JP4280039B2 - High toughness non-tempered steel forgings - Google Patents

High toughness non-tempered steel forgings Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4280039B2
JP4280039B2 JP2002238384A JP2002238384A JP4280039B2 JP 4280039 B2 JP4280039 B2 JP 4280039B2 JP 2002238384 A JP2002238384 A JP 2002238384A JP 2002238384 A JP2002238384 A JP 2002238384A JP 4280039 B2 JP4280039 B2 JP 4280039B2
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steel
less
forging
toughness
area ratio
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JP2004076104A (en
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弘 井戸尻
吾郎 阿南
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Kobe Steel Ltd
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Kobe Steel Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、高い機械的強度を有する鋼鍛造品において、調質工程を経ずとも高レベルの靭性を示し、かつ被削性にも優れた高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品と、その様な鋼鍛造品を、調質処理を施すことなく温間鍛造ままで得るのに有用な方法に関するものである。尚、本発明に係る高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品は、自動車、造船、産業機械等の様々な分野で使用されるが、以下では、代表的な用途例として機械構造用鋼部品に用いる場合を中心に説明を進める。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
自動車、造船、産業機械等の分野で用いられるシャフト類、歯車類、またはステアリングラック類等の機械構造用鋼部品は、厳しい使用環境下での疲労に耐え得るよう、特性として高強度かつ高靭性であることが要求される。従来より、強度および靭性の両特性を高めた機械構造用鋼部品を製造する方法として、熱間圧延後や温間鍛造後に調質処理(焼入れ焼戻し処理)を行い、引抜切削等の後で、高周波焼入れ処理等行う方法が採用されてきた。
【0003】
しかし近年では、省エネルギーやコストダウンを目的に、温間鍛造後の調質処理を省略し、温間鍛造ままで高強度かつ高靭性の鍛造品を得るべく、非調質鋼の開発研究が進められ、数多くの方法が提案されている。例えば、特開平10−195530号には、通常行われる熱間鍛造時の鍛造温度よりも低い温度域で鍛造を行うことによって、鍛造用鋼の金属組織をより微細化し靭性を高めることが示されている。しかしながらこの方法では、通常行われている熱間鍛造よりも低温域で鍛造を行っているものの、該温度域での鍛造では、靭性向上に寄与するフェライト面積率の増加に限界があるため、シャルピー衝撃試験値:100J/cm2以上の優れた靭性を達成することは困難である。また上記方法では、一旦950℃以上に加熱してから冷却し、所定の温度域まで温度が低下したのち鍛造する必要があるため、加熱によるエネルギーロスが生じ、かつ一旦高温とするのでスケールが大量に発生し、得られる鋼鍛造品の寸法精度に悪影響を及ぼすといった問題も懸念される。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明はこの様な事情に鑑みてなされたものであって、その目的は、高レベルの機械的強度に加えて、調質工程を経ずとも優れた靭性を有し、更には被削性にも優れた鋼鍛造品を提供し、併せてその様な鋼鍛造品を、調質処理を施すことなく温間鍛造ままで得るのに有用な方法を提供することにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明に係る高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品は、C、Si、MnおよびVを含み、かつGf粒度番号がNo.11以上でフェライト面積率f(%)が下記式(1)を満たすところに特徴を有する。
【0006】
{1−1.5[C]}×100≦ f(%) …(1)
{式中、[C]は鋼鍛造品中の炭素濃度(質量%)を示し、fはフェライト面積率(%)を示す}
本発明では、上記要件を満たす限り、従来材に比べて著しく優れた靭性を示すものとなるが、該要件を満足させるには、化学成分組成として、C:0.30〜0.60%、Si:0.1〜1.5%、Mn:0.30〜2.0%、V:0.05〜0.50%、Cr:1.0%以下(0%を含まない)を満たすよう成分調整することが推奨される。Vと同様の効果を有するNb:0.06%以下(0%を含まない)を含有させてもよい。また、鋼鍛造品の表面硬さを確保するため、該鋼鍛造品に高周波焼入れ等の表面硬化処理を施す場合は、B:0.02%以下(0%を含まない)を添加することが有効であり、更に、例えば本発明の鋼鍛造品に切削加工を加える場合には、被削性を高めるため、Bi:0.3%以下(0%を含まない)、Pb:0.3%以下(0%を含まない)、およびCa:0.1%以下(0%を含まない)よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含有させることが有効である。
【0007】
また本発明の鋼鍛造品は、高強度かつ高靭性であるところに特徴を有しているが、それらの基準としては、シャルピー衝撃試験値[直径の1/4部位が歯車の歯底となるよう切り出した試料で作製したUノッチ試験片(JIS Z 2202)を用いて、JIS Z 2242の方法に基づき、20℃で試験を行ったもの]が、100J/cm2以上で、ビッカース硬さ(直径の1/4部位から採取した試料を用い、JIS Z 2244の方法に基づき、荷重:10kgの条件で測定したもの)がHv200以上を満足するものが望ましい。
【0008】
本発明の更に他の構成は、上記鋼鍛造品を製造するのに有用な方法を規定するもので、圧延材を、Ac1点±50℃の範囲内の温度で鍛造するところに特徴を有する。
【0009】
尚、前記Gf粒度番号とは、JIS G 0551「鋼のオーステナイト結晶粒度試験方法」に記載の「徐冷法」に基づき、鋼材のオーステナイト結晶粒度番号を測定したものである。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明者らは、前述した様な状況の下で、調質処理を施すことなく靭性に著しく優れた鋼鍛造品を得る方法について様々な角度から検討を行った。その結果、鍛造後の金属組織を微細パーライト組織とし、かつフェライト面積率を適切に制御すれば、靭性を著しく向上させ得ることが分かった。具体的には、Gf粒度番号とフェライト面積率の双方を適切に制御すればよいことを見出し、本発明に想到した。
【0011】
まず本発明者らは、後述する実施例に示す通り、化学成分組成と製造時の鍛造温度を変化させて、フェライト面積率の異なる複数の試料を製造し、各試料を用いてシャルピー衝撃試験(試験条件は、後述の実施例に示す通り)を行った。その結果を、炭素含有量、フェライト面積率およびシャルピー衝撃試験値の関係として図1に示す。
【0012】
図1から明らかな様に、鋼中の炭素含有量とフェライト面積率との関係が、図1に示す斜線より上部側(斜線含む)となるもの、即ち、鋼中の炭素量に応じてフェライト面積率が下記式(1)を満たすものは、ほとんどがシャルピー衝撃試験値100J/cm2以上を達成し、優れた靭性を確保できることがわかる。
【0013】
{1−1.5[C]}×100≦ f(%) …(1)
{式中、[C]は鋼鍛造品中の炭素濃度(質量%)を示し、fはフェライト面積率(%)を示す}
次に本発明者らは、フェライト面積率が上記式(1)を満たすもので、かつGf粒度番号の異なる種々の試料を使用し、シャルピー衝撃試験によって衝撃値を測定した。その結果を、Gf粒度番号とシャルピー衝撃試験値の関係として図2に示す。
【0014】
図2によっても確認できる様に、炭素含有量とフェライト面積率が上記式(1)を満足するもので、かつGf粒度番号が11以上を満たすものは、衝撃値100J/cm2以上という卓越した靭性を有していることがわかる。
【0015】
即ち、これら図1および図2に示される結果から、本発明者らは、シャルピー衝撃試験値が100J/cm2以上の非常に優れた靭性を達成するには、フェライト面積率を上記式(1)を満たす範囲内とし、かつGf粒度番号を11以上とすればよいことを見出した。
【0016】
尚、フェライト面積率の好ましい下限は、{1−1.4[C]}×100(%)である。
【0017】
また前記フェライト面積率の上限は、靭性向上の観点から特に規定されるものではないが、高レベルの機械的強度が要求される場合には、フェライト面積率fが{1−1.02[C]}×100(%)以下{[C]は鋼鍛造品中の炭素濃度(質量%)を示す}となるように制御することが推奨される。
【0018】
更に、図2から明らかな様に、Gf粒度番号が大きくなるほどシャルピー衝撃試験値は著しく高くなるので、より高レベルの靭性が求められる場合には、Gf粒度番号を12以上とするのが好ましい。
【0019】
本発明では、C、Si、MnおよびVを含有する鋼材を用い、上記の様な金属組織とすれば、Hv200以上といった高い機械的強度を示す鋼鍛造品であっても、優れた靭性を確保し得るのであり、その他の要件については厳密に規定されるものではないが、上記金属組織を有する鋼鍛造品を効率よく得るには、鋼材の化学成分を下記の範囲内に制御し、またその製造方法として下記の方法を採用することが推奨される。
【0020】
<化学成分>
C:0.30〜0.60%
C(炭素)は、強度や靭性等の様々な特性に影響を及ぼす基本的元素であり、靭性向上という観点からするとC含有量は少ない方が好ましいが、鍛造品としての強度を確保するには、ある程度のCを含有させる必要がある。また、C含有量が少なすぎると、例えば鋼鍛造品に高周波焼入れを行ったとしても、所望の表面硬さを確保することができず、ステアリングラック等としての適性を欠くものとなる。従って、C量は0.30%以上とするのがよく、より好ましくは0.35%以上である。一方、C量が過剰になると、例えば本発明の鋼鍛造品を切削加工して最終製品形状とする際の被削性が低下し、また、前記高周波焼入れを行う際の焼割れ感受性が高くなるので好ましくない。従って、C量の好ましい上限は0.60%とする。より好ましくは0.50%以下である。
【0021】
Si:0.1〜1.5%
Siは、鋼の脱酸剤およびフェライト形成元素として有効であり、この様な効果を十分に発揮させるには、0.1%以上添加させるのがよく、より好ましくは0.2%以上である。一方、Si含有量が1.5%を超えると、前記脱酸効果は飽和し、被削性に悪影響を及ぼす傾向が生じてくるので、好ましい上限を1.5%とした。より好ましくは1.0%以下である。
【0022】
Mn:0.30〜2.0%
Mnは、強度向上元素として作用し、かつ焼入れ性を高める上でも有効な元素であるので0.30%以上、好ましくは0.8%以上含有させることが推奨される。但し、Mn含有量が過剰になると、前述したように、例えば高周波焼入れ時の焼割れ感受性が高まり、かつ被削性を低下させる原因ともなるので、2.0%以下に抑えるのがよい。好ましくは1.5%以下である。
【0023】
V:0.05〜0.50%
Vは、結晶粒を微細化して靭性を向上させるのに有効な元素であることから、0.05%以上、好ましくは0.10%以上添加するのがよい。一方、過剰の添加は、熱間加工性や被削性を低下させる原因になるので、0.50%以下に抑えるのがよく、より好ましくは0.30%以下である。
【0024】
Cr:1.0%以下(0%を含まない)
Crは、強度を確保しつつ、かつ焼入れ性を高めるのに有効な元素であることから0.05%以上、好ましくは0.10%以上含有させるのがよい。しかし過剰に添加しても前記効果は飽和し、むしろ被削性に与える悪影響が顕著に現れてくるので、1.0%以下に抑えるのがよく、より好ましくは0.5%以下である。
【0025】
Nb:0.06%以下(0%を含まない)
Nbは、上記Vと同様に結晶粒を微細化して靭性の向上に寄与する有効な元素であり、0.01%以上添加することが推奨され、より好ましくは0.02%以上である。しかし過剰に添加すると、上記効果は飽和し、むしろ被削性の低下が顕著となるので、上限は0.06%とするのがよい。より好ましくは0.04%以下である。
【0026】
B:0.02%以下(0%を含まない)
Bは、焼入れ性を確保するのに有用な元素であり、この様な効果を有効に発揮させるには0.0005%以上、より好ましくは0.0010%以上添加するのがよい。しかし、過剰に添加しても前記効果は飽和するだけで、熱間加工性を低下させる原因になるので、その添加量は上限を0.02%とするのがよく、より好ましくは0.01%以下である。
【0027】
Bi:0.3%以下、Pb:0.3%以下、Ca:0.1%以下(いずれも0%を含まない)よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種
本発明の鋼鍛造品に、例えば切削加工を加えて最終製品とする場合は、該鋼鍛造品に被削性が求められる。この様な場合に鋼鍛造品の被削性を確保するには、Bi、PbおよびCaよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、Biについては0.005%以上、好ましくは0.04%以上、Pbについては0.005%以上、好ましくは0.04%以上、Caについては0.001%以上、好ましくは0.002%以上添加することが望ましい。
【0028】
しかし、これらの元素が過剰量になると、熱間加工性や靭性が低下してくるので、Bi、PbおよびCaは、それぞれBi:0.3%以下、好ましくは0.2%以下、Pb:0.3%以下、好ましくは0.2%以下、Ca:0.1%以下、好ましくは0.005%以下に抑えるのがよい。
【0029】
<製造方法>
図3は、温間鍛造をする際の加熱温度と得られた鍛造品のシャルピー衝撃試験値の関係を示したグラフであり、実験は、鋼材(C:0.4%,Si:0.2%,Mn:0.8%,V:0.10%,Cr:0.05%含有)を用い、熱間圧延(仕上温度:900℃,直径30mmに圧延)した後、圧延材を種々の温度で鍛造し、得られた各試料を用いてシャルピー衝撃試験を行ったものである(試験方法は、後述する実施例と同じ)。
【0030】
図3より、鍛造を一定温度範囲内で行えば高いシャルピー衝撃試験値を得ることができ、上記化学成分組成の試料の場合には、約680〜780℃の範囲内で鍛造を行うことによって、シャルピー衝撃試験値が著しく高く、靭性に優れた鋼鍛造品が得られることを確認できる。更に本発明者らは、この実験に用いた試料とは異なる様々な化学成分組成の試料についても同様の実験を行ったところ、シャルピー衝撃試験値が100J/cm2を超える鍛造品を得るための最適な鍛造温度は、化学成分組成により多少変動し、いずれの場合もAc1点±50℃の範囲内になることが分かった。
【0031】
尚、この様にAc1点±50℃の範囲内で鍛造を行うことで、シャルピー衝撃試験値が100J/cm2以上の優れた靭性を確保できるのは、該鍛造温度の制御が、上記規定の金属組織を得るのに少なからず好影響をもたらしたためと考えている。
【0032】
即ち、従来技術のように鍛造を1000℃付近の高温で行うのではなく、Ac1点±50℃の温度域で行えば、結晶粒の微細化がより一層増進され、上記規定のGf粒度番号を達成できたものと考えられる。また、上述の通り、従来技術では鍛造を800℃以上の高温で行うため、フェライト面積率を増加させるにも自ずと限界があったのに対し、本発明ではより低温度域で鍛造を行うため、上記式(1)を満足するだけのフェライト組織を確保できたものと考えられる。
【0033】
本発明は、鍛造工程におけるその他の条件まで規定するものではなく、一般的な方法を採用することができ、また原材料となる鋼材の溶製、鋳造等も、一般的な方法で行うことができる。
【0034】
本発明の鋼鍛造品には、形状が直方体状、立方体状、棒状、線状、板状等のものの他、ステアリングラック等の複雑な形状の鋼鍛造品、または前記ステアリングラック等を最終製品とする場合の仕上前の形状の鋼鍛造品も含まれる。
【0035】
また本発明の鋼鍛造品は、そのまま最終製品として用いるだけでなく、後述の実施例でも明らかにするとおり被削性にも優れているので、鍛造後に切削加工を施してステアリングラック等の最終製品とすることもできる。また、本発明の鋼鍛造品は、温間鍛造ままであっても、十分に優れた靭性と機械的強度を兼ね備えているが、更なる高い機械的強度を付与すべく表面硬さを確保するには、鋼鍛造品や該鍛造品を切削加工して得たものに、高周波焼入れ、窒化等の表面硬化処理を施すことも勿論有効である。
【0036】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明をより具体的に説明するが、本発明はもとより下記実施例によって制限を受けるものではなく、前・後記の趣旨に適合し得る範囲で適当に変更を加えて実施することも可能であり、それらはいずれも本発明の技術的範囲に含まれる。
【0037】
表1に示した化学成分組成の鋼材を溶製し、連続鋳造した後、熱間圧延を行い直径60mmの丸棒状鋼材を得た。その後、該丸棒状鋼材を表1に示す温度で鍛造し、直径40mmにまで温間鍛造を施した後、室温まで空冷した。得られた試料を用いてシャルピー衝撃試験、硬さ試験および組織観察を行った。
【0038】
シャルピー衝撃試験は、直径の1/4部位が歯車の歯底となるよう切り出した試料で作製したUノッチ試験片(JIS Z 2202)を用いて、JIS Z 2242の方法に基づき、20℃で試験を行い、衝撃試験値が100J/cm2以上のものを靭性に優れるとし、同試験値が100J/cm2未満のものを靭性に劣ると評価した。ビッカース硬さは、直径の1/4部位から採取した試料を用い、JIS Z 2244の方法に基づき、荷重:10kgの条件で測定し、Hv200以上のものを十分な機械的強度を有するとし、Hv200未満のものを機械的強度が不足していると評価した。
【0039】
また各供試材の組織観察を行い、旧オーステナイトの結晶粒度をJIS G 0551に基づいて求めた。即ち、温間鍛造後のオーステナイト粒度を測定すべく、ピクリン酸アルコール溶液で腐食した後、網目状フェライトを顕微鏡で測定した。
【0040】
更に、得られた鍛造品の被削性についても評価した。即ち、直径10mmのドリル(JIS SKH9)を用い、切削速度:20m/min、送り:0.21mm/rev、無潤滑の条件で上記鍛造品(直径50mm×長さ:30mm)の切削加工を行い、ドリルの一部が溶損するまで切削したときの切削穴の深さの合計をL30ドリル寿命とした。そして、該L30ドリル寿命が40cm以上の場合を被削性に優れるとし、L30ドリル寿命が40cm未満の場合を被削性に劣ると評価した。これらの結果を表1に併記する。
【0041】
【表1】

Figure 0004280039
【0042】
表1より、No.1〜12は、本発明で規定するGf粒度番号とフェライト面積率を満足しているので、Hv200以上もの高い機械的強度を有する鋼鍛造品において、シャルピー衝撃試験値が100J/cm2を超える優れた靭性を有しており、切削加工時の被削性も良好である。
【0043】
尚、No.5およびNo.7から、被削性の一段と優れたものを得るには、CrやVを前述した好適範囲内で添加するのがよいことを確認できる。
【0044】
これに対し、No.13〜17、19、20は、本発明で規定するGf粒度番号やフェライト面積率の範囲を外れるため、靭性に劣るものとなっている。
【0045】
即ち、No.20は、Gf粒度番号が本発明の規定を外れるものであるため、シャルピー衝撃試験値が低く、靭性に劣る結果となった。Gf粒度番号が本発明の規定を外れる原因として、No.20では、製造条件として鍛造温度が低すぎることが考えられる。
【0046】
またNo.13〜17、19は、Gf粒度番号およびフェライト面積率がどちらも本発明の規定要件を外れているため、シャルピー衝撃試験値が著しく低く、靭性不良となっている。これらの例で、Gf粒度番号およびフェライト面積率が本発明の規定を外れることとなった原因として、No.13ではC量が好ましい範囲を超えていること、No.14では、Mn量が好ましい範囲を下回っていることが考えられる。またNo.15では、Mn量が好ましい規定範囲を超えていること、No.16では、Cr量が好ましい規定範囲を超えていることが原因でベイナイトが発生し、靭性に悪影響を及ぼす結果となった。更に、No.17ではV量が好ましい規定範囲を下回っていること、No.19では製造時の鍛造温度が高すぎることが、本発明で規定するGf粒度番号およびフェライト面積率の範囲を外れる原因として考えられる。
【0047】
尚、Hv200以上の機械的強度を得るには、No.14より、規定量のMn量を本発明で規定する下限値以上とするのがよいことがわかる。また参考例として示すNo.18から、高レベルの被削性を得るには、適量のVを含有させて硬さをHv約300以下とするのがよいことがわかる。
【0048】
【発明の効果】
本発明は上記のように構成されており、高い機械的強度を有する鋼鍛造品において、調質工程を経ることなく靭性を著しく高めることができた。この様な鋼鍛造品の実現により、自動車、造船、産業機械等の分野において、過酷な使用環境下で用いられる、シャフト類、歯車類またはステアリングラック類等の鋼部品を安価に提供できることとなった。また本発明の鋼鍛造品は、被削性にも優れているので、該鋼鍛造品に切削加工を施し、更に精密な鋼部品等の製造にも有効に活用できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】鋼鍛造品の炭素含有量、フェライト面積率およびシャルピー衝撃試験値の関係において、フェライト面積率の規定範囲を示したグラフである。
【図2】Gf粒度番号とシャルピー衝撃試験値の関係において、Gf粒度番号の規定範囲を示したグラフである。
【図3】鍛造温度とシャルピー衝撃試験値の関係において、規定の鍛造温度範囲を示したグラフである。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a steel forged product having high mechanical strength, a high toughness non-tempered steel forged product that exhibits a high level of toughness without undergoing a tempering step and is excellent in machinability, and such The present invention relates to a method useful for obtaining a forged steel product in a warm forging state without performing a tempering treatment. In addition, although the high toughness non-tempered steel forged product according to the present invention is used in various fields such as automobiles, shipbuilding, industrial machinery, etc., in the following, as a typical application example, when used for steel parts for machine structures The explanation will be focused on.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Mechanical structural steel parts such as shafts, gears, or steering racks used in the fields of automobiles, shipbuilding, industrial machinery, etc. have high strength and high toughness as a characteristic so that they can withstand fatigue under harsh usage environments. It is required to be. Conventionally, as a method of manufacturing mechanical structural steel parts with improved strength and toughness, after tempering (quenching and tempering) after hot rolling and after warm forging, A method of performing induction hardening or the like has been adopted.
[0003]
However, in recent years, research and development on non-tempered steel has been promoted in order to save warm and forged forged products without heat treatment after warm forging to save energy and reduce costs. Many methods have been proposed. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-195530 shows that by performing forging in a temperature range lower than the forging temperature at the time of normal hot forging, the metal structure of the forging steel is further refined and the toughness is increased. ing. However, in this method, although forging is performed at a lower temperature range than the normal hot forging, in the forging in the temperature range, there is a limit to increase in the ferrite area ratio that contributes to the improvement of toughness. Impact test value: It is difficult to achieve excellent toughness of 100 J / cm 2 or more. In the above method, since it is necessary to forge after the temperature has been lowered to a predetermined temperature range after being heated to 950 ° C. or higher, energy loss due to heating occurs, and the temperature is once high, so a large amount of scale is required. There is also a concern that this may occur and adversely affect the dimensional accuracy of the resulting steel forging.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and its purpose is to have a high level of mechanical strength, excellent toughness without undergoing a tempering step, and machinability. It is another object of the present invention to provide an excellent steel forged product and to provide a useful method for obtaining such a steel forged product as it is with warm forging without subjecting it to a tempering treatment.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The high toughness non-tempered steel forging according to the present invention contains C, Si, Mn and V, has a Gf particle size number of No. 11 or more and a ferrite area ratio f (%) satisfies the following formula (1). It has the characteristics.
[0006]
{1-1.5 [C]} × 100 ≦ f (%) (1)
{In the formula, [C] indicates the carbon concentration (% by mass) in the steel forging, and f indicates the ferrite area ratio (%)}
In the present invention, as long as the above requirements are satisfied, the toughness is remarkably superior to that of the conventional material. To satisfy the requirements, as a chemical component composition, C: 0.30 to 0.60%, Satisfying Si: 0.1 to 1.5%, Mn: 0.30 to 2.0%, V: 0.05 to 0.50%, Cr: 1.0% or less (excluding 0%) It is recommended to adjust the ingredients. Nb having the same effect as V: 0.06% or less (excluding 0%) may be contained. Moreover, in order to secure the surface hardness of the steel forged product, when the steel forged product is subjected to surface hardening treatment such as induction hardening, B: 0.02% or less (excluding 0%) may be added. In addition, for example, when cutting is applied to the steel forged product of the present invention, Bi: 0.3% or less (excluding 0%), Pb: 0.3%, in order to improve machinability It is effective to contain at least one selected from the group consisting of the following (not including 0%) and Ca: not more than 0.1% (not including 0%).
[0007]
The steel forgings of the present invention are characterized by high strength and high toughness. However, as a standard for these, the Charpy impact test value [1/4 part of the diameter is the bottom of the gear. Using a U-notch test piece (JIS Z 2202) prepared with a sample cut out as described above, the test was performed at 20 ° C. based on the method of JIS Z 2242] was 100 J / cm 2 or more and Vickers hardness ( It is desirable that a sample taken from a quarter of the diameter is measured based on the method of JIS Z 2244 and measured under a load of 10 kg) that satisfies Hv200 or more.
[0008]
Still another configuration of the present invention defines a method useful for manufacturing the above-described steel forging, and is characterized in that the rolled material is forged at a temperature within the range of Ac1 point ± 50 ° C.
[0009]
The Gf grain size number is obtained by measuring the austenite grain size number of a steel material based on “Slow cooling method” described in JIS G 0551 “Austenite grain size test method for steel”.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Under the circumstances as described above, the present inventors have studied from various angles about a method for obtaining a steel forged product that is remarkably excellent in toughness without performing a tempering treatment. As a result, it was found that the toughness can be remarkably improved if the metal structure after forging is a fine pearlite structure and the ferrite area ratio is appropriately controlled. Specifically, the inventors have found that both the Gf particle size number and the ferrite area ratio may be appropriately controlled, and have arrived at the present invention.
[0011]
First, the inventors changed the chemical composition and the forging temperature during production to produce a plurality of samples having different ferrite area ratios as shown in the examples described later. The test conditions were as shown in the examples described later). The result is shown in FIG. 1 as the relationship between the carbon content, the ferrite area ratio, and the Charpy impact test value.
[0012]
As apparent from FIG. 1, the relationship between the carbon content in the steel and the ferrite area ratio is on the upper side (including the hatched line) shown in FIG. 1, that is, the ferrite depending on the carbon content in the steel. It can be seen that most of the area ratios satisfying the following formula (1) achieve a Charpy impact test value of 100 J / cm 2 or more and can ensure excellent toughness.
[0013]
{1-1.5 [C]} × 100 ≦ f (%) (1)
{In the formula, [C] indicates the carbon concentration (% by mass) in the steel forging, and f indicates the ferrite area ratio (%)}
Next, the inventors measured the impact value by a Charpy impact test using various samples having a ferrite area ratio satisfying the above formula (1) and different Gf particle size numbers. The result is shown in FIG. 2 as the relationship between the Gf particle size number and the Charpy impact test value.
[0014]
As can also be seen from FIG. 2, the carbon content and the ferrite area ratio satisfying the above formula (1) and the Gf particle size number satisfying 11 or more are excellent with an impact value of 100 J / cm 2 or more. It turns out that it has toughness.
[0015]
That is, from the results shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the present inventors obtained the area ratio of ferrite in the above formula (1) in order to achieve a very excellent toughness with a Charpy impact test value of 100 J / cm 2 or more. And the Gf particle size number should be 11 or more.
[0016]
In addition, the minimum with a preferable ferrite area ratio is {1-1.4 [C]} * 100 (%).
[0017]
The upper limit of the ferrite area ratio is not particularly defined from the viewpoint of improving toughness, but when a high level of mechanical strength is required, the ferrite area ratio f is {1-1.02 [C ]} × 100 (%) or less {[C] indicates a carbon concentration (mass%) in the steel forged product}.
[0018]
Further, as is apparent from FIG. 2, the Charpy impact test value becomes remarkably higher as the Gf particle size number becomes larger. Therefore, when a higher level of toughness is required, the Gf particle size number is preferably set to 12 or more.
[0019]
In the present invention, if steel material containing C, Si, Mn and V is used and the metal structure is as described above, excellent toughness is ensured even for a steel forged product exhibiting high mechanical strength such as Hv 200 or more. Although other requirements are not strictly defined, in order to efficiently obtain a steel forged product having the above metal structure, the chemical composition of the steel material is controlled within the following range, and It is recommended to adopt the following method as a manufacturing method.
[0020]
<Chemical component>
C: 0.30 to 0.60%
C (carbon) is a basic element that affects various properties such as strength and toughness. From the viewpoint of improving toughness, it is preferable that the C content is low, but in order to ensure the strength as a forged product. It is necessary to contain a certain amount of C. On the other hand, if the C content is too small, for example, even if induction hardening is performed on a steel forged product, the desired surface hardness cannot be ensured, and the suitability as a steering rack or the like is lacking. Therefore, the C content is preferably 0.30% or more, more preferably 0.35% or more. On the other hand, when the amount of C is excessive, for example, the machinability when the steel forged product of the present invention is cut into a final product shape is lowered, and the susceptibility to cracking is increased when the induction hardening is performed. Therefore, it is not preferable. Therefore, the preferable upper limit of the C amount is 0.60%. More preferably, it is 0.50% or less.
[0021]
Si: 0.1 to 1.5%
Si is effective as a deoxidizer and a ferrite forming element for steel, and in order to sufficiently exhibit such an effect, it is preferable to add 0.1% or more, and more preferably 0.2% or more. . On the other hand, when the Si content exceeds 1.5%, the deoxidation effect is saturated and the machinability tends to be adversely affected. Therefore, the preferable upper limit is set to 1.5%. More preferably, it is 1.0% or less.
[0022]
Mn: 0.30 to 2.0%
Mn acts as a strength-enhancing element and is also an effective element for enhancing the hardenability, so it is recommended that Mn be contained in an amount of 0.30% or more, preferably 0.8% or more. However, if the Mn content is excessive, as described above, for example, the susceptibility to cracking at the time of induction hardening is increased and the machinability is lowered, so it is preferable to keep the content to 2.0% or less. Preferably it is 1.5% or less.
[0023]
V: 0.05 to 0.50%
V is an element effective for refining crystal grains and improving toughness, so 0.05% or more, preferably 0.10% or more is added. On the other hand, excessive addition causes a decrease in hot workability and machinability, so it should be suppressed to 0.50% or less, and more preferably 0.30% or less.
[0024]
Cr: 1.0% or less (excluding 0%)
Cr is an element effective for securing the strength and enhancing the hardenability, so 0.05% or more, preferably 0.10% or more is preferably contained. However, even if it is added in excess, the above effect is saturated, and rather the adverse effect on the machinability appears remarkably, so it is preferable to keep it to 1.0% or less, more preferably 0.5% or less.
[0025]
Nb: 0.06% or less (excluding 0%)
Nb is an effective element that contributes to the improvement of toughness by refining crystal grains in the same manner as V, and it is recommended to add 0.01% or more, and more preferably 0.02% or more. However, if added in excess, the above effect is saturated, and rather the machinability is significantly lowered. Therefore, the upper limit is preferably 0.06%. More preferably, it is 0.04% or less.
[0026]
B: 0.02% or less (excluding 0%)
B is an element useful for ensuring hardenability, and 0.0005% or more, more preferably 0.0010% or more is added to effectively exhibit such an effect. However, even if it is added in excess, the above-mentioned effect is only saturated and causes a decrease in hot workability, so the upper limit of the addition amount should be 0.02%, more preferably 0.01%. % Or less.
[0027]
Bi: 0.3% or less, Pb: 0.3% or less, Ca: 0.1% or less steel forgings of at least one present invention is selected from the group consisting of (both not including 0%), For example, when a final product is obtained by adding cutting, the steel forged product is required to have machinability. In such a case, in order to ensure the machinability of the steel forged product, at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Pb and Ca is used, and Bi is 0.005% or more, preferably 0.04%. As described above, it is desirable to add 0.005% or more, preferably 0.04% or more for Pb, and 0.001% or more, preferably 0.002% or more for Ca.
[0028]
However, when these elements become excessive amounts, the hot workability and toughness deteriorate, so Bi, Pb and Ca are Bi: 0.3% or less, preferably 0.2% or less, respectively, Pb: It should be suppressed to 0.3% or less, preferably 0.2% or less, Ca: 0.1% or less, preferably 0.005% or less.
[0029]
<Manufacturing method>
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the heating temperature at the time of warm forging and the Charpy impact test value of the obtained forged product. The experiment was conducted using steel (C: 0.4%, Si: 0.2). %, Mn: 0.8%, V: 0.10%, Cr: 0.05% contained), and after hot rolling (finishing temperature: 900 ° C., rolled to a diameter of 30 mm), various rolled materials The Charpy impact test was performed using each sample obtained by forging at a temperature (the test method is the same as the examples described later).
[0030]
From FIG. 3, a high Charpy impact test value can be obtained if forging is performed within a certain temperature range, and in the case of a sample having the above chemical composition, forging is performed within a range of about 680 to 780 ° C. It can be confirmed that a forged steel product having a significantly high Charpy impact test value and excellent toughness can be obtained. Furthermore, the present inventors also conducted a similar experiment on samples having various chemical composition compositions different from the samples used in this experiment, and obtained a forged product having a Charpy impact test value exceeding 100 J / cm 2 . It has been found that the optimum forging temperature varies somewhat depending on the chemical composition, and in any case, it is within the range of Ac1 point ± 50 ° C.
[0031]
In addition, by performing forging within the range of Ac1 point ± 50 ° C. in this way, excellent toughness with a Charpy impact test value of 100 J / cm 2 or more can be secured because the control of the forging temperature is as defined above. It is thought that it had a positive effect on obtaining a metal structure.
[0032]
In other words, if the forging is not performed at a high temperature around 1000 ° C. as in the prior art, but is performed in the temperature range of Ac1 point ± 50 ° C., the refinement of crystal grains is further promoted, and the above-specified Gf grain size number It is thought that it was achieved. In addition, as described above, in the prior art, forging is performed at a high temperature of 800 ° C. or higher, so there was a limit to increasing the ferrite area ratio, whereas in the present invention, forging is performed at a lower temperature range, It is considered that a ferrite structure sufficient to satisfy the above formula (1) could be secured.
[0033]
The present invention is not limited to other conditions in the forging process, and a general method can be adopted, and melting, casting, and the like of a steel material as a raw material can also be performed by a general method. .
[0034]
The steel forged product of the present invention has a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a cubic shape, a rod shape, a linear shape, a plate shape, etc., a steel forged product having a complicated shape such as a steering rack, or the steering rack as a final product. Forged steel forged products are also included.
[0035]
In addition, the steel forged product of the present invention is not only used as a final product as it is, but also has excellent machinability as will be clarified in the examples below, so that the final product such as a steering rack is subjected to cutting after forging. It can also be. In addition, the steel forged product of the present invention has sufficiently excellent toughness and mechanical strength even in a warm forged state, but it ensures surface hardness to give higher mechanical strength. It is of course also effective to subject the steel forged product or the product obtained by cutting the forged product to surface hardening treatment such as induction hardening or nitriding.
[0036]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited by the following examples, but may be appropriately modified within a range that can meet the purpose described above and below. It is also possible to implement, and they are all included in the technical scope of the present invention.
[0037]
A steel material having the chemical composition shown in Table 1 was melted and continuously cast, followed by hot rolling to obtain a round bar steel material having a diameter of 60 mm. Thereafter, the round bar-shaped steel material was forged at the temperature shown in Table 1, warm-forged to a diameter of 40 mm, and then air-cooled to room temperature. Charpy impact test, hardness test, and structure observation were performed using the obtained sample.
[0038]
The Charpy impact test was performed at 20 ° C. based on the method of JIS Z 2242 using a U-notch test piece (JIS Z 2202) prepared with a sample cut out so that a quarter part of the diameter becomes the tooth bottom of the gear. And those having an impact test value of 100 J / cm 2 or higher were considered to be excellent in toughness, and those having an impact test value of less than 100 J / cm 2 were evaluated to be inferior in toughness. Vickers hardness is measured under the condition of load: 10 kg based on the method of JIS Z 2244 using a sample collected from a 1/4 part of the diameter, and a material with Hv 200 or more has sufficient mechanical strength. Those having a Hv of less than 200 were evaluated as having insufficient mechanical strength.
[0039]
Moreover, the structure | tissue observation of each test material was performed and the crystal grain size of prior austenite was calculated | required based on JISG0551. That is, in order to measure the austenite grain size after warm forging, after corroding with a picric acid alcohol solution, reticulated ferrite was measured with a microscope.
[0040]
Furthermore, the machinability of the obtained forged product was also evaluated. That is, the above forged product (diameter 50 mm × length: 30 mm) was cut using a drill with a diameter of 10 mm (JIS SKH9) under the conditions of cutting speed: 20 m / min, feed: 0.21 mm / rev, and no lubrication. The total depth of the drilled holes when cutting until part of the drill melts was defined as the L30 drill life. Then, the case where the L30 drill life was 40 cm or more was considered excellent in machinability, and the case where the L30 drill life was less than 40 cm was evaluated as inferior in machinability. These results are also shown in Table 1.
[0041]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004280039
[0042]
From Table 1, No. Nos. 1 to 12 satisfy the Gf grain size number and the ferrite area ratio defined in the present invention. Therefore, in steel forgings having a high mechanical strength of Hv 200 or more, the Charpy impact test value is superior to 100 J / cm 2. It also has good toughness and good machinability during cutting.
[0043]
No. 5 and no. 7, it can be confirmed that Cr and V should be added within the above-described preferred range in order to obtain a further excellent machinability.
[0044]
In contrast, no. 13-17, 19, and 20 are inferior in toughness because they are out of the range of Gf particle size number and ferrite area ratio defined in the present invention.
[0045]
That is, no. No. 20 has a low Charpy impact test value and a poor toughness because the Gf particle size number deviates from the definition of the present invention. As a cause of the Gf particle size number being outside the definition of the present invention, No. In 20, it can be considered that the forging temperature is too low as a manufacturing condition.
[0046]
No. In Nos. 13 to 17 and 19, since the Gf particle size number and the ferrite area ratio are both out of the requirements of the present invention, the Charpy impact test value is remarkably low and the toughness is poor. In these examples, as the cause that the Gf particle size number and the ferrite area ratio deviated from the definition of the present invention, No. 13 indicates that the amount of C exceeds the preferred range. 14, it is considered that the amount of Mn is less than the preferred range. No. No. 15, the amount of Mn exceeds the preferable specified range, In No. 16, bainite was generated due to the Cr content exceeding the preferable specified range, and the result was that the toughness was adversely affected. Furthermore, no. No. 17, the amount of V is below the preferred specified range, In 19, the forging temperature at the time of production is too high, which is considered as a cause of deviating from the range of the Gf grain size number and the ferrite area ratio defined in the present invention.
[0047]
In order to obtain a mechanical strength of Hv200 or higher, No. It can be seen from FIG. 14 that the specified amount of Mn should be equal to or higher than the lower limit specified in the present invention. In addition, as a reference example, No. From FIG. 18, it can be seen that, in order to obtain a high level of machinability, it is preferable to include an appropriate amount of V so that the hardness is Hv of about 300 or less.
[0048]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention is configured as described above, and in a steel forged product having high mechanical strength, the toughness can be remarkably increased without undergoing a tempering step. By realizing such steel forgings, steel parts such as shafts, gears or steering racks used in harsh usage environments in the fields of automobiles, shipbuilding, industrial machinery, etc. can be provided at low cost. It was. Moreover, since the steel forged product of the present invention is excellent in machinability, the steel forged product can be cut to the steel forged product and can be effectively used for the production of more precise steel parts and the like.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing a specified range of a ferrite area ratio in relation to a carbon content, a ferrite area ratio, and a Charpy impact test value of a steel forged product.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a specified range of Gf particle size numbers in the relationship between Gf particle size numbers and Charpy impact test values.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a prescribed forging temperature range in the relationship between forging temperature and Charpy impact test value.

Claims (5)

質量%で(以下同じ)、
C :0.30〜0.60%、
Si:0.1〜1.5%、
Mn:0.30〜2.0%、
V :0.05〜0.50%、
Cr:1.0%以下(0%を含まない)を満たし、
残部が鉄および不可避不純物の鋼からなり、かつ
JIS G0551「鋼のオーステナイト結晶粒度試験方法」に記載の「徐冷法」に基づいて測定したGf粒度番号がNo.11以上でフェライト面積率f(%)が下記式(1)を満たし、シャルピー衝撃試験値が100J/cm 以上であることを特徴とする高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品。
{1−1.5[C]}×100≦ f(%) …(1)
{式中、[C]は鋼鍛造品中の炭素濃度(質量%)を示し、fはフェライト面積率(%)を示す}
% By mass (the same applies below)
C: 0.30-0.60%,
Si: 0.1 to 1.5%,
Mn: 0.30 to 2.0%,
V: 0.05 to 0.50%,
Cr: 1.0% or less (excluding 0%) is satisfied,
The balance is made of iron and steel with inevitable impurities, and the Gf particle size number measured based on “Slow cooling method” described in JIS G0551 “Austenite grain size test method for steel” is No. 11 or more ferrite area ratio f (%) is less than the following formula (1), high toughness microalloyed steel forgings, wherein the Charpy impact test value is 100 J / cm 2 or more.
{1-1.5 [C]} × 100 ≦ f (%) (1)
{In the formula, [C] indicates the carbon concentration (% by mass) in the steel forging, and f indicates the ferrite area ratio (%)}
更に他の元素として、Nb:0.06%以下(0%を含まない)を含む請求項1に記載の高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品。  The high-toughness non-tempered steel forging according to claim 1, further comprising Nb: 0.06% or less (not including 0%) as another element. 更に他の元素として、B:0.02%以下(0%を含まない)を含む請求項1または2に記載の高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品。  The forged product of high toughness non-tempered steel according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising B: 0.02% or less (not including 0%) as another element. 更に他の元素として、
Bi:0.3%以下(0%を含まない)、
Pb:0.3%以下(0%を含まない)、および
Ca:0.1以下(0%を含まない)
よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含有する請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品。
As other elements,
Bi: 0.3% or less (excluding 0%),
Pb: 0.3% or less (not including 0%) and Ca: 0.1 % or less (not including 0%)
The high toughness non-tempered steel forging according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of:
ッカース硬さがHv200以上である請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の高靭性非調質鋼鍛造品。High toughness non heat-treated steel forgings according to any one of claims 1 to 4 bi Vickers hardness is Hv200 or more.
JP2002238384A 2002-08-19 2002-08-19 High toughness non-tempered steel forgings Expired - Fee Related JP4280039B2 (en)

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